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class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tunisia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tunisia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Tunisia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tunisia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Americas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Americas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Americas subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brazil" 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class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_and_Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_and_Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Asia and Oceania</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Asia_and_Oceania-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Asia and Oceania subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Asia_and_Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sri_Lanka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sri_Lanka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Sri Lanka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sri_Lanka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Europe-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Europe subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Bosnia and Herzegovina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bosnia_and_Herzegovina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Czech_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czech_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Czech Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Czech_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Estonia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Portugal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Company_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Company_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Company law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Company_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewigkeitsklausel" title="Ewigkeitsklausel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ewigkeitsklausel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%A1usula_intangible" title="Cláusula intangible – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cláusula intangible" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clause_d%27%C3%A9ternit%C3%A9" title="Clause d'éternité – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Clause d'éternité" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clausola_di_eternit%C3%A0" title="Clausola di eternità – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Clausola di eternità" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F_(%D7%97%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94)" title="שריון (חקיקה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שריון (חקיקה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A0%85%E5%9B%BA%E3%81%AB%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E3%81%95%E3%82%8C%E3%81%9F%E6%9D%A1%E9%A0%85" title="堅固に保護された条項 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="堅固に保護された条項" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%A1usula_p%C3%A9trea" title="Cláusula pétrea – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cláusula pétrea" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="บทนิรันดร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บทนิรันดร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerle%C5%9Fik_madde" title="Yerleşik madde – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Part of a constitution that restricts amendments</div> <p>An <b>entrenched clause</b> or <b>entrenchment clause</b> of a <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a> is a provision that makes certain amendments either more difficult or impossible to pass. Overriding an entrenched clause may require a <a href="/wiki/Supermajority" title="Supermajority">supermajority</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a>, or the consent of the minority party. The term <b>eternity clause</b> is used in a similar manner in the constitutions of <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Brazil" title="Constitution of Brazil">Brazil</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Constitution of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-CECEE_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CECEE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Greece" title="Constitution of Greece">Greece</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">India</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Italy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-weakcon_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weakcon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Morocco" title="Constitution of Morocco">Morocco</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-EWC_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EWC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Norway" title="Constitution of Norway">Norway</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-weakcon_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weakcon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Constitution of Turkey">Turkey</a>, but specifically applies to an entrenched clause that can never be overridden. However, if a constitution provides for a mechanism of its own abolition or replacement, like the <a href="/wiki/German_Basic_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="German Basic Law">German Basic Law</a> does in Article 146, this by necessity provides a "back door" for getting rid of the "eternity clause", too.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Any amendment to a constitution that would not satisfy the prerequisites enshrined in a valid entrenched clause would lead to so-called "unconstitutional constitutional law"—that is, an amendment to constitutional law text that appears constitutional by its form, albeit unconstitutional due to the procedure used to enact it or due to the content of its provisions. </p><p>Entrenched clauses are, in some cases, seen as justified as protecting the rights of a minority from the dangers of <a href="/wiki/Majoritarianism" title="Majoritarianism">majoritarianism</a>. In other cases, the objective may be to prevent amendments to the constitution that would pervert the fundamental principles it enshrines. However, entrenched clauses are often challenged by their opponents as being undemocratic. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Africa">Africa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrenched_clause&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Algeria">Algeria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrenched_clause&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Algeria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Constitution_of_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian Constitution of 2016">Algerian Constitution of 2016</a> contains clauses about the <a href="/wiki/Term_limit" title="Term limit">term limit</a> and the duration of the presidential term. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egypt">Egypt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrenched_clause&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Article 226 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Egypt" title="Constitution of Egypt">Constitution of Egypt</a>, defining the amendment procedure, ends with an entrenched clause stating that "In all cases, texts pertaining to the re-election of the president of the republic or the principles of freedom and equality stipulated in this Constitution may not be amended, unless the amendment brings more guarantees."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This clause failed to block the <a href="/wiki/2019_Egyptian_constitutional_referendum" title="2019 Egyptian constitutional referendum">2019 amendments</a> that replaced the hard two-term limit for presidents with a consecutive one, and the modification of the term's duration from four to six years. The article also failed to block a new article from being added that excludes incumbent president <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi" title="Abdel Fattah el-Sisi">Abdel Fattah el-Sisi</a> from the two consecutive terms constraint, enabling him to run for a third term.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morocco">Morocco</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrenched_clause&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Morocco"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Morocco" title="Constitution of Morocco">Constitution of Morocco</a>, eternity clauses exist that ensure certain provisions cannot be amended, including the role of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> in the nation's law, and the role of the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Morocco" title="King of Morocco">King of Morocco</a> in law.<sup id="cite_ref-EWC_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EWC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrenched_clause&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several examples of entrenched clauses that ultimately failed in their objectives, since their protections were undermined in unintended ways. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="South Africa Act">South Africa Act</a>, the initial constitution of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a>, contained entrenchment clauses protecting <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">voting rights</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Province" title="Cape Province">Cape Province</a>, including those of some <a href="/wiki/Coloured" class="mw-redirect" title="Coloured">Coloureds</a>, that required two-thirds of a joint session of parliament to be repealed. The Coloureds, however, later lost their voting rights after the Government restructured the Senate and packed it with its sympathisers so that they were able to achieve said supermajority in what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Coloured_vote_constitutional_crisis" title="Coloured vote constitutional crisis">Coloured vote constitutional crisis</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tunisia">Tunisia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrenched_clause&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tunisia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Constitution_of_2014" title="Tunisian Constitution of 2014">Tunisian Constitution of 2014</a> prohibits amending the constitution to change the duration of a presidential term or the maximum number of terms an individual can serve.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Americas">Americas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrenched_clause&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrenched_clause&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Entrenched clauses of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Brazil" title="Constitution of Brazil">Constitution of Brazil</a> are listed in Article 60, Paragraph 4:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>No proposal of amendment shall be considered which is aimed at abolishing:</p><div><ol style="list-style-type:upper-roman"><li>the federative form of State;</li><li>the direct, secret, universal and periodic vote;</li><li>the separation of the Government Powers;</li><li>individual rights and guarantees.</li></ol></div> </blockquote> <p>There are other clauses that implicitly cannot be amended, mostly because they are dependent of the subjects above. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrenched_clause&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The amendment formula for the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution of Canada</a> (sections 38-49 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1982" title="Constitution Act, 1982">Constitution Act, 1982</a>) contains multiple levels of entrenchment, but the issues most firmly entrenched (which can only be changed by the federal government with the unanimous consent of all provinces) under section 41 are <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">the monarchy</a>, each province's minimum allocation of representatives in <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>-<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <a href="/wiki/Bilingualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingualism">bilingualism</a>, the composition of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a>, and section 41 itself. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honduras">Honduras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrenched_clause&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Honduras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Honduras" title="Constitution of Honduras">Constitution of Honduras</a> has an article stating that the article itself and certain other articles cannot be changed in any circumstances. Article 374 of the Honduras Constitution asserts this unmodifiability, stating, "It is not possible to reform, in any case, the preceding article, the present article, the constitutional articles referring to the form of government, to the national territory, to the presidential period, the prohibition to serve again as President of the Republic, the citizen who has performed under any title in consequence of which she/he cannot be President of the Republic in the subsequent period."<sup id="cite_ref-georgetown_const_82-05_art374_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-georgetown_const_82-05_art374-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This unmodifiable article played an important role in the <a href="/wiki/2009_Honduran_constitutional_crisis" title="2009 Honduran constitutional crisis">2009 Honduran constitutional crisis</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrenched_clause&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Article_Five_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Five of the United States Constitution">Article V</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> temporarily shielded certain clauses in Article I from being amended. The <a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Slave_trade" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">first</a> clause in Section 9, which prevented Congress from passing any law that would restrict the importation of <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">slaves</a> prior to 1808, and the <a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Apportionment_of_direct_taxes" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">fourth</a> clause in that same section, a declaration that <a href="/wiki/Direct_tax#U.S._constitutional_law_sense" title="Direct tax">direct taxes</a> must be apportioned according to the state populations, were explicitly shielded from constitutional amendment prior to 1808.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Article V also shields the <a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_1:_Composition.3B_Election_of_Senators" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">first</a> clause of Article I, Section 3, which provides for equal representation of the states in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>, from being amended.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has been interpreted to require unanimous ratification of any amendment altering the composition of the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the text of the clause would indicate that the size of the Senate could be changed by an ordinary amendment if each state continued to have equal representation. Alternatively, Article V theoretically could be amended to remove such an entrenched clause designation, and then the clause could be amended itself. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Crittenden_Compromise" title="Crittenden Compromise">Crittenden Compromise</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corwin_Amendment" title="Corwin Amendment">Corwin Amendment</a>, both proposed in the months leading up to the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> but never passed, would have enshrined slavery in the Constitution and prevented Congress from interfering with it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asia_and_Oceania">Asia and Oceania</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrenched_clause&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Asia and Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrenched_clause&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As Australian Parliaments have inherited the British principle of <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_sovereignty" title="Parliamentary sovereignty">parliamentary sovereignty</a>, they may not entrench themselves by a regular act. Therefore, the entrenchment of the national flag in the <i>Flags Act</i> of 1953 is without force as the entrenchment clause could be removed (through normal legislative amendment) by later parliaments.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia" title="Constitution of Australia">Commonwealth Constitution</a> is entrenched as it may only be amended by referendum; the amendment must gain the support of a majority of Australian voters nationwide, plus a majority of voters in a majority of states. These provisions are specified in <a href="/wiki/Chapter_VIII_of_the_Australian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapter VIII of the Australian Constitution">section 128</a>. The Imperial Parliament's power to amend it in Australian law was limited by the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_Adoption_Act_1942" title="Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942"><i>Statute of Westminster Adoption Act</i> 1942</a> and terminated by the <a href="/wiki/Australia_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Australia Act"><i>Australia Act</i> 1986</a>. </p><p>State laws respecting the constitution, powers or procedure of the parliament of a state need to follow any restrictions specified in state law on such acts, by virtue of section 6 of the <i>Australia Act</i>. This power does not extend to the whole constitution of the state, and the Parliament of Queensland has ignored entrenchments in amending its constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-twomey_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twomey-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, it is possible that the entrenchment clauses are unentrenchable, preventing state law from having effectively entrenching clauses.<sup id="cite_ref-twomey_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twomey-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrenched_clause&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court</a> has developed the <a href="/wiki/Basic_structure_doctrine" title="Basic structure doctrine">basic structure doctrine</a> which holds that certain features of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">constitution</a> are fundamental in nature and cannot be modified through parliamentary amendment. The Supreme Court has yet to clearly delimit which, if any, provisions constitute the components of the basic structure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrenched_clause&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Article 37 on Chapter 16 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Indonesia" title="Constitution of Indonesia">Constitution of Indonesia</a> governs the constitutional amendment procedure, yet it also specifies that the status of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a> is unmodifiable. The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Home_Affairs_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Home Affairs (Indonesia)">Ministry of Home Affairs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Defense (Indonesia)">Ministry of Defense</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Indonesia)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> is also stated within the Constitution to not be dissolvable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran">Iran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrenched_clause&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The final Article of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran</a>, Art. 177, ensures that particular aspects of the Constitution are unalterable. These include the Islamic character of the government and laws, the objectives of the republic, the democratic character of the government, "the absolute wilayat al-'amr and the leadership of the Ummah", the administration of the country by referendum, and the role of Islam as the state religion.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. The Iran Chamber Society is an opaque organisation that provides very little info on itself, in particular its location and membership, As such it may be considered self-published (July 2020)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrenched_clause&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another example of entrenchment would be the entrenching of portions of the <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Constitution">Malaysian Constitution</a> related to the <a href="/wiki/Social_contract_(Malaysia)" title="Social contract (Malaysia)">Malaysian social contract</a>, which specifies that citizenship be granted to the substantial <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Malaysian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Malaysian">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Malaysian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Malaysian">Indian</a> immigrant populations in return for the recognition of a special position for the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay people">Malay</a> majority. The Constitution did not initially contain an entrenched clause; indeed, one of the articles later entrenched, <a href="/wiki/Article_153" class="mw-redirect" title="Article 153">Article 153</a>, was initially intended to be subject to a <a href="/wiki/Sunset_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunset clause">sunset clause</a>. However, after the <a href="/wiki/May_13_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="May 13 incident">May 13 incident</a> of racial rioting in 1969, <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Malaysia" title="Parliament of Malaysia">Parliament</a> passed the Constitution (Amendment) Act 1971. The Act permitted criminalisation of the questioning of Articles 152, 153, 181, and Part III of the Constitution. </p><p>Article 152 designates the <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay language</a> as the national language of Malaysia; Article 153 grants the Malays special privileges; Article 181 covers the position of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay rulers">Malay rulers</a>; and Part III deals with matters of citizenship. The restrictions, which even covered Members of Parliament, made the repeal of these sections of the Constitution unamendable or repealable by <i>de facto</i>; however, to entrench them further, the Act also amended Article 159(5), which covers Constitutional amendments, to prohibit the amending of the aforementioned Articles, as well as Article 159(5), without the consent of the <a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Rulers" title="Conference of Rulers">Conference of Rulers</a> — a non-elected body comprising the rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay states">Malay states</a> and the governors of the other states.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrenched_clause&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Section 268 of the Electoral Act (part of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_New_Zealand" title="Constitution of New Zealand">Constitution of New Zealand</a>) declares that the law governing the maximum term of Parliament, along with certain provisions of the Electoral Act relating to the <a href="/wiki/Redistribution_(election)" title="Redistribution (election)">redistribution</a> of electoral boundaries, the voting age, and the <a href="/wiki/Secret_ballot" title="Secret ballot">secret ballot</a>, may only be altered either by three-quarters of the entire membership of the House of Representatives, or by a majority of valid votes in a popular <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a>. </p><p>However, Section 268 is not itself protected by this provision, so a government could legally repeal Section 268 and go on to alter the entrenched portions of law, both with a <a href="/wiki/Majority" title="Majority">simple majority</a> in Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrenched_clause&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sri Lanka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Sri Lanka, the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Constitution of Sri Lanka">Constitution</a> includes entrenched provisions that require both a two-thirds majority in Parliament and a nationwide referendum for amendment. These entrenched provisions, specified in <b>Article 83</b> of the Constitution, include the following:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Articles safeguarding the <b>unitary state</b> (Article 2), <b>sovereignty of the people</b> (Article 3), <b>freedom of religion and thought</b> (Articles 9, 10, and 11), and <b>symbols of the nation</b> such as the national flag and anthem (Articles 6, 7, and 8).</li> <li>Provisions related to the <b>term limits of the President</b> (Article 30(2)) and the <b>duration of Parliament</b> (Article 62(2)), but only when these limits are <b>extended</b> to over six years. If these terms are shortened, a referendum is not required.</li> <li><b>Article 83 itself</b>, which governs the requirement for a referendum for amending these entrenched provisions.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrenched_clause&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Article 4 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Constitution of Turkey">Constitution of Turkey</a> states that the "provision of Article 1 of the Constitution establishing the form of the state as a Republic, the provisions in Article 2 on the characteristics of the Republic, and the provision of Article 3 shall not be amended, nor shall their amendment be proposed." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europe">Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrenched_clause&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bosnia_and_Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrenched_clause&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bosnia and Herzegovina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Article X of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, defining the amendment procedure, provides in paragraph 2 that the rights and freedoms as established in Article II of the Constitution may not be eliminated or diminished, and that the paragraph 2 itself may not be altered. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Czech_Republic">Czech Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrenched_clause&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Czech Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Article 9 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Constitution of the Czech Republic">Czech Constitution</a>, which concerns <a href="/wiki/Amendments" class="mw-redirect" title="Amendments">supplementing and amending</a> the Constitution, states that "the substantive requisites of the democratic, law-abiding State may not be amended". This provision was invoked in 2009 when the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic">Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic</a> struck down a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_act_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Constitutional act of the Czech Republic">Constitutional Act</a> adopted to invoke a one-off early legislative election. The disputed Act was judged to be an individual decision in violation of then-effective constitutional procedure regulating early elections. </p><p>The Constitution also contains an explicit eternity clause whereby the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic">Constitutional Court</a> is the ultimate arbiter of the effect of <a href="/wiki/European_law" class="mw-redirect" title="European law">European law</a> on the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-CECEE_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CECEE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estonia">Estonia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrenched_clause&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Estonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Article 1 of Estonian Constitution states that "The independence and sovereignty of Estonia are timeless and inalienable." As part of Chapter 1 of the Constitution, this provision may only be changed by a referendum (and such a referendum could only be organized after obtaining a 3/5 supermajority in the parliament). This provision, however, does not prevent Estonia from being a member of the European Union and delegating some of its decision-making power to central EU institutions as long as "fundamental constitutional principles" are not breached (according to the special Constitution Amendment Act passed on a referendum in 2003). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrenched_clause&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_France" title="Constitution of France">French Constitution</a> states in Title XVI, Article 89, On <a href="/wiki/Amendments" class="mw-redirect" title="Amendments">Amendments</a> to the Constitution, "The <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republican</a> form of government shall not be the object of any amendment" thus forbidding the restoration of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">monarchy</a> or the <a href="/wiki/French_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="French Empire (disambiguation)">empire</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrenched_clause&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The German eternity clause (German: <i>Ewigkeitsklausel</i>) is Article 79 paragraph (3) of the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany</a> (German: <i>Grundgesetz</i>). The eternity clause establishes that certain fundamental principles of <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>'s democracy can never be removed, even by <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">parliament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fundamental principles, (i.e., "the basic principles" of Articles 1 and 20), are as follows: </p> <ul><li><b>Duty of all state authority</b>: "The dignity of man is inviolable. To respect and protect it is the duty of all state authority." (Article 1)</li> <li><b>Acknowledgement of human rights</b>: "The German people therefore acknowledge inviolable and inalienable human rights as the basis of every community, of peace and of justice in the world." (Article 1 Paragraph 2)</li> <li><b>Directly enforceable law</b>: "The following basic rights bind the legislature, the executive and judiciary as directly enforceable law." (Article 1 Paragraph 3)</li> <li><b>Republic</b> (form of government): (Article 20 Paragraph 1)</li> <li><b>Federal state</b> <i>(Länder)</i>: (Article 20 Paragraph 1)</li> <li><b>Social state</b> (welfare state): (Article 20 Paragraph 1)</li> <li><b>Sovereignty of the People</b>: "All state authority emanates from the People." (Article 20 Paragraph 2)</li> <li><b>Democratic</b>: "All state authority is exercised by the people by means of elections and voting and by specific legislative, executive and judicial organs." (Article 20 Paragraph 2)</li> <li><b>Rule of law</b> <i>(Rechtsstaat)</i>: "Legislation is subject to the constitutional order. The executive and judiciary are bound by the law." (Article 20 Paragraph 3)</li> <li><b>Separation of powers</b>: "Specific legislative, executive and judicial organs", each "bound by the law". (Article 20 Paragraphs 2–3)</li></ul> <p>The original purpose of this eternity clause was to ensure that the establishment of any <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorship</a> in Germany would be clearly illegal; in legal practice the clause was used by plaintiffs at the Federal Constitutional Court challenging constitutional amendments that affected Articles 1, 10, 19, 101, and 103 regarding restrictions of legal recourse.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (October 2019)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Although these basic principles are protected from being repealed, their particular expression may still be amended, such as to clarify, extend or refine an entrenched principle. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Parlamentarischer_Rat" title="Parlamentarischer Rat">Parlamentarischer Rat</a></i> (Parliamentary Council) included the eternity clause in its Basic Law specifically to prevent a new "legal" pathway to a dictatorship as was the case in the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act of 1933</a><sup id="cite_ref-iiea_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iiea-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Article_48_(Weimar_Constitution)" title="Article 48 (Weimar Constitution)">Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution</a>. </p><p>It is not lawful for any political party, any legislation or any national commitment to violate "the basic principles" of "this Basic Law" laid down in Articles 1 and 20. Furthermore, the only way that Articles 1 and 20 can be removed is through Article 146, which requires "a constitution that is adopted by a free decision of the German People".<sup id="cite_ref-iiea_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iiea-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So long as the principles of Articles 1 and 20 are retained, they may be amended (as Article 20 has indeed been amended to establish a '<a href="/wiki/Right_to_resist" title="Right to resist">right of resistance</a>'), but the full protection of the eternity clause does not extend to such amendments. </p><p>Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Constitution" title="Weimar Constitution">Weimar Constitution</a>, which made human rights only an objective, the eternity clause and Articles 1 and 20 make specific demands of "all state authority" regarding "human rights" (that is, "the basic rights" guaranteed in "this Basic Law") and have established specific <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judicial" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial">judicial</a> organs in "the constitutional order" of "this Basic Law", each with separate functions bound by the <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a>. These are "the basic principles" of the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">democratic rule of law</a> (German: <i><a href="/wiki/Rechtsstaat" title="Rechtsstaat">Rechtsstaat</a></i>) and the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a>, which are principles endorsed by three <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_resolution" title="United Nations resolution">United Nations resolutions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (September 2018)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democratic_basic_order" title="Liberal democratic basic order">Liberal democratic basic order</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greece">Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrenched_clause&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Greek eternity clause is Article 110 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Greece" title="Constitution of Greece">Greek Constitution</a>. This article states that every article of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Greece" title="Constitution of Greece">Constitution</a> can be revised by the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Parliament" title="Hellenic Parliament">Parliament</a>, with the exception of the fundamental ones, which establish <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a> and those of articles 2 paragraph 1, article 4 paragraphs 1, 4 and 7, article 5 paragraphs 1 and 3, article 13 paragraph 1 and article 26.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These fundamental articles include:<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Republic</b> (form of government): "The form of government of Greece is that of a parliamentary republic." Art. 1 Para. (1);</li> <li><b>Sovereignty of the people</b>: "Popular sovereignty is the foundation of government." Art. 1 Para. (2);</li> <li><b>Democracy</b>: "All powers derive from the People and exist for the People and the Nation; they shall be exercised as specified by the Constitution." Art. 1 Para. (3);</li> <li><b>Duty of all state authority</b>: "The dignity of man is inviolable. To respect and protect it is the duty of all state authority." Art. 2 Para. (1);</li> <li><b>Rule of law</b>: "Every Greek is equal before the law." Art. 4 Para. (1);</li> <li><b>Public functions</b>: "Only Greek citizens shall be eligible for public service, except as otherwise provided by special laws." Art. 4 Para (4);</li> <li><b>Titles of nobility</b>: "Titles of nobility or distinction are neither conferred upon nor recognized in Greek citizens." Art. 4 Para (7);</li> <li><b>Acknowledgement of free personality</b>: "All people shall have the right to develop freely their personality and to participate in the social, economic and political life of the country, insofar as they do not infringe the rights of others or violate the Constitution and the good usages." Art. 5 Para (1);</li> <li><b>Personal liberty</b>: "Personal liberty is inviolable. No one shall be prosecuted, arrested, imprisoned or otherwise confined except when and as the law provides." Art. 5 Para. (3);</li> <li><b>Freedom of religion</b>: "Freedom of religious conscience is inviolable. The enjoyment of civil rights and liberties does not depend on the individual's religious beliefs." Art. 13 Para. (1)</li> <li><b>Separation of powers</b>: "Specific legislative, executive and judicial organs", Art. 26.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrenched_clause&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Constitution of the Irish Free State">Constitution of the Irish Free State</a> was required in parts to be consistent with the 1922 <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_Allegiance_(Ireland)" title="Oath of Allegiance (Ireland)">Oath of Allegiance</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Governor-General of the Irish Free State">Governor-General</a>. The checks to protect this were removed by, for example, the Irish taking control of advice to the Governor-General, and when the <a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann_(Irish_Free_State)" title="Seanad Éireann (Irish Free State)">Senate</a> proved obstructive, its abolition. </p><p>In debate surround <a href="/wiki/Health_(Regulation_of_Termination_of_Pregnancy)_Bill_2018" class="mw-redirect" title="Health (Regulation of Termination of Pregnancy) Bill 2018">2018 relaxation of abortion laws</a> there were proposals to entrench certain aspects of the legislation, which was deemed unconstitutional.<sup id="cite_ref-it3441754_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-it3441754-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An attempt to overturn the <a href="/wiki/Thirty-fourth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Thirty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland">34th Amendment to the constitution</a> on the basis that amendments were impermissible if they contradicted other provisions of the constitution was rejected by the Court of Appeal.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrenched_clause&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Article 139 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution of Italy</a>, which came into effect in 1948, provides that the republican form of government shall not be a matter for constitutional amendment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portugal">Portugal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrenched_clause&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Portugal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Portugal" title="Constitution of Portugal">Constitution of Portugal</a>, an eternity clause exists in the form of article 288. Titled <i>Material limits on revision</i>, it provides that the following can never be removed through amendment: </p> <ul><li>National independence and the unity of the state;</li> <li>The republican form of government;</li> <li>The separation between church and state;</li> <li>Citizens’ rights, freedoms and guarantees;</li> <li>The rights of workers, workers’ committees and trade unions;</li> <li>The coexistence of the public, private and cooperative and social sectors of ownership of the means of production;</li> <li>The existence of economic plans, within the framework of a mixed economy;</li> <li>The appointment of the elected officeholders of the entities that exercise sovereignty, of the organs of the autonomous regions and of local government organs by universal, direct, secret and periodic suffrage; and the proportional representation system;</li> <li>Plural expression and political organisation, including political parties, and the right of democratic opposition;</li> <li>The separation and interdependence of the entities that exercise sovereignty;</li> <li>The subjection of legal norms to review of their positive constitutionality and of their unconstitutionality by omission;</li> <li>The independence of the courts;</li> <li>The autonomy of local authorities;</li> <li>The political and administrative autonomy of the Azores and Madeira archipelagos.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrenched_clause&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of the body of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Spain" title="Constitution of Spain">Constitution of Spain</a> can be modified by a three-fifths majority of both chambers of the <a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes Generales</a>, or an absolute majority of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Spain" title="Senate of Spain">Senate</a> and a two-thirds majority of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Deputies_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of Deputies (Spain)">Congress of Deputies</a> if the first method of approval fails. </p><p>However, modifications of the Preliminary Title (sovereignty and constitutional principles), the First Section of the First Title (fundamental rights and liberties of the Spaniards), or the Second Title (the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Monarchy</a>), as well as drafting a full new Constitution replacing the current, would require a two-thirds majority of both chambers, an immediate new general election, a two-thirds majority of the newly elected chambers, and a final referendum. </p><p>Constitutional amendments cannot be introduced during <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">wartime</a> or a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrenched_clause&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_sovereignty_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliamentary sovereignty in the United Kingdom">parliamentary supremacy</a> holds that Parliament may pass any law it wishes, with the exception that it cannot bind its successors (or be limited by its predecessors). Moreover, the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the United Kingdom">UK's constitution</a> is <a href="/wiki/Uncodified" class="mw-redirect" title="Uncodified">uncodified</a>, being contained instead in informal conventions, <a href="/wiki/Standing_orders_in_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Standing orders in the Parliament of the United Kingdom">standing orders of the two Houses of Parliament</a>, and ordinary legislation (in particular <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Parliament_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom">Acts of Parliament</a>). Therefore, the constitution is unentrenched as previous legislation can be amended by the passing of statute, requiring a simple majority vote in the House of Commons. </p><p>Notions of entrenchment have emerged in consideration of a number of constitutional statutes, including the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Acts_1911_and_1949" title="Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949">Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949</a>. (See <i><a href="/wiki/R_(Jackson)_v_Attorney_General" title="R (Jackson) v Attorney General">R (Jackson) v Attorney General</a></i> [2005] UKHL 56.)<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Andrew Blick, Senior Lecturer in Politics at King's College London, argues that the use of a <a href="/wiki/Supermajority" title="Supermajority">supermajority</a> requirement for the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons" title="House of Commons">House of Commons</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Fixed-term_Parliaments_Act_2011" title="Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011">Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011</a> represents a move towards entrenched clauses in the UK Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, after failing to secure the required supermajority for an election in 2019, the government passed the <a href="/wiki/Early_Parliamentary_General_Election_Act_2019" title="Early Parliamentary General Election Act 2019">Early Parliamentary General Election Act 2019</a>, which only required a simple majority, to override the act and call an <a href="/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2019 United Kingdom general election">early general election</a>. The Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 was subsequently repealed and replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_and_Calling_of_Parliament_Act_2022" title="Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022">Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022</a>, which deleted the supermajority requirement altogether and reinstated the government's power to call an election at will. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Company_law">Company law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrenched_clause&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Company law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Provisions may also be entrenched in the constitutions of corporate bodies. An example is in the memoranda and articles of a <a href="/wiki/Company_limited_by_guarantee" title="Company limited by guarantee">company limited by guarantee</a>, in which the principles of <a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">common ownership</a> may be entrenched. This practice can make it almost impossible for the company's members to dissolve the company and distribute its assets amongst them. This idea has more recently been extended in the UK through the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Community_interest_company" title="Community interest company">community interest company</a> (CIC), which incorporates an <a href="/wiki/Asset_lock" title="Asset lock">asset lock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other companies in the UK may make provision for entrenchment of certain articles so that, for example, the specified articles may only be amended or repealed by agreement of all the members of the company or by a court order.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In India there is similar provision in section 5 of the <a href="/wiki/Companies_Act_2013" title="Companies Act 2013">Companies Act 2013</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrenched_clause&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_structure_doctrine" title="Basic structure doctrine">Basic structure doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peremptory_norm" title="Peremptory norm">Peremptory norm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigid_constitution" title="Rigid constitution">Rigid constitution</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrenched_clause&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CECEE-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CECEE_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CECEE_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKyriaki_Topidi_and_Alexander_H._E._Morawa2010" class="citation book cs1">Kyriaki Topidi and Alexander H. E. Morawa (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IhLKZKm7zGgC&pg=PA105"><i>Constitutional Evolution in Central and Eastern Europe (Studies in Modern Law and Policy)</i></a>. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1409403272" title="Special:BookSources/978-1409403272"><bdi>978-1409403272</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitutional+Evolution+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe+%28Studies+in+Modern+Law+and+Policy%29&rft.pages=105&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1409403272&rft.au=Kyriaki+Topidi+and+Alexander+H.+E.+Morawa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIhLKZKm7zGgC%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrenched+clause" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hellenicparliament.gr/UserFiles/f3c70a23-7696-49db-9148-f24dce6a27c8/001-156%20aggliko.pdf">The official English language translation of the Greek Constitution as of May 27, 2008</a>, Article 110 §1, p. 124, source: Hellenic Parliament, "The provisions of the Constitution shall be subject to revision with the exception of those which determine the form of government as a Parliamentary Republic and those of articles 2 paragraph 1, 4 paragraphs 1, 4 and 7 , 5 paragraphs 1 and 3, 13 paragraph 1, and 26."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/Swaminomics/changes-like-brexit-need-a-super-majority/">"Changes like Brexit need a super-majority"</a>. <i>Times of India Blog</i>. 2016-07-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+of+India+Blog&rft.atitle=Changes+like+Brexit+need+a+super-majority&rft.date=2016-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fblogs%2FSwaminomics%2Fchanges-like-brexit-need-a-super-majority%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrenched+clause" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weakcon-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weakcon_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weakcon_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoel_Colón-Ríos2012" class="citation book cs1">Joel Colón-Ríos (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TqqQAzH2zxEC&pg=PA67"><i>Weak Constitutionalism: Democratic Legitimacy and the Question of Constituent Power</i></a>. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415671903" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415671903"><bdi>978-0415671903</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weak+Constitutionalism%3A+Democratic+Legitimacy+and+the+Question+of+Constituent+Power&rft.pages=67&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0415671903&rft.au=Joel+Col%C3%B3n-R%C3%ADos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTqqQAzH2zxEC%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrenched+clause" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EWC-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EWC_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EWC_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerhard_Robbers2006" class="citation book cs1">Gerhard Robbers (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M3A-xgf1yM4C&pg=PA626"><i>Encyclopedia of World Constitutions</i></a>. p. 626. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816060788" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816060788"><bdi>978-0816060788</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+Constitutions&rft.pages=626&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0816060788&rft.au=Gerhard+Robbers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM3A-xgf1yM4C%26pg%3DPA626&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrenched+clause" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Constitution of Egypt 2014</i>. p. 62.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+Egypt+2014&rft.pages=62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrenched+clause" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/2/68378/Before-vote-Know-about-powers-granted-to-president-by-constitutional">"Before vote: Know about powers granted to president by constitutional amendments"</a>. 16 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Before+vote%3A+Know+about+powers+granted+to+president+by+constitutional+amendments&rft.date=2019-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.egypttoday.com%2FArticle%2F2%2F68378%2FBefore-vote-Know-about-powers-granted-to-president-by-constitutional&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrenched+clause" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstitution2014" class="citation web cs1">UNDP and International IDEA, ed. (26 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923210602/http://www.constitutionnet.org/files/2014.01.26_-_final_constitution_english_idea_final.pdf">"The Constitution of the Tunisian Republic"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Constitution.net</i>. Article 75. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constitutionnet.org/files/2014.01.26_-_final_constitution_english_idea_final.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Un.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Nations+and+the+Rule+of+Law&rft.pub=Un.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fruleoflaw%2Findex.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrenched+clause" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hellenicparliament.gr/UserFiles/f3c70a23-7696-49db-9148-f24dce6a27c8/001-156%20aggliko.pdf">"Constitution of Greece in English"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Parliament" title="Hellenic Parliament">Hellenic Parliament</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+Greece+in+English&rft.pub=Hellenic+Parliament&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hellenicparliament.gr%2FUserFiles%2Ff3c70a23-7696-49db-9148-f24dce6a27c8%2F001-156%2520aggliko.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrenched+clause" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hellenicparliament.gr/UserFiles/f3c70a23-7696-49db-9148-f24dce6a27c8/001-156%20aggliko.pdf">"The Constitution of Greece (2008)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Hellenic Parliament<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+Greece+%282008%29&rft.pub=Hellenic+Parliament&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hellenicparliament.gr%2FUserFiles%2Ff3c70a23-7696-49db-9148-f24dce6a27c8%2F001-156%2520aggliko.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrenched+clause" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-it3441754-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-it3441754_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBardonClarkeO'Halloran2018" class="citation news cs1">Bardon, Sarah; Clarke, Vivienne; O'Halloran, Marie (26 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/varadkar-rules-out-coveney-s-two-third-majority-plan-on-abortion-1.3441754">"Varadkar rules out Coveney's two-third majority plan on abortion"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Varadkar+rules+out+Coveney%27s+two-third+majority+plan+on+abortion&rft.date=2018-03-26&rft.aulast=Bardon&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft.au=Clarke%2C+Vivienne&rft.au=O%27Halloran%2C+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fvaradkar-rules-out-coveney-s-two-third-majority-plan-on-abortion-1.3441754&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrenched+clause" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/crime-and-law/appeal-court-clears-last-legal-obstacle-to-same-sex-marriage-1.2302482">"Appeal court clears last legal obstacle to same-sex marriage"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Appeal+court+clears+last+legal+obstacle+to+same-sex+marriage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fcrime-and-law%2Fappeal-court-clears-last-legal-obstacle-to-same-sex-marriage-1.2302482&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrenched+clause" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Congress of Deputies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.congreso.es/consti/constitucion/indice/titulos/articulos.jsp?ini=166&fin=169&tipo=2">Title X. Constitutional amendment.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2006" class="citation journal cs1">Young, Alison L. (2006). "Hunting Sovereignty: Jackson v Her Majesty's Attorney-General". <i><a href="/wiki/Public_Law_(journal)" title="Public Law (journal)">Public Law</a></i>. <b>2006</b> (2). Sweet & Maxwell: 187–196. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-3565">0033-3565</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Law&rft.atitle=Hunting+Sovereignty%3A+Jackson+v+Her+Majesty%27s+Attorney-General&rft.volume=2006&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=187-196&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=0033-3565&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Alison+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrenched+clause" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlick2016" class="citation journal cs1">Blick, Andrew (January 2016). "Constitutional Implications of the Fixed-Term Parliaments Act 2011". <i>Parliamentary Affairs</i>. <b>69</b> (1): 19–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpa%2Fgsv004">10.1093/pa/gsv004</a>. <q>The UK has no written constitution. Yet entrenchment in some forms has had a part in UK constitutional conceptions. Moreover, in recent times this role has grown. Some precedent for supermajorities, for instance, has appeared through the provision in section 2 of the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 for early general elections, requiring support from two-thirds or more of MPs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+Affairs&rft.atitle=Constitutional+Implications+of+the+Fixed-Term+Parliaments+Act+2011&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19-35&rft.date=2016-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpa%2Fgsv004&rft.aulast=Blick&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEntrenched+clause" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Companies_(Audit,_Investigations_and_Community_Enterprise)_Act_2004" title="Companies (Audit, Investigations and Community Enterprise) Act 2004">Companies (Audit, Investigations and Community Enterprise) Act 2004</a>, part 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Companies_Act_2006" title="Companies Act 2006">Companies Act 2006</a>, section 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.corporate-cases.com/2013/04/provisions-of-entrenchment-in-articles.html">Provisions for Entrenchment in Articles of Association</a>, accessed 20 September 2018</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrenched_clause&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melissa_Schwartzberg" title="Melissa Schwartzberg">Schwartzberg, Melissa</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140814175152/http://www.law.georgetown.edu/cclt/documents/Schwartzberg_AgainstEntr.doc">"Against Entrenchment"</a>. Retrieved November 6, 2006.</li> <li>Suber, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/writing/psa/"><i>Paradox of Self-Amendment.</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060904214447/http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/writing/psa/">Archived</a> 2006-09-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved February 1, 2007.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrenched_clause&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304140349/http://katapult-magazin.de/en/artikel/article-katapult/fulltext/never-say-never/">Eternity Clauses: Never say never!</a> by Dr. Michael Hein, <i>Katapult</i> magazine, 4 May 2015.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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