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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Early history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Colonial era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Post-World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Geology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity_and_conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity_and_conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Biodiversity and conservation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity_and_conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parties_and_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parties_and_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Parties and elections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parties_and_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Science and technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Infrastructure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Infrastructure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups_and_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups_and_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Ethnic groups and languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups_and_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Healthcare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Human rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art_and_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Art and architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music,_dance_and_clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music,_dance_and_clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Music, dance and clothing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music,_dance_and_clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre_and_cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre_and_cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Theatre and cinema </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre_and_cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mass_media_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mass_media_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Mass media and literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mass_media_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 General </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Indonesia</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 286 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-286" aria-hidden="true" > 286 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ind%C3%B4n%C3%A8sia" title="Indônèsia – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Indônèsia" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8D" title="Индонезиэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Индонезиэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Индонезие – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Индонезие" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesi%C3%AB" title="Indonesië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Indonesië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesien" title="Indonesien – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Indonesien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A2%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B6%E1%8A%94%E1%8B%A5%E1%8B%AB" title="ኢንዶኔዥያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኢንዶኔዥያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="इंडोनेशिया – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="इंडोनेशिया" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Индонезиа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Индонезиа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="إندونيسيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إندونيسيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ինտոնեզիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ինտոնեզիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endon%C3%A8sia" title="Endonèsia – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Endonèsia" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="इण्डोनेशिया – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="इण्डोनेशिया" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indon%C3%A9sia" title="Indonésia – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Indonésia" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Индонезия – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Индонезия" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indunisya" title="Indunisya – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Indunisya" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ndoneziya" title="İndoneziya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İndoneziya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="اندونزی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اندونزی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indon%C3%A9sia" title="Indonésia – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Indonésia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="ইন্দোনেশিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইন্দোনেশিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indunisia" title="Indunisia – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Indunisia" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cn-n%C3%AE" title="Ìn-nî – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ìn-nî" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Индонезия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Индонезия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Інданезія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Інданезія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Інданэзія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Інданэзія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="इंडोनेशिया – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इंडोनेशिया" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesya" title="Indonesya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Indonesya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Индонезия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Индонезия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesien" title="Indonesien – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Indonesien" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨིན་རྡུ་ནི་ཤིས་ཡ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨིན་རྡུ་ནི་ཤིས་ཡ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonezija" title="Indonezija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Indonezija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonezia" title="Indonezia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Indonezia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Индонези – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Индонези" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indon%C3%A8sia" title="Indonèsia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Indonèsia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Индонези – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Индонези" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indon%C3%A9sie" title="Indonésie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Indonésie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonezha" title="Indonezha – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Indonezha" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indunesia" title="Indunesia – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Indunesia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesien" title="Indonesien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Indonesien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="أندونيسيا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="أندونيسيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesien" title="Indonesien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Indonesien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%91%DE%AE%DE%82%DE%AD%DE%9D%DE%A8%DE%94%DE%A7" title="އިންޑޮނޭޝިޔާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އިންޑޮނޭޝިޔާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9yah_Dah_Ndaa%CA%BCee%C5%82%C3%AD_%C5%81%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Kéyah Dah Ndaaʼeełí Łání – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Kéyah Dah Ndaaʼeełí Łání" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoneziska" title="Indoneziska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Indoneziska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="इण्डोनेसिया – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="इण्डोनेसिया" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoneesia" title="Indoneesia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Indoneesia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ινδονησία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ινδονησία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Индонезия – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Индонезия" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonezio" title="Indonezio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Indonezio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="اندونزی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اندونزی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indon%C3%A9sie" title="Indonésie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Indonésie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yndoneezje" title="Yndoneezje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Yndoneezje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inndonesiya" title="Inndonesiya – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Inndonesiya" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Indin%C3%A9is" title="An Indinéis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Indinéis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Indoneesh" title="Yn Indoneesh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Indoneesh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ndoneziya" title="İndoneziya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="İndoneziya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Innd-Innse" title="An Innd-Innse – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An Innd-Innse" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="ХӀиндонези – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ХӀиндонези" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E" title="印度尼西亞 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="印度尼西亞" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A4%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%8A" title="أندؤنزي – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="أندؤنزي" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%88%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A1%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE" title="ઈંડોનેશિયા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઈંડોનેશિયા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="इंडोनेशिया – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="इंडोनेशिया" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin-n%C3%AC" title="Yin-nì – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yin-nì" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EB%8F%84%EB%84%A4%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84" title="인도네시아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인도네시아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiya" title="Indonesiya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Indonesiya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBInidonesia" title="ʻInidonesia – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻInidonesia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ինդոնեզիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ինդոնեզիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="इंडोनेशिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इंडोनेशिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoneska" title="Indoneska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Indoneska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonezija" title="Indonezija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Indonezija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonezia" title="Indonezia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Indonezia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="ইন্দোনেশিয়া – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ইন্দোনেশিয়া" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%84%E1%93%85%E1%93%AF%E1%90%8A" title="ᐄᓅᓯᐊ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐄᓅᓯᐊ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intunisia" title="Intunisia – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Intunisia" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Индонези – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Индонези" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Indonesia" title="I-Indonesia – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="I-Indonesia" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ind%C3%B3nes%C3%ADa" title="Indónesía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Indónesía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%99%D7%94" title="אינדונזיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אינדונזיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indhon%C3%A9sia" title="Indhonésia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Indhonésia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%90ndonezi" title="Ɛndonezi – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ɛndonezi" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE" title="ಇಂಡೋನೇಷ್ಯಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇಂಡೋನೇಷ್ಯಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Индонезия – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Индонезия" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ინდონეზია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ინდონეზია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%90%D9%86%D9%9B%DA%88%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%90%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="اِنٛڈونیشِیا – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="اِنٛڈونیشِیا" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jindonezj%C3%B4" title="Jindonezjô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Jindonezjô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Индонезия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Индонезия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesi" title="Indonesi – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Indonesi" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiya" title="Indonesiya – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Indonesiya" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Индонезия – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Индонезия" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endonezi" title="Endonezi – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Endonezi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endon%C3%A9zi" title="Endonézi – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Endonézi" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Endonezya" title="Îndonezya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Îndonezya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Индонезия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Индонезия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Индонези – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Индонези" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%8D" title="ປະເທດອິນໂດເນເຊຍ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດອິນໂດເນເຊຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indon%C4%93zija" title="Indonēzija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Indonēzija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesien" title="Indonesien – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Indonesien" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Индонезия – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Индонезия" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonezija" title="Indonezija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Indonezija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonexia" title="Indonexia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Indonexia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesi%C3%AB" title="Indonesië – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Indonesië" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonez%C3%AD" title="Indonezí – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Indonezí" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonezii" title="Indonezii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Indonezii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/bidgu%27e" title="bidgu'e – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="bidgu'e" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indunesia" title="Indunesia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Indunesia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indon%C3%A9zia" title="Indonézia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Indonézia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%E1%B8%8Donesia" title="Inḍonesia – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Inḍonesia" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="इन्डोनेसिया – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="इन्डोनेसिया" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Индонезија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Индонезија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ind%C3%B4nezia" title="Indônezia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Indônezia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF" title="ഇന്തോനേഷ്യ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇന്തോനേഷ്യ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indone%C5%BCja" title="Indoneżja – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Indoneżja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initon%C4%ABhia" title="Initonīhia – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Initonīhia" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="इंडोनेशिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इंडोनेशिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ინდონეზია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ინდონეზია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="اندونيسيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اندونيسيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="اندونزی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اندونزی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯏꯟꯗꯣꯅꯦꯁꯤꯌꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯏꯟꯗꯣꯅꯦꯁꯤꯌꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ng-n%C3%A0%CC%A4" title="Éng-nà̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Éng-nà̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andon%C3%A9sia" title="Andonésia – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Andonésia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Индонэзия – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Индонэзия" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Индонез – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Индонез" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="အင်ဒိုနီးရှားနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အင်ဒိုနီးရှားနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Naijá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idonisia" title="Idonisia – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Idonisia" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesi%C3%AB" title="Indonesië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Indonesië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonezie" title="Indonezie – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Indonezie" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="इन्डोनेसिया – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इन्डोनेसिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="इन्दोनेसिया – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="इन्दोनेसिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2" title="インドネシア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インドネシア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%8D%DF%B2%DF%98%DF%8F%DF%A3%DF%9B%DF%8C%DF%AB" title="ߍ߲ߘߏߣߛߌ߫ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߍ߲ߘߏߣߛߌ߫" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="ХӀиндонези – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ХӀиндонези" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoneesien/fe" title="Indoneesien/fe – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Indoneesien/fe" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endonesya" title="Endonesya – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Endonesya" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Индонезий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Индонезий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86" title="ଇଣ୍ଡୋନେସିଆ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଇଣ୍ଡୋନେସିଆ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoneeshiyaa" title="Indoneeshiyaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Indoneeshiyaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoneziya" title="Indoneziya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Indoneziya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਇੰਡੋਨੇਸ਼ੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇੰਡੋਨੇਸ਼ੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="इन्दोनेशिया – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="इन्दोनेशिया" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiya" title="Indonesiya – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Indonesiya" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%88%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="انڈونیشیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="انڈونیشیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="အေန်ဒိုနီးသျားခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="အေန်ဒိုနီးသျားခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="اندونيزيا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اندونيزيا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoniija" title="Indoniija – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Indoniija" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A5%E1%9E%8E%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8C%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%8E%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8" title="ឥណ្ឌូណេស៊ី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ឥណ្ឌូណេស៊ី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indon%C3%A9sie" title="Indonésie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Indonésie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonisia" title="Indonisia – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Indonisia" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesien" title="Indonesien – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Indonesien" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonezja" title="Indonezja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Indonezja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indon%C3%A9sia" title="Indonésia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Indonésia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoneziya" title="Indoneziya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Indoneziya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ndoneziya" title="İndoneziya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="İndoneziya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesien" title="Indonesien – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Indonesien" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonezia" title="Indonezia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Indonezia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inrunisya" title="Inrunisya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Inrunisya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Індонезія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Індонезія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Индонезия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Индонезия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Индонезия – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Индонезия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initonesia" title="Initonesia – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Initonesia" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="इण्डोनेशिया – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="इण्डोनेशिया" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Anndonez%C3%AFi" title="Ênndonezïi – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Ênndonezïi" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indon%C3%A8sia" title="Indonèsia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Indonèsia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesie" title="Indonesie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Indonesie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesien" title="Indonesien – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Indonesien" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonezia" title="Indonezia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Indonezia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indunesia" title="Indunesia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Indunesia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ඉන්දුනීසියාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉන්දුනීසියාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="انڊونيشيا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="انڊونيشيا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/INdonesiya" title="INdonesiya – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="INdonesiya" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indon%C3%A9zia" title="Indonézia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Indonézia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonezija" title="Indonezija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Indonezija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%87%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%97%EA%99%97" title="Їндонисїꙗ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Їндонисїꙗ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ind%C5%AFnezyjo" title="Indůnezyjo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Indůnezyjo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indunisiya" title="Indunisiya – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Indunisiya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ئیندۆنیزیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیندۆنیزیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesikondre" title="Indonesikondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Indonesikondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Индонезија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Индонезија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonezija" title="Indonezija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Indonezija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indon%C3%A9sia" title="Indonésia – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Indonésia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesien" title="Indonesien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Indonesien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="இந்தோனேசியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இந்தோனேசியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indunisya" title="Indunisya – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Indunisya" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indunisya" title="Indunisya – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Indunisya" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesie" title="Indonesie – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Indonesie" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Индонезия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Индонезия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A2%E1%80%AD%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%90%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%81%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BB%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8" title="မိူင်းဢိၼ်ႇတူဝ်ႇၼီးသျႃး – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းဢိၼ်ႇတူဝ်ႇၼီးသျႃး" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="ఇండోనేషియా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇండోనేషియా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indon%C3%A9zia" title="Indonézia – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Indonézia" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ประเทศอินโดนีเซีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศอินโดนีเซีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A2%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B6%E1%8A%94%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%AB" title="ኢንዶኔስያ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ኢንዶኔስያ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Индонезия – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Индонезия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBIniton%C4%93sia" title="ʻInitonēsia – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻInitonēsia" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A2%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%99%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%AF" title="ᎢᏂᏙᏂᏍᏯ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎢᏂᏙᏂᏍᏯ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endonezya" title="Endonezya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Endonezya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonezi%C3%BDa" title="Indoneziýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Indoneziýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonisia" title="Indonisia – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Indonisia" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndonisiya" title="Ndonisiya – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Ndonisiya" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Индонезия – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Индонезия" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%8A%E1%A8%89%E1%A8%9A%E1%A8%8A%E1%A8%99%E1%A8%94%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%95" title="ᨕᨗᨊᨉᨚᨊᨙᨔᨗᨕ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨕᨗᨊᨉᨚᨊᨙᨔᨗᨕ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Індонезія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Індонезія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%88%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="انڈونیشیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انڈونیشیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%89%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DB%90%D8%B2%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="ھىندونېزىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ھىندونېزىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinniz" title="Yinniz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Yinniz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indon%C3%A8zia" title="Indonèzia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Indonèzia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonezii" title="Indonezii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Indonezii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lind%C3%A4na-Se%C3%A4nu%C3%A4ns" title="Lindäna-Seänuäns – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lindäna-Seänuäns" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoneesi%C3%A4" title="Indoneesiä – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Indoneesiä" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonezeye" title="Indonezeye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Indonezeye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E" title="印度尼西亞 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="印度尼西亞" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesi%C3%AB" title="Indonesië – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Indonesië" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoneesi" title="Endoneesi – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Endoneesi" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="印度尼西亚 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="印度尼西亚" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A2" title="אינדאנעזיע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אינדאנעזיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indon%C3%A9s%C3%AD%C3%A0" title="Indonésíà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Indonésíà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%B0%BC" title="印尼 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="印尼" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ndonezya" title="İndonezya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İndonezya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesi%C3%AB" title="Indonesië – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Indonesië" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonez%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Indonezėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Indonezėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="印度尼西亚 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="印度尼西亚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bdr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – West Coast Bajau" lang="bdr" hreflang="bdr" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Bajau Sama" data-language-local-name="West Coast Bajau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bajau Sama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indon%C3%A9sia" title="Indonésia – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Indonésia" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonezij%C9%99" title="Indonezijə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Indonezijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%A2%E2%B4%B0" title="ⴰⵏⴷⵓⵏⵉⵙⵢⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵏⴷⵓⵏⵉⵙⵢⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div 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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Indonesia&params=5_S_120_E_type:country_region:ID">5°S 120°E / 5°S 120°E / -5; 120</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in Southeast Asia and Oceania</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the country. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Indonesia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Indonesia (disambiguation)">Indonesia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Indonesia</div><div class="ib-country-names">Republik Indonesia (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Indonesia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Indonesia"><img alt="Flag of Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/125px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/188px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/250px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Indonesia" title="Flag of Indonesia">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Indonesia"><img alt="Emblem of Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg/85px-National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg/128px-National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg/170px-National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="550" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Emblem of Indonesia"> Emblem</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto:  <a href="/wiki/Bhinneka_Tunggal_Ika" title="Bhinneka Tunggal Ika">Bhinneka Tunggal Ika</a> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Javanese" title="Old Javanese">Old Javanese</a>) "Unity in Diversity"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: <a href="/wiki/Indonesia_Raya" title="Indonesia Raya">Indonesia Raya</a> "Indonesia the Great" <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="110" data-mwtitle="Indonesia_Raya_instrumental.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Indonesia_Raya_instrumental.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1e/Indonesia_Raya_instrumental.ogg/Indonesia_Raya_instrumental.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIndonesia_Raya_instrumental.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIndonesia_Raya_instrumental.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIndonesia_Raya_instrumental.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIndonesia_Raya_instrumental.ogg&lang=tl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tl" label="Tagalog ‪(tl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIndonesia_Raya_instrumental.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIndonesia_Raya_instrumental.ogg&lang=zh-tw&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-TW" label="中文（臺灣） ‪(zh-tw)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">National ideology: <a href="/wiki/Pancasila_(politics)" title="Pancasila (politics)">Pancasila</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>) "The Five Principles"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Indonesia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Indonesia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-Indonesia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Indonesia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-Indonesia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Indonesia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-Indonesia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a>Show globe</div><div><a href="/wiki/File:Location_Indonesia_ASEAN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Location_Indonesia_ASEAN.svg/250px-Location_Indonesia_ASEAN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Location_Indonesia_ASEAN.svg/375px-Location_Indonesia_ASEAN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Location_Indonesia_ASEAN.svg/500px-Location_Indonesia_ASEAN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="900" /></a>Show map of ASEAN</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Indonesia&params=6_10_S_106_49_E_type:city_region:ID">6°10′S 106°49′E / 6.167°S 106.817°E / -6.167; 106.817</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Recognised regional languages</th><td class="infobox-data">Over <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Languages of Indonesia">700 languages</a><a href="#cite_note-ethnologue-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Over <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Ethnic groups in Indonesia">1,300 ethnic groups</a><a href="#cite_note-BPS-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2023)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>87.1% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Islam in Indonesia">Islam</a></li> <li>10.5% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Indonesia" title="Christianity in Indonesia">Christianity</a> <ul><li>7.4% <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a></li> <li>3.1% <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li>1.7% <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Indonesia" title="Hinduism in Indonesia">Hinduism</a></li> <li>0.7% <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Buddhism</a></li> <li>0.08% <a href="/wiki/Aliran_Kepercayaan" title="Aliran Kepercayaan">Folk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Others</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[a]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian people">Indonesian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Indonesia" title="Politics of Indonesia">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Presidential_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential republic">presidential republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Indonesia" title="President of Indonesia">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Prabowo_Subianto" title="Prabowo Subianto">Prabowo Subianto</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Indonesia" title="Vice President of Indonesia">Vice President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gibran_Rakabuming_Raka" title="Gibran Rakabuming Raka">Gibran Rakabuming Raka</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Representatives_(Indonesia)" title="Speaker of the House of Representatives (Indonesia)">House Speaker</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Puan_Maharani" title="Puan Maharani">Puan Maharani</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Indonesia" title="Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Indonesia">Supreme Court</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sunarto_(judge)" title="Sunarto (judge)">Sunarto</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Constitutional_Court_of_Indonesia" title="Chief Justice of the Constitutional Court of Indonesia">Constitutional Court</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Suhartoyo" title="Suhartoyo">Suhartoyo</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Consultative_Assembly" title="People's Consultative Assembly">People's Consultative Assembly</a> (MPR)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Regional_Representative_Council" title="Regional Representative Council">Regional Representative Council</a> (DPD)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Indonesia)" title="House of Representatives (Indonesia)">House of Representatives</a> (DPR)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Independence</a> <div class="ib-country-sovereignty">from the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Netherlands</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Indonesian_Independence" title="Proclamation of Indonesian Independence">Proclaimed</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">17 August 1945</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Indonesian_Round_Table_Conference" title="Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference">Recognised</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">27 December 1949</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Indonesia" title="Geography of Indonesia">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,904,569<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> km2 (735,358 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">14th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Water_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Water area">Water (%)</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">4.85</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Indonesia" title="Demographics of Indonesia">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Q2 2024 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 282,477,584<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">4th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2020 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">270,203,917<a href="#cite_note-2020census-7">[6]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">143/km2 (370.4/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">88th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $4.658 trillion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.ID-8">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">7th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $16,542<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.ID-8">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">96th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $1.402 trillion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.ID-8">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">16th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $4,980<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.ID-8">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">115th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2024)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 37.9<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.713<a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-10">[9]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">112th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_rupiah" title="Indonesian rupiah">Indonesian rupiah</a> (Rp) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">IDR</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+7 to +9 (<a href="/wiki/Time_in_Indonesia" title="Time in Indonesia">IDT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">DD/MM/YYYY</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">left</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Indonesia" title="Telephone numbers in Indonesia">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%2B62" class="mw-redirect" title="+62">+62</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:ID" title="ISO 3166-2:ID">ID</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.id" title=".id">.id</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Indonesia,<a href="#cite_note-13">[b]</a> officially the Republic of Indonesia,<a href="#cite_note-fn1-14">[c]</a> is a country in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>, between the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> oceans. It consists of over <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Indonesia" title="List of islands of Indonesia">17,000 islands</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>, and parts of <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>. Indonesia is the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Archipelagic_state" title="Archipelagic state">archipelagic state</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">14th-largest country by area</a>, at 1,904,569 square kilometres (735,358 square miles). With over 280 million people, Indonesia is the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">fourth-most-populous country</a> and the most populous <a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Muslim-majority country</a>. Java, the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_population" title="List of islands by population">most populous island</a>, is home to more than half of the country's population. Indonesia is a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential republic</a> with an elected <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Consultative_Assembly" title="People's Consultative Assembly">legislature</a>. It has <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">38 provinces</a>, of which nine have <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">special autonomous status</a>. The country's largest city, <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, is the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">second-most-populous urban area</a>. Indonesia shares <a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Indonesia" title="Template:Borders of Indonesia">land borders</a> with <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">eastern part of Malaysia</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Maritime_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime border">maritime borders</a> with <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">the Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support one of the <a href="/wiki/Megadiverse_countries" title="Megadiverse countries">world's highest levels of biodiversity</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Nusantara_(term)" title="Nusantara (term)">Indonesian archipelago</a> has been a valuable region for <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a> since at least the seventh century, when Sumatra's <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> and later Java's <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> kingdoms engaged in <a href="/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce">commerce</a> with entities from <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. Over the centuries, local rulers assimilated foreign influences, leading to the flourishing of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Indonesia" title="Hinduism in Indonesia">Hindu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Buddhist</a> kingdoms. <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> traders and <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> scholars later brought <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Islam in Indonesia">Islam</a>, and European powers fought one another to monopolise trade in the Spice Islands of <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a>. Following three and a half centuries of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies#History" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch colonialism</a>, Indonesia secured <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Indonesian_Independence" title="Proclamation of Indonesian Independence">its independence</a> after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Indonesia's history has since been turbulent, with challenges posed by natural disasters, corruption, separatism, a <a href="/wiki/Post-Suharto_era_in_Indonesia" title="Post-Suharto era in Indonesia">democratisation</a> process, and periods of rapid economic growth. Indonesia consists of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Ethnic groups in Indonesia">distinct native ethnic</a> groups and hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Languages of Indonesia">linguistic</a> groups, with <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> being the largest. A shared identity has developed with the motto "<a href="/wiki/Bhinneka_Tunggal_Ika" title="Bhinneka Tunggal Ika">Bhinneka Tunggal Ika</a>" ("Unity in Diversity" literally, "many, yet one"), defined by a <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">national language</a>, cultural diversity, religious pluralism within a Muslim-majority population, and a history of <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> and rebellion against it. A <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing country</a>, Indonesia is classified a <a href="/wiki/Newly_industrialized_country" title="Newly industrialized country">newly industrialized country</a>, with its <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Indonesia" title="Economy of Indonesia">economy</a> the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">16th-largest by nominal GDP</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">7th-largest by PPP</a>. It is the world's third-largest democracy, a <a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">regional power</a>, and is considered a <a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">middle power</a> in global affairs. The country is a member of several multilateral organisations, including the United Nations, <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>, <a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a>, and a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a>, <a href="/wiki/D-8_Organization_for_Economic_Cooperation" title="D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation">D-8</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">APEC</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Indonesia" title="Names of Indonesia">Names of Indonesia</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1855_Colton_Map_of_the_East_Indies_(Singapore,_Thailand,_Borneo,_Malaysia)_-_Geographicus_-_EastIndies-colton-1855.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/1855_Colton_Map_of_the_East_Indies_%28Singapore%2C_Thailand%2C_Borneo%2C_Malaysia%29_-_Geographicus_-_EastIndies-colton-1855.jpg/200px-1855_Colton_Map_of_the_East_Indies_%28Singapore%2C_Thailand%2C_Borneo%2C_Malaysia%29_-_Geographicus_-_EastIndies-colton-1855.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/1855_Colton_Map_of_the_East_Indies_%28Singapore%2C_Thailand%2C_Borneo%2C_Malaysia%29_-_Geographicus_-_EastIndies-colton-1855.jpg/300px-1855_Colton_Map_of_the_East_Indies_%28Singapore%2C_Thailand%2C_Borneo%2C_Malaysia%29_-_Geographicus_-_EastIndies-colton-1855.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/1855_Colton_Map_of_the_East_Indies_%28Singapore%2C_Thailand%2C_Borneo%2C_Malaysia%29_-_Geographicus_-_EastIndies-colton-1855.jpg/400px-1855_Colton_Map_of_the_East_Indies_%28Singapore%2C_Thailand%2C_Borneo%2C_Malaysia%29_-_Geographicus_-_EastIndies-colton-1855.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2873" /></a><figcaption>The region that is today identified as Indonesia has carried different names, such as "East Indies" in this 1855 map</figcaption></figure> The name Indonesia derives from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> words <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Indo-" class="extiw" title="wikt:Indo-">Indos</a> (Ἰνδός) and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BD%E1%BF%86%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:νῆσος">nesos</a> (νῆσος), meaning "Indian islands".<a href="#cite_note-EcoSeas1-15">[12]</a> The name dates back to the 19th century, far predating the formation of independent Indonesia. In 1850, <a href="/wiki/George_Windsor_Earl" title="George Windsor Earl">George Windsor Earl</a>, an English <a href="/wiki/Ethnology" title="Ethnology">ethnologist</a>, proposed the terms Indunesians—and, his preference, Malayunesians—for the inhabitants of the "Indian Archipelago or <a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">Malay Archipelago</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarl1850119-16">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-indoety-17">[14]</a> In the same publication, one of his students, <a href="/wiki/James_Richardson_Logan" title="James Richardson Logan">James Richardson Logan</a>, used Indonesia as a synonym for Indian Archipelago.<a href="#cite_note-18">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarl1850254,_277–278-19">[16]</a> Dutch academics writing in East Indies publications were reluctant to use Indonesia. They preferred Malay Archipelago (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: Maleische Archipel); the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Netherlands East Indies</a> (Nederlandsch Oost Indië), popularly Indië; the East (de Oost); and Insulinde.<a href="#cite_note-Kroef-20">[17]</a> After 1900, Indonesia became more common in academic circles outside the Netherlands, and native nationalist groups adopted it for political expression.<a href="#cite_note-Kroef-20">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Bastian" title="Adolf Bastian">Adolf Bastian</a> of the University of Berlin popularized the name through his book Indonesien oder die Inseln des Malayischen Archipels, 1884–1894. The first native scholar to use the name was <a href="/wiki/Ki_Hajar_Dewantara" title="Ki Hajar Dewantara">Ki Hajar Dewantara</a> when in 1913, he established a press bureau in the Netherlands, Indonesisch Pers-bureau.<a href="#cite_note-indoety-17">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Indonesia" title="History of Indonesia">History of Indonesia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Indonesia" title="Prehistoric Indonesia">Prehistoric Indonesia</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lubang_Jeriji_Sal%C3%A9h_cave_painting_of_Bull.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Lubang_Jeriji_Sal%C3%A9h_cave_painting_of_Bull.jpg/214px-Lubang_Jeriji_Sal%C3%A9h_cave_painting_of_Bull.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Lubang_Jeriji_Sal%C3%A9h_cave_painting_of_Bull.jpg/321px-Lubang_Jeriji_Sal%C3%A9h_cave_painting_of_Bull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Lubang_Jeriji_Sal%C3%A9h_cave_painting_of_Bull.jpg/428px-Lubang_Jeriji_Sal%C3%A9h_cave_painting_of_Bull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1814" data-file-height="1155" /></a><figcaption>One of the oldest known <a href="/wiki/Figurative_art" title="Figurative art">figurative paintings</a>, a depiction of a bull, was discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Lubang_Jeriji_Sal%C3%A9h" title="Lubang Jeriji Saléh">Lubang Jeriji Saléh</a> cave dated as over 40,000 (perhaps as old as 52,000) years old.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Borobudur_ship.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Borobudur_ship.JPG/220px-Borobudur_ship.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Borobudur_ship.JPG/330px-Borobudur_ship.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Borobudur_ship.JPG/440px-Borobudur_ship.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1183" data-file-height="816" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Borobudur_ship" title="Borobudur ship">Borobudur ship</a> carved on <a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a> temple, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 800 CE. Outrigger boats from the archipelago may have made trade voyages to the east coast of Africa and Madagascar as early as the 1st century CE<a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a></figcaption></figure> Fossilised remains of <a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a>, popularly known as the "<a href="/wiki/Java_Man" title="Java Man">Java Man</a>", suggest the Indonesian archipelago was inhabited two million to 500,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a> reached the region around 43,000 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a>, who form the majority of the modern population, migrated to Southeast Asia from what is now Taiwan. They arrived in the archipelago around 2,000 BCE and confined the native <a href="/wiki/Melanesians" title="Melanesians">Melanesians</a> to the far eastern regions as they spread east.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor20035–7-26">[23]</a> Ideal agricultural conditions and the mastering of <a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">wet-field rice cultivation</a> as early as the eighth century BCE<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor20038–9-27">[24]</a> allowed villages, towns, and small kingdoms to flourish by the first century CE. The archipelago's strategic sea-lane position fostered inter-island and international trade, including with Indian kingdoms and Chinese dynasties, from several centuries BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor200315–18-28">[25]</a> Trade has since fundamentally shaped Indonesian history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor20033,_9–11,_13–15,_18–20,_22–23-29">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickers200518–20,_60,_133–134-30">[27]</a> From the seventh century CE, the <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> naval kingdom flourished due to trade and the influences of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor200322–26-31">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs19913-32">[29]</a> Between the eighth and tenth centuries CE, the agricultural Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Sailendra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sailendra">Sailendra</a> and Hindu <a href="/wiki/Mataram_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mataram Kingdom">Mataram</a> dynasties thrived and declined in inland Java, leaving grand religious monuments such as Sailendra's <a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a> and Mataram's <a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Prambanan</a>. The Hindu <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> kingdom was founded in eastern Java in the late 13th century, and under <a href="/wiki/Gajah_Mada" title="Gajah Mada">Gajah Mada</a>, its influence stretched over much of present-day Indonesia. This period is often referred to as the "Golden Age" in Indonesian history.<a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Spread of Islam in Indonesia">The earliest evidence of Islamized populations</a> in the archipelago dates to the 13th century in northern <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs19913–14-34">[31]</a> Other parts of the archipelago gradually adopted Islam, and it was the dominant religion in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> and Sumatra by the end of the 16th century. For the most part, Islam overlaid and mixed with existing cultural and religious influences, which shaped the predominant form of Islam in Indonesia, particularly in Java.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs199112–14-35">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_era">Colonial era</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicolaas_Pieneman_-_The_Submission_of_Prince_Dipo_Negoro_to_General_De_Kock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nicolaas_Pieneman_-_The_Submission_of_Prince_Dipo_Negoro_to_General_De_Kock.jpg/220px-Nicolaas_Pieneman_-_The_Submission_of_Prince_Dipo_Negoro_to_General_De_Kock.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nicolaas_Pieneman_-_The_Submission_of_Prince_Dipo_Negoro_to_General_De_Kock.jpg/330px-Nicolaas_Pieneman_-_The_Submission_of_Prince_Dipo_Negoro_to_General_De_Kock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nicolaas_Pieneman_-_The_Submission_of_Prince_Dipo_Negoro_to_General_De_Kock.jpg/440px-Nicolaas_Pieneman_-_The_Submission_of_Prince_Dipo_Negoro_to_General_De_Kock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6124" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption>Painting from 1835 illustrating the submission of <a href="/wiki/Diponegoro" title="Diponegoro">Prince Diponegoro</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Merkus_de_Kock" title="Hendrik Merkus de Kock">General De Kock</a> at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Java_War" title="Java War">Java War</a> in 1830</figcaption></figure> The first Europeans arrived in the archipelago in 1512, when Portuguese traders, led by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Serr%C3%A3o" title="Francisco Serrão">Francisco Serrão</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire_in_the_Indonesian_Archipelago" title="Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago">sought to monopolise</a> the sources of <a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">nutmeg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cloves" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloves">cloves</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Piper_cubeba" title="Piper cubeba">cubeb pepper</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs199122–24-36">[33]</a> Dutch and British traders followed. In 1602, the Dutch established the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> (Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie; VOC) and became the dominant European power for almost 200 years. The VOC was dissolved in 1799 following bankruptcy, and the <a href="/wiki/Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian Republic">Netherlands</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> as a nationalised colony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs199124-37">[34]</a> For most of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Indonesia#Colonial_era" title="History of Indonesia">colonial period</a>, Dutch control over the archipelago was tenuous. Dutch forces were engaged continuously in quelling rebellions on and off Java. The influence of local leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Prince_Diponegoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Diponegoro">Prince Diponegoro</a> in central Java, <a href="/wiki/Imam_Bonjol" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam Bonjol">Imam Bonjol</a> in central Sumatra, <a href="/wiki/Pattimura" title="Pattimura">Pattimura</a> in <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Aceh_War" title="Aceh War">Aceh War</a> weakened the Dutch and tied up the colonial military forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz19943–4-38">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991142-39">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriend200321-40">[37]</a> Only in the early 20th century did Dutch dominance extend to what was to become Indonesia's current boundaries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriend200321-40">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs199161–147-41">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2003209–278-42">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickers200510–14-43">[40]</a> During World War II, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign" title="Dutch East Indies campaign">Japanese invasion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">occupation</a> ended Dutch rule&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-44">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> and encouraged the independence movement.<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> Two days after the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">surrender of Japan</a> in August 1945, influential nationalist leaders <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hatta" title="Mohammad Hatta">Mohammad Hatta</a> issued the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Indonesian_Independence" title="Proclamation of Indonesian Independence">Proclamation of Indonesian Independence</a>. Sukarno, Hatta, and <a href="/wiki/Sutan_Sjahrir" title="Sutan Sjahrir">Sutan Sjahrir</a> were appointed president, vice-president, and prime minister, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2003325-48">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bidien1945-50">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2003325-48">[45]</a> The Netherlands attempted to re-establish their rule. In the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a>, the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Indonesian_Round_Table_Conference" title="Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference">recognised Indonesian independence</a> in the face of international pressure in December 1949, following the <a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Indonesian_Round_Table_Conference" title="Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference">Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriend200335-51">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bidien1945-50">[47]</a> Despite political, social, and sectarian divisions, Indonesians found unity in their fight for independence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriend200321,_23-52">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991211–213-53">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-World_War_II">Post-World War II</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:125px;max-width:125px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:177px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Presiden_Sukarno.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Presiden_Sukarno.jpg/123px-Presiden_Sukarno.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Presiden_Sukarno.jpg/185px-Presiden_Sukarno.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Presiden_Sukarno.jpg/246px-Presiden_Sukarno.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3156" data-file-height="4557" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:123px;max-width:123px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:177px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohammad_Hatta_1950.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Mohammad_Hatta_1950.jpg/121px-Mohammad_Hatta_1950.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Mohammad_Hatta_1950.jpg/182px-Mohammad_Hatta_1950.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Mohammad_Hatta_1950.jpg/242px-Mohammad_Hatta_1950.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2455" data-file-height="3582" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Sukarno (left) and Hatta (right), Indonesia's founding fathers and the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Indonesia" title="President of Indonesia">President</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Indonesia" title="Vice President of Indonesia">Vice President</a> respectively</div></div></div></div> As president, Sukarno moved Indonesia from democracy towards authoritarianism and maintained power by balancing the opposing forces of <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces" title="Indonesian National Armed Forces">the military</a>, political Islam, and the increasingly powerful <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Indonesia" title="Communist Party of Indonesia">Communist Party of Indonesia</a> (PKI).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991237–280-54">[51]</a> Tensions between the military and the PKI culminated in <a href="/wiki/30_September_Movement" title="30 September Movement">an attempted coup</a> in 1965. The army, led by Major General <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a>, countered by instigating a <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">violent anti-communist purge</a> that killed between 500,000 and one million people and incarcerated roughly a million more in <a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">concentration camps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelvin20181-55">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson20183-56">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBevins2020168,_185-58">[55]</a> The PKI was blamed for the coup and effectively destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriend2003107–109-59">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991280–283,_284,_287–290-61">[58]</a> Suharto capitalised on Sukarno's weakened position, and following a <a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">drawn-out power play with Sukarno</a>, Suharto was appointed president in March 1968. His US-backed <a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Indonesia)" title="New Order (Indonesia)">"New Order"</a> administration<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelvin20189–10-63">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickers2005163-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> encouraged <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign direct investment</a>,<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2018206-67">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBevins2020167–168-68">[65]</a> which was a crucial factor in the subsequent three decades of substantial economic growth. Indonesia was the country hardest hit by the <a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a> It brought out <a href="/wiki/May_1998_riots_of_Indonesia#Background" title="May 1998 riots of Indonesia">popular discontent</a> with the New Order's corruption and suppression of political opposition and ultimately ended Suharto's presidency.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-44">[41]</a>&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickers2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-70">[67]</a>&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz1994[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-71">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a> In 1999, East Timor seceded from Indonesia, following its <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian invasion of East Timor">1975 invasion by Indonesia</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_occupation_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian occupation of East Timor">25-year occupation</a> marked by international condemnation of <a href="/wiki/East_Timor_genocide" title="East Timor genocide">human rights abuses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a> Since 1998, democratic processes have been strengthened by enhancing regional autonomy and instituting the country's <a href="/wiki/2004_Indonesian_presidential_election" title="2004 Indonesian presidential election">first direct presidential election in 2004</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> Political, economic and social instability, corruption, and instances of <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Indonesia" title="Terrorism in Indonesia">terrorism</a> remained problems in the 2000s; however, the economy has performed strongly since 2007. Although relations among the diverse population are mostly harmonious, acute sectarian discontent and violence remain problematic in some areas.<a href="#cite_note-RIP-76">[73]</a> A political settlement to an <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Aceh" title="Insurgency in Aceh">armed separatist conflict</a> in Aceh was achieved in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-AcehPeace-77">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Indonesia" title="Geography of Indonesia">Geography of Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Archipelago">Indonesian Archipelago</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Indonesia" title="List of islands of Indonesia">List of islands of Indonesia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bromo-Semeru-Batok-Widodaren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Bromo-Semeru-Batok-Widodaren.jpg/220px-Bromo-Semeru-Batok-Widodaren.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Bromo-Semeru-Batok-Widodaren.jpg/330px-Bromo-Semeru-Batok-Widodaren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Bromo-Semeru-Batok-Widodaren.jpg/440px-Bromo-Semeru-Batok-Widodaren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Semeru" title="Semeru">Mount Semeru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Bromo" title="Mount Bromo">Mount Bromo</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a>. Indonesia's seismic and volcanic activity is among the world's highest</figcaption></figure> Indonesia is the southernmost country in Asia. The country lies between latitudes <a href="/wiki/11th_parallel_south" title="11th parallel south">11°S</a> and <a href="/wiki/6th_parallel_north" title="6th parallel north">6°N</a> and longitudes <a href="/wiki/95th_meridian_east" title="95th meridian east">95°E</a> and <a href="/wiki/141st_meridian_east" title="141st meridian east">141°E</a>. A <a href="/wiki/List_of_transcontinental_countries" title="List of transcontinental countries">transcontinental country</a> spanning Southeast Asia and Oceania, it is the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Archipelagic_state" title="Archipelagic state">archipelagic state</a>, extending 5,120 kilometres (3,181 mi) from east to west and 1,760 kilometres (1,094 mi) from north to south.<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> The country's <a href="/wiki/Coordinating_Ministry_for_Maritime_and_Investments_Affairs_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordinating Ministry for Maritime and Investments Affairs (Indonesia)">Coordinating Ministry for Maritime and Investments Affairs</a> says Indonesia has 17,504 islands (with 16,056 registered at the UN)<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> scattered over both sides of the equator, around 6,000 of which are inhabited.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-80">[77]</a> The largest are <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a> (shared with Brunei and Malaysia), <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> (shared with Papua New Guinea).<a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a> Indonesia shares land borders with <a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_border" title="Indonesia–Malaysia border">Malaysia</a> on Borneo and <a href="/wiki/Sebatik_Island" title="Sebatik Island">Sebatik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Papua_New_Guinea_border" title="Indonesia–Papua New Guinea border">Papua New Guinea</a> on the island of New Guinea, <a href="/wiki/East_Timor%E2%80%93Indonesia_border" title="East Timor–Indonesia border">East Timor</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Timor" title="Timor">Timor</a>, and maritime borders with Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam, the Philippines, Palau, and Australia. At 4,884 metres (16,024 ft), <a href="/wiki/Puncak_Jaya" title="Puncak Jaya">Puncak Jaya</a> is Indonesia's highest peak, and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Toba" title="Lake Toba">Lake Toba</a> in Sumatra is the largest lake, with an area of 1,145 km2 (442 sq mi). <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Indonesia" title="List of rivers of Indonesia">Indonesia's largest rivers</a> are in Kalimantan and <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> and include <a href="/wiki/Kapuas_River" title="Kapuas River">Kapuas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barito_River" title="Barito River">Barito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mamberamo_River" title="Mamberamo River">Mamberamo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sepik_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepik River">Sepik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahakam_River" title="Mahakam River">Mahakam</a>. They serve as communication and transport links between the island's river settlements.<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Indonesia" title="Climate of Indonesia">Climate of Indonesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Indonesia" title="Climate change in Indonesia">Climate change in Indonesia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gunung_Palung_Jungle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Gunung_Palung_Jungle.jpg/220px-Gunung_Palung_Jungle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Gunung_Palung_Jungle.jpg/330px-Gunung_Palung_Jungle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Gunung_Palung_Jungle.jpg/440px-Gunung_Palung_Jungle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Rainforest in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Palung_National_Park" title="Mount Palung National Park">Mount Palung National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a></figcaption></figure> Indonesia lies along the equator, and its climate tends to be relatively even year-round.<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> Indonesia has two seasons—a <a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">dry season</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">wet season</a>—with no extremes of summer or winter.<a href="#cite_note-worldbank1-84">[81]</a> For most parts of Indonesia, the dry season falls between May and October, while the wet season falls between November and April.<a href="#cite_note-worldbank1-84">[81]</a> Indonesia's climate is almost entirely <a href="/wiki/Tropical_climate" title="Tropical climate">tropical</a>, dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest_climate" title="Tropical rainforest climate">tropical rainforest climate</a> found on every large island of Indonesia. Cooler climate types exist in mountainous regions that are 1,300 to 1,500 metres (4,300 to 4,900 feet) above sea level. The oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb) prevails in highland areas adjacent to rainforest climates, with uniform precipitation year-round. In highland areas near the <a href="/wiki/Tropical_monsoon_climate" title="Tropical monsoon climate">tropical</a> <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tropical_savanna_climate" title="Tropical savanna climate">tropical savanna climates</a>, the subtropical highland climate (Köppen Cwb) is more pronounced during dry season.<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_IDN_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Koppen-Geiger_Map_IDN_present.svg/220px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_IDN_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Koppen-Geiger_Map_IDN_present.svg/330px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_IDN_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Koppen-Geiger_Map_IDN_present.svg/440px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_IDN_present.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1816" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen-Geiger climate classification</a> map of Indonesia<a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a></figcaption></figure> Some regions, such as <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, experience only slight differences in rainfall and temperature between the seasons, whereas others, such as Nusa Tenggara, experience far more pronounced differences with droughts in the dry season and floods in the wet season. Rainfall varies across regions, with more in western Sumatra, Java, and the interiors of Kalimantan and Papua, and less in areas closer to Australia, such as Nusa Tenggara, which tends to be relatively dry. The almost uniformly warm waters that constitute 81% of Indonesia's area ensure that land temperatures remain relatively constant. <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">Humidity</a> is quite high, at between 70 and 90%. Winds are moderate and generally predictable, with monsoons usually blowing in from the south and east in May through October and from the north and west in November through April. <a href="/wiki/Typhoon" title="Typhoon">Typhoons</a> and large-scale storms pose little hazard to mariners; significant dangers come from swift currents in channels, such as the <a href="/wiki/Lombok_Strait" title="Lombok Strait">Lombok</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sape_Strait" title="Sape Strait">Sape</a> straits.<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a> Several studies consider Indonesia to be at severe risk from the <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Indonesia" title="Climate change in Indonesia">projected effects of climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a> These include unreduced emissions resulting in an average temperature rise of around 1 °C (2 °F) by mid-century,<a href="#cite_note-ImpLab-89">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-ClimChng-90">[87]</a> raising the frequency of drought and food shortages (with an impact on precipitation and the patterns of wet and dry seasons, and thus Indonesia's agriculture system<a href="#cite_note-ClimChng-90">[87]</a>) as well as numerous diseases and wildfires.<a href="#cite_note-ClimChng-90">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Rising sea levels</a> would also threaten most of Indonesia's population, who live in low-lying coastal areas.<a href="#cite_note-ClimChng-90">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> Impoverished communities would likely be affected the most by climate change.<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Indonesia" title="Geology of Indonesia">Geology of Indonesia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Volcanoes_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanoes of Indonesia">Volcanoes of Indonesia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_indonesia_volcanoes.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Map_indonesia_volcanoes.gif/220px-Map_indonesia_volcanoes.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Map_indonesia_volcanoes.gif/330px-Map_indonesia_volcanoes.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Map_indonesia_volcanoes.gif/440px-Map_indonesia_volcanoes.gif 2x" data-file-width="731" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>Major volcanoes in Indonesia. Indonesia is in the Pacific <a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a> area</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Tectonics" title="Tectonics">Tectonically</a>, most of Indonesia's area is highly unstable, making it a site of numerous volcanoes and frequent earthquakes.<a href="#cite_note-VolEthQ-94">[91]</a> It lies on the Pacific <a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Australian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Australian Plate">Indo-Australian Plate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Plate">Pacific Plate</a> are pushed under the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Plate">Eurasian Plate</a>, where they melt at about 100 kilometres (62 miles) deep. A string of volcanoes runs through Sumatra, <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nusa_Tenggara" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusa Tenggara">Nusa Tenggara</a>, and then to the <a href="/wiki/Banda_Islands" title="Banda Islands">Banda Islands</a> of <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku</a> to northeastern <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitton200338-95">[92]</a> Of the 400 volcanoes, around 130 are active.<a href="#cite_note-VolEthQ-94">[91]</a> Between 1972 and 1991, there were 29 volcanic eruptions, mostly on Java.<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">Volcanic ash</a> has made agricultural conditions unpredictable in some areas.<a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a> However, it has also resulted in fertile soils, a factor in historically sustaining the high population densities of Java and Bali.<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Toba_catastrophe_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Toba catastrophe theory">massive supervolcano erupted</a> at present-day <a href="/wiki/Lake_Toba" title="Lake Toba">Lake Toba</a> around 70,000 BCE. It is believed to have caused a global <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_winter" title="Volcanic winter">volcanic winter</a> and cooling of the climate and subsequently led to a <a href="/wiki/Genetic_bottleneck" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic bottleneck">genetic bottleneck</a> in human evolution, though this is still in debate.<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1815_eruption_of_Mount_Tambora" title="1815 eruption of Mount Tambora">1815 eruption of Mount Tambora</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1883_eruption_of_Krakatoa" title="1883 eruption of Krakatoa">1883 eruption of Krakatoa</a> were among the largest in recorded history. The former caused 92,000 deaths and created an umbrella of volcanic ash that spread and blanketed parts of the archipelago and made much of the Northern Hemisphere <a href="/wiki/Year_Without_a_Summer" title="Year Without a Summer">without summer in 1816</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> The latter produced the loudest sound in recorded history and caused 36,000 deaths due to the eruption itself and the resulting tsunamis, with significant additional effects around the world years after the event.<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> Recent catastrophic disasters due to seismic activity include the <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake">2004 Indian Ocean earthquake</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2006_Yogyakarta_earthquake" title="2006 Yogyakarta earthquake">2006 Yogyakarta earthquake</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity_and_conservation">Biodiversity and conservation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Indonesia" title="Fauna of Indonesia">Fauna of Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Indonesia" title="Flora of Indonesia">Flora of Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Indonesia" title="Conservation in Indonesia">Conservation in Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Indonesia" title="Protected areas of Indonesia">Protected areas of Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Indonesia" title="List of national parks of Indonesia">List of national parks of Indonesia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_biosphere_reserves_of_Indonesia" title="List of biosphere reserves of Indonesia">List of biosphere reserves of Indonesia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:149px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Rafflesia_arnoldi_2013-12-31_21-48.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Rafflesia_arnoldi_2013-12-31_21-48.JPG/200px-Rafflesia_arnoldi_2013-12-31_21-48.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Rafflesia_arnoldi_2013-12-31_21-48.JPG/300px-Rafflesia_arnoldi_2013-12-31_21-48.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Rafflesia_arnoldi_2013-12-31_21-48.JPG/400px-Rafflesia_arnoldi_2013-12-31_21-48.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2394" data-file-height="1794" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:86px;max-width:86px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:149px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Orangutan_ini_bernama_Mina_dan_Caterine_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Orangutan_ini_bernama_Mina_dan_Caterine_%28cropped%29.jpg/84px-Orangutan_ini_bernama_Mina_dan_Caterine_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Orangutan_ini_bernama_Mina_dan_Caterine_%28cropped%29.jpg/126px-Orangutan_ini_bernama_Mina_dan_Caterine_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Orangutan_ini_bernama_Mina_dan_Caterine_%28cropped%29.jpg/168px-Orangutan_ini_bernama_Mina_dan_Caterine_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2188" data-file-height="3888" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:200px;max-width:200px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:132px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Paradisaea_apoda_-Bali_Bird_Park-6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Paradisaea_apoda_-Bali_Bird_Park-6.jpg/198px-Paradisaea_apoda_-Bali_Bird_Park-6.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Paradisaea_apoda_-Bali_Bird_Park-6.jpg/297px-Paradisaea_apoda_-Bali_Bird_Park-6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Paradisaea_apoda_-Bali_Bird_Park-6.jpg/396px-Paradisaea_apoda_-Bali_Bird_Park-6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:88px;max-width:88px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:132px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Titan-arum1web.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Titan-arum1web.jpg/86px-Titan-arum1web.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Titan-arum1web.jpg/129px-Titan-arum1web.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Titan-arum1web.jpg/172px-Titan-arum1web.jpg 2x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="758" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Species endemic to Indonesia. Clockwise from top: <a href="/wiki/Rafflesia_arnoldii" title="Rafflesia arnoldii">Rafflesia arnoldii</a>; <a href="/wiki/Orangutan" title="Orangutan">orangutan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Amorphophallus_titanum" title="Amorphophallus titanum">Amorphophallus titanum</a>; <a href="/wiki/Greater_bird-of-paradise" title="Greater bird-of-paradise">greater bird-of-paradise</a></div></div></div></div> Indonesia's size, tropical climate, and archipelagic geography support one of the world's highest levels of <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>, and it is among the 17 <a href="/wiki/Megadiverse_countries" title="Megadiverse countries">megadiverse countries</a> identified by <a href="/wiki/Conservation_International" title="Conservation International">Conservation International</a>. Its flora and fauna are a mixture of Asian and <a href="/wiki/Australasian_realm" title="Australasian realm">Australasian</a> species.<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Shelf" title="Sunda Shelf">Sunda Shelf</a> islands (Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Bali) were once linked to mainland Asia and have a wealth of Asian fauna. Large species such as the <a href="/wiki/Sumatran_tiger" title="Sumatran tiger">Sumatran tiger</a>, rhinoceros, orangutan, <a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Asian elephant</a>, and leopard were once abundant as far east as Bali, but numbers and distribution have dwindled drastically. Having been long separated from the continental landmasses, Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, and Maluku have developed their unique flora and fauna.<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> Papua was part of the Australian landmass and is home to a <a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_New_Guinea" title="Fauna of New Guinea">unique fauna and flora</a> closely related to that of Australia, including over 600 bird species.<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a> Indonesia is second only to Australia in terms of total <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> species, with 36% of its 1,531 species of bird and 39% of its 515 species of mammal being endemic.<a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a> Indonesia harbours 83% of Southeast Asia's <a href="/wiki/Old-growth_forest" title="Old-growth forest">old-growth forest</a>, and the highest amount of forest carbon in the region.<a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a> Tropical seas surround Indonesia's 80,000 kilometres (50,000 miles) of coastline. The country has a range of sea and coastal ecosystems, including <a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Indonesia" title="List of beaches in Indonesia">beaches</a>, dunes, estuaries, mangroves, coral reefs, seagrass beds, coastal mudflats, tidal flats, algal beds, and small island ecosystems.<a href="#cite_note-EcoSeas1-15">[12]</a> Indonesia is one of the <a href="/wiki/Coral_Triangle" title="Coral Triangle">Coral Triangle</a> countries with the world's most enormous diversity of <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef_fish" title="Coral reef fish">coral reef fish</a>, with more than 1,650 species in eastern Indonesia only.<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Varanus_komodoensis5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Varanus_komodoensis5.jpg/220px-Varanus_komodoensis5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Varanus_komodoensis5.jpg/330px-Varanus_komodoensis5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Varanus_komodoensis5.jpg/440px-Varanus_komodoensis5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1512" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Komodo_dragon" title="Komodo dragon">Komodo dragon</a> is the national animal of Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a></figcaption></figure> British naturalist <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a> described a dividing line (<a href="/wiki/Wallace_Line" title="Wallace Line">Wallace Line</a>) between the distribution of Indonesia's Asian and Australasian species.<a href="#cite_note-Severin-111">[108]</a> It runs roughly north–south along the edge of the Sunda Shelf, between Kalimantan and Sulawesi, and along the deep <a href="/wiki/Lombok_Strait" title="Lombok Strait">Lombok Strait</a>, between <a href="/wiki/Lombok" title="Lombok">Lombok</a> and Bali. Flora and fauna on the west of the line are generally Asian, while east from Lombok is increasingly Australian until the tipping point at the <a href="/wiki/Weber_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Weber Line">Weber Line</a>. In his 1869 book, <a href="/wiki/The_Malay_Archipelago" title="The Malay Archipelago">The Malay Archipelago</a>, Wallace described numerous species unique to the area.<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a> The region of islands between his line and New Guinea is now termed <a href="/wiki/Wallacea" title="Wallacea">Wallacea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Severin-111">[108]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Riau_palm_oil_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Riau_palm_oil_2007.jpg/220px-Riau_palm_oil_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Riau_palm_oil_2007.jpg/330px-Riau_palm_oil_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Riau_palm_oil_2007.jpg/440px-Riau_palm_oil_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>Deforestation in Riau province, <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, to make way for an <a href="/wiki/Oil_palm" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil palm">oil palm</a> plantation (2007)</figcaption></figure> Indonesia's large and growing population and rapid industrialisation present serious <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Indonesia" title="Environmental issues in Indonesia">environmental issues</a>. They are often given a lower priority due to high poverty levels and weak, under-resourced governance.<a href="#cite_note-forestprob-113">[110]</a> Problems include the destruction of peatlands, large-scale illegal <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> (causing <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_haze" title="Southeast Asian haze">extensive haze across parts of Southeast Asia</a>), over-exploitation of marine resources, air pollution, garbage management, and reliable <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Indonesia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Indonesia">water and wastewater services</a>.<a href="#cite_note-forestprob-113">[110]</a> These issues contribute to Indonesia's low ranking (number 116 out of 180 countries) in the 2020 <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Performance_Index" title="Environmental Performance Index">Environmental Performance Index</a>. The report also indicates that Indonesia's performance is generally below average in both regional and global context.<a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a> Indonesia has one of the world's fastest deforestation rates.<a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-sust-116">[113]</a> In 2020, forests covered approximately 49.1% of the country's land area,<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a> down from 87% in 1950.<a href="#cite_note-landuse-118">[115]</a> Since the 1970s, log production, various plantations and agriculture have been responsible for much of the <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Indonesia" title="Deforestation in Indonesia">deforestation in Indonesia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-landuse-118">[115]</a> Most recently, it has been driven by the <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a> industry,<a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a> which has been criticised for its environmental impact and displacement of local communities.<a href="#cite_note-sust-116">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a> The situation has made Indonesia the world's largest forest-based emitter of greenhouse gases.<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a> It also threatens the survival of indigenous and endemic species. The <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a> (IUCN) identified 140 species of mammals as <a href="/wiki/Threatened_species" title="Threatened species">threatened</a> and 15 as critically endangered, including the <a href="/wiki/Bali_myna" title="Bali myna">Bali myna</a>,<a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sumatran_orangutan" title="Sumatran orangutan">Sumatran orangutan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros" title="Javan rhinoceros">Javan rhinoceros</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a> Some academics describe the deforestation and other environmental destruction in the country as an <a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">ecocide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banteng_Jawa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Banteng_Jawa.jpg/220px-Banteng_Jawa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Banteng_Jawa.jpg/330px-Banteng_Jawa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Banteng_Jawa.jpg/440px-Banteng_Jawa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1136" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Banteng" title="Banteng">Banteng</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ujung_Kulon_National_Park" title="Ujung Kulon National Park">Ujung Kulon National Park</a></figcaption></figure> As of 2023, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Indonesia" title="Government of Indonesia">government of Indonesia</a> has gazetted 21.3% of the country's land as <a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Indonesia" title="Protected areas of Indonesia">protected areas</a>, with the intention of developing a new protected area strategy in line with global <a href="/wiki/Kunming-Montreal_Global_Biodiversity_Framework" title="Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework">post-2020 framework</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> The country also has 411 <a href="/wiki/Marine_reserve" title="Marine reserve">marine reserves</a>, or 9% of the country's total maritime area, and has set a target to increase this to 30% by 2045. However, a 2023 study suggested this target is not on track and that existing marine reserves are poorly managed.<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a> Around 390 marine areas are managed in some way by government bodies, communities, and other sectors, with potential for these to be considered <a href="/wiki/Other_effective_area-based_conservation_measures" title="Other effective area-based conservation measures">other effective area-based conservation measures</a> (OECMs). There is some policy recognition of OECMs but no national mechanism for reporting them.<a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gajah_Tunggang_Suryono.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Gajah_Tunggang_Suryono.jpg/220px-Gajah_Tunggang_Suryono.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Gajah_Tunggang_Suryono.jpg/330px-Gajah_Tunggang_Suryono.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Gajah_Tunggang_Suryono.jpg/440px-Gajah_Tunggang_Suryono.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1840" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sumatran_elephant" title="Sumatran elephant">Sumatran elephants</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kerinci_Seblat_National_Park" title="Kerinci Seblat National Park">Kerinci Seblat National Park</a>, one of three parks that form the <a href="/wiki/Tropical_Rainforest_Heritage_of_Sumatra" title="Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra">Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra</a></figcaption></figure> There are 55 <a href="/wiki/National_parks" class="mw-redirect" title="National parks">national parks</a> in Indonesia, of which 9 are predominantly <a href="/wiki/Marine_park" title="Marine park">marine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> Of these 6 are <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Tropical_Rainforest_Heritage_of_Sumatra" title="Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra">Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra</a> that includes three parks. Seven national parks are part of the <a href="/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves" title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves">World Network of Biosphere Reserves</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a> and 5 are <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a> of international importance under the <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramsar convention">Ramsar convention</a>. Around 9% of the Indonesia surface are national parks. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bunaken_Marine_Park.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bunaken_Marine_Park.JPG/220px-Bunaken_Marine_Park.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bunaken_Marine_Park.JPG/330px-Bunaken_Marine_Park.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bunaken_Marine_Park.JPG/440px-Bunaken_Marine_Park.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bunaken_National_Park" title="Bunaken National Park">Bunaken National Park</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Coral_Triangle" title="Coral Triangle">Coral Triangle</a>, one of Indonesia's over 100 marine protected areas</figcaption></figure> As of 2012 Indonesia had over 100 <a href="/wiki/Marine_protected_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine protected areas">marine protected areas</a> covering an area of 15.7 million ha, of which 32 where managed by the Ministry of Forestry while the rest where managed by local governments. In 2009 the president <a href="/wiki/Susilo_Bambang_Yudhoyono" title="Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono">Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono</a> declared a target of reaching 20 million hectares by 2020. In 2010 Indonesia also set out a longer term target to further increase the coverage of its marine protected areas to 10% of its territorial waters, or 31 million hectares.<a href="#cite_note-Yulianto-133">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Indonesia" title="Politics of Indonesia">Politics of Indonesia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruang_MPR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ruang_MPR.jpg/220px-Ruang_MPR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ruang_MPR.jpg/330px-Ruang_MPR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ruang_MPR.jpg/440px-Ruang_MPR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3131" data-file-height="2082" /></a><figcaption>A presidential inauguration by the MPR in the <a href="/wiki/DPR/MPR_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="DPR/MPR Building">Parliament Complex</a> Jakarta, <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Joko_Widodo" title="First inauguration of Joko Widodo">2014</a></figcaption></figure> Indonesia is a republic with a presidential system. Following the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Suharto" title="Fall of Suharto">fall of the New Order</a> in 1998, political and governmental structures have undergone sweeping reforms, with <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Indonesia#Constitutional_amendments" title="Constitution of Indonesia">four constitutional amendments</a> revamping the executive, legislative and judicial branches.<a href="#cite_note-Harijanti2006-134">[131]</a> Chief among them is the delegation of power and authority to various regional entities while remaining a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a> The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Indonesia" title="President of Indonesia">President of Indonesia</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces" title="Indonesian National Armed Forces">Indonesian National Armed Forces</a> (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI), and the director of domestic governance, policy-making, and foreign affairs. The president may serve a maximum of two consecutive five-year terms.<a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a> The highest representative body at the national level is the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Consultative_Assembly" title="People's Consultative Assembly">People's Consultative Assembly</a> (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat, MPR). Its main functions are supporting and amending the constitution, inaugurating and impeaching the president,<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-UUD45-138">[135]</a> and formalising broad outlines of state policy. The MPR comprises two houses; the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Representative_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Representative Council">People's Representative Council</a> (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, DPR), with 575 members, and the <a href="/wiki/Regional_Representative_Council" title="Regional Representative Council">Regional Representative Council</a> (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah, DPD), with 136.<a href="#cite_note-INAlegis-139">[136]</a> The DPR passes legislation and monitors the executive branch. Reforms since 1998 have markedly increased its role in national governance,<a href="#cite_note-Harijanti2006-134">[131]</a> while the DPD is a new chamber for matters of regional management.<a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-UUD45-138">[135]</a> Most civil disputes appear before the State Court (Pengadilan Negeri); appeals are heard before the High Court (Pengadilan Tinggi). The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Indonesia" title="Supreme Court of Indonesia">Supreme Court of Indonesia</a> (Mahkamah Agung) is the highest level of the judicial branch and hears final cessation appeals and conducts case reviews. Other courts include the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Indonesia" title="Constitutional Court of Indonesia">Constitutional Court</a> (Mahkamah Konstitusi) which listens to constitutional and political matters, and the Religious Court (Pengadilan Agama), which deals with codified Islamic Personal Law (sharia) cases.<a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a> Additionally, the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Commission_of_Indonesia" title="Judicial Commission of Indonesia">Judicial Commission</a> (Komisi Yudisial) monitors the performance of judges.<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parties_and_elections">Parties and elections</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Indonesia" title="List of political parties in Indonesia">List of political parties in Indonesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Indonesia" title="Elections in Indonesia">Elections in Indonesia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:153px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Prabowo_Subianto_2024_official_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Prabowo_Subianto_2024_official_portrait.jpg/122px-Prabowo_Subianto_2024_official_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Prabowo_Subianto_2024_official_portrait.jpg/183px-Prabowo_Subianto_2024_official_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Prabowo_Subianto_2024_official_portrait.jpg/244px-Prabowo_Subianto_2024_official_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9129" data-file-height="11521" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Prabowo_Subianto" title="Prabowo Subianto">Prabowo Subianto</a>, 8th <a href="/wiki/President_of_Indonesia" title="President of Indonesia">president of Indonesia</a> </div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:153px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Gibran_Rakabuming_2024_official_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Gibran_Rakabuming_2024_official_portrait.jpg/122px-Gibran_Rakabuming_2024_official_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Gibran_Rakabuming_2024_official_portrait.jpg/183px-Gibran_Rakabuming_2024_official_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Gibran_Rakabuming_2024_official_portrait.jpg/244px-Gibran_Rakabuming_2024_official_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9129" data-file-height="11521" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Gibran_Rakabuming_Raka" title="Gibran Rakabuming Raka">Gibran Rakabuming Raka</a>, 14th <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Indonesia" title="Vice President of Indonesia">vice president of Indonesia</a></div></div></div></div></div> Since 1999, Indonesia has had a multi-party system. In all <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Indonesia" title="Elections in Indonesia">legislative elections</a> since the fall of the <a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Indonesia)" title="New Order (Indonesia)">New Order</a>, no political party has won an overall majority of seats. The <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Democratic_Party_of_Struggle" title="Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle">Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle</a> (PDI-P) secured the most votes in the <a href="/wiki/2024_Indonesian_general_election" title="2024 Indonesian general election">2024 general election</a>, becoming their third consecutive wins since 2014.<a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a> Other notable parties include the <a href="/wiki/Golkar" title="Golkar">Party of the Functional Groups</a> (Golkar), the <a href="/wiki/Great_Indonesia_Movement_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Indonesia Movement Party">Great Indonesia Movement Party</a> (Gerindra), the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Indonesia)" title="Democratic Party (Indonesia)">Democratic Party</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Prosperous_Justice_Party" title="Prosperous Justice Party">Prosperous Justice Party</a> (PKS). The first general election was held in 1955 to elect members of the DPR and the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Assembly_of_Indonesia" title="Constitutional Assembly of Indonesia">Constitutional Assembly</a> (Konstituante). The most recent elections in 2019 resulted in nine political parties in the DPR, with a <a href="/wiki/Election_threshold" class="mw-redirect" title="Election threshold">parliamentary threshold</a> of 4% of the national vote.<a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a> At the national level, Indonesians did not elect a president until 2004. Since then, the president is elected for a five-year term, as are the party-aligned members of the DPR and the non-partisan DPD.<a href="#cite_note-INAlegis-139">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harijanti2006-134">[131]</a> Beginning with the <a href="/wiki/2015_Indonesian_local_elections" title="2015 Indonesian local elections">2015 local elections</a>, elections for governors and mayors have occurred on the same date. In 2014, the Constitutional Court ruled that legislative and presidential elections would be held simultaneously, starting in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Indonesia" title="Subdivisions of Indonesia">Subdivisions of Indonesia</a></div> Indonesia has several levels of subdivisions. The first level are the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">provinces</a>, which have a legislature (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah, DPRD) and an elected <a href="/wiki/List_of_current_governors_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current governors in Indonesia">governor</a>. A total of 38 provinces have been established from the original eight in 1945,<a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a> the most recent change being the split of <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Papua" title="Southwest Papua">Southwest Papua</a> from the province of <a href="/wiki/West_Papua_(province)" title="West Papua (province)">West Papua</a> in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a> The second level are the <a href="/wiki/Regency_(Indonesia)" title="Regency (Indonesia)">regencies</a> (kabupaten) and <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_Indonesia" title="City status in Indonesia">cities</a> (kota), led by regents (bupati) and mayors (walikota), respectively, and a legislature (DPRD Kabupaten/Kota). The third level are the <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Indonesia" title="Districts of Indonesia">districts</a> (kecamatan, distrik in <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Papua</a>, or kapanewon and kemantren in <a href="/wiki/Special_Region_of_Yogyakarta" title="Special Region of Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a>), and the fourth are the <a href="/wiki/Villages_of_Indonesia" title="Villages of Indonesia">villages</a> (either desa, kelurahan, kampung, nagari in <a href="/wiki/West_Sumatra" title="West Sumatra">West Sumatra</a>, or gampong in <a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a>).<a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a> The village is the lowest level of government administration. It is divided into several community groups (rukun warga, RW), which are further divided into neighbourhood groups (rukun tetangga, RT). In Java, the village (desa) is divided into smaller units called dusun or dukuh (hamlets), which are the same as RW. Following the implementation of regional autonomy measures in 2001, regencies and cities have become chief administrative units responsible for providing most government services. The village administration level is the most influential on a citizen's daily life and handles village or neighbourhood matters through an elected village head (lurah or kepala desa).<a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a> Nine provinces—Aceh, Jakarta, Yogyakarta, <a href="/wiki/Papua_(province)" title="Papua (province)">Papua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Papua" title="Central Papua">Central Papua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Highland_Papua" title="Highland Papua">Highland Papua</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Papua" title="South Papua">South Papua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Papua" title="Southwest Papua">Southwest Papua</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Papua_(province)" title="West Papua (province)">West Papua</a>—are granted a <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">special autonomous status</a> (otonomi khusus) from the central government. Aceh, a conservative <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamic territory</a>, has the right to create some aspects of an independent legal system implementing <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[147]</a> Yogyakarta is the only <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">pre-colonial monarchy</a> legally recognised within Indonesia, with the positions of governor and vice governor being prioritised for the reigning <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Sultanate" title="Yogyakarta Sultanate">Sultan of Yogyakarta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakualaman" title="Pakualaman">Duke of Pakualaman</a>, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-151">[148]</a> The six Papuan provinces are the only ones where the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_New_Guinea" title="Indigenous people of New Guinea">indigenous people</a> have privileges in their local government.<a href="#cite_note-152">[149]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/Template:Indonesia_provinces_labelled_map" title="Template:Indonesia provinces labelled map">Template:Indonesia provinces labelled map</a>. (<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Indonesia_provinces_labelled_map&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Indonesia_provinces_labelled_map&action=history">history</a>)</div> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 800px; font-size: 85%; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Indonesia_provinces_blank_map.svg/800px-Indonesia_provinces_blank_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="800" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Indonesia_provinces_blank_map.svg/1200px-Indonesia_provinces_blank_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Indonesia_provinces_blank_map.svg/1600px-Indonesia_provinces_blank_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="361" /> <div style="position:absolute; left:30px; top:60px"><a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:55.6px; top:96px"><a href="/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:70px; top:144px"><a href="/wiki/West_Sumatra" title="West Sumatra">West Sumatra</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:114px; top:136px"><a href="/wiki/Riau" title="Riau">Riau</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:186px; top:96px"><a href="/wiki/Riau_Islands" title="Riau Islands">Riau Islands</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:194px; top:164px"><a href="/wiki/Bangka_Belitung_Islands" title="Bangka Belitung Islands">Bangka Belitung</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:125.2px; top:163.2px"><a href="/wiki/Jambi" title="Jambi">Jambi</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:148.4px; top:182.4px"><a href="/wiki/South_Sumatra" title="South Sumatra">South Sumatra</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:90.8px; top:213.6px"><a href="/wiki/Bengkulu" title="Bengkulu">Bengkulu</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:148.666664px; top:226.4px"><a href="/wiki/Lampung" title="Lampung">Lampung</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:158px; top:258.666672px"><a href="/wiki/Banten" title="Banten">Banten</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; text-align:left; left:208.4px; top:222.4px"><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta ↓</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:209.2px; top:250.4px"><a href="/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:248.666664px; top:248px"><a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:246px; top:276px">↑ <a href="/wiki/Special_Region_of_Yogyakarta" title="Special Region of Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:291.6px; top:264px"><a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:342px; top:281.28px"><a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:356.4px; top:280px"><a href="/wiki/West_Nusa_Tenggara" title="West Nusa Tenggara">West Nusa Tenggara</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:431.33336px; top:285.333336px"><a href="/wiki/East_Nusa_Tenggara" title="East Nusa Tenggara">East Nusa Tenggara</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:251.6px; top:128px"><a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:291.333336px; top:154.4px"><a href="/wiki/Central_Kalimantan" title="Central Kalimantan">Central Kalimantan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:358.24px; top:72px"><a href="/wiki/North_Kalimantan" title="North Kalimantan">North Kalimantan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:346px; top:128px"><a href="/wiki/East_Kalimantan" title="East Kalimantan">East Kalimantan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:322px; top:196px"><a href="/wiki/South_Kalimantan" title="South Kalimantan">South Kalimantan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:487.33336px; top:105.333336px"><a href="/wiki/North_Sulawesi" title="North Sulawesi">North Sulawesi</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:522px; top:138.666672px"><a href="/wiki/North_Maluku" title="North Maluku">North Maluku</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:434px; top:148px"><a href="/wiki/Central_Sulawesi" title="Central Sulawesi">Central Sulawesi</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; text-align:right; left:432.4px; top:103.2px"><a href="/wiki/Gorontalo" title="Gorontalo">Gorontalo</a> ↓</div> <div style="position:absolute; left:375.333328px; top:174.666672px"><a href="/wiki/West_Sulawesi" title="West Sulawesi">West Sulawesi</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:386px; top:208px"><a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi" title="South Sulawesi">South Sulawesi</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:454px; top:198.4px"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Sulawesi" title="Southeast Sulawesi">Southeast Sulawesi</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:578px; top:228px"><a href="/wiki/Maluku_(province)" title="Maluku (province)">Maluku</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:602px; top:148px"><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Papua" title="Southwest Papua">Southwest Papua</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:646px; top:180px"><a href="/wiki/West_Papua_(province)" title="West Papua (province)">West Papua</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:694px; top:200px"><a href="/wiki/Central_Papua" title="Central Papua">Central Papua</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:730px; top:176px"><a href="/wiki/Papua_(province)" title="Papua (province)">Papua</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:742px; top:200px"><a href="/wiki/Highland_Papua" title="Highland Papua">Highland Papua</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:746px; top:242.4px"><a href="/wiki/South_Papua" title="South Papua">South Papua</a></div> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Indonesia" title="Foreign relations of Indonesia">Foreign relations of Indonesia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ASEAN_HQ_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/ASEAN_HQ_1.jpg/220px-ASEAN_HQ_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/ASEAN_HQ_1.jpg/330px-ASEAN_HQ_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/ASEAN_HQ_1.jpg/440px-ASEAN_HQ_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2551" data-file-height="1811" /></a><figcaption>Indonesia serves as the seat of <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a> headquarters and the largest city <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> serves as the organization's diplomatic capital<a href="#cite_note-153">[150]</a></figcaption></figure> Indonesia maintains 132 diplomatic missions abroad, including 95 embassies.<a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a> The country adheres to what it calls a "free and active" foreign policy, seeking a role in regional affairs in proportion to its size and location but avoiding involvement in conflicts among other countries.<a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a> Indonesia was a significant battleground during the Cold War. Numerous attempts by the United States and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>,<a href="#cite_note-156">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a> and China to some degree,<a href="#cite_note-158">[155]</a> culminated in the 1965 coup attempt and subsequent upheaval that led to a reorientation of foreign policy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2018-159">[156]</a> Quiet alignment with the Western world while maintaining a non-aligned stance has characterised Indonesia's foreign policy since then.<a href="#cite_note-160">[157]</a> Today, it maintains close relations with its neighbours and is a founding member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (<a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a>. In common with most of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>, Indonesia does not have diplomatic relations with Israel and has actively supported <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a>. However, observers have pointed out that Indonesia has ties with Israel, albeit discreetly.<a href="#cite_note-161">[158]</a> Indonesia has been <a href="/wiki/Indonesia_and_the_United_Nations" title="Indonesia and the United Nations">a member</a> of the United Nations since 1950<a href="#cite_note-fn2-163">[d]</a> and was a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a> (NAM) and the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> (OIC).<a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a> Indonesia is a signatory to the <a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Free_Trade_Area" title="ASEAN Free Trade Area">ASEAN Free Trade Area</a> agreement, the <a href="/wiki/Cairns_Group" title="Cairns Group">Cairns Group</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> (WTO), and a former member of <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a> Indonesia has been a humanitarian and development aid recipient since 1967,<a href="#cite_note-166">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[163]</a> and recently, the country established its first overseas aid programme in late 2019.<a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces" title="Indonesian National Armed Forces">Indonesian National Armed Forces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Indonesia" title="Military history of Indonesia">Military history of Indonesia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:91px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Tniadkostrad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Tniadkostrad.jpg/137px-Tniadkostrad.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Tniadkostrad.jpg/206px-Tniadkostrad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Tniadkostrad.jpg/274px-Tniadkostrad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:149px;max-width:149px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:91px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Tni-au_su-30_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Tni-au_su-30_1.jpg/147px-Tni-au_su-30_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Tni-au_su-30_1.jpg/221px-Tni-au_su-30_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Tni-au_su-30_1.jpg/294px-Tni-au_su-30_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="359" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:91px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:RAN-IFR_2013_D3_166.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/RAN-IFR_2013_D3_166.JPG/138px-RAN-IFR_2013_D3_166.JPG" decoding="async" width="138" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/RAN-IFR_2013_D3_166.JPG/207px-RAN-IFR_2013_D3_166.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/RAN-IFR_2013_D3_166.JPG/276px-RAN-IFR_2013_D3_166.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:148px;max-width:148px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:91px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Pindad_Anoa_APS-3_RLG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Pindad_Anoa_APS-3_RLG.jpg/146px-Pindad_Anoa_APS-3_RLG.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Pindad_Anoa_APS-3_RLG.jpg/219px-Pindad_Anoa_APS-3_RLG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Pindad_Anoa_APS-3_RLG.jpg/292px-Pindad_Anoa_APS-3_RLG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Indonesian Armed Forces. Clockwise from top: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Army" title="Indonesian Army">Indonesian Army</a> during training session; <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-30" title="Sukhoi Su-30">Sukhoi Su-30</a>; <a href="/wiki/Anoa_(armoured_personnel_carrier)" title="Anoa (armoured personnel carrier)">Pindad Anoa</a>; and Indonesian naval vessel <a href="/wiki/KRI_Sultan_Iskandar_Muda_(367)" title="KRI Sultan Iskandar Muda (367)">KRI Sultan Iskandar Muda (367)</a></div></div></div></div> Indonesia's Armed Forces (TNI) include the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Army" title="Indonesian Army">Army</a> (TNI–AD), <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Navy" title="Indonesian Navy">Navy</a> (TNI–AL, which includes <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Marine_Corps" title="Indonesian Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Air_Force" title="Indonesian Air Force">Air Force</a> (TNI–AU). The army has about 400,000 active-duty personnel. Defence spending in the national budget was 0.7% of <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> (GDP) in 2018,<a href="#cite_note-169">[165]</a> with controversial involvement of military-owned commercial interests and foundations.<a href="#cite_note-170">[166]</a> The Armed Forces were formed during the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a> when it undertook guerrilla warfare along with informal militia. Since then, territorial lines have formed the basis of all TNI branches' structure, aimed at maintaining domestic stability and deterring foreign threats.<a href="#cite_note-171">[167]</a> The military has possessed a strong political influence since its founding, which <a href="/wiki/Dwifungsi" title="Dwifungsi">peaked during the New Order</a>. Political reforms in 1998 included the removal of the TNI's formal representation from the legislature. Nevertheless, its political influence remains, albeit at a reduced level.<a href="#cite_note-172">[168]</a> Since independence, the country has struggled to maintain unity against local insurgencies and separatist movements.<a href="#cite_note-173">[169]</a> Some, notably in <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Aceh" title="Insurgency in Aceh">Aceh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua</a>, have led to an armed conflict and subsequent allegations of human rights abuses and brutality from all sides.<a href="#cite_note-174">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriend2003270–273,_477–480-175">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[172]</a> The former was resolved peacefully in 2005,<a href="#cite_note-AcehPeace-77">[74]</a> while the latter has continued amid a significant, albeit imperfect, implementation of regional autonomy laws.<a href="#cite_note-177">[173]</a> Reports from <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty</a>,<a href="#cite_note-178">[174]</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>,<a href="#cite_note-179">[175]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Committee" title="United Nations Human Rights Committee">UNHRC</a> have raised the issue of <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Indonesia#West_Papua_issues" title="Human rights in Indonesia">human rights abuses</a> committed by Indonesian troops in Papua such as extrajudicial killings and forced disappearances.<a href="#cite_note-180">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[177]</a> Past engagements of the army include the <a href="/wiki/West_New_Guinea_dispute" title="West New Guinea dispute">conflict</a> against the Netherlands over the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_New_Guinea" title="Dutch New Guinea">Dutch New Guinea</a>, the opposition to the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a>-sponsored <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Agreement" title="Malaysia Agreement">creation of Malaysia</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Konfrontasi</a>"), the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">mass killings</a> of the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI), and the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian invasion of East Timor">invasion of East Timor</a>, the latter having been Indonesia's most massive military operation.<a href="#cite_note-182">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Indonesia" title="Economy of Indonesia">Economy of Indonesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Indonesia" title="Economic history of Indonesia">Economic history of Indonesia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Indonesia" title="Agriculture in Indonesia">Agriculture in Indonesia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oil_palm_plantation_in_Cigudeg-03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Oil_palm_plantation_in_Cigudeg-03.jpg/220px-Oil_palm_plantation_in_Cigudeg-03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Oil_palm_plantation_in_Cigudeg-03.jpg/330px-Oil_palm_plantation_in_Cigudeg-03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Oil_palm_plantation_in_Cigudeg-03.jpg/440px-Oil_palm_plantation_in_Cigudeg-03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Vast <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a> plantation in <a href="/wiki/Bogor_Regency" title="Bogor Regency">Bogor Regency</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a>. Indonesia is the world's largest producer of palm oil<a href="#cite_note-184">[180]</a></figcaption></figure> Indonesia has a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a> in which the private sector and government play vital roles.<a href="#cite_note-185">[181]</a> As the only <a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a> member state in Southeast Asia,<a href="#cite_note-186">[182]</a> the country has the largest economy in the region and is classified as a <a href="/wiki/Newly_industrialised_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Newly industrialised country">newly industrialised country</a>. Per a 2023 estimate, it is the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">16th largest economy by nominal GDP</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">7th in terms of GDP at PPP</a>, estimated to be <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>1.417 trillion and <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>4.393 trillion, respectively. Per capita GDP in PPP is <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>15,835, while nominal <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">per capita GDP</a> is <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>5,108.<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.ID-8">[7]</a> Services are the economy's largest sector and account for 43.4% of GDP (2018), followed by industry (39.7%) and agriculture (12.8%).<a href="#cite_note-187">[183]</a> Since 2009, it has employed more people than other sectors, accounting for 47.7% of the total labour force, followed by agriculture (30.2%) and industry (21.9%).<a href="#cite_note-188">[184]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Industry_area_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Industry_area_-_panoramio.jpg/250px-Industry_area_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Industry_area_-_panoramio.jpg/375px-Industry_area_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Industry_area_-_panoramio.jpg/500px-Industry_area_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2440" /></a><figcaption>Industrial area in <a href="/wiki/Batam" title="Batam">Batam</a></figcaption></figure> Over time, the structure of the economy has changed considerably.<a href="#cite_note-RBA-189">[185]</a> Historically, it has been weighted heavily towards agriculture, reflecting both its stage of economic development and government policies in the 1950s and 1960s to promote agricultural self-sufficiency.<a href="#cite_note-RBA-189">[185]</a> A gradual process of industrialisation and urbanisation began in the late 1960s and accelerated in the 1980s as falling oil prices saw the government focus on diversifying away from oil exports and towards manufactured exports.<a href="#cite_note-RBA-189">[185]</a> This development continued throughout the 1980s and into the next decade despite the <a href="/wiki/1990_oil_price_shock" title="1990 oil price shock">1990 oil price shock</a>, during which the GDP rose at an average rate of 7.1%. As a result, the official poverty rate fell from 60% to 15%.<a href="#cite_note-190">[186]</a> Trade barriers reduction from the mid-1980s made the economy more globally integrated. The growth ended with the <a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a> that severely impacted the economy, including a 13.1% real GDP contraction in 1998 and a 78% inflation. The economy reached its low point in mid-1999 with only 0.8% real GDP growth.<a href="#cite_note-191">[187]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Morowali_Industrial_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Morowali_Industrial_Park.jpg/220px-Morowali_Industrial_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Morowali_Industrial_Park.jpg/330px-Morowali_Industrial_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Morowali_Industrial_Park.jpg/440px-Morowali_Industrial_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4639" data-file-height="2980" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Morowali_Industrial_Park" title="Morowali Industrial Park">Morowali Industrial Park</a> hosting primarily nickel-related industries in <a href="/wiki/Morowali_Regency" title="Morowali Regency">Morowali Regency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Sulawesi" title="Central Sulawesi">Central Sulawesi</a></figcaption></figure> Relatively steady inflation<a href="#cite_note-192">[188]</a> and an increase in GDP deflator and the <a href="/wiki/Consumer_price_index" title="Consumer price index">Consumer Price Index</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[189]</a> have contributed to strong economic growth in recent years. From 2007 to 2019, annual growth accelerated to between 4% and 6% due to improvements in the banking sector and domestic consumption,<a href="#cite_note-194">[190]</a> helping Indonesia weather the 2008–2009 <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>,<a href="#cite_note-195">[191]</a> and regain in 2011 the investment grade rating it had lost in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-196">[192]</a> As of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesia&action=edit">[update]</a>, 9.41% of the population lived below the poverty line, and the official open unemployment rate was 5.28%.<a href="#cite_note-197">[193]</a> During the first year of the global <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, the economy suffered its first recession since the 1997 crisis but recovered in the following year.<a href="#cite_note-198">[194]</a> Indonesia has abundant natural resources. Its primary industries are fishing, petroleum, timber, paper products, cotton cloth, tourism, petroleum mining, natural gas, bauxite, coal, and tin. Its main agricultural products are rice, coconuts, soybeans, bananas, coffee, tea, palm, rubber, and sugar cane.<a href="#cite_note-199">[195]</a> Indonesia is the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Nickel_mining_in_Indonesia" title="Nickel mining in Indonesia">producer of nickel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-200">[196]</a> These commodities make up a large portion of the country's exports, with palm oil and coal briquettes as the leading export commodities. In addition to refined and crude petroleum as the primary imports, telephones, vehicle parts and wheat cover the majority of additional imports. China, the United States, Japan, Singapore, India, Malaysia, South Korea, and Thailand are Indonesia's principal export markets and import partners.<a href="#cite_note-201">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Indonesia" title="Tourism in Indonesia">Tourism in Indonesia</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Borobudur-Nothwest-view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Borobudur-Nothwest-view.jpg/250px-Borobudur-Nothwest-view.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Borobudur-Nothwest-view.jpg/375px-Borobudur-Nothwest-view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Borobudur-Nothwest-view.jpg/500px-Borobudur-Nothwest-view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1108" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a>, the world's largest Buddhist temple, is the single most visited tourist attraction in Indonesia<a href="#cite_note-202">[198]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Indonesia" title="Tourism in Indonesia">Tourism</a> contributed around <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>9.8 billion to GDP in 2020, and in the previous year, Indonesia received 15.4 million visitors.<a href="#cite_note-203">[199]</a> Overall, Australia, China, Singapore, Malaysia, and Japan are the top five sources of visitors to Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-204">[200]</a> Since 2011, Wonderful Indonesia has been the country's international marketing campaign slogan to promote tourism.<a href="#cite_note-205">[201]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raja_Ampat_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Raja_Ampat_2.jpg/220px-Raja_Ampat_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Raja_Ampat_2.jpg/330px-Raja_Ampat_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Raja_Ampat_2.jpg/440px-Raja_Ampat_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1350" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ampat_Islands" title="Raja Ampat Islands">Raja Ampat Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Papua_(province)" title="West Papua (province)">West Papua</a>, has the highest recorded level of diversity in marine life, according to <a href="/wiki/Conservation_International" title="Conservation International">Conservation International</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[202]</a></figcaption></figure> Nature and culture are prime attractions of Indonesian tourism. The country has a well-preserved natural ecosystem with rainforests stretching over about 57% of Indonesia's land (225 million acres). Forests on Sumatra and Kalimantan are examples of popular destinations, such as the Orangutan wildlife reserve. Moreover, Indonesia has one of the world's longest coastlines, measuring 54,716 kilometres (33,999 mi). The ancient <a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Prambanan</a> temples, as well as <a href="/wiki/Toraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Toraja">Toraja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a> with their traditional festivities, are some of the popular destinations for cultural tourism.<a href="#cite_note-pariwisata-207">[203]</a> Indonesia has <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Indonesia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Indonesia">ten UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Komodo_National_Park" title="Komodo National Park">Komodo National Park</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Cosmological Axis of Yogyakarta and its Historic Landmarks</a>; and a further 18 in a tentative list that includes <a href="/wiki/Bunaken_National_Park" title="Bunaken National Park">Bunaken National Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raja_Ampat_Islands" title="Raja Ampat Islands">Raja Ampat Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-208">[204]</a> Other attractions include specific points in Indonesian history, such as the colonial heritage of the Dutch East Indies in the <a href="/wiki/Old_town" title="Old town">old towns</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kota_Tua_Jakarta" title="Kota Tua Jakarta">Jakarta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_architecture_in_Semarang" title="Dutch architecture in Semarang">Semarang</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces_in_Indonesia" title="List of palaces in Indonesia">royal palaces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pagaruyung_Palace" title="Pagaruyung Palace">Pagaruyung</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ubud_Palace" title="Ubud Palace">Ubud</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pariwisata-207">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Indonesia" title="Science and technology in Indonesia">Science and technology in Indonesia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STS-41-B_Palapa_B-2_deployment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/STS-41-B_Palapa_B-2_deployment.jpg/220px-STS-41-B_Palapa_B-2_deployment.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/STS-41-B_Palapa_B-2_deployment.jpg/330px-STS-41-B_Palapa_B-2_deployment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/STS-41-B_Palapa_B-2_deployment.jpg/440px-STS-41-B_Palapa_B-2_deployment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2020" data-file-height="2020" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palapa" title="Palapa">Palapa</a> satellite launch in 1984</figcaption></figure> Government expenditure on research and development is relatively low (0.3% of GDP in 2019),<a href="#cite_note-209">[205]</a> and Indonesia ranked 54th (from 133 countries) on the 2024 <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> report and performance above expectation for level of development in uppermiddle-income group.<a href="#cite_note-210">[206]</a> Historical examples of scientific and technological developments include the paddy cultivation technique <a href="/wiki/Terrace_(agriculture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrace (agriculture)">terasering</a>, which is common in Southeast Asia, and the <a href="/wiki/Pinisi" title="Pinisi">pinisi</a> boats by the <a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Bugis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Makassar_people" title="Makassar people">Makassar people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-211">[207]</a> In the 1980s, Indonesian engineer <a href="/wiki/Tjokorda_Raka_Sukawati" title="Tjokorda Raka Sukawati">Tjokorda Raka Sukawati</a> invented a road construction technique named <a href="/wiki/Sosrobahu" title="Sosrobahu">Sosrobahu</a> that later became widely used in several countries.<a href="#cite_note-212">[208]</a> The country is also an active producer of passenger trains and freight wagons with its state-owned company, the <a href="/wiki/Industri_Kereta_Api" title="Industri Kereta Api">Indonesian Railway Industry</a> (INKA), and has exported trains abroad.<a href="#cite_note-213">[209]</a> Indonesia has a long history of developing military and small commuter aircraft. It is the only country in Southeast Asia to build and produce aircraft. The state-owned <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Aerospace" title="Indonesian Aerospace">Indonesian Aerospace company</a> (PT. Dirgantara Indonesia) has provided components for <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-214">[210]</a> The company also collaborated with <a href="/wiki/EADS_CASA" class="mw-redirect" title="EADS CASA">EADS CASA</a> of Spain to develop the <a href="/wiki/CASA/IPTN_CN-235" title="CASA/IPTN CN-235">CN-235</a>, which has been used by several countries.<a href="#cite_note-215">[211]</a> Former President <a href="/wiki/B._J._Habibie" title="B. J. Habibie">B. J. Habibie</a> was involved in the research and coordination.<a href="#cite_note-216">[212]</a> Indonesia has also joined the South Korean programme to manufacture the 4.5-generation fighter jet <a href="/wiki/KAI_KF-21_Boramae" title="KAI KF-21 Boramae">KAI KF-21 Boramae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-217">[213]</a> Indonesia has a space programme and space agency, the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Aeronautics_and_Space" title="National Institute of Aeronautics and Space">National Institute of Aeronautics and Space</a> (Lembaga Penerbangan dan Antariksa Nasional, LAPAN). In the 1970s, Indonesia became the first developing country to operate a satellite system called <a href="/wiki/Palapa" title="Palapa">Palapa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-218">[214]</a> a series of communication satellites owned by <a href="/wiki/Indosat" title="Indosat">Indosat</a>. The first satellite, PALAPA A1, was launched on 8 July 1976 from the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> in Florida, United States.<a href="#cite_note-219">[215]</a> As of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesia&action=edit">[update]</a>, Indonesia has launched 19 satellites for various purposes.<a href="#cite_note-220">[216]</a> In May 2024, Indonesia granted licensure to satellite internet provider <a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink</a> aimed at bringing Internet connectivity to the rural and underserved regions of Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-221">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_main_infrastructure_projects_in_Indonesia" title="List of main infrastructure projects in Indonesia">List of main infrastructure projects in Indonesia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Indonesia" title="Transport in Indonesia">Transport in Indonesia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:95px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:21_Bus_Khusus_Penumpang_Kapal_Milik_Perum_DAMRI_trayek_Tanjung_Perak_-_Purabaya_terparkir_di_depan_Terminal_Penumpang_Gapura_Surya_Nusantara_Pelabuhan_Tanjung_Perak_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/21_Bus_Khusus_Penumpang_Kapal_Milik_Perum_DAMRI_trayek_Tanjung_Perak_-_Purabaya_terparkir_di_depan_Terminal_Penumpang_Gapura_Surya_Nusantara_Pelabuhan_Tanjung_Perak_%28cropped%29.jpg/143px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/21_Bus_Khusus_Penumpang_Kapal_Milik_Perum_DAMRI_trayek_Tanjung_Perak_-_Purabaya_terparkir_di_depan_Terminal_Penumpang_Gapura_Surya_Nusantara_Pelabuhan_Tanjung_Perak_%28cropped%29.jpg/215px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/21_Bus_Khusus_Penumpang_Kapal_Milik_Perum_DAMRI_trayek_Tanjung_Perak_-_Purabaya_terparkir_di_depan_Terminal_Penumpang_Gapura_Surya_Nusantara_Pelabuhan_Tanjung_Perak_%28cropped%29.jpg/286px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="1557" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:143px;max-width:143px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:95px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:KA_Argo_Parahyangan_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/KA_Argo_Parahyangan_%28cropped%29.jpg/141px-KA_Argo_Parahyangan_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/KA_Argo_Parahyangan_%28cropped%29.jpg/212px-KA_Argo_Parahyangan_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/KA_Argo_Parahyangan_%28cropped%29.jpg/282px-KA_Argo_Parahyangan_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3382" data-file-height="2299" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Pelni_Einschiffung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Pelni_Einschiffung.jpg/142px-Pelni_Einschiffung.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Pelni_Einschiffung.jpg/213px-Pelni_Einschiffung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Pelni_Einschiffung.jpg/284px-Pelni_Einschiffung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:PK-GIE_Garuda_Indonesia_Boeing_777-3U3(ER)_cn29147,_Take_off_from_Schiphol_(AMS_-_EHAM),_The_Netherlands.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/PK-GIE_Garuda_Indonesia_Boeing_777-3U3%28ER%29_cn29147%2C_Take_off_from_Schiphol_%28AMS_-_EHAM%29%2C_The_Netherlands.JPG/142px-PK-GIE_Garuda_Indonesia_Boeing_777-3U3%28ER%29_cn29147%2C_Take_off_from_Schiphol_%28AMS_-_EHAM%29%2C_The_Netherlands.JPG" decoding="async" width="142" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/PK-GIE_Garuda_Indonesia_Boeing_777-3U3%28ER%29_cn29147%2C_Take_off_from_Schiphol_%28AMS_-_EHAM%29%2C_The_Netherlands.JPG/213px-PK-GIE_Garuda_Indonesia_Boeing_777-3U3%28ER%29_cn29147%2C_Take_off_from_Schiphol_%28AMS_-_EHAM%29%2C_The_Netherlands.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/PK-GIE_Garuda_Indonesia_Boeing_777-3U3%28ER%29_cn29147%2C_Take_off_from_Schiphol_%28AMS_-_EHAM%29%2C_The_Netherlands.JPG/284px-PK-GIE_Garuda_Indonesia_Boeing_777-3U3%28ER%29_cn29147%2C_Take_off_from_Schiphol_%28AMS_-_EHAM%29%2C_The_Netherlands.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2778" data-file-height="2086" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Transport modes in Indonesia. Clockwise from top: <a href="/wiki/Perum_DAMRI" title="Perum DAMRI">DAMRI</a> bus; <a href="/wiki/Kereta_Api_Indonesia" title="Kereta Api Indonesia">KAI</a> train; <a href="/wiki/Garuda_Indonesia" title="Garuda Indonesia">Garuda Indonesia</a> airliner; and <a href="/wiki/Pelni" title="Pelni">Pelni</a> ship</div></div></div></div> Indonesia's transport system has been shaped over time by the economic resource base of an archipelago and the distribution of its 275 million people highly concentrated on <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>.<a href="#cite_note-222">[218]</a> In 2016, the transport sector generated about 5.2% of GDP.<a href="#cite_note-223">[219]</a> The road transport system has a total length of 542,310 kilometres (336,980 miles) as of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesia&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-224">[220]</a> Jakarta has the <a href="/wiki/TransJakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="TransJakarta">most extended bus rapid transit system globally</a>, boasting 251.2 kilometres (156.1 miles) in 13 corridors and ten cross-corridor routes.<a href="#cite_note-225">[221]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rickshaw" title="Rickshaw">Rickshaws</a> such as bajaj and becak and <a href="/wiki/Share_taxi" title="Share taxi">share taxis</a> such as Angkot and Minibus are a regular sight in the country. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Whoosh_High-speed_Train_G1224,_in_Bojongkoneng,_Ngamprah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Whoosh_High-speed_Train_G1224%2C_in_Bojongkoneng%2C_Ngamprah.jpg/220px-Whoosh_High-speed_Train_G1224%2C_in_Bojongkoneng%2C_Ngamprah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Whoosh_High-speed_Train_G1224%2C_in_Bojongkoneng%2C_Ngamprah.jpg/330px-Whoosh_High-speed_Train_G1224%2C_in_Bojongkoneng%2C_Ngamprah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Whoosh_High-speed_Train_G1224%2C_in_Bojongkoneng%2C_Ngamprah.jpg/440px-Whoosh_High-speed_Train_G1224%2C_in_Bojongkoneng%2C_Ngamprah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3602" data-file-height="2025" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Indonesia" title="High-speed rail in Indonesia">Whoosh</a> is the first high-speed rail in Southeast Asia and the Southern Hemisphere</figcaption></figure> Most <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Indonesia" title="Rail transport in Indonesia">railways</a> are in Java, and partly Sumatra and Sulawesi,<a href="#cite_note-226">[222]</a> used for freight and passenger transport, such as local commuter rail services (mainly in <a href="/wiki/KRL_Commuterline" title="KRL Commuterline">Greater Jakarta</a> and <a href="/wiki/KRL_Commuterline_Yogyakarta%E2%80%93Solo" class="mw-redirect" title="KRL Commuterline Yogyakarta–Solo">Yogyakarta–Solo</a>) complementing the <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Indonesia" title="Rail transport in Indonesia">inter-city rail network</a> in several cities. In the late 2010s, Jakarta and <a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a> were the first cities in Indonesia to have <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">rapid transit</a> systems, with more planned for other cities in the future.<a href="#cite_note-227">[223]</a> In 2023, a high-speed rail called <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Indonesia" title="High-speed rail in Indonesia">Whoosh</a> connecting the cities of Jakarta and <a href="/wiki/Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a> commenced operations, a first for Southeast Asia and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-228">[224]</a> Indonesia's largest airport, <a href="/wiki/Soekarno%E2%80%93Hatta_International_Airport" title="Soekarno–Hatta International Airport">Soekarno–Hatta International Airport</a>, is among the busiest in the Southern Hemisphere, <a href="/wiki/List_of_busiest_airports_by_passenger_traffic" title="List of busiest airports by passenger traffic">serving 49 million passengers in 2023</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ngurah_Rai_International_Airport" title="Ngurah Rai International Airport">Ngurah Rai International Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juanda_International_Airport" title="Juanda International Airport">Juanda International Airport</a> are the country's second-and third-busiest airport, respectively. <a href="/wiki/Garuda_Indonesia" title="Garuda Indonesia">Garuda Indonesia</a>, the country's flag carrier since 1949, is one of the world's leading airlines and a member of the global airline alliance <a href="/wiki/SkyTeam" title="SkyTeam">SkyTeam</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Tanjung_Priok" title="Port of Tanjung Priok">Port of Tanjung Priok</a> is the busiest and most advanced Indonesian port,<a href="#cite_note-229">[225]</a> handling more than 50% of Indonesia's trans-shipment cargo traffic. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Indonesia" title="Energy in Indonesia">Energy in Indonesia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PLTB-Sidrap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/PLTB-Sidrap.jpg/220px-PLTB-Sidrap.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/PLTB-Sidrap.jpg/330px-PLTB-Sidrap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/PLTB-Sidrap.jpg/440px-PLTB-Sidrap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="862" /></a><figcaption>Sidrap wind farm, Indonesia's first wind power plant, in <a href="/wiki/Sidrap_Regency" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidrap Regency">Sidrap Regency</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi" title="South Sulawesi">South Sulawesi</a></figcaption></figure> In 2019, Indonesia produced 4,999 <a href="/wiki/Kilowatt-hour" title="Kilowatt-hour">terawatt-hours</a> (17.059 <a href="/wiki/1000000000000000_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="1000000000000000 (number)">quadrillion</a> <a href="/wiki/British_thermal_unit" title="British thermal unit">British thermal units</a>) and consumed 2,357 terawatt-hours (8.043 quadrillion British thermal units) worth of energy.<a href="#cite_note-USEIA-230">[226]</a> The country has substantial energy resources, including 22 billion barrels (3.5 billion cubic metres) of conventional oil and gas reserves (of which about 4 billion barrels are recoverable), 8 billion barrels of oil-equivalent coal-based methane (CBM) resources, and 28 billion tonnes of recoverable coal.<a href="#cite_note-231">[227]</a> In late 2020, Indonesia's total national installed power generation capacity stands at 72,750.72 MW.<a href="#cite_note-232">[228]</a> Although reliance on domestic coal and imported oil has increased between 2010 and 2019,<a href="#cite_note-USEIA-230">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[229]</a> Indonesia has seen progress in <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a>, with hydropower and geothermal being the most abundant sources that account for more than 8% of the country's energy mix.<a href="#cite_note-USEIA-230">[226]</a> As of 2021, power generation from solar, wind, biomass, and ocean energy is still small.<a href="#cite_note-234">[230]</a> The country's largest dam, <a href="/wiki/Jatiluhur_Dam" title="Jatiluhur Dam">Jatiluhur</a>, has an installed capacity of 186.5 MW that feeds into the Java grid managed by the State Electricity Company (<a href="/wiki/Perusahaan_Listrik_Negara" title="Perusahaan Listrik Negara">Perusahaan Listrik Negara</a>, PLN). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Indonesia" title="Demographics of Indonesia">Demographics of Indonesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesians" title="Indonesians">Indonesians</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_cities_by_population" title="List of Indonesian cities by population">List of Indonesian cities by population</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Indonesia" title="List of metropolitan areas in Indonesia">List of metropolitan areas in Indonesia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Population_density_map_of_Java_and_Madura_by_subdistrict_(kelurahan)_(2022).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Population_density_map_of_Java_and_Madura_by_subdistrict_%28kelurahan%29_%282022%29.svg/440px-Population_density_map_of_Java_and_Madura_by_subdistrict_%28kelurahan%29_%282022%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Population_density_map_of_Java_and_Madura_by_subdistrict_%28kelurahan%29_%282022%29.svg/660px-Population_density_map_of_Java_and_Madura_by_subdistrict_%28kelurahan%29_%282022%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Population_density_map_of_Java_and_Madura_by_subdistrict_%28kelurahan%29_%282022%29.svg/880px-Population_density_map_of_Java_and_Madura_by_subdistrict_%28kelurahan%29_%282022%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1543" data-file-height="564" /></a><figcaption>Population density of Java and Madura by subdistrict as of 2022, with major urban areas shown</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/2020_Indonesian_census" title="2020 Indonesian census">2020 census</a> recorded <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Indonesia" title="Demographics of Indonesia">Indonesia's population</a> as 270.2 million, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">fourth largest in the world</a>, with a moderately high population growth rate of 1.25%.<a href="#cite_note-235">[231]</a> <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> is the world's most populous island,<a href="#cite_note-236">[232]</a> where 56% of the country's population lives.<a href="#cite_note-2020census-7">[6]</a> The population density is 141 people per square kilometre (370 people/sq mi),<a href="#cite_note-2020census-7">[6]</a> ranking 88th in the world, although Java has a population density of 1,067 people per square kilometre (2,760 people/sq mi). In 1961, the first post-colonial census recorded a total of 97 million people.<a href="#cite_note-237">[233]</a> It is expected to grow to around 295 million by 2030 and 321 million by 2050.<a href="#cite_note-238">[234]</a> The country currently possesses a relatively young population, with a median age of 30.2 years (2017 estimate).<a href="#cite_note-CIA-80">[77]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indonesia_metropolitan_areas_labeled_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Indonesia_metropolitan_areas_labeled_map.svg/220px-Indonesia_metropolitan_areas_labeled_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Indonesia_metropolitan_areas_labeled_map.svg/330px-Indonesia_metropolitan_areas_labeled_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Indonesia_metropolitan_areas_labeled_map.svg/440px-Indonesia_metropolitan_areas_labeled_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1877" data-file-height="861" /></a><figcaption>Indonesia's ten metropolitan areas labeled with their populations</figcaption></figure> The spread of the population is uneven throughout the archipelago, with a varying habitats and levels of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Indonesian provinces by Human Development Index">development</a>, ranging from the <a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">megacity</a> of Jakarta to <a href="/wiki/Uncontacted_peoples" title="Uncontacted peoples">uncontacted tribes</a> in Papua.<a href="#cite_note-239">[235]</a> As of 2017, about 54.7% of the population lives in urban areas.<a href="#cite_note-240">[236]</a> Jakarta is the country's <a href="/wiki/Primate_city" title="Primate city">primate city</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">second-most populous urban area globally</a>, with over 34 million residents.<a href="#cite_note-241">[237]</a> About 8 million <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Indonesians" title="Overseas Indonesians">Indonesians live overseas</a>; most settled in Malaysia, the Netherlands, Saudi Arabia, Taiwan, South Africa, Singapore, Hong Kong, the United States, and Australia.<a href="#cite_note-242">[238]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_of_Indonesia" title="Template:Largest cities of Indonesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_of_Indonesia" title="Template talk:Largest cities of Indonesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_cities_of_Indonesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest cities of Indonesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_Indonesia" title="City status in Indonesia">cities</a> in Indonesia <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">2023 <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Indonesia" title="Statistics Indonesia">BPS</a> estimate</div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_cities_by_population" title="List of Indonesian cities by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_cities_by_population" title="List of Indonesian cities by population">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">Province</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_cities_by_population" title="List of Indonesian cities by population"> Pop.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_cities_by_population" title="List of Indonesian cities by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_cities_by_population" title="List of Indonesian cities by population">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">Province</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_cities_by_population" title="List of Indonesian cities by population"> Pop.</a></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Busway_in_Bundaran_HI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jakarta"><img alt="Jakarta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Busway_in_Bundaran_HI.jpg/120px-Busway_in_Bundaran_HI.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Busway_in_Bundaran_HI.jpg/180px-Busway_in_Bundaran_HI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Busway_in_Bundaran_HI.jpg/240px-Busway_in_Bundaran_HI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4842" data-file-height="2892" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Central_Surabaya_view_taken_from_JW_Marriott_Surabaya_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Surabaya"><img alt="Surabaya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Central_Surabaya_view_taken_from_JW_Marriott_Surabaya_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Central_Surabaya_view_taken_from_JW_Marriott_Surabaya_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Central_Surabaya_view_taken_from_JW_Marriott_Surabaya_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Central_Surabaya_view_taken_from_JW_Marriott_Surabaya_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Central_Surabaya_view_taken_from_JW_Marriott_Surabaya_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-Central_Surabaya_view_taken_from_JW_Marriott_Surabaya_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3556" data-file-height="2000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Special_Capital_Region_of_Jakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Capital Region of Jakarta">Special Capital Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,135,191</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/South_Tangerang" title="South Tangerang">South Tangerang</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Banten" title="Banten">Banten</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,429,529 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandung_View_dari_Gedung_Wisma_HSBC_Asia_Afrika_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bandung"><img alt="Bandung" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bandung_View_dari_Gedung_Wisma_HSBC_Asia_Afrika_4.jpg/120px-Bandung_View_dari_Gedung_Wisma_HSBC_Asia_Afrika_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bandung_View_dari_Gedung_Wisma_HSBC_Asia_Afrika_4.jpg/180px-Bandung_View_dari_Gedung_Wisma_HSBC_Asia_Afrika_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bandung_View_dari_Gedung_Wisma_HSBC_Asia_Afrika_4.jpg/240px-Bandung_View_dari_Gedung_Wisma_HSBC_Asia_Afrika_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="2324" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Medan_city_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Medan"><img alt="Medan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Medan_city_2019.jpg/120px-Medan_city_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Medan_city_2019.jpg/180px-Medan_city_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Medan_city_2019.jpg/240px-Medan_city_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1304" data-file-height="598" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Medan" title="Medan">Medan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,017,382</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Batam" title="Batam">Batam</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Riau_Islands" title="Riau Islands">Riau Islands</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,294,548 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,579,837</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pekanbaru" title="Pekanbaru">Pekanbaru</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Riau" title="Riau">Riau</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,138,530 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Medan" title="Medan">Medan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,539,829</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bogor" title="Bogor">Bogor</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,137,018 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bekasi" title="Bekasi">Bekasi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,526,133</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Lampung" title="Bandar Lampung">Bandar Lampung</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lampung" title="Lampung">Lampung</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,073,451 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Depok" title="Depok">Depok</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,967,831</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/West_Sumatra" title="West Sumatra">West Sumatra</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">939,851 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tangerang" title="Tangerang">Tangerang</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Banten" title="Banten">Banten</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,927,815</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Malang" title="Malang">Malang</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">885,271 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/South_Sumatra" title="South Sumatra">South Sumatra</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,781,672</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Samarinda" title="Samarinda">Samarinda</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/East_Kalimantan" title="East Kalimantan">East Kalimantan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">868,499 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Semarang" title="Semarang">Semarang</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,699,585</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tasikmalaya" title="Tasikmalaya">Tasikmalaya</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">761,080 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Makassar" title="Makassar">Makassar</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi" title="South Sulawesi">South Sulawesi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,477,861</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Denpasar" title="Denpasar">Denpasar</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">670,210 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups_and_languages">Ethnic groups and languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Ethnic groups in Indonesia">Ethnic groups in Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Native_Indonesians" title="Native Indonesians">Native Indonesians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Languages of Indonesia">Languages of Indonesia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indonesia_Ethnic_Groups_Map_English.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Indonesia_Ethnic_Groups_Map_English.svg/330px-Indonesia_Ethnic_Groups_Map_English.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Indonesia_Ethnic_Groups_Map_English.svg/495px-Indonesia_Ethnic_Groups_Map_English.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Indonesia_Ethnic_Groups_Map_English.svg/660px-Indonesia_Ethnic_Groups_Map_English.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="215" /></a><figcaption>A map of ethnic groups in Indonesia</figcaption></figure> Indonesia is an ethnically diverse country, with around 1,300 distinct native ethnic groups.<a href="#cite_note-BPS-2">[2]</a> Most Indonesians are descended from <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a> whose languages had origins in <a href="/wiki/Proto-Austronesian_language" title="Proto-Austronesian language">Proto-Austronesian</a>, which possibly originated in what is now Taiwan. Another major grouping is the <a href="/wiki/Melanesians" title="Melanesians">Melanesians</a>, who inhabit eastern Indonesia (the <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Western New Guinea</a>, and the eastern part of the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands" title="Lesser Sunda Islands">Lesser Sunda Islands</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor20035–7-26">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitton2003139,_181,_251,_435-243">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[241]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> are the largest ethnic group, constituting 40.2% of the population<a href="#cite_note-BPS-2">[2]</a> and are politically dominant.<a href="#cite_note-246">[242]</a> They are predominantly located in the central to eastern parts of Java and also in sizeable numbers in most provinces. The <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a> are the next largest group (15.4%), followed by <a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batak" title="Batak">Batak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madurese_people" title="Madurese people">Madurese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Betawi_people" title="Betawi people">Betawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bugis_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bugis people">Bugis</a> people.<a href="#cite_note-247">[e]</a> A sense of Indonesian nationhood exists alongside strong regional identities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991256-248">[243]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Population_density_of_Indonesia_by_district_(kecamatan)_(2022)_(alternate_colour_scheme).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Population_density_of_Indonesia_by_district_%28kecamatan%29_%282022%29_%28alternate_colour_scheme%29.svg/440px-Population_density_of_Indonesia_by_district_%28kecamatan%29_%282022%29_%28alternate_colour_scheme%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Population_density_of_Indonesia_by_district_%28kecamatan%29_%282022%29_%28alternate_colour_scheme%29.svg/660px-Population_density_of_Indonesia_by_district_%28kecamatan%29_%282022%29_%28alternate_colour_scheme%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Population_density_of_Indonesia_by_district_%28kecamatan%29_%282022%29_%28alternate_colour_scheme%29.svg/880px-Population_density_of_Indonesia_by_district_%28kecamatan%29_%282022%29_%28alternate_colour_scheme%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="639" /></a><figcaption>Map of districts (kecamatan, one level below the city/regency) in Indonesia, coloured by its population density as measured by person per square kilometres</figcaption></figure> The country's official language is <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>, a variant of <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> based on its <a href="/wiki/Prestige_(sociolinguistics)" title="Prestige (sociolinguistics)">prestige dialect</a>, which had been the archipelago's <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> for centuries. It was <a href="/wiki/Youth_Pledge" title="Youth Pledge">promoted by nationalists in the 1920s</a> and achieved official status in 1945 under the name Bahasa Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-249">[244]</a> Due to centuries-long contact with other languages, it is rich in local and foreign influences.<a href="#cite_note-253">[f]</a> Nearly every Indonesian speaks the language due to its widespread use in education, academics, communications, business, politics, and mass media. Most Indonesians also speak at least one of more than 700 local languages,<a href="#cite_note-ethnologue-1">[1]</a> often as their first language. Most belong to the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian language family</a>, while over 270 <a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">Papuan languages</a> are spoken in eastern Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-ethnologue-1">[1]</a> Of these, <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a> is the most widely spoken<a href="#cite_note-CIA-80">[77]</a> and has co-official status in the <a href="/wiki/Special_Region_of_Yogyakarta" title="Special Region of Yogyakarta">Special Region of Yogyakarta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-254">[248]</a> In 1930, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> and other Europeans (<a href="/wiki/Totok" title="Totok">Totok</a>), Eurasians, and derivative people like the <a href="/wiki/Indo_people" title="Indo people">Indos</a> numbered 240,000, or 0.4%, of the total population.<a href="#cite_note-255">[249]</a> Historically, they constituted only a tiny fraction of the native population and remain so today. Also, the Dutch language never had a substantial number of speakers or official status despite the Dutch presence for almost 350 years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerPrys_Jones1998202-256">[250]</a> The small minorities that can speak it or <a href="/wiki/Dutch-based_creole_languages" title="Dutch-based creole languages">Dutch-based creole languages</a> fluently are the aforementioned ethnic groups and descendants of Dutch colonisers. This reflected the Dutch colonial empire's primary purpose, which was commercial exchange as opposed to sovereignty over homogeneous landmasses.<a href="#cite_note-Ward-257">[251]</a> Today, there is some degree of fluency by either educated members of the oldest generation or legal professionals,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmmonDittmarMattheierTrudgill20062017-258">[252]</a> as specific law codes are still only available in Dutch.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooij19992-259">[253]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Religion in Indonesia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Religious_affiliation_by_district_(kecamatan)_in_Indonesia_(2022).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Religious_affiliation_by_district_%28kecamatan%29_in_Indonesia_%282022%29.svg/440px-Religious_affiliation_by_district_%28kecamatan%29_in_Indonesia_%282022%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Religious_affiliation_by_district_%28kecamatan%29_in_Indonesia_%282022%29.svg/660px-Religious_affiliation_by_district_%28kecamatan%29_in_Indonesia_%282022%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Religious_affiliation_by_district_%28kecamatan%29_in_Indonesia_%282022%29.svg/880px-Religious_affiliation_by_district_%28kecamatan%29_in_Indonesia_%282022%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Map of districts (kecamatan, one level below the municipality) in Indonesia, coloured by the plurality/majority religious affiliation in the district and what percentage of citizens it represents</figcaption></figure> Although the government officially recognises only <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">six religions</a>: <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Islam in Indonesia">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Indonesia" title="Protestantism in Indonesia">Protestantism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Indonesia">Roman Catholicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Indonesia" title="Hinduism in Indonesia">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_for_the_Confucian_Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Supreme Council for the Confucian Religion in Indonesia">Confucianism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-260">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marshall-261">[255]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religions">indigenous religions</a> for administrative purpose,<a href="#cite_note-Marshall-261">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[256]</a> religious freedom is guaranteed in the country's constitution.<a href="#cite_note-263">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-UUD45-138">[135]</a> With 244 million adherents (87.1%) in 2023, Indonesia is the world's most populous Muslim-majority country,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs2001379-264">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[259]</a> with <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnis</a> being the majority (99%).<a href="#cite_note-266">[260]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Shia Islam in Indonesia">Shias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_Indonesia" title="Ahmadiyya in Indonesia">Ahmadis</a>, respectively, constitute 1% (1–3 million) and 0.2% (200,000–400,000) of Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-Marshall-261">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[261]</a> About 10% of Indonesians are Christians, who form the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Indonesia" title="Christianity in Indonesia">majority in several provinces in eastern Indonesia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-268">[262]</a> Most <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindus</a> are <a href="/wiki/Balinese_people" title="Balinese people">Balinese</a>,<a href="#cite_note-269">[263]</a> and most <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhists</a> are <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesians" title="Chinese Indonesians">Chinese Indonesians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-270">[264]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pradaksina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Pradaksina.jpg/220px-Pradaksina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Pradaksina.jpg/330px-Pradaksina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Pradaksina.jpg/440px-Pradaksina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5846" data-file-height="3897" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monks</a> performing <a href="/wiki/Parikrama" title="Parikrama">Pradakshina</a> ritual at <a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a> temple, Central Java</figcaption></figure> The natives of the Indonesian archipelago originally practised indigenous <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dynamism_(metaphysics)" title="Dynamism (metaphysics)">dynamism</a>, beliefs that are common to <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ooi-271">[265]</a> They worshipped and revered ancestral spirits and believed that supernatural spirits (<a href="/wiki/Hyang" title="Hyang">hyang</a>) might inhabit certain places such as large trees, stones, forests, mountains, or sacred sites.<a href="#cite_note-Ooi-271">[265]</a> Examples of Indonesian native belief systems include the <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sunda Wiwitan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a>. They have significantly impacted how other faiths are practised, evidenced by a large proportion of people—such as the Javanese <a href="/wiki/Abangan" title="Abangan">abangan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese Hindus</a>, and Dayak Christians—practising a less <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretic</a> form of their religion.<a href="#cite_note-272">[266]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salah_Satu_Upacara_Besar_Di_Pura_Agung_Besakih.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Salah_Satu_Upacara_Besar_Di_Pura_Agung_Besakih.jpg/220px-Salah_Satu_Upacara_Besar_Di_Pura_Agung_Besakih.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Salah_Satu_Upacara_Besar_Di_Pura_Agung_Besakih.jpg/330px-Salah_Satu_Upacara_Besar_Di_Pura_Agung_Besakih.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Salah_Satu_Upacara_Besar_Di_Pura_Agung_Besakih.jpg/440px-Salah_Satu_Upacara_Besar_Di_Pura_Agung_Besakih.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2809" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> prayer ceremony at <a href="/wiki/Besakih_Temple" title="Besakih Temple">Besakih Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>, the only Indonesian province where <a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Hinduism</a> is the predominant religion</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Indonesia" title="Hinduism in Indonesia">Hindu</a> influences reached the archipelago as early as the first century CE.<a href="#cite_note-273">[267]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdoms_of_Sunda" title="Kingdoms of Sunda">Kingdom</a> of <a href="/wiki/Salakanagara" title="Salakanagara">Salakanagara</a> in western Java around 130 was the first historically recorded <a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Indianised</a> kingdom in the archipelago.<a href="#cite_note-274">[268]</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Buddhism</a> arrived around the 6th century,<a href="#cite_note-275">[269]</a> and its history in Indonesia is closely related to that of Hinduism, as some empires based on Buddhism had their roots around the same period. The archipelago has witnessed the rise and fall of Hindu and Buddhist empires such as <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shailendra_dynasty" title="Shailendra dynasty">Sailendra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a>, and Mataram. Though no longer a majority, Hinduism and Buddhism remain to have a substantial influence on Indonesian culture.<a href="#cite_note-276">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[271]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Masjid_Baiturrahman_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Masjid_Baiturrahman_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Masjid_Baiturrahman_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Masjid_Baiturrahman_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Masjid_Baiturrahman_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Masjid_Baiturrahman_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Masjid_Baiturrahman_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Baiturrahman_Grand_Mosque" title="Baiturrahman Grand Mosque">Baiturrahman Grand Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Banda_Aceh" title="Banda Aceh">Banda Aceh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Spread of Islam in Indonesia">spread of Islam in Indonesia</a> began in the region</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Islam in Indonesia">Islam</a> was introduced by <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> traders of the <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'i</a> <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">school</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> traders from the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Arabia" title="South Arabia">southern Arabia</a> as early as the 8th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-278">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[273]</a> For the most part, Islam overlaid and mixed with existing cultural and religious influences, resulting in a distinct form of Islam (<a href="/wiki/Pesantren" title="Pesantren">santri</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs199112–14-35">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[274]</a> Trade, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_missionary_activity" title="Islamic missionary activity">Islamic missionary activity</a> such as by the <a href="/wiki/Wali_Sanga" title="Wali Sanga">Wali Sanga</a> and Chinese explorer <a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a>, and military campaigns by <a href="/wiki/Sultan#Southeast_and_East_Asia" title="Sultan">several sultanates</a> helped accelerate the <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Spread of Islam in Indonesia">spread of Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-281">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[276]</a> By the end of the 16th century, Islam became the dominant religion of <a href="/wiki/Java#Religion" title="Java">Java</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sumatra#Religion" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patung_Tuan_ma-Semana_Santa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Patung_Tuan_ma-Semana_Santa.jpg/220px-Patung_Tuan_ma-Semana_Santa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Patung_Tuan_ma-Semana_Santa.jpg/330px-Patung_Tuan_ma-Semana_Santa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Patung_Tuan_ma-Semana_Santa.jpg/440px-Patung_Tuan_ma-Semana_Santa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4703" data-file-height="3135" /></a><figcaption>Semana Santa festival in <a href="/wiki/Larantuka" title="Larantuka">Larantuka</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Nusa_Tenggara" title="East Nusa Tenggara">East Nusa Tenggara</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> ritual during <a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Indonesia" title="Catholic Church in Indonesia">Catholicism</a> was brought by Portuguese traders and missionaries such as <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a>, who visited and baptised several thousand locals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs199125,_26,_28-283">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[278]</a> Its spread faced difficulty due to the Dutch East India Company's policy of banning the religion and the Dutch hostility due to the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a> against Catholic Spain's rule. <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Indonesia" title="Protestantism in Indonesia">Protestantism</a> is mostly the result of <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> missionary efforts during the Dutch colonial era.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs199128,_62-285">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickers200522-286">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[281]</a> Although they are the most common branch, there are a multitude of other denominations elsewhere in the country.<a href="#cite_note-288">[282]</a> There is a <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Indonesia" title="History of the Jews in Indonesia">small Jewish presence in the archipelago</a>, mostly the descendants of Dutch and Iraqi Jews, and some local converts. Most of them left in the decades after Indonesian independence, with only a tiny number of Jews remaining today, mostly in Jakarta, Manado, and Surabaya.<a href="#cite_note-289">[283]</a> Judaism was once officially listed as Hebrani under the Sukarno government but ceased to be recorded separately like other religions with few adherents since 1965.<a href="#cite_note-Aryani_2022_pp._199–226-290">[284]</a> Presently, one of the only remaining synagogues in Indonesia is <a href="/wiki/Sha%27ar_Hashamayim_Synagogue_(Tondano)" title="Sha'ar Hashamayim Synagogue (Tondano)">Sha'ar Hashamayim Synagogue</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Tondano" title="Tondano">Tondano</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Sulawesi" title="North Sulawesi">North Sulawesi</a>, around 31 km from <a href="/wiki/Manado" title="Manado">Manado</a>.<a href="#cite_note-291">[285]</a> At the national and local level, Indonesia's political leadership and civil society groups have played a crucial role in interfaith relations, both positively and negatively. The invocation of the first principle of Indonesia's philosophical foundation, Pancasila<a href="#cite_note-292">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickers2005117-293">[287]</a> (which contained the principle of "belief in the One Supreme God"), often serves as a reminder of <a href="/wiki/Religious_tolerance" title="Religious tolerance">religious tolerance</a>,<a href="#cite_note-294">[288]</a> though instances of intolerance have occurred.<a href="#cite_note-295">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-RIP-76">[73]</a> An overwhelming majority of Indonesians consider religion to be essential and an integral part of life.<a href="#cite_note-296">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[291]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Indonesia" title="Education in Indonesia">Education in Indonesia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:No_18_Rektorat_Universitas_Indonesia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/No_18_Rektorat_Universitas_Indonesia.jpg/220px-No_18_Rektorat_Universitas_Indonesia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/No_18_Rektorat_Universitas_Indonesia.jpg/330px-No_18_Rektorat_Universitas_Indonesia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/No_18_Rektorat_Universitas_Indonesia.jpg/440px-No_18_Rektorat_Universitas_Indonesia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4208" data-file-height="2368" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_Indonesia" title="University of Indonesia">University of Indonesia</a> is one of Indonesia's top universities</figcaption></figure> Education is compulsory for 12 years.<a href="#cite_note-298">[292]</a> Parents can choose between state-run, non-sectarian schools or private or semi-private religious (usually Islamic) schools, supervised by the ministries of Education and Religion, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-299">[293]</a> Private international schools that do not follow the <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Indonesia#2013_curriculum" title="Education in Indonesia">national curriculum</a> are also available. The enrolment rate is 93% for primary education, 79% for secondary education, and 36% for tertiary education (2018).<a href="#cite_note-UIS-300">[294]</a> The literacy rate is 96% (2018), and the government spends about 3.6% of GDP (2015) on education.<a href="#cite_note-UIS-300">[294]</a> In 2018, there were 4,670 higher educational institutions in Indonesia, with most (74%) located in Sumatra and Java.<a href="#cite_note-301">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-302">[296]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS World University Rankings</a>, Indonesia's top universities are the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Indonesia" title="University of Indonesia">University of Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gadjah_Mada_University" title="Gadjah Mada University">Gadjah Mada University</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bandung_Institute_of_Technology" title="Bandung Institute of Technology">Bandung Institute of Technology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-303">[297]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Indonesia" title="Health in Indonesia">Health in Indonesia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ciptomangun-hospital.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ciptomangun-hospital.jpg/220px-Ciptomangun-hospital.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ciptomangun-hospital.jpg/330px-Ciptomangun-hospital.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ciptomangun-hospital.jpg/440px-Ciptomangun-hospital.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2076" data-file-height="1734" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dr._Cipto_Mangunkusumo_Hospital" title="Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital">Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital</a> in Jakarta</figcaption></figure> Government expenditure on healthcare was about 3.3% of GDP in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-304">[298]</a> As part of an attempt to achieve universal health care, the government launched the National Health Insurance (<a href="/wiki/Jaminan_Kesehatan_Nasional" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional">Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional</a>, JKN) in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-305">[299]</a> It includes coverage for a range of services from the public and also private firms that have opted to join the scheme. Despite remarkable improvements in recent decades, such as rising life expectancy (from 62.3 years in 1990 to 71.7 years in 2019)<a href="#cite_note-306">[300]</a> and declining child mortality (from 84 deaths per 1,000 births in 1990 to 23.9 deaths in 2019),<a href="#cite_note-307">[301]</a> challenges remain, including maternal and child health, low <a href="/wiki/Air_quality" class="mw-redirect" title="Air quality">air quality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Indonesia" title="Smoking in Indonesia">high rate of smoking</a>, and infectious diseases.<a href="#cite_note-308">[302]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Indonesia" title="Human rights in Indonesia">Human rights in Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organised_crime_in_Indonesia" title="Organised crime in Indonesia">Organised crime in Indonesia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jakarta_riot_14_May_1998.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Jakarta_riot_14_May_1998.jpg/220px-Jakarta_riot_14_May_1998.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Jakarta_riot_14_May_1998.jpg/330px-Jakarta_riot_14_May_1998.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Jakarta_riot_14_May_1998.jpg/440px-Jakarta_riot_14_May_1998.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="804" /></a><figcaption>Riots on the streets of Jakarta on 14 May 1998</figcaption></figure> In the economic sphere, there is a gap in wealth, unemployment rate, and health between densely populated islands and economic centres (such as <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>) and sparsely populated, disadvantaged areas (such as <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Papua</a>).<a href="#cite_note-309">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-310">[304]</a> This is created by a situation in which nearly 80% of Indonesia's population lives in the western parts of the archipelago<a href="#cite_note-311">[305]</a> and yet grows slower than the rest of the country. In the social arena, numerous cases of racism and discrimination, especially <a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_Chinese_Indonesians" title="Discrimination against Chinese Indonesians">against Chinese Indonesians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_New_Guinea" title="Indigenous people of New Guinea">Papuans</a>, have been well documented throughout Indonesia's history.<a href="#cite_note-312">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-313">[307]</a> Such cases have sometimes led to violent conflicts, most notably the <a href="/wiki/May_1998_riots_of_Indonesia" title="May 1998 riots of Indonesia">May 1998 riots</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a>, which has continued since 1962.<a href="#cite_note-314">[308]</a> LGBT people also regularly face challenges. Although <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Indonesia">LGBT issues</a> have been relatively obscure, the 2010s (especially after 2016) have seen a rapid surge of <a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBT_rhetoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-LGBT rhetoric">anti-LGBT rhetoric</a>, putting LGBT Indonesians into a frequent subject of intimidation, discrimination, and even violence.<a href="#cite_note-315">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-316">[310]</a> In addition, Indonesia has been reported to have sizeable numbers of <a href="/wiki/Child_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor">child</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">forced labourers</a>, with the former being prevalent in the palm oil and tobacco industries, while the latter in the fishing industry.<a href="#cite_note-317">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-318">[312]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Indonesia" title="Culture of Indonesia">Culture of Indonesia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/National_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Indonesia" title="National Intangible Cultural Heritage of Indonesia">National Intangible Cultural Heritage of Indonesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Indonesia" title="Public holidays in Indonesia">Public holidays in Indonesia</a></div> The cultural history of the Indonesian archipelago spans more than two millennia. Influences from the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a>, the Middle East, Europe,<a href="#cite_note-JForshee-319">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-320">[314]</a> <a href="/wiki/Melanesians" title="Melanesians">Melanesian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a> have historically shaped the cultural, linguistic and religious makeup of the archipelago. As a result, modern-day Indonesia has a multicultural, multilingual and multi-ethnic society,<a href="#cite_note-ethnologue-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-BPS-2">[2]</a> with a complex cultural mixture that differs significantly from the original indigenous cultures. Indonesia currently holds <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">thirteen items of UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage</a>, including a <a href="/wiki/Wayang" title="Wayang">wayang</a> puppet theatre, <a href="/wiki/Kris" title="Kris">kris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">batik</a>,<a href="#cite_note-321">[315]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pencak_silat" title="Pencak silat">pencak silat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angklung" title="Angklung">angklung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gamelan" title="Gamelan">gamelan</a>, and the three genres of traditional <a href="/wiki/Balinese_dance" title="Balinese dance">Balinese dance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-322">[316]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_and_architecture">Art and architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_art" title="Indonesian art">Indonesian art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Indonesia" title="Architecture of Indonesia">Architecture of Indonesia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_painting" title="Indonesian painting">Indonesian painting</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:82px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Raden_Saleh_-_View_of_Dieng_Plateau_(1872).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Raden_Saleh_-_View_of_Dieng_Plateau_%281872%29.jpg/137px-Raden_Saleh_-_View_of_Dieng_Plateau_%281872%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Raden_Saleh_-_View_of_Dieng_Plateau_%281872%29.jpg/206px-Raden_Saleh_-_View_of_Dieng_Plateau_%281872%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Raden_Saleh_-_View_of_Dieng_Plateau_%281872%29.jpg/274px-Raden_Saleh_-_View_of_Dieng_Plateau_%281872%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="1928" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">View of Dieng Plateau (1872) by <a href="/wiki/Raden_Saleh" title="Raden Saleh">Raden Saleh</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:149px;max-width:149px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:82px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Raden_Saleh_-_Six_Horsemen_Chasing_Deer,_1860.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Raden_Saleh_-_Six_Horsemen_Chasing_Deer%2C_1860.jpg/147px-Raden_Saleh_-_Six_Horsemen_Chasing_Deer%2C_1860.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Raden_Saleh_-_Six_Horsemen_Chasing_Deer%2C_1860.jpg/221px-Raden_Saleh_-_Six_Horsemen_Chasing_Deer%2C_1860.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Raden_Saleh_-_Six_Horsemen_Chasing_Deer%2C_1860.jpg/294px-Raden_Saleh_-_Six_Horsemen_Chasing_Deer%2C_1860.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7800" data-file-height="4357" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Six Horsemen Chasing Deer (1860) by Raden Saleh</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Tongkonan_Pallawa_Toraja_Utara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Tongkonan_Pallawa_Toraja_Utara.jpg/142px-Tongkonan_Pallawa_Toraja_Utara.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Tongkonan_Pallawa_Toraja_Utara.jpg/213px-Tongkonan_Pallawa_Toraja_Utara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Tongkonan_Pallawa_Toraja_Utara.jpg/284px-Tongkonan_Pallawa_Toraja_Utara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Tongkonan" title="Tongkonan">Tongkonan</a>, a traditional <a href="/wiki/Torajan" class="mw-redirect" title="Torajan">Torajan</a> <a href="/wiki/Rumah_adat" title="Rumah adat">vernacular house</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Gedung_Sate_Bandung_Jawa_Barat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Gedung_Sate_Bandung_Jawa_Barat.jpg/142px-Gedung_Sate_Bandung_Jawa_Barat.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Gedung_Sate_Bandung_Jawa_Barat.jpg/213px-Gedung_Sate_Bandung_Jawa_Barat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Gedung_Sate_Bandung_Jawa_Barat.jpg/284px-Gedung_Sate_Bandung_Jawa_Barat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3264" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Gedung_Sate" title="Gedung Sate">Gedung Sate</a> building in <a href="/wiki/Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a>, an example of indigenous and foreign mix architecture</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:143px;max-width:143px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_Balla_Lompoa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Museum_Balla_Lompoa.jpg/141px-Museum_Balla_Lompoa.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Museum_Balla_Lompoa.jpg/212px-Museum_Balla_Lompoa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Museum_Balla_Lompoa.jpg/282px-Museum_Balla_Lompoa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Bugis</a> house, South Sulawesi</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Pagaruyung_palace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Pagaruyung_palace.jpg/143px-Pagaruyung_palace.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Pagaruyung_palace.jpg/215px-Pagaruyung_palace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Pagaruyung_palace.jpg/286px-Pagaruyung_palace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3162" data-file-height="2080" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Pagaruyung_Palace" title="Pagaruyung Palace">Pagaruyung Palace</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Rumah_gadang" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumah gadang">Minangkabau architecture</a> from <a href="/wiki/West_Sumatra" title="West Sumatra">West Sumatra</a></div></div></div></div></div> Indonesian arts include both age-old art forms developed through centuries and recently developed <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">contemporary art</a>. Indonesian arts have absorbed foreign influences—most notably from India, the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>, China, and Europe—due to contacts and interactions facilitated, and often motivated by trade.<a href="#cite_note-323">[317]</a> Painting is an <a href="/wiki/Balinese_art" title="Balinese art">established and developed art in Bali</a>, where its people are famed for their artistry. Their painting tradition started as classical <a href="/wiki/Kamasan" title="Kamasan">Kamasan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wayang" title="Wayang">Wayang</a> style visual narrative, derived from visual art discovered on <a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">candi</a> bas reliefs in eastern Java.<a href="#cite_note-324">[318]</a> The most dominant has traditionally been <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Indian</a>; however, Chinese, Arab, and European influences have also been significant. Traditional carpentry, masonry, stone, and woodwork techniques and decorations have thrived in <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_architecture" title="Vernacular architecture">vernacular architecture</a>, with numbers of traditional houses' (<a href="/wiki/Rumah_adat" title="Rumah adat">rumah adat</a>) styles that have been developed. The traditional houses and settlements vary by ethnic group, and each has a specific custom and history.<a href="#cite_note-325">[319]</a> Examples include <a href="/wiki/Toraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Toraja">Toraja</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Tongkonan" title="Tongkonan">Tongkonan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Rumah_Gadang" title="Rumah Gadang">Rumah Gadang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rangkiang" title="Rangkiang">Rangkiang</a>, Javanese-style <a href="/wiki/Pendopo" class="mw-redirect" title="Pendopo">Pendopo</a> pavilions with <a href="/wiki/Joglo" title="Joglo">Joglo</a>-style roofs, <a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Longhouse" title="Longhouse">longhouses</a>, various <a href="/wiki/Rumah_Melayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumah Melayu">Malay houses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balinese_architecture" title="Balinese architecture">Balinese houses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balinese_temple" title="Balinese temple">temples</a>, and also different forms of <a href="/wiki/Rice_barn" title="Rice barn">rice barns</a> (lumbung). There have been numerous discoveries of <a href="/wiki/Megalithic_art" title="Megalithic art">megalithic sculptures</a> in Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-326">[320]</a> Subsequently, tribal art has flourished within the culture of <a href="/wiki/Nias_people" title="Nias people">Nias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batak_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Batak people">Batak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asmat_people" title="Asmat people">Asmat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Toraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Toraja">Toraja</a>.<a href="#cite_note-327">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-328">[322]</a> Wood and stone are common materials used as the media for sculpting among these tribes. Between the 8th and 15th centuries, the Javanese civilisation developed refined stone sculpting art and architecture influenced by the Hindu-Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharmic</a> civilisation. The temples of <a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Prambanan</a> are among the most famous examples of the practice.<a href="#cite_note-329">[323]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music,_dance_and_clothing">Music, dance and clothing</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Indonesia" title="Music of Indonesia">Music of Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Indonesia" title="Dance in Indonesia">Dance in Indonesia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/National_costume_of_Indonesia" title="National costume of Indonesia">National costume of Indonesia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:169px;max-width:169px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:127px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Gamelan_Player_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Gamelan_Player_1.JPG/167px-Gamelan_Player_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="167" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Gamelan_Player_1.JPG/251px-Gamelan_Player_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Gamelan_Player_1.JPG/334px-Gamelan_Player_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="864" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:127px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Angklung-arumba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Angklung-arumba.jpg/117px-Angklung-arumba.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Angklung-arumba.jpg/176px-Angklung-arumba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Angklung-arumba.jpg/234px-Angklung-arumba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="905" data-file-height="981" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:148px;max-width:148px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:97px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Tari_Pendet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Tari_Pendet.jpg/146px-Tari_Pendet.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Tari_Pendet.jpg/219px-Tari_Pendet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Tari_Pendet.jpg/292px-Tari_Pendet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:97px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Jaipongan_Bunga_Tanjung_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Jaipongan_Bunga_Tanjung_02.jpg/138px-Jaipongan_Bunga_Tanjung_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Jaipongan_Bunga_Tanjung_02.jpg/207px-Jaipongan_Bunga_Tanjung_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Jaipongan_Bunga_Tanjung_02.jpg/276px-Jaipongan_Bunga_Tanjung_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="1600" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:177px;max-width:177px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:116px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Tari_Saman_di_TMII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Tari_Saman_di_TMII.jpg/175px-Tari_Saman_di_TMII.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Tari_Saman_di_TMII.jpg/263px-Tari_Saman_di_TMII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Tari_Saman_di_TMII.jpg/350px-Tari_Saman_di_TMII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:111px;max-width:111px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:116px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Tari_Piring.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Tari_Piring.jpg/109px-Tari_Piring.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Tari_Piring.jpg/164px-Tari_Piring.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Tari_Piring.jpg/218px-Tari_Piring.jpg 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Indonesian music and dance. From top, left to right: Javanese <a href="/wiki/Gamelan" title="Gamelan">Gamelan</a> player; <a href="/wiki/Angklung" title="Angklung">Angklung</a>; Balinese <a href="/wiki/Pendet" class="mw-redirect" title="Pendet">Pendet</a> dance; Sundanese <a href="/wiki/Jaipongan" title="Jaipongan">Jaipongan</a> Mojang Priangan dance; Acehnese <a href="/wiki/Saman_(dance)" title="Saman (dance)">Saman</a> dance; Minangkabau <a href="/wiki/Candle_dance" title="Candle dance">Candle</a> dance</div></div></div></div> The music of Indonesia predates historical records. Various indigenous tribes incorporate chants and songs accompanied by musical instruments in their rituals. <a href="/wiki/Angklung" title="Angklung">Angklung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kacapi_suling" title="Kacapi suling">kacapi suling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gong" title="Gong">gong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gamelan" title="Gamelan">gamelan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talempong" title="Talempong">talempong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kulintang" title="Kulintang">kulintang</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sasando" title="Sasando">sasando</a> are examples of traditional Indonesian instruments. These include <a href="/wiki/Qanb%C5%ABs" title="Qanbūs">gambus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qasida" title="Qasida">qasida</a> from the Middle East,<a href="#cite_note-330">[324]</a> <a href="/wiki/Keroncong" class="mw-redirect" title="Keroncong">keroncong</a> from Portugal,<a href="#cite_note-331">[325]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dangdut" title="Dangdut">dangdut</a>—one of Indonesia's most popular music genres—with Hindi influence as well as Malay orchestras.<a href="#cite_note-332">[326]</a> Today, the Indonesian music industry has notable regional popularity in Malaysia, Singapore, and Brunei<a href="#cite_note-333">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-334">[328]</a> due to the common culture and <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Indonesian_and_Standard_Malay" title="Comparison of Indonesian and Standard Malay">mutual intelligibility</a> between <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-335">[329]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:156px;max-width:156px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:199px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Bamboofabric.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Bamboofabric.png/154px-Bamboofabric.png" decoding="async" width="154" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Bamboofabric.png/231px-Bamboofabric.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Bamboofabric.png 2x" data-file-width="242" data-file-height="313" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A typical <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau</a> <a href="/wiki/Songket" title="Songket">songket</a>, the pattern in the lower third representing <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a> sprouts</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:199px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Katoenen_wikkelrok_met_geometrisch_patroon_TMnr_5713-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Katoenen_wikkelrok_met_geometrisch_patroon_TMnr_5713-2.jpg/130px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Katoenen_wikkelrok_met_geometrisch_patroon_TMnr_5713-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Katoenen_wikkelrok_met_geometrisch_patroon_TMnr_5713-2.jpg/195px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Katoenen_wikkelrok_met_geometrisch_patroon_TMnr_5713-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Katoenen_wikkelrok_met_geometrisch_patroon_TMnr_5713-2.jpg/260px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Katoenen_wikkelrok_met_geometrisch_patroon_TMnr_5713-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="768" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Cotton <a href="/wiki/Wrap_skirt" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrap skirt">wikkelrok</a> with <a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">batik</a> geometric pattern</div></div></div></div></div> Indonesian dances have more than 3,000 original dances. Scholars believe that they had their beginning in rituals and religious worship.<a href="#cite_note-336">[330]</a> Examples include war dances, a dance of <a href="/wiki/Witch_doctor" title="Witch doctor">witch doctors</a>, and a dance to call for rain or any agricultural rituals such as <a href="/wiki/Hudoq" title="Hudoq">Hudoq</a>. Indonesian dances derive their influences from the archipelago's prehistoric and tribal, Hindu-Buddhist, and Islamic periods. Recently, modern dances and urban teen dances have gained popularity due to the influence of Western culture and those of Japan and South Korea to some extent. However, various traditional dances, including those of Java, Bali, and Dayak, remain a tradition.<a href="#cite_note-337">[331]</a> Indonesia has various clothing styles due to its long and rich cultural history. The national costume originates from the country's indigenous culture and traditional textile traditions. The Javanese <a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">batik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kebaya" title="Kebaya">kebaya</a><a href="#cite_note-338">[332]</a> are arguably Indonesia's most recognised national costumes, though they have <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balinese_people" title="Balinese people">Balinese</a> origins as well.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-339">[333]</a> Each province has a representation of traditional attire and dress,<a href="#cite_note-JForshee-319">[313]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Ulos" title="Ulos">ulos</a> of <a href="/wiki/Batak" title="Batak">Batak</a> from <a href="/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a>; <a href="/wiki/Songket" title="Songket">songket</a> of <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau</a> from Sumatra; and <a href="/wiki/Ikat" title="Ikat">ikat</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sasak_people" title="Sasak people">Sasak</a> from <a href="/wiki/Lombok" title="Lombok">Lombok</a>. People wear national and regional costumes during traditional weddings, formal ceremonies, music performances, government and official occasions,<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-339">[333]</a> and they vary from traditional to modern attire. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre_and_cinema">Theatre and cinema</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Indonesia" title="Theatre of Indonesia">Theatre of Indonesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Indonesia" title="Cinema of Indonesia">Cinema of Indonesia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films_in_Indonesia" title="List of highest-grossing films in Indonesia">List of highest-grossing films in Indonesia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wayang_Wong_Bharata_Pandawa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Wayang_Wong_Bharata_Pandawa.jpg/220px-Wayang_Wong_Bharata_Pandawa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Wayang_Wong_Bharata_Pandawa.jpg/330px-Wayang_Wong_Bharata_Pandawa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Wayang_Wong_Bharata_Pandawa.jpg/440px-Wayang_Wong_Bharata_Pandawa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="1261" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pandava" title="Pandava">Pandavas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> in an act of the Wayang Wong performance</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Wayang" title="Wayang">Wayang</a>, the Javanese, Sundanese, and Balinese <a href="/wiki/Shadow_puppet" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadow puppet">shadow puppet</a> theatre displays several legends from Hindu mythology such as the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>.<a href="#cite_note-340">[334]</a> Other forms of local drama include the Javanese <a href="/wiki/Ludruk" title="Ludruk">Ludruk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ketoprak" title="Ketoprak">Ketoprak</a>, the Sundanese <a href="/wiki/Sandiwara" title="Sandiwara">Sandiwara</a>, Betawi <a href="/wiki/Lenong" title="Lenong">Lenong</a>,<a href="#cite_note-341">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-342">[336]</a> and various Balinese dance dramas. They incorporate humour and jest and often involve audiences in their performances.<a href="#cite_note-343">[337]</a> Some theatre traditions also include music, dancing and <a href="/wiki/Pencak_Silat" class="mw-redirect" title="Pencak Silat">silat</a> martial art, such as <a href="/wiki/Randai" title="Randai">Randai</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau people</a> of West Sumatra. It is usually performed for traditional ceremonies and festivals<a href="#cite_note-344">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-randai-345">[339]</a> and based on semi-historical Minangkabau legends and love story.<a href="#cite_note-randai-345">[339]</a> Modern performing art also developed in Indonesia with its distinct style of drama. Notable theatre, dance, and drama troupes such as Teater Koma are famous as they often portray social and political satire of Indonesian society.<a href="#cite_note-346">[340]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Loetoeng_Kasaroeng_p67.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Loetoeng_Kasaroeng_p67.jpg/170px-Loetoeng_Kasaroeng_p67.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Loetoeng_Kasaroeng_p67.jpg/255px-Loetoeng_Kasaroeng_p67.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Loetoeng_Kasaroeng_p67.jpg/340px-Loetoeng_Kasaroeng_p67.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1592" data-file-height="2040" /></a><figcaption>Advertisement for <a href="/wiki/Loetoeng_Kasaroeng" title="Loetoeng Kasaroeng">Loetoeng Kasaroeng</a> (1926), the first fiction film produced in the Dutch East Indies</figcaption></figure> The first film produced in the archipelago was <a href="/wiki/Loetoeng_Kasaroeng" title="Loetoeng Kasaroeng">Loetoeng Kasaroeng</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ctrip-347">[341]</a> a silent film by Dutch director L. Heuveldorp. The film industry expanded after independence, with six films made in 1949 rising to 58 in 1955. <a href="/wiki/Usmar_Ismail" title="Usmar Ismail">Usmar Ismail</a>, who made significant imprints in the 1950s and 1960s, is generally considered the pioneer of Indonesian films.<a href="#cite_note-348">[342]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Guided_Democracy_in_Indonesia" title="Guided Democracy in Indonesia">latter part of the Sukarno era</a> saw the use of cinema for nationalistic, anti-Western purposes, and foreign films were subsequently banned, while the New Order used a censorship code that aimed to maintain social order.<a href="#cite_note-Krishna_Sen-349">[343]</a> Production of films peaked during the 1980s, although it declined significantly in the next decade.<a href="#cite_note-Ctrip-347">[341]</a> Notable films in this period include <a href="/wiki/Satan%27s_Slave_(1980_film)" title="Satan's Slave (1980 film)">Pengabdi Setan</a> (1980), <a href="/wiki/Nagabonar" title="Nagabonar">Nagabonar</a> (1987), <a href="/wiki/Tjoet_Nja%27_Dhien" title="Tjoet Nja' Dhien">Tjoet Nja' Dhien</a> (1988), <a href="/wiki/Catatan_Si_Boy" title="Catatan Si Boy">Catatan Si Boy</a> (1989), and <a href="/wiki/Warkop" title="Warkop">Warkop</a>'s comedy films. <a href="/wiki/Independent_film" title="Independent film">Independent filmmaking</a> started addressing previously banned topics, such as religion, race, and love, since 1998.<a href="#cite_note-Krishna_Sen-349">[343]</a> Between 2000 and 2005, the number of films released each year steadily increased.<a href="#cite_note-350">[344]</a> <a href="/wiki/Riri_Riza" title="Riri Riza">Riri Riza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mira_Lesmana" title="Mira Lesmana">Mira Lesmana</a> were among the new generation of filmmakers who co-directed Kuldesak (1999), <a href="/wiki/Petualangan_Sherina" title="Petualangan Sherina">Petualangan Sherina</a> (2000), <a href="/wiki/Ada_Apa_dengan_Cinta%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="Ada Apa dengan Cinta?">Ada Apa dengan Cinta?</a> (2002), and <a href="/wiki/Laskar_Pelangi" title="Laskar Pelangi">Laskar Pelangi</a> (2008). In 2022, <a href="/wiki/KKN_di_Desa_Penari" title="KKN di Desa Penari">KKN di Desa Penari</a> smashed box office records, becoming the most-watched Indonesian film with 9.2 million tickets sold.<a href="#cite_note-351">[345]</a> Indonesia has held annual film festivals and awards, including the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Film_Festival" title="Indonesian Film Festival">Indonesian Film Festival</a> (Festival Film Indonesia) held intermittently since 1955. It hands out the <a href="/wiki/Citra_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Citra Award">Citra Award</a>. From 1973 to 1992, the festival was held annually and then discontinued until its revival in 2004. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mass_media_and_literature">Mass media and literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Indonesia" title="Mass media in Indonesia">Mass media in Indonesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_literature" title="Indonesian literature">Indonesian literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TV_News_Media_in_GBK_Stadium,_Jakarta,_MetroTV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/TV_News_Media_in_GBK_Stadium%2C_Jakarta%2C_MetroTV.jpg/220px-TV_News_Media_in_GBK_Stadium%2C_Jakarta%2C_MetroTV.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/TV_News_Media_in_GBK_Stadium%2C_Jakarta%2C_MetroTV.jpg/330px-TV_News_Media_in_GBK_Stadium%2C_Jakarta%2C_MetroTV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/TV_News_Media_in_GBK_Stadium%2C_Jakarta%2C_MetroTV.jpg/440px-TV_News_Media_in_GBK_Stadium%2C_Jakarta%2C_MetroTV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2551" data-file-height="1748" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Metro_TV_(Indonesian_TV_network)" title="Metro TV (Indonesian TV network)">Metro TV</a> at <a href="/wiki/Gelora_Bung_Karno_Stadium" title="Gelora Bung Karno Stadium">Gelora Bung Karno Stadium</a>, reporting the <a href="/wiki/2010_AFF_Championship" title="2010 AFF Championship">2010 AFF Championship</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Indonesia">Media</a> freedom increased considerably after the fall of the New Order, during which the Ministry of Information monitored and controlled domestic media and restricted foreign media.<a href="#cite_note-352">[346]</a> The television market includes several national commercial networks and provincial networks that compete with public <a href="/wiki/TVRI" title="TVRI">TVRI</a>, which held a monopoly on TV broadcasting from 1962 to 1989. By the early 21st century, the communications system had brought television signals to every village, and people can choose from up to 11 channels.<a href="#cite_note-frd2011-353">[347]</a> Private radio stations carry news bulletins while foreign broadcasters supply programmes. The number of printed publications has increased significantly since 1998.<a href="#cite_note-frd2011-353">[347]</a> Like other developing countries, Indonesia began developing Internet in the early 1990s. Its first commercial <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet service provider</a>, PT. Indo Internet, began operation in Jakarta in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-354">[348]</a> The country had 171 million Internet users in 2018, with a penetration rate that keeps increasing annually.<a href="#cite_note-355">[349]</a> Most are between the ages of 15 and 19 and depend primarily on mobile phones for access, outnumbering laptops and computers.<a href="#cite_note-356">[350]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pramudya_Ananta_Tur_Kesusastraan_Modern_Indonesia_p226.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Pramudya_Ananta_Tur_Kesusastraan_Modern_Indonesia_p226.jpg/170px-Pramudya_Ananta_Tur_Kesusastraan_Modern_Indonesia_p226.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Pramudya_Ananta_Tur_Kesusastraan_Modern_Indonesia_p226.jpg/255px-Pramudya_Ananta_Tur_Kesusastraan_Modern_Indonesia_p226.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Pramudya_Ananta_Tur_Kesusastraan_Modern_Indonesia_p226.jpg/340px-Pramudya_Ananta_Tur_Kesusastraan_Modern_Indonesia_p226.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1234" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pramoedya_Ananta_Toer" title="Pramoedya Ananta Toer">Pramoedya Ananta Toer</a>, Indonesia's famous novelist. Many considered him to be Southeast Asia's leading candidate for a <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a><a href="#cite_note-357">[351]</a> </figcaption></figure> The oldest evidence of writing in the Indonesian archipelago is a series of <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> inscriptions dated to the 5th century. Many of Indonesia's peoples have firmly rooted <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral traditions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-358">[352]</a> In written poetry and prose, several traditional forms dominate, mainly <a href="/wiki/Syair" title="Syair">syair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pantun" title="Pantun">pantun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurindam" title="Gurindam">gurindam</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hikayat" title="List of Hikayat">hikayat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Javanese_historical_texts" title="Javanese historical texts">babad</a>. Examples of these forms include <a href="/wiki/Syair_Abdul_Muluk" title="Syair Abdul Muluk">Syair Abdul Muluk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hikayat_Hang_Tuah" title="Hikayat Hang Tuah">Hikayat Hang Tuah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malay_Annals" title="Malay Annals">Sulalatus Salatin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Babad_Tanah_Jawi" title="Babad Tanah Jawi">Babad Tanah Jawi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-359">[353]</a> Early modern Indonesian literature originates in the Sumatran tradition.<a href="#cite_note-360">[354]</a><a href="#cite_note-361">[355]</a> <a href="/wiki/Balai_Pustaka" title="Balai Pustaka">Balai Pustaka</a>, the government bureau for literature, was instituted in 1917 to promote the development of indigenous literature. Many scholars consider the 1950s and 1960s to be the Golden Age of Indonesian Literature.<a href="#cite_note-literary-362">[356]</a> The style and characteristics of modern Indonesian literature vary according to the dynamics of the country's political and social landscape,<a href="#cite_note-literary-362">[356]</a> most notably the war of independence in the second half of the 1940s and the anti-communist mass killings in the mid-1960s.<a href="#cite_note-363">[357]</a> Notable literary figures of the modern era include <a href="/wiki/Hamka" title="Hamka">Hamka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chairil_Anwar" title="Chairil Anwar">Chairil Anwar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Yamin" title="Mohammad Yamin">Mohammad Yamin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merari_Siregar" title="Merari Siregar">Merari Siregar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marah_Roesli" title="Marah Roesli">Marah Roesli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pramoedya_Ananta_Toer" title="Pramoedya Ananta Toer">Pramoedya Ananta Toer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ayu_Utami" title="Ayu Utami">Ayu Utami</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nasi_ramas_rendang.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Nasi_ramas_rendang.JPG/220px-Nasi_ramas_rendang.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Nasi_ramas_rendang.JPG/330px-Nasi_ramas_rendang.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Nasi_ramas_rendang.JPG/440px-Nasi_ramas_rendang.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2635" data-file-height="1976" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nasi_Padang" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasi Padang">Nasi Padang</a> with <a href="/wiki/Rendang" title="Rendang">rendang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gulai" title="Gulai">gulai</a>, and vegetables</figcaption></figure> Indonesian cuisine has many regional cuisines, often based upon indigenous culture and foreign influences such as Chinese, African, European, Middle Eastern, and Indian precedents.<a href="#cite_note-364">[358]</a> Rice is the leading <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple food</a> and is served with <a href="/wiki/Side_dish" title="Side dish">side dishes</a> of meat and vegetables. Spices (notably chili), <a href="/wiki/Coconut_milk" title="Coconut milk">coconut milk</a>, fish, and chicken are fundamental ingredients.<a href="#cite_note-365">[359]</a> Some popular dishes such as <a href="/wiki/Nasi_goreng" title="Nasi goreng">nasi goreng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gado-gado" title="Gado-gado">gado-gado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satay" title="Satay">sate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soto_(food)" title="Soto (food)">soto</a> are ubiquitous and considered national dishes. The Ministry of Tourism, however, chose <a href="/wiki/Tumpeng" title="Tumpeng">tumpeng</a> as the official national dish in 2014, describing it as binding the diversity of various culinary traditions.<a href="#cite_note-366">[360]</a> Other popular dishes include <a href="/wiki/Rendang" title="Rendang">rendang</a>, one of the many <a href="/wiki/Padang_cuisine" title="Padang cuisine">Minangkabau cuisines</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Dendeng" title="Dendeng">dendeng</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gulai" title="Gulai">gulai</a>. Another fermented food is <a href="/wiki/Oncom" title="Oncom">oncom</a>, similar in some ways to <a href="/wiki/Tempeh" title="Tempeh">tempeh</a> but uses a variety of bases (not only soy), created by different fungi, and is prevalent in <a href="/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a>.<a href="#cite_note-367">[361]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Indonesia" title="Sport in Indonesia">Sport in Indonesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_martial_arts" title="Indonesian martial arts">Indonesian martial arts</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pencak_Silat_Betawi_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Pencak_Silat_Betawi_1.jpg/170px-Pencak_Silat_Betawi_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Pencak_Silat_Betawi_1.jpg/255px-Pencak_Silat_Betawi_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Pencak_Silat_Betawi_1.jpg/340px-Pencak_Silat_Betawi_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1176" data-file-height="1626" /></a><figcaption>A demonstration of pencak silat, a form of martial arts</figcaption></figure>Badminton and <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> are the most popular sports in Indonesia. Indonesia is among the few countries that have won the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cup" title="Thomas Cup">Thomas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uber_Cup" title="Uber Cup">Uber Cup</a>, the world team championship of men's and women's badminton. Along with <a href="/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting" title="Olympic weightlifting">weightlifting</a>, it is the sport that contributes the most to <a href="/wiki/Indonesia_at_the_Olympics" title="Indonesia at the Olympics">Indonesia's Olympic medal tally</a>. <a href="/wiki/Liga_1_(Indonesia)" title="Liga 1 (Indonesia)">Liga 1</a> is the country's premier football club league. On the international stage, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia_national_football_team" title="Indonesia national football team">Indonesia</a> was the first Asian team to participate in the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a> in <a href="/wiki/1938_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1938 FIFA World Cup">1938</a> as the Dutch East Indies.<a href="#cite_note-368">[362]</a> On a regional level, Indonesia won a bronze medal at the <a href="/wiki/1958_Asian_Games" title="1958 Asian Games">1958 Asian Games</a> as well as three gold medals at the <a href="/wiki/1987_Southeast_Asian_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="1987 Southeast Asian Games">1987</a>, <a href="/wiki/1991_Southeast_Asian_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Southeast Asian Games">1991</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2023_Southeast_Asian_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Southeast Asian Games">2023 Southeast Asian Games</a> (SEA Games). Indonesia's first appearance at the <a href="/wiki/AFC_Asian_Cup" title="AFC Asian Cup">AFC Asian Cup</a> was in <a href="/wiki/1996_AFC_Asian_Cup" title="1996 AFC Asian Cup">1996</a>.<a href="#cite_note-369">[363]</a> Other popular sports include <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a> and basketball, which were part of the first <a href="/wiki/National_Sports_Week_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Sports Week (Indonesia)">National Games</a> (Pekan Olahraga Nasional, PON) in 1948.<a href="#cite_note-370">[364]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sepak_takraw" title="Sepak takraw">Sepak takraw</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karapan_sapi" title="Karapan sapi">karapan sapi</a> (bull racing) in <a href="/wiki/Madura_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Madura Island">Madura</a> are some examples of Indonesia's traditional sports. In areas with a history of tribal warfare, mock fighting contests are held, such as caci in <a href="/wiki/Flores" title="Flores">Flores</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pasola" title="Pasola">pasola</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sumba" title="Sumba">Sumba</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pencak_silat" title="Pencak silat">Pencak silat</a> is an Indonesian martial art that, in 2018, became one of the sporting events in the Asian Games, with Indonesia appearing as one of the leading competitors. In Southeast Asia, Indonesia topped the SEA Games medal table ten times since 1977,<a href="#cite_note-371">[365]</a> most recently in <a href="/wiki/2011_Southeast_Asian_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Southeast Asian Games">2011</a>.<a href="#cite_note-372">[366]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indonesia" title="Portal:Indonesia">Indonesia portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/28px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/42px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/56px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islands" title="Portal:Islands">Islands portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_countries-vector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/31px-P_countries-vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/47px-P_countries-vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/62px-P_countries-vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Countries" title="Portal:Countries">Countries portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesia-related_topics" title="List of Indonesia-related topics">List of Indonesia-related topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Indonesia-related_articles" title="Index of Indonesia-related articles">Index of Indonesia-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Indonesia" title="Outline of Indonesia">Outline of Indonesia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> According 2023 data. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌɪndəˈniːziə, -ʒə/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">IN-də-NEE-zee-ə, -⁠zhə</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌɪndəˈniːʒə, -ʃə/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/93\/En-us-Indonesia.ogg\/En-us-Indonesia.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Indonesia.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/93/En-us-Indonesia.ogg/En-us-Indonesia.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Indonesia.ogg" title="File:En-us-Indonesia.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">IN-də-NEE-zhə, -⁠shə</a>;<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">Indonesian pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ɪndoˈnesia]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-fn1-14"><a href="#cite_ref-fn1_14-0">^</a> Republik Indonesia (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[reˈpublik ɪndoˈnesia]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b8\/Id-Indonesia.ogg\/Id-Indonesia.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Id-Indonesia.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b8/Id-Indonesia.ogg/Id-Indonesia.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Id-Indonesia.ogg" title="File:Id-Indonesia.ogg">ⓘ</a>) is the most-used official name, though the name <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Indonesia" title="Names of Indonesia">Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia</a> (Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia, NKRI) also appears in some official documents. </li> <li id="cite_note-fn2-163"><a href="#cite_ref-fn2_163-0">^</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a>, Indonesia withdrew from the UN due to the latter's election to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>, although it returned 18 months later. It marked the first time in UN history that a member state had attempted a withdrawal.<a href="#cite_note-162">[159]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> Small but significant populations of <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">ethnic Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-resident_Indian_and_person_of_Indian_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin">Indians</a>, Europeans and Arabs are concentrated mostly in urban areas. </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> These influences include Javanese, Sundanese, Minangkabau, Makassarese, Hindustani, Sanskrit, Tamil, Chinese, Arabic, Dutch, Portuguese and English.<a href="#cite_note-250">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[247]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ethnologue-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ethnologue_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ethnologue_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ethnologue_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ethnologue_1-3">d</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSimonsFennig" class="citation web cs1">Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190626224541/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/ID/languages">"Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twenty-first edition"</a>. 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Retrieved 26 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Travel+and+Tourism+Development+Index+2021+Edition+%E2%80%93+Interactive+Data+and+Economy+Profiles&rft.pub=World+Economic+Forum&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weforum.org%2Freports%2Ftravel-and-tourism-development-index-2021%2Fexplore-the-data%23report-nav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bps.go.id/indicator/16/327/3/jumlah-kedatangan-wisatawan-mancanegara-ke-indonesia-menurut-negara-tempat-tinggal.html">"Number of International Tourist Arrivals to Indonesia by Country of Residence"</a> (in Indonesian). 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Melbourne: Singapore : Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1761-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1761-5"><bdi>978-0-7425-1761-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indonesia+Today%3A+Challenges+of+History&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Singapore+%3A+Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-1761-5&rft.aulast=Shannon+L.&rft.aufirst=Smith&rft.au=Lloyd+Grayson+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-frd2011-353">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frd2011_353-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-frd2011_353-1">b</a> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrederickWorden2011" class="citation book cs1">Frederick, William H.; Worden, Robert L., eds. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2011038834">Indonesia: A country study</a> (6th ed.). Library of Congress, Federal Research Division. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8444-0790-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8444-0790-6"><bdi>978-0-8444-0790-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221209105017/https://lccn.loc.gov/2011038834">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indonesia%3A+A+country+study&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress%2C+Federal+Research+Division&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8444-0790-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flccn.loc.gov%2F2011038834&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-354"><a href="#cite_ref-354">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJennifer_Yang_Hui2009" class="citation web cs1">Jennifer Yang Hui (2 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cleanitproject.eu/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/2010-Radical-websites-Indonesia.pdf">"The Internet in Indonesia: Development and Impact of Radical Websites"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 12 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Internet+in+Indonesia%3A+Development+and+Impact+of+Radical+Websites&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009-12-02&rft.au=Jennifer+Yang+Hui&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cleanitproject.eu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F07%2F2010-Radical-websites-Indonesia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2019/05/18/indonesia-has-171-million-internet-users-study.html">"Indonesia has 171 million internet users: Study"</a>. 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Retrieved 26 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indonesia+has+171+million+internet+users%3A+Study&rft.pub=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.date=2019-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Flife%2F2019%2F05%2F18%2Findonesia-has-171-million-internet-users-study.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-356"><a href="#cite_ref-356">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAi_Lei_Tao2016" class="citation web cs1">Ai Lei Tao (25 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerweekly.com/news/450288410/Indonesian-internet-users-turn-to-smartphones-to-go-online">"Indonesian internet users turn to smartphones to go online"</a>. Computer Weekly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010151259/http://www.computerweekly.com/news/450288410/Indonesian-internet-users-turn-to-smartphones-to-go-online">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indonesian+internet+users+turn+to+smartphones+to+go+online&rft.pub=Computer+Weekly&rft.date=2016-04-25&rft.au=Ai+Lei+Tao&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerweekly.com%2Fnews%2F450288410%2FIndonesian-internet-users-turn-to-smartphones-to-go-online&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-357"><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTempler1999" class="citation web cs1">Templer, Robert (20 June 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/pramoedya">"Pramoedya"</a>. Prospect. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190829092831/https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/pramoedya">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2019. Retrieved 29 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pramoedya&rft.pub=Prospect&rft.date=1999-06-20&rft.aulast=Templer&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prospectmagazine.co.uk%2Fmagazine%2Fpramoedya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-358"><a href="#cite_ref-358">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCzermakDelangheWeng" class="citation web cs1">Czermak, Karin; Delanghe, Philippe; Weng, Wei. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/asia/ldc/parallel_papers/unesco_jakarta.pdf">"Preserving intangible cultural heritage in Indonesia"</a> (PDF). SIL International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070709194435/http://www.sil.org/asia/ldc/parallel_papers/unesco_jakarta.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 July 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Preserving+intangible+cultural+heritage+in+Indonesia&rft.pub=SIL+International&rft.aulast=Czermak&rft.aufirst=Karin&rft.au=Delanghe%2C+Philippe&rft.au=Weng%2C+Wei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sil.org%2Fasia%2Fldc%2Fparallel_papers%2Funesco_jakarta.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNursisto2000" class="citation book cs1">Nursisto (2000). Ikhtisar Kesusastraan Indonesia: dari pantun, bidal, gurindam hingga puisi kontemporer : dari dongeng, hikayat, roman hingga cerita pendek dan novel. Adicita. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-9246-28-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-979-9246-28-8"><bdi>978-979-9246-28-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ikhtisar+Kesusastraan+Indonesia%3A+dari+pantun%2C+bidal%2C+gurindam+hingga+puisi+kontemporer+%3A+dari+dongeng%2C+hikayat%2C+roman+hingga+cerita+pendek+dan+novel&rft.pub=Adicita&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-979-9246-28-8&rft.au=Nursisto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoy_Freidus1977" class="citation book cs1">Joy Freidus, Alberta (1977). Sumatran Contributions to the Development of Indonesian Literature, 1920–1942. Asian Studies Program, University of Hawaii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sumatran+Contributions+to+the+Development+of+Indonesian+Literature%2C+1920%E2%80%931942&rft.pub=Asian+Studies+Program%2C+University+of+Hawaii&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Joy+Freidus&rft.aufirst=Alberta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-361"><a href="#cite_ref-361">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeong_Chee_Tham1981" class="citation book cs1">Seong Chee Tham (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h6SOvP6FLskC&pg=PA99">Essays on Literature and Society in Southeast Asia: Political and Sociological Perspectives</a>. Kent Ridge, Singapore: Singapore University Press. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-036-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-036-6"><bdi>978-9971-69-036-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+on+Literature+and+Society+in+Southeast+Asia%3A+Political+and+Sociological+Perspectives&rft.place=Kent+Ridge%2C+Singapore&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Singapore+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-036-6&rft.au=Seong+Chee+Tham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh6SOvP6FLskC%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-literary-362">^ <a href="#cite_ref-literary_362-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-literary_362-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoediman2015" class="citation web cs1">Boediman, Manneke (14 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jakartaglobe.id/lifestyle/introduction-literature-indonesia-2015-frankfurt-book-fairs-guest-honor/">"An Introduction to the Literature of Indonesia, 2015 Frankfurt Book Fair's Guest of Honor"</a>. Jakarta Globe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200626092816/https://jakartaglobe.id/lifestyle/introduction-literature-indonesia-2015-frankfurt-book-fairs-guest-honor/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Literature+of+Indonesia%2C+2015+Frankfurt+Book+Fair%27s+Guest+of+Honor&rft.pub=Jakarta+Globe&rft.date=2015-10-14&rft.aulast=Boediman&rft.aufirst=Manneke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjakartaglobe.id%2Flifestyle%2Fintroduction-literature-indonesia-2015-frankfurt-book-fairs-guest-honor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-363"><a href="#cite_ref-363">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoughty2016" class="citation web cs1">Doughty, Louis (28 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/may/28/why-isnt-more-indonesia-literature-translated-english">"'17,000 islands of imagination': discovering Indonesian literature"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160529122114/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/may/28/why-isnt-more-indonesia-literature-translated-english">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%2717%2C000+islands+of+imagination%27%3A+discovering+Indonesian+literature&rft.date=2016-05-28&rft.aulast=Doughty&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2016%2Fmay%2F28%2Fwhy-isnt-more-indonesia-literature-translated-english&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-364"><a href="#cite_ref-364">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitton2002" class="citation book cs1">Witton, Patrick (2002). World Food: Indonesia. Melbourne: <a href="/wiki/Lonely_Planet" title="Lonely Planet">Lonely Planet</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74059-009-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74059-009-9"><bdi>978-1-74059-009-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Food%3A+Indonesia&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-74059-009-9&rft.aulast=Witton&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-365"><a href="#cite_ref-365">^</a> Compared to the infused flavors of <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese food">Vietnamese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thai_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai food">Thai food</a>, flavors in Indonesia are kept relatively separate, simple and substantial.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrissendon2003" class="citation book cs1">Brissendon, Rosemary (2003). South East Asian Food. Melbourne: Hardie Grant Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74066-013-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74066-013-6"><bdi>978-1-74066-013-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+East+Asian+Food&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Hardie+Grant+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-74066-013-6&rft.aulast=Brissendon&rft.aufirst=Rosemary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-366"><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNatahadibrata2014" class="citation news cs1">Natahadibrata, Nadya (10 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/02/10/celebratory-rice-cone-dish-represent-archipelago.html">"Celebratory rice cone dish to represent the archipelago"</a>. The Jakarta Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714213059/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/02/10/celebratory-rice-cone-dish-represent-archipelago.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Celebratory+rice+cone+dish+to+represent+the+archipelago&rft.date=2014-02-10&rft.aulast=Natahadibrata&rft.aufirst=Nadya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2014%2F02%2F10%2Fcelebratory-rice-cone-dish-represent-archipelago.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-367"><a href="#cite_ref-367">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSastraatmadja2002" class="citation journal cs1">Sastraatmadja, D. D.; et al. (2002). 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Television, nation, and culture in Indonesia. <a href="/wiki/Ohio_University_Press" title="Ohio University Press">Ohio University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Television%2C+nation%2C+and+culture+in+Indonesia&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Kitley&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelvin2018" class="citation book cs1">Melvin, Jess (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/The-Army-and-the-Indonesian-Genocide-Mechanics-of-Mass-Murder/Melvin/p/book/9781138574694">The Army and the Indonesian Genocide: Mechanics of Mass Murder</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-57469-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-57469-4"><bdi>978-1-138-57469-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Army+and+the+Indonesian+Genocide%3A+Mechanics+of+Mass+Murder&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-138-57469-4&rft.aulast=Melvin&rft.aufirst=Jess&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2FThe-Army-and-the-Indonesian-Genocide-Mechanics-of-Mass-Murder%2FMelvin%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9781138574694&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMietznerMuhtadi2018" class="citation journal cs1">Mietzner, Marcus; Muhtadi, Burhanuddin (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326286879">"Explaining the 2016 Islamist mobilisation in Indonesia: Religious intolerance, militant groups and the politics of accommodation"</a>. Asian Studies Review. 3 (42): 479–497. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10357823.2018.1473335">10.1080/10357823.2018.1473335</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150302264">150302264</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=Explaining+the+2016+Islamist+mobilisation+in+Indonesia%3A+Religious+intolerance%2C+militant+groups+and+the+politics+of+accommodation&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=42&rft.pages=479-497&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10357823.2018.1473335&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150302264%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mietzner&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rft.au=Muhtadi%2C+Burhanuddin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F326286879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicklefs1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Merle_Ricklefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Merle Ricklefs">Ricklefs, Merle Calvin</a> (1991). A history of modern Indonesia since c. 1300 (2nd ed.). Basingstoke; Stanford, CA: Palgrave; Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-57690-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-57690-X"><bdi>0-333-57690-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+modern+Indonesia+since+c.+1300&rft.place=Basingstoke%3B+Stanford%2C+CA&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Palgrave%3B+Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-333-57690-X&rft.aulast=Ricklefs&rft.aufirst=Merle+Calvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicklefs2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Merle_Ricklefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Merle Ricklefs">Ricklefs, Merle Calvin</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0GrWCmZoEBMC">A history of modern Indonesia since c. 1200</a> (3rd ed.). Basingstoke; Stanford, CA: Palgrave; Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4480-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4480-5"><bdi>978-0-8047-4480-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+modern+Indonesia+since+c.+1200&rft.place=Basingstoke%3B+Stanford%2C+CA&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Palgrave%3B+Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-4480-5&rft.aulast=Ricklefs&rft.aufirst=Merle+Calvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0GrWCmZoEBMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2018" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Geoffrey B. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.princeton.edu/titles/11135.html">The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965–66</a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-8886-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-8886-3"><bdi>978-1-4008-8886-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Killing+Season%3A+A+History+of+the+Indonesian+Massacres%2C+1965%E2%80%9366&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-8886-3&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Ftitles%2F11135.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwarz1994" class="citation book cs1">Schwarz, A. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nationinwaitingi00schw">A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s</a>. Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86373-635-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-86373-635-2"><bdi>1-86373-635-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Nation+in+Waiting%3A+Indonesia+in+the+1990s&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-86373-635-2&rft.aulast=Schwarz&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnationinwaitingi00schw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2003" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indonesia00jean">Indonesia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09709-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09709-2"><bdi>978-0-300-09709-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indonesia&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09709-2&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Jean+Gelman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findonesia00jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_G.Taylor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John G.Taylor (page does not exist)">Taylor, John G.</a> (1999). East Timor: the price of Freedom. Zed Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Timor%3A+the+price+of+Freedom&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=John+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVickers2005" class="citation book cs1">Vickers, Adrian (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderni00adri">A History of Modern Indonesia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-54262-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-54262-6"><bdi>0-521-54262-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Indonesia&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-521-54262-6&rft.aulast=Vickers&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmoderni00adri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhittenSoeriaatmadjaSuraya1996" class="citation book cs1">Whitten, T.; Soeriaatmadja, R. E.; Suraya, A. A. (1996). The Ecology of Java and Bali. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ecology+of+Java+and+Bali&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.pub=Periplus+Editions&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Whitten&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Soeriaatmadja%2C+R.+E.&rft.au=Suraya%2C+A.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Winters, Jeffrey A. "Oligarchy and democracy in Indonesia." in Beyond Oligarchy (Cornell UP, 2014) pp. 11–34. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/54621/INDO_96_0_1381338354_11_34.pdf?sequence=1">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201023093720/https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/54621/INDO_96_0_1381338354_11_34.pdf?sequence=1">Archived</a> 2020-10-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitton2003" class="citation book cs1">Witton, Patrick (2003). Indonesia. Melbourne: Lonely Planet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74059-154-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74059-154-6"><bdi>978-1-74059-154-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indonesia&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-74059-154-6&rft.aulast=Witton&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Indonesia" class="extiw" title="q:Indonesia">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Indonesia" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Indonesia">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Pinyin/Indonesia" class="extiw" title="b:Pinyin/Indonesia">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Indonesia" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Indonesia">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Indonesia" class="extiw" title="voy:Indonesia">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q252" class="extiw" title="d:Q252">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/indonesia/">Indonesia</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-14921238">Indonesia</a> from <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=ID">Key Development Forecasts for Indonesia</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.setneg.go.id/">Minister of The State Secretary</a> (in Indonesian)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bps.go.id/">Statistics Indonesia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/ID.html">Chief of State and Cabinet Members</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141012020339/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/ID.html">Archived</a> 2014-10-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090426085755/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/indonesia.htm">Indonesia</a> UCB Libraries GovPubs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/286480/Indonesia">Indonesia</a> <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Indonesia" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Indonesia">Wikimedia Atlas of Indonesia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/304751">Indonesia</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indonesia.travel/">Official site of Indonesian Tourism</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indonesia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indonesia_topics" title="Template:Indonesia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indonesia_topics" title="Template talk:Indonesia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indonesia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indonesia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indonesia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indonesia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Indonesia-related_articles" title="Index of Indonesia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indonesia" title="History of Indonesia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Indonesian_history" title="Timeline of Indonesian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Indonesia" title="Prehistoric Indonesia">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indonesia#Hindu-Buddhist_civilizations" title="History of Indonesia">Hinduism-Buddhism era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Spread of Islam in Indonesia">Spread of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire_in_the_Indonesian_Archipelago" title="Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago">Portuguese era (1512–1605)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Company rule in the Dutch East Indies">VOC era (1603–1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_British_interregnum_in_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="French and British interregnum in the Dutch East Indies">French and British era (1806–1816)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies (1800–1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Japanese occupation (1942–45)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">National Revolution (1945–49)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy_period_in_Indonesia" title="Liberal democracy period in Indonesia">Liberal democracy era (1950–59)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_Democracy_in_Indonesia" title="Guided Democracy in Indonesia">Guided Democracy (1959–65)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transitional period (1965–66)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Indonesia)" title="New Order (Indonesia)">New Order (1966–98)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Suharto_era_in_Indonesia" title="Post-Suharto era in Indonesia">Reformasi (since 1998)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Indonesia" title="Geography of Indonesia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Borders_of_Indonesia" title="Category:Borders of Indonesia">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Indonesia" title="Climate of Indonesia">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Indonesia" title="Climate change in Indonesia">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Indonesia" title="Conservation in Indonesia">Conservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biosphere_reserves_of_Indonesia" title="List of biosphere reserves of Indonesia">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Indonesia" title="List of national parks of Indonesia">National parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Indonesia" title="Deforestation in Indonesia">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Indonesia" title="List of earthquakes in Indonesia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Indonesia" title="Environmental issues in Indonesia">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Indonesia" title="Geology of Indonesia">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Indonesia" title="List of islands of Indonesia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Indonesia" title="List of lakes of Indonesia">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Indonesia" title="Category:Mountains of Indonesia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_highest_point" title="List of Indonesian provinces by highest point">Provincial highest points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_history_of_Indonesia" title="Category:Natural history of Indonesia">Natural history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Indonesia" title="Fauna of Indonesia">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Indonesia" title="Flora of Indonesia">Flora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Indonesia" title="Regions of Indonesia">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Indonesia" title="List of rivers of Indonesia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Indonesia" title="List of volcanoes in Indonesia">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Indonesia" title="Politics of Indonesia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Indonesia" title="Subdivisions of Indonesia">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Administrative divisions of the Dutch East Indies">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regencies_and_cities_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regencies and cities of Indonesia">Regencies & Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Indonesia" title="Districts of Indonesia">Districts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Indonesia" title="Cabinet of Indonesia">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Indonesia" title="Constitution of Indonesia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Indonesia" title="Elections in Indonesia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Indonesia" title="Foreign relations of Indonesia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Indonesia" title="Human rights in Indonesia">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Indonesia" title="Law of Indonesia">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Indonesia" title="Censorship in Indonesia">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Indonesia" title="Law enforcement in Indonesia">Enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces" title="Indonesian National Armed Forces">Military</a> (<a href="/wiki/Babinsa" title="Babinsa">Babinsa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_of_Indonesia" title="Capital of Indonesia">National capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancasila_(politics)" title="Pancasila (politics)">Pancasila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Consultative_Assembly" title="People's Consultative Assembly">People's Consultative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Police" title="Indonesian National Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Indonesia" title="List of political parties in Indonesia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Indonesia" title="President of Indonesia">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Indonesia" title="List of presidents of Indonesia">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wawasan_Nusantara" title="Wawasan Nusantara">Wawasan Nusantara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Indonesia" title="Economy of Indonesia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Indonesia" title="Agriculture in Indonesia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Indonesia" title="Automotive industry in Indonesia">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_Indonesia" title="Aviation in Indonesia">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Indonesia" title="List of banks in Indonesia">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Indonesia" title="Energy in Indonesia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Indonesia" title="Economic history of Indonesia">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Indonesia" title="Science and technology in Indonesia">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia_Stock_Exchange" title="Indonesia Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Indonesia" title="Communications in Indonesia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Indonesia" title="Tourism in Indonesia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Indonesia" title="Transport in Indonesia">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Indonesia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Indonesia">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Indonesia" title="Category:Society of Indonesia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in Indonesia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Indonesia" title="Crime in Indonesia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Indonesia" title="Human trafficking in Indonesia">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_Indonesia" title="Piracy in Indonesia">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Indonesia" title="Prostitution in Indonesia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Indonesia" title="Smoking in Indonesia">Smoking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Indonesia" title="Culture of Indonesia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Indonesia" title="Architecture of Indonesia">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_architecture_of_Indonesia" title="Colonial architecture of Indonesia">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_architecture_in_Indonesia" title="Mosque architecture in Indonesia">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumah_adat" title="Rumah adat">Rumah adat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_art" title="Indonesian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batik_in_Indonesia" title="Batik in Indonesia">Batik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Indonesia" title="Cinema of Indonesia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_costume_of_Indonesia" title="National costume of Indonesia">Costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indonesian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Indonesia" title="Dance in Indonesia">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Indonesia" title="List of festivals in Indonesia">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Indonesia" title="Folklore of Indonesia">Legends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_literature" title="Indonesian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_martial_arts" title="Indonesian martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Indonesia" title="Mass media in Indonesia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Indonesia" title="Music of Indonesia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Indonesia" title="Mythology of Indonesia">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Hero_of_Indonesia" title="National Hero of Indonesia">National heroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_painting" title="Indonesian painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_properties_of_Indonesia" title="Cultural properties of Indonesia">Properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Indonesia" title="Public holidays in Indonesia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Indonesia" title="Sport in Indonesia">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Indonesia" title="Theatre of Indonesia">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Indonesia" title="Video games in Indonesia">Video games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Indonesia" title="Demographics of Indonesia">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Indonesia" title="Education in Indonesia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Ethnic groups in Indonesia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Indonesia" title="Health in Indonesia">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Indonesia" title="Healthcare in Indonesia">Healthcare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Indonesia" title="Homelessness in Indonesia">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Languages of Indonesia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_in_Indonesia" title="Refugees in Indonesia">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Indonesia" title="Women in Indonesia">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Indonesia">LGBT rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Indonesia" title="National symbols of Indonesia">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia_Raya" title="Indonesia Raya">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_costume_of_Indonesia" title="National costume of Indonesia">Costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_emblem_of_Indonesia" title="National emblem of Indonesia">Emblem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Indonesia" title="Armorial of Indonesia">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Indonesia" title="Armorial of Indonesia">Subdivision</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_faunal_emblems" title="List of Indonesian faunal emblems">Faunal emblems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Indonesia" title="Flag of Indonesia">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of flags of Indonesia">Subdivision</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_floral_emblems" title="List of Indonesian floral emblems">Floral emblems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhinneka_Tunggal_Ika" title="Bhinneka Tunggal Ika">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusantara_(archipelago)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusantara (archipelago)">Nusantara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibu_Pertiwi" title="Ibu Pertiwi">Personification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indonesian_songs" title="Category:Indonesian songs">Songs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Indonesia" title="Outline of Indonesia">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Indonesia-related_articles" title="Index of Indonesia-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indonesia" title="Category:Indonesia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indonesia" title="Portal:Indonesia">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" class="extiw" title="commons:Indonesia">Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Indonesia" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Indonesia">Atlas</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_relating_to_Indonesia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_relating_to_Indonesia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles relating to Indonesia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Indonesia&#124;link=Indonesia_Government_of_Indonesia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Government_of_Indonesia" title="Template:Government of Indonesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Government_of_Indonesia" title="Template talk:Government of Indonesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Government_of_Indonesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Government of Indonesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Indonesia&#124;link=Indonesia_Government_of_Indonesia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Indonesia" title="Government of Indonesia">Government of Indonesia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Executive Branch</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elected officials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Indonesia" title="President of Indonesia">President of Indonesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Indonesia" title="List of presidents of Indonesia">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Indonesia" title="Vice President of Indonesia">Vice President of Indonesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_Indonesia" title="List of vice presidents of Indonesia">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Indonesia" title="Cabinet of Indonesia">Cabinet</a> <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Indonesia#List_of_Indonesian_Cabinets" title="Cabinet of Indonesia">(List)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Government_ministries_of_Indonesia" title="Category:Government ministries of Indonesia">Ministries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coordinating_Ministry_for_Economic_Affairs_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordinating Ministry for Economic Affairs (Indonesia)">Coordinating Minister for Economic Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinating_Ministry_for_Human_Development_and_Cultural_Affairs" title="Coordinating Ministry for Human Development and Cultural Affairs">Coordinating Minister for Human Development and Cultural Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinating_Ministry_for_Maritime_and_Investment_Affairs" title="Coordinating Ministry for Maritime and Investment Affairs">Coordinating Minister for Maritime and Investment Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinating_Ministry_for_Political,_Legal,_and_Security_Affairs_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal, and Security Affairs (Indonesia)">Coordinating Minister for Political, Legal, and Security Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Agriculture (Indonesia)">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Administrative_and_Bureaucratic_Reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Administrative and Bureaucratic Reform">State Apparatus Utilization and Bureaucratic Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications_and_Informatics" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Communications and Informatics">Communications and Informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Cooperatives_and_Small_%26_Medium_Enterprises_(Indonesia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Cooperatives and Small & Medium Enterprises (Indonesia) (page does not exist)">Cooperatives and Small & Medium Enterprises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Defense (Indonesia)">Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Energy_and_Mineral_Resources_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (Indonesia)">Energy and Mineral Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Environment_and_Forestry_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Environment and Forestry (Indonesia)">Environment and Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Women_Empowerment_and_Child_Protection" title="Ministry of Women Empowerment and Child Protection">Women Empowerment and Child Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Finance (Indonesia)">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Indonesia)">Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Health (Indonesia)">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Home_Affairs_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Home Affairs (Indonesia)">Home Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Industry_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Industry (Indonesia)">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Investment_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Investment (Indonesia)">Investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agrarian_Affairs_and_Spatial_Planning" title="Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning">Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Law_and_Human_Rights_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Law and Human Rights (Indonesia)">Law and Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Manpower_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Manpower (Indonesia)">Manpower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Maritime_Affairs_and_Fisheries_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (Indonesia)">Maritime Affairs and Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Development_Planning_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of National Development Planning of Indonesia">National Development Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Works_and_Housing_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Public Works and Housing (Indonesia)">Public Works and Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Religious_Affairs_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Religious Affairs (Indonesia)">Religious Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Culture,_Research,_and_Technology" title="Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology">Education, Culture, Research, and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Social_Affairs_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Social Affairs (Indonesia)">Social Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State-Owned_Enterprises" title="Ministry of State-Owned Enterprises">State-Owned Enterprises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Secretariat_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of State Secretariat (Indonesia)">Ministry of State Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Tourism_and_Creative_Economy" title="Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy">Tourism and Creative Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Trade_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Trade (Indonesia)">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Transportation_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Transportation (Indonesia)">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Villages,_Development_of_Disadvantaged_Regions,_and_Transmigration" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Villages, Development of Disadvantaged Regions, and Transmigration">Villages, Development of Disadvantaged Regions, and Transmigration</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Youth_and_Sports_(Indonesia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Youth and Sports (Indonesia) (page does not exist)">Youth and Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Ministerial Government Agency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Maritime_Security_Agency" title="Indonesian Maritime Security Agency">Maritime Security Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces" title="Indonesian National Armed Forces">National Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Counter_Terrorism_Agency" title="National Counter Terrorism Agency">National Counter Terrorism Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Cyber_and_Crypto_Agency" title="National Cyber and Crypto Agency">National Cyber and Crypto Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Land_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Land Agency (page does not exist)">National Land Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Agency_for_Disaster_Countermeasure" title="National Agency for Disaster Countermeasure">National Agency for Disaster Countermeasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Narcotics_Board_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Narcotics Board (Indonesia)">National Narcotics Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Police" title="Indonesian National Police">National Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Resilience_Institute" title="National Resilience Institute">National Resilience Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Search_and_Rescue_Agency" title="National Search and Rescue Agency">National Search and Rescue Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attorney_General%27s_Office_of_Indonesia" title="Attorney General's Office of Indonesia">Attorney General's Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_State_Intelligence_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian State Intelligence Agency">State Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Quarantine_Agency" title="Indonesian Quarantine Agency">Quarantine Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Indonesia" title="Bank Indonesia">Bank Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_Goods_and_Services_Procurement_Policy_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Government Goods and Services Procurement Policy Institute (page does not exist)">Government Goods and Services Procurement Policy Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finance_and_Development_Supervisory_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Finance and Development Supervisory Agency (page does not exist)">Finance and Development Supervisory Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_Coordinating_Board" title="Investment Coordinating Board">Investment Coordinating Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics_Indonesia" title="Statistics Indonesia">Statistics Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Migrant_Workers_Protection_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Migrant Workers Protection Agency (page does not exist)">Migrant Workers Protection Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Population_and_Family_Planning_Board_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Population and Family Planning Board (Indonesia)">National Population and Family Planning Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geospatial_Information_Agency" title="Geospatial Information Agency">Geospatial Information Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorology,_Climatology,_and_Geophysical_Agency" title="Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Agency">Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Food_and_Drug_Authority" title="Indonesian Food and Drug Authority">Food and Drug Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_of_Indonesia" title="National Archives of Indonesia">National Archives of Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Development_Planning_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="National Development Planning Agency">National Development Planning Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Food_Agency" title="National Food Agency">National Food Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Indonesia" title="National Library of Indonesia">National Library of Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Nutrition_Agency" title="National Nutrition Agency">National Nutrition Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Research_and_Innovation_Agency_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Research and Innovation Agency (Indonesia)">National Research and Innovation Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badan_Standardisasi_Nasional" class="mw-redirect" title="Badan Standardisasi Nasional">National Standardization Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badan_Pengawas_Tenaga_Nuklir" class="mw-redirect" title="Badan Pengawas Tenaga Nuklir">Nuclear Energy Regulatory Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tourism_and_Creative_Economy_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tourism and Creative Economy Agency (page does not exist)">Tourism and Creative Economy Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Secretariat_(Indonesia)" title="Cabinet Secretariat (Indonesia)">Cabinet Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Administration_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Administration Institute (page does not exist)">National Administration Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Civil_Service_Agency_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Civil Service Agency (Indonesia)">National Civil Service Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Republik_Indonesia" title="Radio Republik Indonesia">Radio of the Republic of Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TVRI" title="TVRI">Television of the Republic of Indonesia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">Governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Indonesian_governors" title="List of current Indonesian governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regencies_and_cities_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regencies and cities of Indonesia">Regent or Mayor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg/100px-National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg/150px-National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg/200px-National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="550" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislative Branch</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Consultative_Assembly" title="People's Consultative Assembly">People's Consultative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Indonesia)" title="House of Representatives (Indonesia)">House of Representatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_current_members_of_the_House_of_Representatives_(Indonesia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of current members of the House of Representatives (Indonesia) (page does not exist)">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Representative_Council" title="Regional Representative Council">Regional Representative Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_Regional_Representative_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current members of the Regional Representative Council">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_House_of_Representatives" title="Regional House of Representatives">Regional House of Representatives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Indonesia" title="Judiciary of Indonesia">Judicial Branch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Indonesia" title="Supreme Court of Indonesia">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Indonesia" title="Constitutional Court of Indonesia">Constitutional Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Commission_of_Indonesia" title="Judicial Commission of Indonesia">Judicial Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/List_of_central_government_agencies_in_Indonesia" title="List of central government agencies in Indonesia">Government Agencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audit_Board_of_Indonesia" title="Audit Board of Indonesia">Audit Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Prosecution_Service_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Prosecution Service (Indonesia)">Public Prosecution Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Indonesia" title="Portal:Indonesia">Indonesia portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indonesia" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Indonesia">WikiProject</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Government_of_Indonesia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Government of Indonesia">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Government_of_Indonesia" title="Category:Government of Indonesia">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Provinces_of_Indonesia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Template:Provinces of Indonesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Template talk:Provinces of Indonesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Provinces of Indonesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Provinces_of_Indonesia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">Provinces of Indonesia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Capital_of_Indonesia" title="Capital of Indonesia">Capital</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> (current) • <a href="/wiki/Nusantara_(city)" title="Nusantara (city)">Nusantara</a> (under construction)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_Belitung_Islands" title="Bangka Belitung Islands">Bangka Belitung Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengkulu" title="Bengkulu">Bengkulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jambi" title="Jambi">Jambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung" title="Lampung">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riau" title="Riau">Riau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riau_Islands" title="Riau Islands">Riau Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sumatra" title="South Sumatra">South Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Sumatra" title="West Sumatra">West Sumatra</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Garuda Pancasila" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg/60px-National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg/90px-National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg/120px-National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="550" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banten" title="Banten">Banten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Special Capital Region of Jakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Region_of_Yogyakarta" title="Special Region of Yogyakarta">Special Region of Yogyakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Kalimantan" title="Central Kalimantan">Central Kalimantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Kalimantan" title="East Kalimantan">East Kalimantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Kalimantan" title="North Kalimantan">North Kalimantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Kalimantan" title="South Kalimantan">South Kalimantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands" title="Lesser Sunda Islands">Lesser Sunda Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Nusa_Tenggara" title="East Nusa Tenggara">East Nusa Tenggara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Nusa_Tenggara" title="West Nusa Tenggara">West Nusa Tenggara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Sulawesi" title="Central Sulawesi">Central Sulawesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorontalo" title="Gorontalo">Gorontalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sulawesi" title="North Sulawesi">North Sulawesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi" title="South Sulawesi">South Sulawesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Sulawesi" title="Southeast Sulawesi">Southeast Sulawesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Sulawesi" title="West Sulawesi">West Sulawesi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maluku_(province)" title="Maluku (province)">Maluku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Maluku" title="North Maluku">North Maluku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Western New Guinea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Papua" title="Central Papua">Central Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Papua" title="Highland Papua">Highland Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_(province)" title="Papua (province)">Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Papua" title="South Papua">South Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Papua" title="Southwest Papua">Southwest Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papua_(province)" title="West Papua (province)">West Papua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_Region_of_Surakarta" title="Special Region of Surakarta">Special Region of Surakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Sumatra" title="Central Sumatra">Central Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor_(province)" title="East Timor (province)">East Timor</a> (de facto)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Lists by <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_governors_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current governors in Indonesia">Current governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_GDP" title="List of Indonesian provinces by GDP">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_GRP_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indonesian provinces by GRP per capita">GRP per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Indonesian provinces by Human Development Index">HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_highest_point" title="List of Indonesian provinces by highest point">Highest point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_poverty_rate" title="List of Indonesian provinces by poverty rate">Poverty rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:ID" title="ISO 3166-2:ID">ISO codes</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_in_Southeast_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Template:Countries and territories of Southeast Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_territories_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Template talk:Countries and territories of Southeast Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries and territories of Southeast Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_in_Southeast_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries and territories in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Asia" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" title="Template:Countries and territories of Oceania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" title="Template talk:Countries and territories of Oceania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries and territories of Oceania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Oceania" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Oceania">Countries and territories</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oceanian_countries_by_area" title="List of Oceanian countries by area">List of Oceanian countries by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oceanian_countries_by_population" title="List of Oceanian countries by population">List of Oceanian countries by population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Entire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">In part</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Islands" title="Juan Fernández Islands">Juan Fernández Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands" title="Galápagos Islands">Galápagos Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indonesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Papua" title="Central Papua">Central Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Papua" title="Highland Papua">Highland Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_(province)" title="Papua (province)">Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Papua" title="South Papua">South Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Papua" title="Southwest Papua">Southwest Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papua_(province)" title="West Papua (province)">West Papua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_Atoll" title="Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/225px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/300px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated states</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Territory#Overseas_territory" title="Territory">territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashmore_and_Cartier_Islands" title="Ashmore and Cartier Islands">Ashmore and Cartier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands" title="Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clipperton_Island" title="Clipperton Island">Clipperton Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Island" title="Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howland_Island" title="Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Island" title="Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnston_Atoll" title="Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingman_Reef" title="Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_France" title="Overseas France">Overseas France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_collectivity" title="Overseas collectivity">Overseas collectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_country_of_France" title="Overseas country of France">Overseas country of France</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_the_Cook_Islands_and_Niue" title="Political status of the Cook Islands and Niue">Political status of the Cook Islands and Niue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">States and territories of Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Indian_Ocean_Territories" title="Australian Indian Ocean Territories">Australian Indian Ocean Territories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_(U.S._insular_area)" title="Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)">Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_area" title="Insular area">Insular area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">United States Minor Outlying Islands</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Asia" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indonesia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding: 0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kastellorizo" title="Kastellorizo">Kastellorizo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions of China</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations_(ASEAN)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations_(ASEAN)" title="Template:Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations_(ASEAN)" title="Template talk:Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations_(ASEAN)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations_(ASEAN)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Charter" title="ASEAN Charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Free_Trade_Area#The_Common_Effective_Preferential_Tariff_(CEPT)_scheme" title="ASEAN Free Trade Area">Customs union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">Founding document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisations_associated_with_the_ASEAN" title="Organisations associated with the ASEAN">Organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary General of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Secretary General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amity_and_Cooperation_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia">Treaty of Amity and Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_ASEAN_members" title="Visa policy of ASEAN members">Visa policies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_ASEAN_Way" title="The ASEAN Way">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_the_Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Emblem of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Song_of_Unity" title="ASEAN Song of Unity">Hymn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Membership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_ASEAN" title="Enlargement of ASEAN">Observers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_East_Timor_to_ASEAN" title="Accession of East Timor to ASEAN">status</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Papua_New_Guinea_to_ASEAN" title="Accession of Papua New Guinea to ASEAN">status</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Summit" title="ASEAN Summit">ASEAN Summit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_ASEAN_Summits" title="2017 ASEAN Summits">2017</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93Republic_of_Korea_Commemorative_Summit" title="ASEAN–Republic of Korea Commemorative Summit">ASEAN–Republic of Korea Commemorative Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93India_Commemorative_Summit" title="ASEAN–India Commemorative Summit">ASEAN–India Commemorative Summit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Free_Trade_Area#ASEAN_Plus_Three" title="ASEAN Free Trade Area">ASEAN Plus Three</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Regional_Forum" class="mw-redirect" title="ASEAN Regional Forum">ASEAN Regional Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Europe_Meeting" title="Asia–Europe Meeting">Asia–Europe Meeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Asian Games">SEA Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_University_Games" title="ASEAN University Games">University Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_School_Games" title="ASEAN School Games">School Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Para_Games" title="ASEAN Para Games">Para Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Football_Federation" title="ASEAN Football Federation">Football Federation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFF_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="AFF Championship">Football Championship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Armies_Rifle_Meet" title="ASEAN Armies Rifle Meet">Armies Rifle Meet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Monetary_Unit" title="Asian Monetary Unit">Asian Monetary Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai_Initiative" title="Chiang Mai Initiative">Chiang Mai Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership_for_East_Asia" title="Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia">Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Free_Trade_Area" title="ASEAN Free Trade Area">ASEAN Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93China_Free_Trade_Area" title="ASEAN–China Free Trade Area">ASEAN–China Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93India_Free_Trade_Area" title="ASEAN–India Free Trade Area">ASEAN–India Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93Australia_Development_Cooperation_Program" title="ASEAN–Australia Development Cooperation Program">ASEAN–Australia Development Cooperation Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Initiatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Centre_for_Biodiversity" title="ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity">Centre for Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Asean_Regional_Forum_Disaster_Relief_Exercise" class="mw-redirect" title="The Asean Regional Forum Disaster Relief Exercise">Disaster Relief Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Smart_Cities_Network" title="ASEAN Smart Cities Network">Smart Cities Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commissions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Intergovernmental_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights">Human Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Human_Rights_Declaration" title="ASEAN Human Rights Declaration">ASEAN Human Rights Declaration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Commission_on_the_Promotion_and_Protection_of_the_Rights_of_Women" title="ASEAN Commission on the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Women">Rights of Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Common_Time" title="ASEAN Common Time">Common Time</a></li> <li>'<a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Rise" title="ASEAN Rise">ASEAN Rise</a>'</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="ASEAN–European Union relations">EU relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Outstanding_Scientist_and_Technologist_Award" title="ASEAN Outstanding Scientist and Technologist Award">Outstanding Scientist and Technologist Award</a></li> <li>Lists <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_Southeast_Asia" title="List of the busiest airports in Southeast Asia">Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_banks_in_ASEAN" title="List of largest banks in ASEAN">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_ASEAN_by_population" title="List of cities in ASEAN by population">Cities by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ASEAN_countries_by_GDP" title="List of ASEAN countries by GDP">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ASEAN_countries_by_HDI" title="List of ASEAN countries by HDI">HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ASEAN_countries_and_subdivisions_by_minimum_wage" title="List of ASEAN countries and subdivisions by minimum wage">Minimum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Southeast_Asian_mountains" title="List of Southeast Asian mountains">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Top_reviewed_places_in_ASEAN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Top reviewed places in ASEAN (page does not exist)">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ASEAN_countries_by_medal_count_at_International_Science_Olympiad" title="List of ASEAN countries by medal count at International Science Olympiad">Science Olympiad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ASEAN_stock_exchanges_by_market_capitalization" title="List of ASEAN stock exchanges by market capitalization">Stock exchanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ASEAN_country_subdivisions_by_GDP" title="List of ASEAN country subdivisions by GDP">Subdivisions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_ASEAN" title="Rankings of universities in ASEAN">Universities</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="G20_major_economies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:G20" title="Template:G20"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:G20" title="Template talk:G20"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:G20" title="Special:EditPage/Template:G20"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="G20_major_economies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20 major economies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template talk:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> (OIC)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hissein_Brahim_Taha" title="Hissein Brahim Taha">Hissein Brahim Taha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Pakistan and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Pakistan-OIC relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suspended</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Countries and territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Muslim communities</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front" title="Moro National Liberation Front">Moro National Liberation Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">International organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Declarations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Declarations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuja_Declaration_(1989)" title="Abuja Declaration (1989)">Abuja Declaration (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Resolution_10/11" title="OIC Resolution 10/11">OIC Resolution 10/11</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Council_of_Foreign_Ministers_Resolution_10/37" title="OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37">OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sessions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Extraordinary" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="First Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Second Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Third Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fifth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Sixth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Sixth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Seventh Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Seventh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Eighth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Eighth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Ninth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Ninth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Arab%E2%80%93Islamic_extraordinary_summit" title="2023 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit">Arab–Islamic (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Economy of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP (PPP)">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_per_capita_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP per capita (PPP)">GDP per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_exports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_imports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by imports">Imports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest cities in Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member countries">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Education in the member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 As the "Turkish Cypriot State".</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation_(APEC)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Template:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Template talk:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation_(APEC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>¹</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Australia_1989" title="APEC Australia 1989">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=APEC_Singapore_1990&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="APEC Singapore 1990 (page does not exist)">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=APEC_Republic_of_Korea_1991&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="APEC Republic of Korea 1991 (page does not exist)">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=APEC_Thailand_1992&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="APEC Thailand 1992 (page does not exist)">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=APEC_United_States_1993&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="APEC United States 1993 (page does not exist)">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Indonesia_1994" title="APEC Indonesia 1994">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=APEC_Japan_1995&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="APEC Japan 1995 (page does not exist)">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Philippines_1996" title="APEC Philippines 1996">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Canada_1997" title="APEC Canada 1997">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=APEC_Malaysia_1998&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="APEC Malaysia 1998 (page does not exist)">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=APEC_New_Zealand_1999&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="APEC New Zealand 1999 (page does not exist)">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=APEC_Brunei_2000&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="APEC Brunei 2000 (page does not exist)">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_China_2001" title="APEC China 2001">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Mexico_2002" title="APEC Mexico 2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Thailand_2003" title="APEC Thailand 2003">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Chile_2004" title="APEC Chile 2004">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_South_Korea_2005" title="APEC South Korea 2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Vietnam_2006" title="APEC Vietnam 2006">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Australia_2007" title="APEC Australia 2007">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Peru_2008" title="APEC Peru 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Singapore_2009" title="APEC Singapore 2009">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Japan_2010" title="APEC Japan 2010">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_United_States_2011" title="APEC United States 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Russia_2012" title="APEC Russia 2012">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Indonesia_2013" title="APEC Indonesia 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_China_2014" title="APEC China 2014">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Philippines_2015" title="APEC Philippines 2015">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Peru_2016" title="APEC Peru 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Vietnam_2017" title="APEC Vietnam 2017">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Papua_New_Guinea_2018" title="APEC Papua New Guinea 2018">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Chile_2019" title="APEC Chile 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Malaysia_2020" title="APEC Malaysia 2020">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_New_Zealand_2021" title="APEC New Zealand 2021">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Thailand_2022" title="APEC Thailand 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_United_States_2023" title="APEC United States 2023">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Peru_2024" title="APEC Peru 2024">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Business_Travel_Card" title="APEC Business Travel Card">APEC Business Travel Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_blue" title="APEC blue">APEC blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Climate_Center" title="APEC Climate Center">APEC Climate Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Sculpture_Garden" title="APEC Sculpture Garden">APEC Sculpture Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Youth_Science_Festival" title="APEC Youth Science Festival">APEC Youth Science Festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1. A <a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">special administrative region of China</a>, participates as "Hong Kong, China"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Non-Aligned_Movement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Template:Non-Aligned Movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Template talk:Non-Aligned Movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Non-Aligned Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Non-Aligned_Movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement#Members,_observers_and_guests" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Members</a> and the NAM</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Cyprus and the Non-Aligned Movement">Cyprus</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Egypt and the Non-Aligned Movement">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Ghana and the Non-Aligned Movement">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="India and the Non-Aligned Movement">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Malta and the Non-Aligned Movement">Malta</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Sri Lanka and the Non-Aligned Movement">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Tanzania and the Non-Aligned Movement">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement">Yugoslavia</a> ‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bureau</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coordinating_Bureau_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordinating Bureau of the Non-Aligned Movement">Coordinating Bureau of the Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement_Centre_for_South-South_Technical_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Aligned Movement Centre for South-South Technical Cooperation">Centre for South-South Technical Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement#NAM_Centres" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Centre for Science and Technology of the Non-aligned and Other Developing Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement#NAM_Centres" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Center for Human Rights and Cultural Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement_Youth_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Aligned Movement Youth Organization">NAM Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAM_News_Network" title="NAM News Network">NAM News Network</a> (<a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_News_Agencies_Pool" title="Non-Aligned News Agencies Pool">News Agencies Pool</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%22Josip_Broz_Tito%22_Art_Gallery_of_the_Nonaligned_Countries" title=""Josip Broz Tito" Art Gallery of the Nonaligned Countries">"Josip Broz Tito" Art Gallery of the Nonaligned Countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Principles_of_Peaceful_Coexistence" title="Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence">Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Non-Aligned_Movement_Summits" title="Template:Non-Aligned Movement Summits">Summits</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brioni_Meeting" title="Brioni Meeting">Brioni Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="1st Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="2nd Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="3rd Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="4th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="5th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="6th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="7th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="8th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="9th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="10th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="18th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="19th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">19th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito#Non-Alignment" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> (<a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukarno#Figurehead_president" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indonesia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> (<a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser#Adoption_of_neutralism" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> (<a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houari_Boumediene#Foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Houari Boumediene">Houari Boumediene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro#Foreign_wars_and_NAM_Presidency:_1975–1979" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#Foreign_affairs" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi#Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirimavo_Bandaranaike" title="Sirimavo Bandaranaike">Sirimavo Bandaranaike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>‡ denotes a former member state of the Non-Aligned Movement</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pacific_Islands_Forum_(PIF)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pacific_Islands_Forum_(PIF)" title="Template:Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pacific_Islands_Forum_(PIF)" title="Template talk:Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pacific_Islands_Forum_(PIF)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pacific_Islands_Forum_(PIF)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observer Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African,_Caribbean_and_Pacific_Group_of_States" class="mw-redirect" title="African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States">ACP</a> Secretariat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">Asian Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Secretariat" title="Commonwealth Secretariat">Commonwealth Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration" title="International Organization for Migration">International Organization for Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretariat" title="United Nations Secretariat">United Nations Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_and_Central_Pacific_Fisheries_Commission" title="Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission">Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialogue partners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development partner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Meetings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/45th_Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="45th Pacific Islands Forum">45th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/51st_Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="51st Pacific Islands Forum">51st</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q252#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q252#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q252#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000403921382">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/125405737">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1209242/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcrbVHmQ674B9vYY3X8G3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4026761-1">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80083633">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15323043s">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15323043s">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00871922">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129385&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX451275">Spain</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=497/19402">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007552504805171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981059738291106706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/d3a68bd0-7419-3f99-a5bd-204d6e057089">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/89a54291-1eed-4f31-8292-21c77b873952">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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project links with hidden wikidata">Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_default_search" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with default search">Pages using Sister project links with default search</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Indonesian-language_sources_(id)" title="Category:Articles with Indonesian-language sources (id)">Articles with Indonesian-language sources (id)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 November 2024, at 14:26 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a 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1,\n [\"CITEREFBeckZimmermannMcVicarVergopolan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeets2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerenschotSambodho2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBevins2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBevins2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBirdLife_International2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoediman2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBooij1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBressan2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBressan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrissendon2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBudiardjoLiong1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBudimanDasMohammadTee_Tan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBureau_of_Democracy,_Human_Rights_and_Labor2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurr2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCammackFeener2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaseArdiansyahSpector2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharles_Bidien1945\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChrysoliteJulianeChitraGe2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChua_Mei_Lin2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoca2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColchesterJiwanAndikoFirdaus2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCribb2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrouch2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCzermakDelangheWeng\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDahana2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDawsonGillow1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDelhaise1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDewangga2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoubilet2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoughty2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDwi_HarijantiLindsey2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDwi_Sutianto2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEarl1850\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEffendy2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEliasNoone2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElliott2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmmers2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErwida2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEstoqueOobaAvitabileHijioka2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEstradivariAgungAdhuriFerse2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarid2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForge1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForshee2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFossatiHui2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrederickWorden1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrederickWorden2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFriend2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGert_OostindieBert_Paasman1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGielenSayginRigter2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoh2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGokkon2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGugliotta2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGutierrez2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFH._J._Van_Mook1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHadizRobison2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarnishRasmussen2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarsono2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHatley2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenley2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeryanto2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHilotin2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHudaPawenneiRatriTaylor2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFIndonesia\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJennifer_Yang_Hui2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJensenAsmarini\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJessica_Vincentia_Marpaung2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_D._Legge1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonathan_PincusRizal_Ramli1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJosé\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoy_Freidus1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKasten\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKingsbury2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKitley2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrisetya2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKristianto2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLambertini2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLegge1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLimahoSugiartoPramonoChristiawan2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinHidayat2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiu2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLogan1850\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowry1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMC2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaboy2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadjid1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcelheny1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelvin2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichelle_Ann_Miller2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMietznerMuhtadi2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonkFretesReksodiharjo-Lilley1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuhammad_Zulfikar_Rakhmat2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMumtazah2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuravievBrown2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurray_P._CoxMichael_G._NelsonMeryanne_K._TumonggorFrançois-X._Ricaut2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuseum_Kepresidenan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMusyaffa2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNa\u0026#039;imSyaputra2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNafsiah_MboiIndra_Murty_SurbaktiIndang_TrihandiniIqbal_Elyazar2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNatahadibrata2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNitisastro2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNursisto2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOey1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOoi,_Keat_Gin2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPachecoGnychDermawanKomarudin2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPauka1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearce2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPierre_van_der_Eng2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPope1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPope1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPuspariniCahyanaGranthamMaxwell2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPéterMárton2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRachman2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReimar_SchefoldP._NasGaudenz_Domenig2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRicklefs1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRicklefs2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRika_Stevani2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_Cribb2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobertsHabirSebastian2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSastraatmadja2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwarz1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSedyawati2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSen2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeong_Chee_Tham1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSertori2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSetiawan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSetiyonoNatalis2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeverin1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShackleton2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShah2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShannon_L.Lloyd_Grayson_J.2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimonsFennig\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiregar2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSitorus2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSneddon2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStapleton2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStefan_Armbruster,_Victor_Mambor_and_BenarNews_staff2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuryadinata,_Leo2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSusanto2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSylviane_L._G._Lebon2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTadjoeddinChowduryMurshed2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTamindael2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTehusijarana2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTemple2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTempler1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThabrany2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTitiheruwAtje2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomascikMahNontjiMoosa1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruman_SimanjuntakHerawati_SudoyoMultamia_R.M.T._LauderAllan_Lauder2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsujinoYumotoKitamuraDjamaluddin2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUpton2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVaragur2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVickers2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVilladiego2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVnExpress\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallace2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWard2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhittenHendersonMustafa1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhittenSoeriaatmadjaSuraya1996\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWhittenSoeriaatmadjaSuraya_A._A.1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWitton2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWitton2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWullur2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYasmin2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYeo,_Kate2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZiyi2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZulmi2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFal-SamarraiCerdan-Infantes2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_VosSondaar1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFdel_Olmo2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFteam2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_Nimwegen2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_StrienSteinmetzManullangSectionov2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_der_Eng2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_der_Kroef1951\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 4,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 3,\n [\"Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation\"] = 1,\n [\"Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 6,\n [\"Citation-attribution\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite Merriam-Webster\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite act\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 67,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite iucn\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 40,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 28,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite video\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 171,\n [\"Clear\"] = 2,\n [\"Convert\"] = 16,\n [\"Coord\"] = 2,\n [\"Countries and territories of Oceania\"] = 1,\n [\"Countries and territories of Southeast Asia\"] = 1,\n [\"Countries of Asia\"] = 1,\n [\"Currency\"] = 5,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 6,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"G20\"] = 1,\n [\"Google books\"] = 2,\n [\"Government of Indonesia\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 2,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 7,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Increase\"] = 4,\n [\"IncreaseNeutral\"] = 1,\n [\"Indonesia provinces labelled map\"] = 1,\n [\"Indonesia topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 14,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Largest cities of Indonesia\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 31,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 8,\n [\"Native name\"] = 1,\n [\"Native phrase\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Non-Aligned Movement\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"OCLC\"] = 1,\n [\"Organisation of Islamic Cooperation\"] = 1,\n [\"Osmrelation-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 5,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-vandalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Provinces of Indonesia\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 5,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 54,\n [\"Ship\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Switcher\"] = 1,\n [\"Transcluded section\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 4,\n [\"Wikiatlas\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","360","13.2"],["?","320","11.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","300","11.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","260","9.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","160","5.9"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","4.4"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","100","3.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","100","3.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","100","3.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","100","3.7"],["[others]","800","29.4"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-bd4b9fccd-wttlm","timestamp":"20241126142610","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Indonesia","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indonesia","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q252","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q252","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-07-14T01:39:29Z","dateModified":"2024-11-26T14:26:05Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/9f\/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg","headline":"island country in Southeast Asia and Oceania"}</script> </body> </html>