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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Peninsular_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peninsular_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Peninsular War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peninsular_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Austria_plans_for_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria_plans_for_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Austria plans for war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria_plans_for_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Austrian_army_and_strategy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austrian_army_and_strategy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Austrian army and strategy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austrian_army_and_strategy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_preparations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_preparations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>French preparations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_preparations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Austria–Bavaria_front" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria–Bavaria_front"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Austria–Bavaria front</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Austria–Bavaria_front-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Austria–Bavaria front subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Austria–Bavaria_front-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Austria_strikes_first" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria_strikes_first"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Austria strikes first</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria_strikes_first-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landshut_Maneuver" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landshut_Maneuver"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Landshut Maneuver</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landshut_Maneuver-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aspern-Essling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aspern-Essling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Aspern-Essling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aspern-Essling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wagram" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wagram"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Wagram</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wagram-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_theatres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_theatres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Other theatres</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_theatres-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other theatres subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_theatres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Italian_front" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_front"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Italian front</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_front-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Walcheren_Campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Walcheren_Campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Walcheren Campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Walcheren_Campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Austro-Polish_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austro-Polish_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Austro-Polish War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austro-Polish_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_war_at_sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_war_at_sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>The war at sea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_war_at_sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rebellions_against_French_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rebellions_against_French_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Rebellions against French rule</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rebellions_against_French_rule-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rebellions against French rule subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rebellions_against_French_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Italian_rebellions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_rebellions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Italian rebellions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_rebellions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rebellion_in_Tyrol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rebellion_in_Tyrol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Rebellion in Tyrol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rebellion_in_Tyrol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gottscheer_rebellion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gottscheer_rebellion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Gottscheer rebellion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gottscheer_rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Black_Brunswickers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_Brunswickers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Black Brunswickers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black_Brunswickers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">War of the Fifth Coalition</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3" title="حرب التحالف الخامس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرب التحالف الخامس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinta_Coalici%C3%B3n" title="Quinta Coalición – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Quinta Coalición" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C5%9Finci_Koalisiya_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si" title="Beşinci Koalisiya müharibəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Beşinci Koalisiya müharibəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="بشینجی ائتلاف ساواشی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بشینجی ائتلاف ساواشی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Война на петата коалиция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Война на петата коалиция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pempvet_Kenunaniezh" title="Pempvet Kenunaniezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pempvet Kenunaniezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinquena_Coalici%C3%B3" title="Cinquena Coalició – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cinquena Coalició" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1lka_p%C3%A1t%C3%A9_koalice" title="Válka páté koalice – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Válka páté koalice" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCnfter_Koalitionskrieg" title="Fünfter Koalitionskrieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fünfter Koalitionskrieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viienda_koalitsiooni_s%C3%B5da" title="Viienda koalitsiooni sõda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Viienda koalitsiooni sõda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinta_Coalici%C3%B3n" title="Quinta Coalición – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Quinta Coalición" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milito_de_la_Kvina_Koalicio" title="Milito de la Kvina Koalicio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Milito de la Kvina Koalicio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosgarren_Koalizioko_Gerra" title="Bosgarren Koalizioko Gerra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bosgarren Koalizioko Gerra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81_%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85" title="جنگ ائتلاف پنجم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ ائتلاف پنجم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_de_la_cinqui%C3%A8me_coalition" title="Guerre de la cinquième coalition – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre de la cinquième coalition" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C5%EC%B0%A8_%EB%8C%80%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%EC%8A%A4_%EB%8F%99%EB%A7%B9" title="제5차 대프랑스 동맹 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제5차 대프랑스 동맹" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Koalisi_Kelima" title="Perang Koalisi Kelima – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Koalisi Kelima" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinta_coalizione" title="Quinta coalizione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Quinta coalizione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99-%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הקואליציה האנטי-צרפתית החמישית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הקואליציה האנטי-צרפתית החמישית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piekt%C4%81s_koal%C4%ABcijas_kar%C5%A1_(1809)" title="Piektās koalīcijas karš (1809) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Piektās koalīcijas karš (1809)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96t%C3%B6dik_koal%C3%ADci%C3%B3s_h%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Ötödik koalíciós háború – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ötödik koalíciós háború" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Војна на Петтата коалиција – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Војна на Петтата коалиција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijfde_Coalitieoorlog" title="Vijfde Coalitieoorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vijfde Coalitieoorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1809%E5%B9%B4%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E6%88%A6%E5%BD%B9" title="1809年オーストリア戦役 – Japanese" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1809 conflict during the Napoleonic Wars</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">War of the Fifth Coalition</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition Wars">Coalition Wars</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><div style="display:inline-block;"> <figure class="noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><span title="War of the 5th coalition"><img alt="War of the 5th coalition" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/War_of_the_5th_coalition.jpg/300px-War_of_the_5th_coalition.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/War_of_the_5th_coalition.jpg/450px-War_of_the_5th_coalition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/War_of_the_5th_coalition.jpg/600px-War_of_the_5th_coalition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1440" usemap="#ImageMap_f6e6a949ea95fd8c" resource="/wiki/File:War_of_the_5th_coalition.jpg" /></span><map name="ImageMap_f6e6a949ea95fd8c"><area href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abensberg" shape="rect" coords="0,0,150,112" alt="Battle of Abensberg" title="Battle of Abensberg" /><area href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landshut_(1809)" shape="rect" coords="150,0,300,112" alt="Battle of Landshut (1809)" title="Battle of Landshut (1809)" /><area href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eckm%C3%BChl" shape="rect" coords="0,77,150,225" alt="Battle of Eckmühl" title="Battle of Eckmühl" /><area href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ratisbon" shape="rect" coords="150,77,300,225" alt="Battle of Ratisbon" title="Battle of Ratisbon" /><area href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aspern-Essling" shape="rect" coords="0,155,150,338" alt="Battle of Aspern-Essling" title="Battle of Aspern-Essling" /><area href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wagram" shape="rect" coords="150,155,300,338" alt="Battle of Wagram" title="Battle of Wagram" /></map><figcaption>War of the 5th coalition</figcaption></figure> </div><br />Click an image to load the battle.<br />Left to right, top to bottom:<br />Battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abensberg" title="Battle of Abensberg">Abensberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landshut_(1809)" title="Battle of Landshut (1809)">Landshut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eckm%C3%BChl" title="Battle of Eckmühl">Eckmühl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ratisbon" title="Battle of Ratisbon">Ratisbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aspern-Essling" title="Battle of Aspern-Essling">Aspern-Essling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wagram" title="Battle of Wagram">Wagram</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>10 April – 14 October 1809</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> French victory</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> <p>Various <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a> territories were ceded: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_Provinces" title="Illyrian Provinces">Illyrian Provinces</a> to <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Galicia" title="West Galicia">West Galicia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duchy of Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarnopol" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarnopol">Tarnopol</a> to <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><b>Fifth Coalition:</b> </p> <ul><li><span data-sort-value="Austria"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="United Kingdom"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-part_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-part-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1777%E2%80%931834)" title="History of Portugal (1777–1834)">Portugal</a><sup id="cite_ref-part_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-part-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Central_Junta" title="Supreme Central Junta">Spain</a><sup id="cite_ref-part_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-part-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281802-1814%29.svg/23px-War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281802-1814%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281802-1814%29.svg/35px-War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281802-1814%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281802-1814%29.svg/45px-War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281802-1814%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Sardinia</a><sup id="cite_ref-part_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-part-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily"><img alt="Kingdom of Sicily" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg/23px-Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg/35px-Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg/45px-Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a><sup id="cite_ref-part_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-part-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Rebel groups</b> </p> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" title="Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel"><img alt="Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Blason_duch%C3%A9_ni_Brunswick.svg/20px-Blason_duch%C3%A9_ni_Brunswick.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Blason_duch%C3%A9_ni_Brunswick.svg/30px-Blason_duch%C3%A9_ni_Brunswick.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Blason_duch%C3%A9_ni_Brunswick.svg/40px-Blason_duch%C3%A9_ni_Brunswick.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Black_Brunswickers" title="Black Brunswickers">Black Brunswickers</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tyrol_(federal_state)" title="Tyrol (federal state)"><img alt="Tyrol (federal state)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_Tirol_and_Upper_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tirol_and_Upper_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_Tirol_and_Upper_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tirol_and_Upper_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_Tirol_and_Upper_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tirol_and_Upper_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tyrol" title="County of Tyrol">Tyrol</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire"><img alt="Austrian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gottscheers" title="Gottscheers">Gottscheers</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Italian rebels<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a> <ul><li><span data-sort-value="Bavaria"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony"><img alt="Kingdom of Saxony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg/23px-State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg/35px-State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg/45px-State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Westphalia" title="Kingdom of Westphalia"><img alt="Kingdom of Westphalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Westphalia" title="Kingdom of Westphalia">Westphalia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg"><img alt="Kingdom of Württemberg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Wurttflag.png/23px-Wurttflag.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Wurttflag.png/35px-Wurttflag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Wurttflag.png/45px-Wurttflag.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw"><img alt="Duchy of Warsaw" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg/15px-Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg/30px-Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duchy of Warsaw</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Italy</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples"><img alt="Kingdom of Naples" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281808%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281808%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281808%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281808%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281808%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281808%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)">Naples</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">Holland</a></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Russia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></span></li></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire"><img alt="Austrian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire"><img alt="Austrian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen">Archduke Charles</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire"><img alt="Austrian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Johann_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduke Johann of Austria">Archduke John</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish-Bentinck,_3rd_Duke_of_Portland" title="William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland">William Cavendish-Bentinck</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Perceval" title="Spencer Perceval">Spencer Perceval</a></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" title="Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel"><img alt="Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Blason_duch%C3%A9_ni_Brunswick.svg/20px-Blason_duch%C3%A9_ni_Brunswick.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Blason_duch%C3%A9_ni_Brunswick.svg/30px-Blason_duch%C3%A9_ni_Brunswick.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Blason_duch%C3%A9_ni_Brunswick.svg/40px-Blason_duch%C3%A9_ni_Brunswick.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William,_Duke_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" title="Frederick William, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel">Duke Frederick William</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tyrol_(federal_state)" title="Tyrol (federal state)"><img alt="Tyrol (federal state)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_Tirol_and_Upper_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tirol_and_Upper_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_Tirol_and_Upper_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tirol_and_Upper_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_Tirol_and_Upper_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tirol_and_Upper_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Hofer" title="Andreas Hofer">Andreas Hofer</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire"><img alt="Austrian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Johann_Erker" title="Johann Erker">Johann Erker</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon I</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria"><img alt="Kingdom of Bavaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_Joseph_of_Bavaria" title="Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria">Maximilian I</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Westphalia" title="Kingdom of Westphalia"><img alt="Kingdom of Westphalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Bonaparte" title="Jérôme Bonaparte">Jérôme Napoleon I</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony"><img alt="Kingdom of Saxony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg/23px-State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg/35px-State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg/45px-State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw"><img alt="Duchy of Warsaw" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg/15px-Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg/30px-Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony" title="Frederick Augustus I of Saxony">Frederick Augustus I</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw"><img alt="Duchy of Warsaw" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg/15px-Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg/30px-Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Poniatowski" title="Józef Poniatowski">Józef Poniatowski</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)"><img alt="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Beauharnais" title="Eugène de Beauharnais">Eugène de Beauharnais</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples"><img alt="Kingdom of Naples" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281808%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281808%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281808%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281808%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281808%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281808%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim I</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Bonaparte" title="Louis Bonaparte">Louis I</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>283,400 in initial field army<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGill2008a_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGill2008a-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>39,000 British<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBamford2013Active_Service,_1808–1815_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBamford2013Active_Service,_1808–1815-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>275,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler1995670_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler1995670-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>40,000–50,000 Russians<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGill201044_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGill201044-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p>170,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodart191644_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodart191644-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>90,000 killed and wounded</li> <li>80,000 captured</li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p>140,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodart1916129_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodart1916129-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodart191644_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodart191644-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>30,000 killed</li> <li>90,000 wounded</li> <li>20,000 captured</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ratisbon" title="Battle of Ratisbon">Ratisbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neumarkt-Sankt_Veit" title="Battle of Neumarkt-Sankt Veit">Neumarkt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ebelsberg" title="Battle of Ebelsberg">Ebelsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Schwarze_Lackenau" title="Battle of Schwarze Lackenau">Schwarze Lackenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Linz-Urfahr" title="Battle of Linz-Urfahr">Linz-Urfahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aspern-Essling" title="Battle of Aspern-Essling"><b>Aspern-Essling</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sankt_Michael" title="Battle of Sankt Michael">Sankt Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raab_(1809)" title="Battle of Raab (1809)">Raab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Graz" title="Battle of Graz">Graz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wagram" title="Battle of Wagram"><b>Wagram</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Korneuburg" title="Combat of Korneuburg">Korneuburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Stockerau" title="Combat of Stockerau">Stockerau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hollabrunn_(1809)" title="Battle of Hollabrunn (1809)">Hollabrunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Sch%C3%B6ngrabern" title="Combat of Schöngrabern">Schöngrabern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Znaim" title="Battle of Znaim">Znaim</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Italian campaign</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sacile" title="Battle of Sacile">Sacile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caldiero_(1809)" title="Battle of Caldiero (1809)">Caldiero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Piave_River_(1809)" title="Battle of Piave River (1809)">Piave River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarvis_(1809)" title="Battle of Tarvis (1809)">Tarvis</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Austro-Polish_War" title="Austro-Polish War">Austro-Polish War</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raszyn_(1809)" title="Battle of Raszyn (1809)">Raszyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kock_(1809)" title="Battle of Kock (1809)">Kock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Radzymin_(1809)" title="Battle of Radzymin (1809)">Radzymin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Uprising_(1809)" title="Galician Uprising (1809)">Galician</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_campaign_of_1809" title="Dalmatian campaign of 1809">Dalmatian campaign</a></dt></dl> <dl><dt>Other battles</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Basque_Roads" title="Battle of the Basque Roads">Basque Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_31_May_1809" title="Action of 31 May 1809">Bay of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walcheren_Campaign" title="Walcheren Campaign">Walcheren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gefrees" title="Battle of Gefrees">Gefrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Halberstadt" title="Battle of Halberstadt">Halberstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C3%96lper_(1809)" title="Battle of Ölper (1809)">Ölper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrolean_Rebellion" title="Tyrolean Rebellion">Tyrolean Rebellion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Bergisel" title="Battles of Bergisel">Bergisel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_W%C3%B6rgl" title="Battle of Wörgl">Wörgl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1809_Gottscheer_rebellion" title="1809 Gottscheer rebellion">Gottscheer Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Saint-Paul" title="Raid on Saint-Paul">Saint-Paul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Napoleonic_Wars" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Napoleonic Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Napoleonic Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Napoleonic Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Napoleonic_Wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars"><span class="wrap">Napoleonic Wars</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">Third Coalition</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1796%E2%80%931808)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808)">Anglo-Spanish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)">Russo-Persian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Swedish_War" title="Franco-Swedish War">Franco-Swedish War</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">Fourth Coalition</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%931812)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)">Russo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Serbian_Uprising" title="First Serbian Uprising">First Serbian Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Wars_(Scandinavia)" title="English Wars (Scandinavia)">English Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat_War" title="Gunboat War">Gunboat War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dano-Swedish_War_of_1808%E2%80%931809" class="mw-redirect" title="Dano-Swedish War of 1808–1809">Dano-Swedish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Finnish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Turkish_War_(1807%E2%80%931809)" title="Anglo-Turkish War (1807–1809)">Anglo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_War_(1807%E2%80%931812)" title="Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812)">Anglo-Russian War</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fifth Coalition</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Polish_War" title="Austro-Polish War">Austro-Polish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Swedish_War_(1810%E2%80%931812)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Swedish War (1810–1812)">Anglo-Swedish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">Sixth Coalition</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dano-Swedish_War_(1813%E2%80%931814)" title="Dano-Swedish War (1813–1814)">Dano-Swedish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish%E2%80%93Norwegian_War_(1814)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish–Norwegian War (1814)">Swedish-Norwegian War</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Seventh Coalition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_War" title="Neapolitan War">Neapolitan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterloo_campaign" title="Waterloo campaign">Waterloo campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_campaigns_of_1815" title="Minor campaigns of 1815">Minor campaigns of 1815</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linois%27s_expedition_to_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Linois's expedition to the Indian Ocean">Linois's expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_campaign_of_1803%E2%80%931810" title="Caribbean campaign of 1803–1810">Caribbean campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Troude%27s_expedition_to_the_Caribbean" title="Troude's expedition to the Caribbean">Troude's expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roquebert%27s_expedition_to_the_Caribbean" title="Roquebert's expedition to the Caribbean">Roquebert's expedition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allemand%27s_expedition_of_1805" title="Allemand's expedition of 1805">Allemand's expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Hermite%27s_expedition" title="L'Hermite's expedition">L'Hermite's expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blaauwberg" title="Battle of Blaauwberg">Cape Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamellerie%27s_expedition" title="Lamellerie's expedition">Lamellerie's expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Archipelago_Expedition" title="Second Archipelago Expedition">Senyavin's expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_campaign_of_1807%E2%80%931814" title="Adriatic campaign of 1807–1814">Adriatic campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_campaign_of_1806%E2%80%931807" title="Java campaign of 1806–1807">1st Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_invasions_of_the_River_Plate" title="British invasions of the River Plate">River Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Spice_Islands" title="Invasion of the Spice Islands">Spice Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius_campaign_of_1809%E2%80%931811" title="Mauritius campaign of 1809–1811">Mauritius campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Java_(1811)" title="Invasion of Java (1811)">2nd Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_invasion_of_the_Banda_Oriental_(1811%E2%80%931812)" title="Portuguese invasion of the Banda Oriental (1811–1812)">Banda Oriental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_3_February_1812" title="Action of 3 February 1812">Haiti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="position: relative; top: 0px; right: 0px; width: 304px;"><div class="center" style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></div><div class="thumbinner noresize" style="position: relative; top: 0px; right: 0px; outline:0px; border:0px; padding:0px; height: 200px; width: 304px;"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container floatright" style="width: 304px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm" data-width="304" data-height="200" data-zoom="3" data-lat="50" data-lon="14" href="/wiki/Special:Map/3/50/14/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm,3,50,14,304x200.png?lang=en" width="304" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm,3,50,14,304x200@2x.png?lang=en 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: blue; top: -52px; left: 0px; width: 304px; height: 304px; transform: rotate(0deg); border-radius: 0px; background-color: #FFFFFF00; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 93px; left: -2px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> </span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 182px; left: 291px; width: 12px; height: 12px; background-color: transparent;color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" title="About OpenStreetMaps" rel="nofollow"><img alt="About OpenStreetMaps" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/12px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 182px; left: 194px; width: 12px; height: 12px; background-color: transparent;color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Maps_Terms_of_Use" title="Maps: terms of use"><img alt="Maps: terms of use" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/12px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: blue; top: 156px; left: 242.5px; background-color:transparent; color:inherit; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/52px-Mapscaleline.svg.png" decoding="async" width="52" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/78px-Mapscaleline.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/104px-Mapscaleline.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="18" /></span></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 155.875px; left: 288px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: grey; font-size: 9px; font-weight:normal;"> 1000km<br />620miles</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 87.335267230277px; left: 90.477274251739px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 88.335267230277px; left: 86.977274251739px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #105396; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Waterloo</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 87.335267230277px; left: 97.977274251739px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">9</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 87.335267230277px; left: 90.477274251739px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days"><img alt="Hundred Days 1815:...Waterloo..." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 101.87854681686px; left: 84.97177353854px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 102.87854681686px; left: 81.47177353854px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #105396; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> France</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 101.87854681686px; left: 92.47177353854px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">8</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 101.87854681686px; left: 84.97177353854px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition"><img alt="Sixth Coalition: France 1814:...Paris..." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 82.710050935719px; left: 142.95157792441px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 83.710050935719px; left: 139.45157792441px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #105396; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> </span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 82.710050935719px; left: 150.45157792441px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">7</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 82.710050935719px; left: 142.95157792441px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition"><img alt="Sixth Coalition: Germany 1813:...Leipzig..." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 37.261057659232px; left: 280.01560609675px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 38.261057659232px; left: 276.51560609675px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #105396; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Russia</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 37.261057659232px; left: 287.51560609675px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">6</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 37.261057659232px; left: 280.01560609675px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia"><img alt="French invasion of Russia 1812:...Moscow..." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 107.68258793374px; left: 158.83724144062px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 108.68258793374px; left: 177.33724144062px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #105396; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Austria</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 107.68258793374px; left: 166.33724144062px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">5</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 107.68258793374px; left: 158.83724144062px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wagram" title="Battle of Wagram"><img alt="Fifth Coalition: Austria 1809:...Wagram..." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 170.26074299493px; left: 42.877632668876px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 171.26074299493px; left: 61.377632668876px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #105396; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Spain</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 170.26074299493px; left: 50.377632668876px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">4</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 170.26074299493px; left: 42.877632668876px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War"><img alt="Peninsular War: Spain 1808...Vitoria..." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 182.83588072854px; left: 11.737144259847px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 183.83588072854px; left: 30.237144259847px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #105396; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Portugal</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 182.83588072854px; left: 19.237144259847px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">3</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 182.83588072854px; left: 11.737144259847px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War"><img alt="Peninsular War: Portugal 1807...Torres Vedras..." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div> <div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 68.89833993933px; left: 141.11641102001px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 69.89833993933px; left: 159.61641102001px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #105396; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Prussia</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 68.89833993933px; left: 148.61641102001px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">2</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 68.89833993933px; left: 141.11641102001px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition"><img alt="Fourth Coalition: Prussia 1806:...Jena..." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div> <div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 106.217173447px; left: 121.44571576348px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 104.217173447px; left: 128.94571576348px; width: fit-content; height: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(-100%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #105396; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Germany</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 106.217173447px; left: 128.94571576348px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">1</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 106.217173447px; left: 121.44571576348px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition"><img alt="Third Coalition: Germany 1803:...Austerlitz..." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute;top: 9px;left: 268px"><div style="color: white; opacity:100; font-size: 19px; font-weight:normal; text-align: left;"><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink no-icon" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Special:Map/4/50/14/en" data-zoom="4" data-lat="50" data-lon="14" data-overlays="["_0c118725c75a76e14c05ffdf0f6717bf34852877"]"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Click for interactive fullscreen map with links to nearby articles"> </span></a></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption">Key:<br /><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396"><span style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">1</span></div> <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">Third Coalition</a>: Germany 1803:...<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Austerlitz</a>...<br /><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396"><span style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">2</span></div> <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">Fourth Coalition</a>: Prussia 1806:...<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jena%E2%80%93Auerstedt" title="Battle of Jena–Auerstedt">Jena</a>...<br /><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396"><span style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">3</span></div> <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a>: Portugal 1807...<a href="/wiki/Lines_of_Torres_Vedras" title="Lines of Torres Vedras"><i>Torres Vedras</i></a>...<br /><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396"><span style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">4</span></div> <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a>: Spain 1808...<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria"><i>Vitoria</i></a>...<br /><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396"><span style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">5</span></div> Fifth Coalition: Austria 1809:...<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wagram" title="Battle of Wagram">Wagram</a>...<br /><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396"><span style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">6</span></div> <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a> 1812:...<a href="/wiki/French_occupation_of_Moscow" title="French occupation of Moscow">Moscow</a>...<br /><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396"><span style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">7</span></div> <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">Sixth Coalition</a>: <a href="/wiki/German_campaign_of_1813" title="German campaign of 1813">Germany 1813</a>:...<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Leipzig</a>...<br /><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396"><span style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">8</span></div> <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">Sixth Coalition</a>: <a href="/wiki/Campaign_in_north-east_France_(1814)" title="Campaign in north-east France (1814)">France 1814</a>:...<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Battle of Paris (1814)">Paris</a>...<br /><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396"><span style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">9</span></div> <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Hundred Days</a> 1815:...<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Waterloo</a>...</div></div></div> <p>The <b>War of the Fifth Coalition</b> was a European conflict in 1809 that was part of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition Wars">Coalition Wars</a>. The main conflict took place in Central Europe between the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> of <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">French Empire</a>. The French were supported by their client states—the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Kingdom of Italy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duchy of Warsaw</a>. Austria was supported by the Fifth Coalition which included the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1777%E2%80%931834)" title="History of Portugal (1777–1834)">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1808%E2%80%931874)" title="History of Spain (1808–1874)">Spain</a>, and the Kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Sardinia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a>, although the latter two took no part in the fighting. By the start of 1809 much of the French army was committed to the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a> against Britain, Spain and Portugal. After France withdrew 108,000 soldiers from Germany, Austria attacked France to seek the recovery of territories lost in the 1803–1806 <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">War of the Third Coalition</a>. The Austrians hoped <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> would support them, having recently been defeated by France, but Prussia chose to remain neutral. </p><p>On 10 April 1809, Austrian forces under <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen">Archduke Charles</a> crossed the border of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, a French client state. The French response, under <a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier" title="Louis-Alexandre Berthier">Louis-Alexandre Berthier</a>, was disorganised but order was imposed with the arrival of Napoleon on 17 April. Napoleon led an advance to <a href="/wiki/Landshut" title="Landshut">Landshut</a>, hoping to cut off the Austrian line of retreat and sweep into their rear. Charles crossed the Danube at <a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a>, which allowed him to retreat eastwards, although he failed to reach the Austrian capital, <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, before the French. A French assault across the Danube was repulsed on 21–22 May at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aspern-Essling" title="Battle of Aspern-Essling">Battle of Aspern-Essling</a> but a repeat attack was successful in July. Napoleon won a major victory at the 5–6 July <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wagram" title="Battle of Wagram">Battle of Wagram</a>, which forced the Austrians to sign the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Znaim" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice of Znaim">Armistice of Znaim</a> on 12 July. Austrian invasions of the Duchy of Warsaw and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a> (where they fought alongside the <a href="/wiki/Black_Brunswickers" title="Black Brunswickers">Black Brunswickers</a>) were repulsed and they were driven out of their territories in Italy. British forces <a href="/wiki/Walcheren_Campaign" title="Walcheren Campaign">landed in Walcheren</a>, in the French client state of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">Holland</a>, but were unable to seize their objective of capturing <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> and were later withdrawn. </p><p>The war ended with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sch%C3%B6nbrunn" title="Treaty of Schönbrunn">Treaty of Schönbrunn</a>, which was regarded as harsh towards Austria as she lost her Mediterranean ports and 20% of her population. Despite the eventual French victory, their defeat at Aspern-Essling showed that Napoleon could be defeated on the battlefield. The war led to the <a href="/wiki/Tyrolean_Rebellion" title="Tyrolean Rebellion">Tyrolean Rebellion</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1809_Gottscheer_rebellion" title="1809 Gottscheer rebellion">1809 Gottscheer rebellion</a> and rebellions in Italy which, although suppressed, foreshadowed future nationalist and anti-French risings. After Schönbrunn, Austria became a French ally and this was cemented by the marriage of Napoleon to the Austrian princess <a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise,_Duchess_of_Parma" title="Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma">Marie Louise</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1809, Europe was embroiled in warfare, pitting <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary France">revolutionary France</a> against a series of coalitions in the Coalition Wars almost continuously since 1792. A brief period of peace followed the March 1802 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Treaty of Amiens</a> before British-French relations deteriorated, leading to the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">War of the Third Coalition</a> in May 1803.<sup id="cite_ref-amiens_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amiens-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britain was joined in their coalition by <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> in 1804 and Russia and Austria in 1805.<sup id="cite_ref-suspicion&mistakes_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suspicion&mistakes-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-revenge_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-revenge-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1805, the 200,000-strong French <i><a href="/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Grande Armée">Grande Armée</a></i> invaded the German states, hoping to defeat Austria before Russian forces could intervene.<sup id="cite_ref-troops_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-troops-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-miles_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miles-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French emperor <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> successfully wheeled his army into the Austrian rear and defeated them at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ulm" title="Battle of Ulm">Battle of Ulm</a>, fought from 15 to 20 October.<sup id="cite_ref-miles_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miles-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Austrian capital, Vienna, was captured in November and a Russo-Austrian army was decisively defeated at the 2 December <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Battle of Austerlitz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Pressburg_(1805)" title="Peace of Pressburg (1805)">Treaty of Pressburg</a>, signed soon afterwards, ended Austrian participation in the war.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Austerlitz incited a major shift in the European balance of power. <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a> felt threatened in the region and, alongside Russia, declared war against France in the 1806 <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">War of the Fourth Coalition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-frtroops_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frtroops-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After French victories at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jena-Auerstadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jena-Auerstadt">Battle of Jena-Auerstadt</a> on 14 October, France <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Berlin_(1806)" title="Fall of Berlin (1806)">occupied the Prussian capital, Berlin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France invaded Poland in November, where Russian forces were stationed, and occupied <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russian and French armies fought in February 1807 at the violent, indecisive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eylau" title="Battle of Eylau">Battle of Eylau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The action in Poland culminated on 14 June 1807 when the French defeated Russia at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Friedland" title="Battle of Friedland">Battle of Friedland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tilsit" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Tilsit">Treaty of Tilsit</a> in July left France as the dominant power in Western Europe, with many client states including the Duchy of Warsaw. This weakened Prussia and allowed Russia to expand into Finland and South-Eastern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peninsular_War">Peninsular War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Peninsular War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War#1809" title="Peninsular War">1809</a></div> <p>In 1807, France tried to force Portugal to join the <a href="/wiki/Continental_System" title="Continental System">Continental System</a>, a commercial embargo against Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-frenchtroops_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frenchtroops-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">prince regent, John</a>, refused to join, Napoleon sent General <a href="/wiki/Jean-Andoche_Junot" title="Jean-Andoche Junot">Junot</a> to <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Portugal_(1807)" title="Invasion of Portugal (1807)">invade Portugal in 1807</a>, resulting in the six year <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a>. The war weakened the French empire's military, particularly after Spanish forces and civilians rebelled against France<sup id="cite_ref-family_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-family-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after Napoleon overthrew the Spanish king.<sup id="cite_ref-overthrow_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-overthrow-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the French defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bail%C3%A9n" title="Battle of Bailén">Battle of Bailén</a>, Napoleon took command of the French forces, defeating the Spanish armies before returning to France.<sup id="cite_ref-entered_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-entered-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Buttery26_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buttery26-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Jean-de-Dieu Soult</a> drove the British out of Spain in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corunna" title="Battle of Corunna">Battle of Corunna</a> in January 1809.<sup id="cite_ref-Buttery26_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buttery26-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the beginning of 1809, the French <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Spain_under_Joseph_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Spain under Joseph Bonaparte">client kingdom of Spain</a>, ruled by Napoleon's brother <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph Bonaparte</a>, controlled much of Spain and northern Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagnet200526_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagnet200526-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British and Portuguese forces under <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley</a> launched new offensives from Spring 1809. Spanish regular armies including those led by General <a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Blake" title="Joaquín Blake">Joaquín Blake</a> continued to fight and <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare_in_the_Peninsular_War" title="Guerrilla warfare in the Peninsular War">guerrilla activity</a> in the countryside made French operations hazardous.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce200860_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce200860-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagnet200526–30_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagnet200526–30-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A significant French presence, numbering 250,000 in June 1809, remained in the peninsula throughout the War of the Fifth Coalition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuir2013290_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuir2013290-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Napoleonic occupation of France's own ally Spain persuaded many in Austria that Napoleon could not be trusted and declaring war was the only way to prevent him from destroying the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a>. The Spanish guerrillas inspired popular resistance against Napoleon, and the Austrians hoped that French preoccupation in Spain would make it easier to defeat France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2020307_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2020307-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austria_plans_for_war">Austria plans for war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Austria plans for war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strategic_Situation_of_Europe_1809.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of Europe showing French armies in Southern Germany and Austrian armies assembling to the southeast." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Strategic_Situation_of_Europe_1809.jpg/250px-Strategic_Situation_of_Europe_1809.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Strategic_Situation_of_Europe_1809.jpg/375px-Strategic_Situation_of_Europe_1809.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Strategic_Situation_of_Europe_1809.jpg/500px-Strategic_Situation_of_Europe_1809.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="965" /></a><figcaption>Strategic situation in Europe in February 1809</figcaption></figure> <p>After Austria was defeated in 1805, the nation spent three years reforming its army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnglund2004345_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglund2004345-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsdaile200252–53_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsdaile200252–53-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Encouraged by the events in Spain, Austria sought another confrontation with France to avenge their defeats and regain lost territory and power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnglund2004344_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglund2004344-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkham2010179_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkham2010179-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Austria lacked allies in central Europe; Russia, its main ally in 1805, made peace with Napoleon at Tilsit and was engaged in wars with erstwhile allies like Britain in the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_War_(1807%E2%80%9312)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Russian War (1807–12)">Anglo-Russian War (1807–12)</a>, Sweden in the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Finnish War</a> and the Ottoman Empire in the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%931812)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)">Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkham2010179_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkham2010179-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France tried to reinforce their relationship with Russia through the September–October 1808 <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Erfurt" title="Congress of Erfurt">Congress of Erfurt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold199016–19_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold199016–19-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the treaty Russia agreed to support France if it was attacked by Austria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2020264_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2020264-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1809, Austrian minister <a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Stadion,_Count_von_Warthausen" title="Johann Philipp Stadion, Count von Warthausen">Johann Philipp Stadion</a> secured Russian tsar Alexander I's agreement that the Russians would move slowly and "avoid every collision and every act of hostility" during any advance into Austria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGill2008a32_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGill2008a32-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, the French minister <a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord</a> secretly advised Alexander to resist France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnglund2004344_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglund2004344-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the War of the Fifth Coalition, Russia remained neutral even though they were allied to France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell2018217_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2018217-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Austria hoped Prussia would assist them in a war with France but a letter from Prussian minister <a href="/wiki/Baron_von_Stein" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron von Stein">Baron von Stein</a> discussing the negotiations was intercepted by French agents and published in the <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Moniteur_Universel" title="Le Moniteur Universel">Le Moniteur Universel</a></i> on 8 September.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMowat1971233_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMowat1971233-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Napoleon confiscated Stein's holdings in Westphalia and pressured King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick William III">Frederick William III</a> into dismissing him, and Stein fled into exile in Austria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMowat1971233_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMowat1971233-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the same day that Stein was compromised the Convention of Paris agreed a timetable for the withdrawal of foreign troops from Prussia, where French garrisons had been in place since the end of the War of the Fourth Coalition. The withdrawal was contingent on the payment of heavy reparations, totalling 140 million francs, over 30 months. The <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Army" title="Prussian Army">Prussian Army</a> was also limited in size to 42,000 men, one sixth of its pre-war total. The convention severely restricted the ability of the Prussian state to wage war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkham2010179_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkham2010179-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHagemann2006588–589_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagemann2006588–589-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this setback Stadion hoped Prussia would change their mind and that an Austrian advance into the French-controlled <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a> in Germany would lead to popular uprisings that would distract the French.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGill202029–30_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGill202029–30-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>France withdrew 108,000 troops from Germany, more than half their strength there, to reinforce the French armies in Spain in October 1808. This lent support to Stadion's pro-war faction at the Austrian court. Stadion recalled <a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Klemens von Metternich</a>, his ambassador to Paris, to convince others to support his plan and by December 1808 Emperor <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I</a> was persuaded to support the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGill202029–30_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGill202029–30-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Francis' support was tentative and the decision to proceed was made at an 8 February 1809 meeting that included the emperor, <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen">Archduke Charles</a> and Stadion. The empire's poor financial situation (it could only afford to maintain its army on home soil until late spring) lent urgency to the decision. Charles disputed the prospects for success but accepted Francis' decision to prepare for war and the army was mobilised.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGill2008a35–36_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGill2008a35–36-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGill202031_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGill202031-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Austria and Prussia requested that Britain fund their military campaigns and requested a British military expedition to Germany. In April 1809 the British treasury supplied £20,000 in credit to Prussia, with additional funds promised if Prussia opened hostilities with France. Austria received £250,000 in silver, with a further £1 million promised for future expenses. Britain refused to land troops in Germany but promised an expedition to the low countries and to renew their campaign in Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-Mikaberidze309_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mikaberidze309-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Prussia decided against war, the Fifth Coalition formally consisted of Austria, Britain, Portugal, Spain, Sicily and Sardinia, though Austria was the majority of the fighting effort.<sup id="cite_ref-Mikaberidze309_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mikaberidze309-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austrian_army_and_strategy">Austrian army and strategy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Austrian army and strategy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archduke_Charles,_Duke_of_Teschen,_with_his_Staff_at_the_Battle_of_Aspern-Essling,_21%E2%80%9322_May_1809_(by_Johann_Peter_Krafft,_1838).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Archduke_Charles%2C_Duke_of_Teschen%2C_with_his_Staff_at_the_Battle_of_Aspern-Essling%2C_21%E2%80%9322_May_1809_%28by_Johann_Peter_Krafft%2C_1838%29.jpg/250px-Archduke_Charles%2C_Duke_of_Teschen%2C_with_his_Staff_at_the_Battle_of_Aspern-Essling%2C_21%E2%80%9322_May_1809_%28by_Johann_Peter_Krafft%2C_1838%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Archduke_Charles%2C_Duke_of_Teschen%2C_with_his_Staff_at_the_Battle_of_Aspern-Essling%2C_21%E2%80%9322_May_1809_%28by_Johann_Peter_Krafft%2C_1838%29.jpg/375px-Archduke_Charles%2C_Duke_of_Teschen%2C_with_his_Staff_at_the_Battle_of_Aspern-Essling%2C_21%E2%80%9322_May_1809_%28by_Johann_Peter_Krafft%2C_1838%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Archduke_Charles%2C_Duke_of_Teschen%2C_with_his_Staff_at_the_Battle_of_Aspern-Essling%2C_21%E2%80%9322_May_1809_%28by_Johann_Peter_Krafft%2C_1838%29.jpg/500px-Archduke_Charles%2C_Duke_of_Teschen%2C_with_his_Staff_at_the_Battle_of_Aspern-Essling%2C_21%E2%80%9322_May_1809_%28by_Johann_Peter_Krafft%2C_1838%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="1541" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduke Charles">Archduke Charles</a> with his staff at the Battle of Aspern-Essling, 21–22 May 1809</figcaption></figure> <p>Austria built the largest <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Austrian_Army_(1806-1867)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Austrian Army (1806-1867)">army</a> in its nation's history, though its fighting quality was hampered by numerous factors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnglund2004345_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglund2004345-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The men were conscripted from across the Austrian Empire and included Austrians, Hungarians, Czechs, Poles, Croats and Serbs; some, including the Hungarians, did not enthusiastically support their Austrian rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold199535–37_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold199535–37-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conscription focused on the lower classes of society and the private soldiers, most of the non-commissioned officers, and many junior officers were illiterate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold199535_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold199535-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The army was well drilled in massed <a href="/wiki/Column_(formation)" title="Column (formation)">column formations</a> which were effective against cavalry but vulnerable to artillery fire, which hampered it in some battles of the campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold199536_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold199536-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The regular infantry were thought too slow-witted to be trained in skirmishing; this role had traditionally been filled by <a href="/wiki/Grenz_infantry" title="Grenz infantry">grenzer</a> light infantry units, but their quality declined since the potential conflicts with the Ottoman Empire ended. The deficiency was only partly remedied by recently created volunteer <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4ger_(infantry)" title="Jäger (infantry)">jäger</a> units.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold199536–37_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold199536–37-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Austrian militia, the <a href="/wiki/Landwehr" title="Landwehr">Landwehr</a>, were intended as a home defence force but were moved to serve with the field army. The force was equipped with second rate weapons, were poorly trained, and forbidden to accept officers from the landowning classes, leading to poor leadership. They were used later in the war as <a href="/wiki/Cannon_fodder" title="Cannon fodder">cannon fodder</a> to divert French fire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold199537–38_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold199537–38-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Austrian cavalry was of reasonably good quality, though in 1809 it was hampered by large numbers of its horses being only partly trained.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold199538_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold199538-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The artillery was not as dynamic as in some contemporary armies, being placed under infantry commanders in the field and lacking proper <a href="/wiki/Horse_artillery" title="Horse artillery">horse artillery</a> to manoeuvre quickly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold199539_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold199539-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Austrian army was supposed to be supplied by a large wagon train, which restricted its manoeuvrability.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold199536_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold199536-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its senior officers were appointed based on aristocratic backgrounds and seniority, rather than ability; this led to elderly generals – the average being 63. The field commander, Archduke Charles, was unable to dismiss any of his commanders. He favoured doctrine over flexibility and expected his generals to follow a guide he had published in 1806.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold199540_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold199540-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles and the <a href="/wiki/Aulic_Council" title="Aulic Council">Aulic Council</a> were divided on the best strategy for the coming war, Charles favoured an offensive launched from <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> where there was a concentration of Austrian forces and an attack could quickly isolate the French in northern Germany. The Aulic Council disagreed because the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> river would split the forces of Charles and his brother <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Johann_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduke Johann of Austria">Archduke Johann of Austria</a>. They suggested that the main attack should be launched south of the Danube to maintain safer communications with Vienna.<sup id="cite_ref-isolate_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isolate-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the end the Council prevailed but the disagreement delayed the Austrian preparations by a month. The Austrian plan called for the I Corps under <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Graf_von_Bellegarde" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich Graf von Bellegarde">Heinrich Graf von Bellegarde</a>, consisting of 38,000 troops, and the II Corps of 20,000 troops under <a href="/wiki/Johann_Kollowrat" title="Johann Kollowrat">Johann Kollowrat</a>, to attack <a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a> (Ratisbon) from the Bohemian mountains by way of <a href="/wiki/Cham_(district)" title="Cham (district)">Cham</a>. The Austrian center and reserve, comprising 66,000 men of <a href="/wiki/Prince_Friedrich_Franz_Xaver_of_Hohenzollern-Hechingen" title="Prince Friedrich Franz Xaver of Hohenzollern-Hechingen">Hohenzollern</a>'s III Corps, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Seraph_of_Orsini-Rosenberg" title="Franz Seraph of Orsini-Rosenberg">Rosenberg</a>'s IV Corps, and <a href="/wiki/Johann_I_Joseph,_Prince_of_Liechtenstein" title="Johann I Joseph, Prince of Liechtenstein">Lichtenstein</a>'s I Reserve Corps, would advance on the same objective through <a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%A4rding" title="Schärding">Schärding</a>. The left wing, made up of the V Corps of Archduke <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Louis_of_Austria" title="Archduke Louis of Austria">Louis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_von_Hiller" title="Johann von Hiller">Hiller</a>'s VI Corps, and <a href="/wiki/Michael_von_Kienmayer" title="Michael von Kienmayer">Kienmayer</a>'s II Reserve Corps, a total of 61,000 men, would move toward <a href="/wiki/Landshut" title="Landshut">Landshut</a> and guard the army's flank.<sup id="cite_ref-forward_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forward-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two other theatres would be opened in Poland and Italy. Historian Steven Englund considers that Austria "might well have won the campaign" if the nation had focused on Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnglund2004345_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglund2004345-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_preparations">French preparations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: French preparations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/French_Imperial_Army_(1804%E2%80%931815)" title="French Imperial Army (1804–1815)">French army</a> mostly consisted of veterans of Napoleon's earlier campaigns, though recent conscripts formed large parts of some units, negatively affecting their fighting ability. The army was enthusiastic and keen to fight well under Napoleon's direct leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGill2010219_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGill2010219-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Napoleon was not certain about Austrian planning and intentions. He returned to Paris from his campaigns in Spain in winter 1808–09 and instructed the main French field commander in southern Germany, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Alexandre_Berthier" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Alexandre Berthier">Louis Alexandre Berthier</a>, on planned deployments and concentrations for this likely new second front. His rough ideas about the possible upcoming campaign included the decision to make the Danube valley the main theatre of operations, as he had done in 1805, and to stop Austrian forces that might invade <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">northern Italy</a> by positioning some of his own forces under the command of <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Beauharnais" title="Eugène de Beauharnais">Eugène de Beauharnais</a> and <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Marmont" class="mw-redirect" title="Auguste Marmont">Auguste Marmont</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Faulty intelligence gave Napoleon the impression that the main Austrian attack would come north of the Danube.<sup id="cite_ref-Danube_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Danube-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 30 March, he wrote a letter to Berthier explaining his intention to mass 140,000 troops in the vicinity of Regensburg (Ratisbon), far to the north of where the Austrians were planning to make their attack.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was expected that this redeployment would take until mid-April to accomplish and Napoleon instructed Berthier that if the attack came before 15 April he was to fall back towards the <a href="/wiki/Lech_(river)" title="Lech (river)">Lech</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeillands200379_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeillands200379-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Austria–Bavaria_front"><span id="Austria.E2.80.93Bavaria_front"></span>Austria–Bavaria front</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Austria–Bavaria front"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_of_the_War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="List of battles of the War of the Fifth Coalition">List of battles of the War of the Fifth Coalition</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austria_strikes_first">Austria strikes first</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Austria strikes first"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ratisbon_and_vicinity,_17_-_19_April,_1809.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Smaller map of Europe, showing mostly Germany and detailing the advance of the Austrian army against the French" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Ratisbon_and_vicinity%2C_17_-_19_April%2C_1809.jpg/250px-Ratisbon_and_vicinity%2C_17_-_19_April%2C_1809.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Ratisbon_and_vicinity%2C_17_-_19_April%2C_1809.jpg/375px-Ratisbon_and_vicinity%2C_17_-_19_April%2C_1809.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Ratisbon_and_vicinity%2C_17_-_19_April%2C_1809.jpg/500px-Ratisbon_and_vicinity%2C_17_-_19_April%2C_1809.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="965" /></a><figcaption>The general situation from 17 to 19 April involved the Austrians moving towards the strategic city of <a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a> in hopes of attacking the isolated <a href="/wiki/III_Corps_(Grande_Arm%C3%A9e)" title="III Corps (Grande Armée)">French III Corps</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first indication of an Austrian attack was a formal note sent by Archduke Charles to French Marshal <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Lefebvre" title="François Joseph Lefebvre">François Joseph Lefebvre</a> on 9 April. It stated that Charles had orders from Francis to invade Bavaria, a French client state under <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_Joseph_of_Bavaria" title="Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria">Maximilian I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeillands200379_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeillands200379-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early morning of 10 April, leading elements of the Austrian army crossed the <a href="/wiki/Inn_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Inn River">Inn River</a> into Bavaria; there was no formal declaration of war. Bad roads and freezing rain slowed the Austrian advance in the first week, but the opposing Bavarian forces of Lefebvre's corps gradually retreated. <a href="/wiki/Louis_Nicholas_Davout" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Nicholas Davout">Davout</a>'s III Corps withdrew westerwards towards <a href="/wiki/Ingolstadt" title="Ingolstadt">Ingolstadt</a>, anticipating orders to concentrate with other French forces. The Austrian attack had occurred about a week before Napoleon anticipated, disrupting French plans. Napoleon ordered that an Austrian attack before 15 April should be met by a general French concentration around <a href="/wiki/Donauw%C3%B6rth" title="Donauwörth">Donauwörth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a> in the west, but his orders arrived fragmented and out of sequence and were poorly interpreted by Berthier who was more accustomed to staff duties than field command. Berthier focussed on an ambiguous sentence that called for Davout to station his III Corps around Regensburg "whatever happens"; it is likely that Napoleon intended this to apply only if the Austrians attacked after 15 April. On 14 April Berthier ordered Davout's corps, together with those of Lefebvre and <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Oudinot" title="Nicolas Oudinot">Oudinot</a>, to march to Regensburg which Davout had recently vacated.<sup id="cite_ref-hq_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hq-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The marching and countermarching left the <i><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Germany_(1809)" title="Army of Germany (1809)">Armée d'Allemagne</a></i> with its two wings separated by 75 miles (121 km) and joined by a thin cordon of Bavarian troops.<sup id="cite_ref-marches_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marches-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the same day the Austrian advance guard had beaten the Bavarians near <a href="/wiki/Landshut" title="Landshut">Landshut</a> and secured a good crossing place over the <a href="/wiki/Isar" title="Isar">Isar</a> by evening. Charles planned to destroy Davout's and Lefebvre's isolated corps in a double-pincer manoeuvre. Napoleon arrived in Donauwörth on 17 April and took command from Berthier. When Napoleon realised that many of the Austrian forces had crossed the Isar and were marching towards the Danube, he insisted that the entire French army deploy behind the <a href="/wiki/Ilm_(Bavaria)" title="Ilm (Bavaria)">Ilm River</a> in a <i>bataillon carré</i> in 48 hours. His orders were unrealistic because he underestimated the number of Austrian troops that were heading for Davout; Napoleon believed Charles only had a single corps over the Isar, but the Austrians had five corps moving towards Regensburg, totalling 80,000 men.<sup id="cite_ref-carré_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carré-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landshut_Maneuver">Landshut Maneuver</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Landshut Maneuver"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eckmuhl_April_21.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Another map of Europe, this time showing French units attacking the exposed Austrian flank from the southwest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Eckmuhl_April_21.jpg/250px-Eckmuhl_April_21.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Eckmuhl_April_21.jpg/375px-Eckmuhl_April_21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Eckmuhl_April_21.jpg/500px-Eckmuhl_April_21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1236" data-file-height="945" /></a><figcaption>The Landshut Maneuver and the expulsion of Austrian forces from <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Davout anticipated facing overwhelming forces and withdrew most of his forces, leaving 2,000 men from Regensburg.<sup id="cite_ref-garrison_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-garrison-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The northbound Austrian columns in the <a href="/wiki/Kelheim" title="Kelheim">Kelheim</a>–<a href="/wiki/Bad_Abbach" title="Bad Abbach">Abbach</a> zone encountered four columns of Davout's men heading west towards <a href="/wiki/Neustadt_an_der_Donau" title="Neustadt an der Donau">Neustadt</a> in the early hours of 19 April. The Austrian attacks were slow, uncoordinated, and easily repulsed by the experienced French III Corps. Napoleon knew there was fighting in Davout's sector and devised a new strategy to defeat the Austrians: while the Austrians attacked to the north, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Mass%C3%A9na" title="André Masséna">André Masséna</a>'s corps, augmented by Oudinot's forces, would strike southeast towards <a href="/wiki/Freising" title="Freising">Freising</a> and Landshut in hopes of threatening the Austrian flank and relieving the pressure on Davout.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Napoleon intended the corps of Davout and Lefebvre to pin the Austrians while his other forces swept into the Austrian rear.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The central Austrian V Corps were defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abensberg" title="Battle of Abensberg">Battle of Abensberg</a>, allowing the French to advance. Napoleon was working under false assumptions that made his goals difficult to achieve.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Masséna's advance to Landshut required too much time, permitting Hiller to escape south over the Isar. The Danube bridge, which provided easy access to Regensburg, and the east bank had not been demolished. This allowed Austrians to cross the river and stopped France from destroying the forces. On 20 April, the Austrians had suffered 10,000 casualties, lost 30 guns, 600 caissons, and 7,000 other vehicles, but were still a potent fighting force.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the main French army near Landshut, if Charles had attacked Davout he could have destroyed his corps and fallen on the rear of Napoleon's force. He retained the bridge at Regensburg and the road to <a href="/wiki/Straubing" title="Straubing">Straubing</a> and Vienna as an avenue of retreat.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 21 April, Napoleon received a dispatch from Davout that spoke of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Teugen-Hausen" title="Battle of Teugen-Hausen">Battle of Teugen-Hausen</a>. Davout held his ground; although Napoleon sent reinforcements, about 36,000 French troops had to fight 75,000 Austrians.<sup id="cite_ref-sent_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sent-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Napoleon learned that Charles was not withdrawing to the east, he realigned the <i>Armée d'Allemagne</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s axis in an operation later called the Landshut Maneuver. All of the French forces, except 20,000 troops under <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Bessi%C3%A8res" title="Jean-Baptiste Bessières">Jean-Baptiste Bessières</a> that were chasing Hiller, attacked <a href="/wiki/Eckm%C3%BChl" class="mw-redirect" title="Eckmühl">Eckmühl</a> to trap the Austrians and relieve their beleaguered comrades.<sup id="cite_ref-comrades_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comrades-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 22 April, Charles left 40,000 troops under Rosenberg and Hohenzollern to attack Davout and Lefebvre while detaching two corps under Kollowrat and Lichtenstein to march for Abbach and gain undisputed control of the river bank.<sup id="cite_ref-comrades_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comrades-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Napoleon arrived at 1:30 pm while the battle continued. Davout ordered an attack along the entire line despite numerical inferiority; the 10th Light Infantry Regiment successfully stormed the village of Leuchling and captured the woods of Unter-Leuchling with heavy casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-stormed_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stormed-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recognising the threat posed by Napoleon's forces on his left flank, Charles ordered a withdrawal towards Regensburg, granting the field to France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnglund2004346_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglund2004346-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZabecki2014390_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZabecki2014390-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Napoleon sent Masséna to occupy Straubing as he thought the Austrians might retreat along that route. Charles moved his men across the Danube at Regensburg, leaving 6,000 in the fortress to block a pursuit. Lacking time for a siege, Napoleon ordered Marshal <a href="/wiki/Jean_Lannes" title="Jean Lannes">Jean Lannes</a> to storm the walls, succeeding at his second attempt and capturing the town by 5:00 pm in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ratisbon" title="Battle of Ratisbon">Battle of Ratisbon</a>. With the Austrian army safely in Bohemia, Napoleon marched towards Vienna.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnelly2006b157_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnelly2006b157-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hiller fought a series of delaying actions, attempting to buy time for the defence of Vienna. After a short fight at <a href="/wiki/Wels" title="Wels">Wels</a> on 2 May, Hiller gathered 40,000 troops at the bridge in <a href="/wiki/Ebersberg" title="Ebersberg">Ebersberg</a>. Masséna launched a costly frontal at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ebersberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ebersberg">Battle of Ebersberg</a> and captured the position on 3 May, with Hiller withdrawing along the Danube. Charles attempted to move his army to defend Vienna but was outpaced by Napoleon who captured the city on 13 May. The garrison withdrew north of the Danube and destroyed the bridges behind them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler1995695_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler1995695-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aspern-Essling">Aspern-Essling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Aspern-Essling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aspern-Essling" title="Battle of Aspern-Essling">Battle of Aspern-Essling</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vienna_and_vicinity,_22_May_1809.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Closeup map of Austria showing French and Austrian armies close to each other." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Vienna_and_vicinity%2C_22_May_1809.jpg/250px-Vienna_and_vicinity%2C_22_May_1809.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Vienna_and_vicinity%2C_22_May_1809.jpg/375px-Vienna_and_vicinity%2C_22_May_1809.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Vienna_and_vicinity%2C_22_May_1809.jpg/500px-Vienna_and_vicinity%2C_22_May_1809.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1227" data-file-height="945" /></a><figcaption>The strategic situation and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aspern-Essling" title="Battle of Aspern-Essling">Battle of Aspern-Essling</a> on 22 May 1809</figcaption></figure> <p>On 16 and 17 May, the main Austrian army under Charles arrived in the <a href="/wiki/Marchfeld" title="Marchfeld">Marchfeld</a>, a plain northeast of Vienna just across the Danube that served as a training ground for Austrian military forces. Charles kept most of his forces several miles away from the riverbank, hoping to concentrate them at the point where Napoleon decided to cross. On the 20th, Charles learned from his observers on the Bissam hill that the French were building a bridge at Kaiserebersdorf,<sup id="cite_ref-bissam_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bissam-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> just southwest of the <a href="/wiki/Lobau" title="Lobau">Lobau island</a>, that led to the Marchfeld. On 21 May, Charles concluded that the French were crossing at Kaiserebersdorf and ordered a general advance for 98,000 troops and the accompanying 292 guns, organized into five columns.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French bridgehead rested on two villages: <a href="/wiki/Aspern" title="Aspern">Aspern</a> to the west and <a href="/wiki/Essling" title="Essling">Essling</a> to the east. Napoleon did not expect to encounter opposition, and the bridges linking the French troops at Aspern-Essling to Lobau were not protected with <a href="/wiki/Palisade" title="Palisade">palisades</a>, making them vulnerable to Austrian barges that had been set ablaze.<sup id="cite_ref-guns_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guns-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aspern-Essling" title="Battle of Aspern-Essling">Battle of Aspern-Essling</a> started at 2:30 pm on 21 May. The initial attacks were made by the first three columns on Aspern and the Gemeinde Au woods but were poorly coordinated and failed. Later assaults succeeded in taking and holding the western portion of the village. The Austrians did not attack Essling until 6:00 pm because the fourth and fifth columns had longer marching routes.<sup id="cite_ref-guns_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guns-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French successfully repulsed the attacks against Essling throughout the day. Fighting commenced by 3 am on 22 May, and four hours later the French had captured Aspern again. Napoleon had 71,000 men and 152 guns on the other side of the river, but the French were still outnumbered.<sup id="cite_ref-dangerous_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dangerous-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Napoleon launched a massive assault against the Austrian center designed to give enough time for the III Corps to cross and secure a victory. Lannes advanced with three infantry divisions and travelled for a mile before the Austrians, inspired by the personal presence of Charles who rallied the Zach Infantry Regiment, opened a heavy fire on the French that caused the latter to fall back.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At 9:00 am, the French bridge broke again. Charles launched another massive assault an hour later and captured Aspern for the final time, but struggled to capture Essling. A few hours later, the Austrians returned and took all of Essling except the staunchly defended granary. Napoleon ordered the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guard_(Napoleon_I)" title="Imperial Guard (Napoleon I)">Imperial Guard</a> under <a href="/wiki/Jean_Rapp" title="Jean Rapp">Jean Rapp</a>, to support a withdrawal from the granary. Rapp disobeyed his orders and led a bayonet charge that drove the Austrians from Essling, for which he was later commended by Napoleon.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold199575_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold199575-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Napoleon realised his bridgehead was untenable and ordered a withdrawal, giving command to Lannes. Lannes was struck by a cannonball and mortally wounded. The French withdrew to Lobau by nightfall, burning their pontoons bridge in behind them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeillands2003129_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeillands2003129-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles had inflicted the first major defeat in Napoleon's military career and caused the first fatality among his marshals, but his exhausted army could not pursue the French.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeillands2003129_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeillands2003129-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson200373_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200373-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wagram">Wagram</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Wagram"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wagram" title="Battle of Wagram">Battle of Wagram</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wagram_and_vicinity,_5_July_1809.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Closeup map of a battlefield, showing French forces moving towards Austrians positions." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Wagram_and_vicinity%2C_5_July_1809.jpg/250px-Wagram_and_vicinity%2C_5_July_1809.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Wagram_and_vicinity%2C_5_July_1809.jpg/375px-Wagram_and_vicinity%2C_5_July_1809.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Wagram_and_vicinity%2C_5_July_1809.jpg/500px-Wagram_and_vicinity%2C_5_July_1809.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1242" data-file-height="948" /></a><figcaption>The strategic situation and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wagram" title="Battle of Wagram">Battle of Wagram</a> in early July 1809</figcaption></figure> <p>After the defeat at Aspern-Essling, Napoleon took more than six weeks to plan and prepare contingencies before making another attempt at crossing the Danube. The French brought more troops, more guns, and instituted better defensive measures to ensure the success of the next crossing. From 30 June to the early days of July, the French recrossed the Danube, with more than 188,000 troops marching across the Marchfeld towards the Austrians.<sup id="cite_ref-attempt_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-attempt-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immediate resistance to the French advance was restricted to the outpost divisions of Nordmann and <a href="/wiki/Johann_von_Klenau" title="Johann von Klenau">Johann von Klenau</a>; the main Habsburg army was stationed five miles (8 km) away, centered on the village of Wagram.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Napoleon ordered a general advance at noon on 5 July; an early attack by Masséna on the left flank captured Leopold and Süssenbrunn but the French were held off elsewhere by a strong Austrian defence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeillands2003131_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeillands2003131-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For 6 July, Charles planned a double-envelopment that required a quick march from the forces of his brother John, who was a few kilometers east of the battlefield. Napoleon's plan envisaged an envelopment of the Austrian left with Davout's III Corps while the rest of the army pinned the Austrian forces. <a href="/wiki/Johann_von_Klenau" title="Johann von Klenau">Klenau</a>'s VI Corps, supported by Kollowrat's III Corps, started the battle on the second day at 4:00 am with a crushing assault against the French left, forcing the latter to abandon both Aspern and Essling. Meanwhile, Bernadotte had unilaterally ordered his troops out of the central village of <a href="/wiki/Aderklaa" title="Aderklaa">Aderklaa</a>, citing heavy artillery shelling, and compromised the French position.<sup id="cite_ref-wagram_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wagram-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Napoleon was livid and sent two divisions of Masséna's corps supported by cavalry to regain the critical village. After difficult fighting in the first phase, Masséna sent in <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Jean_Joseph_Molitor" title="Gabriel Jean Joseph Molitor">Molitor</a>'s reserve division, which slowly captured Aderklaa back for the French, only to lose it again following fierce Austrian bombardments and counterattacks. To delay the Austrian army for Davout's materializing assault, Napoleon sent 4,000 <a href="/wiki/Cuirassier" title="Cuirassier">cuirassiers</a> under <a href="/wiki/Etienne_de_Nansouty" class="mw-redirect" title="Etienne de Nansouty">Nansouty</a> against the Austrian lines.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To dissuade the Austrians from attacking, Napoleon formed a 112-gun <a href="/wiki/Grand_battery" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand battery">grand battery</a> in the center of his lines.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnelly2006152_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnelly2006152-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Davout's men were progressing against the Austrian left, Napoleon formed the three small divisions of <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Macdonald" title="Étienne Macdonald">MacDonald</a> into a hollow, oblong shape that marched against the Austrian center. The lumbering phalanx was devastated by Austrian artillery but managed to break through the Austrian forces. With the Austrians at Wagram weakened by the need to reinforce their left against Davout, Oudinot was able to capture the village and split the Austrian army. Upon learning that his brother's forces would not arrive until the evening, Charles ordered a withdrawal at 2:30 pm. The Austrians withdrew in good order, the main army westwards and the left-wing to the north.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeillands2003131–132_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeillands2003131–132-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French suffered heavy losses, around 32,000 men, with their commanders particularly affected as around 40 French generals were killed and wounded; Austrian losses stood at around 35,000. Fighting was renewed at <a href="/wiki/Znojmo" title="Znojmo">Znaim</a> on 10–11 July. On 12 July, Charles signed the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Znaim" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice of Znaim">Armistice of Znaim</a>, which led to lengthy peace negotiations between Napoleon and Metternich.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeillands2003132–133_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeillands2003132–133-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_theatres">Other theatres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other theatres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_of_the_War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="List of battles of the War of the Fifth Coalition">List of battles of the War of the Fifth Coalition</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_front">Italian front</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Italian front"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Italy, Archduke John battled Napoleon's stepson Eugène. The Austrians defended against several bungled French assaults at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sacile" title="Battle of Sacile">Battle of Sacile</a> in April, causing Eugène to fall back on <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Adige" title="Adige">Adige</a> river.<sup id="cite_ref-maina_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maina-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eugène was able to concentrate his forces while John detached troops to support Charles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnelly2006145_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnelly2006145-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John won victory at the 30 April <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caldiero_(1809)" title="Battle of Caldiero (1809)">Battle of Caldiero</a> but was forced to retreat due to Eugène's increasing superiority and the movements on the Austria-Bavaria front. John was defeated in the 8 May <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Piave_River_(1809)" title="Battle of Piave River (1809)">Battle of Piave River</a> and forced out of Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eugène pursued John into Hungary where he heavily defeated him at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raab" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Raab">Battle of Raab</a>. Eugène detached MacDonald to pursue John and joined Napoleon at Vienna with the rest of his army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnelly2006145_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnelly2006145-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_Campaign_(1809)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalmatian Campaign (1809)">Dalmatian Campaign</a>, Marmont, under the nominal command of Eugène, was fighting against an Austrian invasion led by General Stoichewich. Marmont launched a counteroffensive in the mountains on 30 April, but this was repulsed by the <a href="/wiki/Grenz_infantry" title="Grenz infantry">Grenzer troops</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-genzer_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-genzer-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further attacks in May led to a series of victories against a dispersed Austrian force.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGill201071_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGill201071-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the month Marmont was able to march with the bulk of his troops to join the emperor at Vienna.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGill201076_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGill201076-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Walcheren_Campaign">Walcheren Campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Walcheren Campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Walcheren_Campaign" title="Walcheren Campaign">Walcheren Campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evacuation_de_Walcheren_par_les_Anglais_-_30_ao%C3%BBt_1809_-_Composition_de_PHILIPPOTEAUX.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Evacuation_de_Walcheren_par_les_Anglais_-_30_ao%C3%BBt_1809_-_Composition_de_PHILIPPOTEAUX.jpg/220px-Evacuation_de_Walcheren_par_les_Anglais_-_30_ao%C3%BBt_1809_-_Composition_de_PHILIPPOTEAUX.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Evacuation_de_Walcheren_par_les_Anglais_-_30_ao%C3%BBt_1809_-_Composition_de_PHILIPPOTEAUX.jpg/330px-Evacuation_de_Walcheren_par_les_Anglais_-_30_ao%C3%BBt_1809_-_Composition_de_PHILIPPOTEAUX.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Evacuation_de_Walcheren_par_les_Anglais_-_30_ao%C3%BBt_1809_-_Composition_de_PHILIPPOTEAUX.jpg/440px-Evacuation_de_Walcheren_par_les_Anglais_-_30_ao%C3%BBt_1809_-_Composition_de_PHILIPPOTEAUX.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="743" /></a><figcaption>A depiction of the British evacuation from Walcheren</figcaption></figure> <p>In July 1809, the British launched the <a href="/wiki/Walcheren_Campaign" title="Walcheren Campaign">Walcheren Campaign</a> in the Netherlands to relieve the pressure on the Austrians and to weaken French naval power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsdaile200254_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsdaile200254-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly201532_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly201532-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plan was to land a force at <a href="/wiki/Walcheren" title="Walcheren">Walcheren</a> and advance along the <a href="/wiki/Western_Scheldt" title="Western Scheldt">Western Scheldt</a> to the harbour of Antwerp, a French naval base.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortescue201468–69_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortescue201468–69-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>'s patrols into the Western Scheldt and a dockyard strike at Antwerp alerted the French to the area's vulnerability and efforts were made to improve the defences and reinforce its garrisons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortescue201472_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortescue201472-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Pitt,_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham" title="John Pitt, 2nd Earl of Chatham">John Pitt, 2nd Earl of Chatham</a>'s force of over 39,000, a larger army than that serving in the Iberian Peninsula and the largest British Expeditionary Force of the Napoleonic Wars, landed at Walcheren on 30 July.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBamford2013Active_Service,_1808–1815_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBamford2013Active_Service,_1808–1815-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsdaile200254_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsdaile200254-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expedition was not capable of landing sufficient troops on the southern side of the Western Scheldt to capture the reinforced garrison at <a href="/wiki/Cadzand" title="Cadzand">Cadzand</a> due to a lack of boats. An advance on Antwerp depended on the capture of <a href="/wiki/Flushing,_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Flushing, Netherlands">Flushing</a> on the northern shore to allow the passage of Royal Navy vessels up the Western Scheldt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortescue201480_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortescue201480-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It took until 13 August for siege batteries to be set up and Flushing did not surrender until 16 August.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortescue201481_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortescue201481-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British forces had meanwhile been suffering from "<a href="/wiki/Walcheren_Fever" class="mw-redirect" title="Walcheren Fever">Walcheren Fever</a>", thought to be a combination of Malaria and Typhus, and lost 4,000 men to the disease during the campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsdaile200254_110-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsdaile200254-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By comparison only 106 men were killed in action.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraves2010143_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraves2010143-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 24 August Chatham had decided that the fever had reduced his force too much and the defences of Antwerp were too strong to assault. The campaign ended without the British achieving any of their main objectives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraves2010143_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraves2010143-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortescue201483_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortescue201483-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first British troops were withdrawn on 7 September, though a disease-ravaged garrison was maintained until 9 December.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortescue201489–91_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortescue201489–91-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The failure of the campaign led to the resignation of the British prime minister, the <a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish-Bentinck,_3rd_Duke_of_Portland" title="William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland">Duke of Portland</a>, and his replacement by <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Perceval" title="Spencer Perceval">Spencer Perceval</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraves2010143_117-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraves2010143-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austro-Polish_War">Austro-Polish War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Austro-Polish War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Austro-Polish_War" title="Austro-Polish War">Austro-Polish War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Micha%C5%82_Stachowicz_-_Wjazd_ksi%C4%99cia_J%C3%B3zefa_do_Krakowa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Micha%C5%82_Stachowicz_-_Wjazd_ksi%C4%99cia_J%C3%B3zefa_do_Krakowa.jpg/220px-Micha%C5%82_Stachowicz_-_Wjazd_ksi%C4%99cia_J%C3%B3zefa_do_Krakowa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Micha%C5%82_Stachowicz_-_Wjazd_ksi%C4%99cia_J%C3%B3zefa_do_Krakowa.jpg/330px-Micha%C5%82_Stachowicz_-_Wjazd_ksi%C4%99cia_J%C3%B3zefa_do_Krakowa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Micha%C5%82_Stachowicz_-_Wjazd_ksi%C4%99cia_J%C3%B3zefa_do_Krakowa.jpg/440px-Micha%C5%82_Stachowicz_-_Wjazd_ksi%C4%99cia_J%C3%B3zefa_do_Krakowa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5464" data-file-height="3595" /></a><figcaption>Prince Józef Poniatowski entering <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> in July 1809</figcaption></figure> <p>Austria invaded the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duchy of Warsaw</a> with initial success. <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Antoni_Poniatowski" class="mw-redirect" title="Józef Antoni Poniatowski">Poniatowski</a>'s army lost to the Austrians at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raszyn_(1809)" title="Battle of Raszyn (1809)">Battle of Raszyn</a> on 19 April and <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> was occupied four days later, with the occupation lasting until 1 June. The Poles went on to invade <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Galicia</a>, with some success, but the offensive quickly stalled with heavy casualties. The Austrians also won a few battles but were hampered by Russian troops whose intentions were unclear and did not allow them to advance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGill201051–52_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGill201051–52-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Austrian invasion of the Duchy of Warsaw, Russia reluctantly entered the war against Austria to fulfil their treaty of alliance with France. The Russian army, under the command of General Sergei Golitsyn, crossed into Galicia on 3 June 1809. Golitsyn advanced as slowly as possible, with instructions to avoid any major confrontation with the Austrians. There were minor skirmishes between the Russian and Austrian troops, with minimal losses. The Austrian and Russian commanders were in frequent correspondence and shared some operational intelligence. A courteous letter sent by a Russian divisional commander, General <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Ivanovich_Gorchakov" title="Andrei Ivanovich Gorchakov">Andrei Gorchakov</a>, to Archduke <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Ferdinand_Karl_Joseph_of_Austria-Este" title="Archduke Ferdinand Karl Joseph of Austria-Este">Ferdinand</a> was intercepted by the Poles, who sent an original to Emperor Napoleon and a copy to Tsar Alexander, resulting in Gorchakov's removal from command by Alexander. There were constant disagreements between Golitsyn and Poniatowski, with whom the Russians were supposed to cooperate in Galicia. As a result of the Treaty of Schönbrunn, Russia received the Galician district of <a href="/wiki/Ternopil" title="Ternopil">Tarnopol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze20114–22_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze20114–22-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_war_at_sea">The war at sea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The war at sea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basques_Road-Thomas_Whitcombe-217057.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Basques_Road-Thomas_Whitcombe-217057.JPG/250px-Basques_Road-Thomas_Whitcombe-217057.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Basques_Road-Thomas_Whitcombe-217057.JPG/375px-Basques_Road-Thomas_Whitcombe-217057.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Basques_Road-Thomas_Whitcombe-217057.JPG/500px-Basques_Road-Thomas_Whitcombe-217057.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3042" data-file-height="2007" /></a><figcaption>A depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Basque_Roads" title="Battle of the Basque Roads">Battle of the Basque Roads</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Since the Napoleonic Wars started, British fleets launched numerous attacks on French fleets, ports, or colonies and British and French navies continued their fighting in 1809. Britain overwhelmed France in the Atlantic after the French defeat at <a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Trafalgar Campaign">Trafalgar Campaign</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_campaign_of_1806" title="Atlantic campaign of 1806">Atlantic campaign of 1806</a>, and remnants of French fleet was stationed at bases in <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RW263_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RW263-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French colonies on the Caribbean and the Atlantic provided shelters and could be major threats to the British fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-RG75_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RG75-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodmanGardiner200541_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodmanGardiner200541-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French Atlantic Fleet was blockaded in Brest by a British force under <a href="/wiki/James_Gambier,_1st_Baron_Gambier" title="James Gambier, 1st Baron Gambier">James Gambier</a> but the French were keen to intervene in the Caribbean following the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Martinique_(1809)" title="Invasion of Martinique (1809)">British invasion of Martinique</a> in January 1809.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodman2001263_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodman2001263-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A storm in February scattered Gambier's fleet and allowed the French, under <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Philibert_Willaumez" title="Jean-Baptiste Philibert Willaumez">Jean-Baptiste Philibert Willaumez</a>, to put to sea and move to anchor in the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Roads" title="Basque Roads">Basque Roads</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClowes1997253_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClowes1997253-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 23 February three French frigates attempting to join the main fleet were damaged in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Les_Sables-d%27Olonne" title="Battle of Les Sables-d'Olonne">Battle of Les Sables-d'Olonne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson199497_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson199497-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A stalemate ensued with the French anchored under the guns of coastal batteries but blockaded by the British.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClowes1997259_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClowes1997259-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Willaumez was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Zacharie_Allemand" title="Zacharie Allemand">Zacharie Allemand</a> on 16 March, who consolidated the anchorage defences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson199495_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson199495-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_(United_Kingdom)" title="Admiralty (United Kingdom)">Admiralty</a> sent Captain <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cochrane,_10th_Earl_of_Dundonald" title="Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald">Lord Cochrane</a> to lead an <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Basque_Roads" title="Battle of the Basque Roads">attack on the French</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBienkowski2003164_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBienkowski2003164-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cochrane's 11 April assault with fireships caused panic in the French fleet and many vessels ran aground. Gambier failed to capitalise on the situation by sending in the main British fleet, though Cochrane's smaller force destroyed a number of vessels over the following days.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2020466_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2020466-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The action confined most of the French navy to its anchorages and enabled the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_reconquest_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Spanish reconquest of Santo Domingo">Spanish reconquest of Santo Domingo</a> and the British <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Guadeloupe_(1810)" title="Invasion of Guadeloupe (1810)">capture of Guadeloupe</a> in early 1810.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdkinsAdkins2011217_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdkinsAdkins2011217-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rebellions_against_French_rule">Rebellions against French rule</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Rebellions against French rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_of_the_War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="List of battles of the War of the Fifth Coalition">List of battles of the War of the Fifth Coalition</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_rebellions">Italian rebellions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Italian rebellions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Archduke John issued proclamations in April 1809 calling on the population of <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a> to rise up against the French for the sake of Italian nationalism. A portion of the population of Venice, including many criminals, rose up and took over public buildings, destroying taxation and conscription records. The revolt continued after the withdrawal of Austrian forces in May, spreading to the rest of Veneto. The rebels were inspired by the Tyrolean Rebellion. The French garrison and militia were unable to contain the rebels, who were unplacated by the abolition of French taxes on flour, meat and wine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory2001169_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory2001169-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many towns in Veneto came under rebel control and rebels entered <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a> where <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a> was threatened and <a href="/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara">Ferrara</a> was besieged for ten days. The rebellion ended in November 1809 and Napoleon reacted strongly: 4,000 troops were sent to Bologna from Naples and 675 citizens arrested, of whom 150 were killed. In the mountains and marshes of the region, some rebels remained and acted as brigands until the end of French occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory2001170_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory2001170-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rebellion_in_Tyrol">Rebellion in Tyrol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Rebellion in Tyrol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tyrolean_Rebellion" title="Tyrolean Rebellion">Tyrolean Rebellion</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franz_von_Defregger_Heimkehrender_Tiroler_Landsturm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting showing armed soldiers and peasants walking through the streets" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Franz_von_Defregger_Heimkehrender_Tiroler_Landsturm.jpg/250px-Franz_von_Defregger_Heimkehrender_Tiroler_Landsturm.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Franz_von_Defregger_Heimkehrender_Tiroler_Landsturm.jpg/375px-Franz_von_Defregger_Heimkehrender_Tiroler_Landsturm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Franz_von_Defregger_Heimkehrender_Tiroler_Landsturm.jpg/500px-Franz_von_Defregger_Heimkehrender_Tiroler_Landsturm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A 1901 depiction of Tyrol rebels</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tyrol" title="County of Tyrol">Tyrol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Hofer" title="Andreas Hofer">Andreas Hofer</a> led a rebellion against Bavarian rule and French domination that resulted in early isolated victories in the first <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Bergisel" title="Battles of Bergisel">Battles of Bergisel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaythornthwaite1998154–155_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaythornthwaite1998154–155-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hofer freed the Tyrol of Bavarian occupation by late August but on 29 September an Italian force under <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Gaspare_Peyri" title="Luigi Gaspare Peyri">Luigi Gaspare Peyri</a> captured <a href="/wiki/Trento" title="Trento">Trento</a>, though they could advance no further. The next month, with troops made available after the Treaty of Schönbrunn, a Bavarian force under <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Drouet,_Comte_d%27Erlon" title="Jean-Baptiste Drouet, Comte d'Erlon">Jean-Baptiste Drouet, Comte d'Erlon</a> travelled to end the rebellion. Supported by Franco-Italian forces, a three-pronged attack occupied the region with 45,000 troops by early November.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGill2010212_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGill2010212-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hofer went into hiding but was betrayed by one of his men in January 1810 and executed by the French.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaythornthwaite1998154–155_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaythornthwaite1998154–155-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gottscheer_rebellion">Gottscheer rebellion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Gottscheer rebellion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1809_Gottscheer_rebellion" title="1809 Gottscheer rebellion">1809 Gottscheer rebellion</a></div> <p>One of the counties ceded to France was <a href="/wiki/Gottschee" title="Gottschee">Gottschee</a> (in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>), which was to form part of the <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_Provinces" title="Illyrian Provinces">Illyrian Provinces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrince1931392_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrince1931392-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ethnic German population, the <a href="/wiki/Gottscheers" title="Gottscheers">Gottscheers</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Erker" title="Johann Erker">Johann Erker</a>, rebelled against the French garrison. Rebels were quickly defeated and the French intended to burn down the city of Gottschee. After petitions from local clergy this was not carried out, but the city was looted for a period of three days from 16 October.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrince1931393_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrince1931393-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Black_Brunswickers">Black Brunswickers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Black Brunswickers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Duchy of Brunswick</a> had been incorporated in to the French client state of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Westphalia" title="Kingdom of Westphalia">Kingdom of Westphalia</a> but its duke, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William,_Duke_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" title="Frederick William, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel">Frederick William</a>, sided with the Austrians in 1809. His force of a few thousand volunteer <a href="/wiki/Black_Brunswickers" title="Black Brunswickers">Brunswickers</a> fought alongside Austrian troops under <a href="/wiki/Michael_von_Kienmayer" title="Michael von Kienmayer">General Kienmayer</a> in Saxony, a French client state led by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony" title="Frederick Augustus I of Saxony">Frederick Augustus I</a>. They were successful, defeating a corps under the command of Junot at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gefrees" title="Battle of Gefrees">Battle of Gefrees</a>. After taking the Saxon capital, <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>, and pushing back an army under the command of Napoleon's brother, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Bonaparte" title="Jérôme Bonaparte">Jérôme Bonaparte</a>, the Austrians were effectively in control of all of Saxony. By this time, the main Austrian force had already been defeated at Wagram and the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Znaim" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice of Znaim">Armistice of Znaim</a> had been agreed.<sup id="cite_ref-loraine_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loraine-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Duke of Brunswick refused to be bound by the armistice and led his corps on a fighting march right across Germany to the mouth of the River <a href="/wiki/Weser" title="Weser">Weser</a>, from where they sailed to England and entered British service.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaythornthwaite1990147_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaythornthwaite1990147-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fritz_L%27_Allemand_-_Episode_aus_dem_Treffen_bei_Znaim_1809_-_5052_-_Kunsthistorisches_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Fritz_L%27_Allemand_-_Episode_aus_dem_Treffen_bei_Znaim_1809_-_5052_-_Kunsthistorisches_Museum.jpg/230px-Fritz_L%27_Allemand_-_Episode_aus_dem_Treffen_bei_Znaim_1809_-_5052_-_Kunsthistorisches_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Fritz_L%27_Allemand_-_Episode_aus_dem_Treffen_bei_Znaim_1809_-_5052_-_Kunsthistorisches_Museum.jpg/345px-Fritz_L%27_Allemand_-_Episode_aus_dem_Treffen_bei_Znaim_1809_-_5052_-_Kunsthistorisches_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Fritz_L%27_Allemand_-_Episode_aus_dem_Treffen_bei_Znaim_1809_-_5052_-_Kunsthistorisches_Museum.jpg/460px-Fritz_L%27_Allemand_-_Episode_aus_dem_Treffen_bei_Znaim_1809_-_5052_-_Kunsthistorisches_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3508" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Znaim" title="Battle of Znaim">Battle of Znaim</a> was the last action between Austria and France in the War of the Fifth Coalition</figcaption></figure> <p>After the main Austrian force was defeated at Wagram, the nation's forces collapsed, according to historian Charles Esdaile, and Emperor Francis was forced to sue for peace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsdaile200254_110-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsdaile200254-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Englund attributes the end to "diplomatic considerations" and believes that Austria could have continued to fight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnglund2004347_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglund2004347-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Treaty of Schönbrunn, signed on 14 October 1809, imposed a heavy political toll on the Austrians. Metternich and Charles succeeded in negotiating lighter terms in return for Austrian co-operation and most of the hereditary Habsburg territories were preserved.<sup id="cite_ref-fundamental_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fundamental-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lands given to the French were significant and included <a href="/wiki/Carinthia_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carinthia (province)">Carinthia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carniola" title="Carniola">Carniola</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic</a> ports, removing Austria's access to the Mediterranean. <a href="/wiki/West_Galicia" title="West Galicia">West Galicia</a> was given to the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duchy of Warsaw</a>. The lands of the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Salzburg" title="Duchy of Salzburg">Duchy of Salzburg</a>, acquired by Austria as territorial compensation for losses on the Adriatic Coast and the loss of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tyrol" title="County of Tyrol">Tyrol</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Pressburg_(1805)" title="Peace of Pressburg (1805)">Peace of Pressburg</a>, were transferred to Bavaria. Russia was ceded the district of <a href="/wiki/Ternopil" title="Ternopil">Tarnopol</a>. Austria lost over three million subjects, about 20% of the kingdom's total population. Emperor Francis agreed to pay an indemnity equivalent to almost 85 million <a href="/wiki/Franc" title="Franc">francs</a>, gave recognition to Napoleon's brother <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph</a> as the King of Spain, and reaffirmed the exclusion of British trade from his remaining dominions.<sup id="cite_ref-fundamental_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fundamental-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler1995732_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler1995732-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Austrian defeat, Napoleon married the daughter of Emperor Francis, <a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise,_Duchess_of_Parma" title="Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma">Marie Louise</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsdaile200255_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsdaile200255-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Napoleon hoped the marriage would cement a Franco-Austrian alliance and provide legitimacy to his regime. The alliance gave Austria respite from war with France, which it had pursued on and off for ten years, and restored her status as a great European power; marital ties did not prevent Francis from declaring war on France in 1813.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDwyer2013329_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDwyer2013329-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The impact of the conflict was not all positive from the French perspective. The revolts in Tyrol and the Kingdom of Westphalia during the conflict were an indication that there was discontent over French rule among the German population. Just a few days before the conclusion of the Treaty of Schönbrunn, an 18-year-old German named <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Staps" title="Friedrich Staps">Friedrich Staps</a> approached Napoleon during an army review and attempted to stab the emperor, but he was intercepted by General Rapp. The emerging forces of German nationalism were strongly rooted by this time, and the War of the Fifth Coalition nurtured their development.<sup id="cite_ref-intercepted_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-intercepted-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1813, during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">War of the Sixth Coalition</a>, there were anti-French risings and spontaneous guerrilla activity, though whether this was fuelled by pan-German nationalism or patriotism for the old order is debated by historians; a united Germany did not come about until 1871.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice201458_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice201458-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Return_of_Napoleon_to_the_Isle_of_Lobau_after_the_Battle_of_Essling,_23_May_1809_(by_Charles_Meynier).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Return_of_Napoleon_to_the_Isle_of_Lobau_after_the_Battle_of_Essling%2C_23_May_1809_%28by_Charles_Meynier%29.jpg/230px-Return_of_Napoleon_to_the_Isle_of_Lobau_after_the_Battle_of_Essling%2C_23_May_1809_%28by_Charles_Meynier%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Return_of_Napoleon_to_the_Isle_of_Lobau_after_the_Battle_of_Essling%2C_23_May_1809_%28by_Charles_Meynier%29.jpg/345px-Return_of_Napoleon_to_the_Isle_of_Lobau_after_the_Battle_of_Essling%2C_23_May_1809_%28by_Charles_Meynier%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Return_of_Napoleon_to_the_Isle_of_Lobau_after_the_Battle_of_Essling%2C_23_May_1809_%28by_Charles_Meynier%29.jpg/460px-Return_of_Napoleon_to_the_Isle_of_Lobau_after_the_Battle_of_Essling%2C_23_May_1809_%28by_Charles_Meynier%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2551" data-file-height="2060" /></a><figcaption>Return of Napoleon to the Isle of <a href="/wiki/Lobau" title="Lobau">Lobau</a> after the Battle of Essling, 23 May 1809</figcaption></figure> <p>The war undermined French military superiority and the Napoleonic image. The Battle of Aspern-Essling was the first major defeat in Napoleon's career and was warmly greeted by much of Europe. The Austrians had shown that strategic insight and tactical ability were no longer a French monopoly.<sup id="cite_ref-monopoly_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monopoly-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decline in the tactical skill of the French infantry led to increasingly heavy columns of foot soldiers eschewing manoeuvres and relying on sheer weight of numbers to break through, a development best emphasized by MacDonald's attack at Wagram.<sup id="cite_ref-monopoly_148-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monopoly-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Armée d'Allemagne</i> did not have the qualitative edge of the <i>Grande Armée</i> partly because raw conscripts replaced many of the veterans of Austerlitz and Jena, eroding tactical flexibility. Napoleon's armies were increasingly composed of non-French contingents, undermining morale. Although Napoleon's manoeuvers were successful, as evidenced by overturning the awful initial French position, the growing size of his armies made military strategies more difficult to manage. The scale of warfare grew too large for Napoleon to fully manage, which became evident during the next Napoleonic war, the <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a> in 1812.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Englund describes the war as "the first modern war" for the use of "symmetrical conscript armies of singularly large size," that were divided into corps and commanded decentralized in theatres. He concludes that "it was a war of magnitude and maneuver more than before and the decisive factor was attrition more than dramatic one-(or two-)day pitched battles."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnglund2004346_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglund2004346-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-part-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-part_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-part_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-part_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-part_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-part_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMikaberidze2020">Mikaberidze 2020</a>, p. 309 states that the contributions of coalition members aside from Austria were "rather nominal". <a href="#CITEREFEnglund2004">Englund 2004</a>, p. 345 writes that "the only real coalition to be mounted in this nominal fifth war of that name was the coalition France created against unhappy Austria; it included the key German States and Italy."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">in rebellion against the Confederation of the Rhine</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">in rebellion against Bavaria</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">in rebellion against France in Illyria</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">in rebellion against the Kingdom of Italy</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">excluding 314,810 supplementary troops in reserve, garrison, etc.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGill2008a-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGill2008a_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGill2008a">Gill 2008a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBamford2013Active_Service,_1808–1815-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBamford2013Active_Service,_1808–1815_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBamford2013Active_Service,_1808–1815_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBamford2013">Bamford 2013</a>, Active Service, 1808–1815.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler1995670-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler1995670_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChandler1995">Chandler 1995</a>, p. 670.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGill201044-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGill201044_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGill2010">Gill 2010</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodart191644-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodart191644_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodart191644_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBodart1916">Bodart 1916</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodart1916129-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodart1916129_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBodart1916">Bodart 1916</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-amiens-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-amiens_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChandler1995">Chandler 1995</a>, p. 304</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-suspicion&mistakes-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-suspicion&mistakes_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChandler1995">Chandler 1995</a>, p. 328 The <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic</a> was dominated by Russia, a situation with which Britain was uncomfortable as the region provided valuable commodities like timber, tar, and hemp, crucial supplies to Britain's <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Empire</a>. Additionally, Britain supported the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> against Russian incursions towards the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a>. Meanwhile, French territorial rearrangements in Germany occurred without Russian consultation and Napoleon's annexations in the <a href="/wiki/Po_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Po River">Po valley</a> increasingly strained relations between the two.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-revenge-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-revenge_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChandler1995">Chandler 1995</a>, p. 331</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-troops-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-troops_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrooks2000">Brooks 2000</a>, p. 108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-miles-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-miles_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-miles_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUffindell2003">Uffindell 2003</a>, p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchneid2005">Schneid 2005</a>, p. 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchneid2005">Schneid 2005</a>, pp. 137–140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchneid2005">Schneid 2005</a>, p. 141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-frtroops-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-frtroops_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChandler1995">Chandler 1995</a>, p. 469</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMikaberidze2020">Mikaberidze 2020</a>, p. 221</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMikaberidze2020">Mikaberidze 2020</a>, p. 222</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMikaberidze2020">Mikaberidze 2020</a>, pp. 223–224</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMikaberidze2020">Mikaberidze 2020</a>, p. 225</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMikaberidze2020">Mikaberidze 2020</a>, pp. 225–226</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMikaberidze2020">Mikaberidze 2020</a>, pp. 246–247</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-frenchtroops-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-frenchtroops_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFisherFremont-Barnes2004">Fisher & Fremont-Barnes 2004</a>, p. 197</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-family-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-family_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFisherFremont-Barnes2004">Fisher & Fremont-Barnes 2004</a>, pp. 198–199</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-overthrow-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-overthrow_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEsdaile2003">Esdaile 2003</a>, pp. 34–35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-entered-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-entered_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFisherFremont-Barnes2004">Fisher & Fremont-Barnes 2004</a>, p. 205</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buttery26-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buttery26_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buttery26_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFButtery2016">Buttery 2016</a>, p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagnet200526-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagnet200526_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPagnet2005">Pagnet 2005</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce200860-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce200860_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBruce2008">Bruce 2008</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagnet200526–30-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagnet200526–30_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPagnet2005">Pagnet 2005</a>, pp. 26–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuir2013290-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuir2013290_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMuir2013">Muir 2013</a>, p. 290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2020307-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2020307_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMikaberidze2020">Mikaberidze 2020</a>, p. 307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglund2004345-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnglund2004345_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnglund2004345_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnglund2004345_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEnglund2004">Englund 2004</a>, p. 345.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsdaile200252–53-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsdaile200252–53_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEsdaile2002">Esdaile 2002</a>, pp. 52–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglund2004344-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnglund2004344_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnglund2004344_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEnglund2004">Englund 2004</a>, p. 344.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkham2010179-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkham2010179_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkham2010179_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkham2010179_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarkham2010">Markham 2010</a>, p. 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold199016–19-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold199016–19_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArnold1990">Arnold 1990</a>, pp. 16–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2020264-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2020264_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMikaberidze2020">Mikaberidze 2020</a>, p. 264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGill2008a32-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGill2008a32_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGill2008a">Gill 2008a</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2018217-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell2018217_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell2018">Mitchell 2018</a>, p. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMowat1971233-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMowat1971233_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMowat1971233_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMowat1971">Mowat 1971</a>, p. 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagemann2006588–589-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHagemann2006588–589_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHagemann2006">Hagemann 2006</a>, pp. 588–589.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGill202029–30-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGill202029–30_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGill202029–30_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGill2020">Gill 2020</a>, pp. 29–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGill2008a35–36-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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April, Berthier wrote to Napoleon: "In this position of affairs, I greatly desire the arrival of your Majesty, in order to avoid the orders and countermands which circumstances as well as the directives and instructions of your Majesty necessary entail."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-carré-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-carré_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChandler1995">Chandler 1995</a>, p. 681</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-garrison-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-garrison_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChandler1995">Chandler 1995</a>, p. 682</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChandler1995">Chandler 1995</a>, p. 683</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span 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href="#CITEREFFisherFremont-Barnes2004">Fisher & Fremont-Barnes 2004</a>, p. 142</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnelly2006152-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnelly2006152_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConnelly2006">Connelly 2006</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeillands2003131–132-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeillands2003131–132_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeillands2003">Neillands 2003</a>, pp. 131–132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeillands2003132–133-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeillands2003132–133_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeillands2003">Neillands 2003</a>, pp. 132–133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maina-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-maina_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodman2001263-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodman2001263_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoodman2001">Woodman 2001</a>, p. 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClowes1997253-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClowes1997253_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClowes1997">Clowes 1997</a>, p. 253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson199497-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson199497_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHenderson1994">Henderson 1994</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClowes1997259-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClowes1997259_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClowes1997">Clowes 1997</a>, p. 259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson199495-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson199495_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHenderson1994">Henderson 1994</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBienkowski2003164-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBienkowski2003164_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBienkowski2003">Bienkowski 2003</a>, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2020466-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2020466_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMikaberidze2020">Mikaberidze 2020</a>, p. 466.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdkinsAdkins2011217-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdkinsAdkins2011217_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdkinsAdkins2011">Adkins & Adkins 2011</a>, p. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory2001169-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory2001169_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGregory2001">Gregory 2001</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory2001170-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory2001170_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGregory2001">Gregory 2001</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaythornthwaite1998154–155-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaythornthwaite1998154–155_135-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaythornthwaite1998154–155_135-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaythornthwaite1998">Haythornthwaite 1998</a>, pp. 154–155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGill2010212-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGill2010212_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGill2010">Gill 2010</a>, p. 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrince1931392-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrince1931392_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrince1931">Prince 1931</a>, p. 392.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrince1931393-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrince1931393_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrince1931">Prince 1931</a>, p. 393.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-loraine-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-loraine_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetre2003">Petre 2003</a>, p. 318</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaythornthwaite1990147-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaythornthwaite1990147_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaythornthwaite1990">Haythornthwaite 1990</a>, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglund2004347-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnglund2004347_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEnglund2004">Englund 2004</a>, p. 347.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fundamental-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fundamental_142-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fundamental_142-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFisherFremont-Barnes2004">Fisher & Fremont-Barnes 2004</a>, p. 144</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler1995732-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler1995732_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChandler1995">Chandler 1995</a>, p. 732.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsdaile200255-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsdaile200255_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEsdaile2002">Esdaile 2002</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDwyer2013329-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDwyer2013329_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDwyer2013">Dwyer 2013</a>, p. 329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-intercepted-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-intercepted_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChandler1995">Chandler 1995</a>, p. 736</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice201458-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice201458_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrice2014">Price 2014</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-monopoly-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-monopoly_148-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-monopoly_148-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrooks2000">Brooks 2000</a>, p. 115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrooks2000">Brooks 2000</a>, p. 114; <a href="#CITEREFGill2020">Gill 2020</a>, p. 47</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 28em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAdkinsAdkins2011" class="citation book cs1">Adkins, Roy; Adkins, Lesley (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HgNA8I0hiLsC"><i>The War For All The Oceans: From Nelson at the Nile to Napoleon at Waterloo</i></a>. London: Little, Brown Book Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4055-1343-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4055-1343-2"><bdi>978-1-4055-1343-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+For+All+The+Oceans%3A+From+Nelson+at+the+Nile+to+Napoleon+at+Waterloo&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+Book+Group&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4055-1343-2&rft.aulast=Adkins&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft.au=Adkins%2C+Lesley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHgNA8I0hiLsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Fifth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold1990" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, James R. (1990). <i>Crisis on the Danube: Napoleon's Austrian campaign of 1809</i>. London: Arms and Armour. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85409-083-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85409-083-6"><bdi>1-85409-083-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crisis+on+the+Danube%3A+Napoleon%27s+Austrian+campaign+of+1809&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Arms+and+Armour&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=1-85409-083-6&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Fifth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold1995" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, James R. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=63xTTaYTbrwC"><i>Napoleon Conquers Austria: The 1809 Campaign for Vienna</i></a>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94694-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94694-4"><bdi>978-0-275-94694-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon+Conquers+Austria%3A+The+1809+Campaign+for+Vienna&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-275-94694-4&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D63xTTaYTbrwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Fifth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBamford2013" class="citation book cs1">Bamford, Andrew (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pT1SMoJgri8C"><i>Sickness, Suffering, and the Sword: The British Regiment on Campaign, 1808–1815</i></a>. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-8932-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-8932-1"><bdi>978-0-8061-8932-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sickness%2C+Suffering%2C+and+the+Sword%3A+The+British+Regiment+on+Campaign%2C+1808%E2%80%931815&rft.place=Norman%2C+Oklahoma&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-8932-1&rft.aulast=Bamford&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpT1SMoJgri8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Fifth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBienkowski2003" class="citation book cs1">Bienkowski, Lee (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZXfAAA"><i>Admirals in the age of Nelson</i></a>. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-002-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-002-1"><bdi>978-1-55750-002-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Admirals+in+the+age+of+Nelson&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-55750-002-1&rft.aulast=Bienkowski&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6ZXfAAA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Fifth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodart1916" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Bodart" title="Gaston Bodart">Bodart, Gaston</a> (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924014015469"><i>Losses of Life in Modern Wars</i></a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1371465520" title="Special:BookSources/978-1371465520"><bdi>978-1371465520</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Losses+of+Life+in+Modern+Wars&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1916&rft.isbn=978-1371465520&rft.aulast=Bodart&rft.aufirst=Gaston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924014015469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Fifth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks2000" class="citation book cs1">Brooks, Richard, ed. (2000). <i>Atlas of World Military History</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7607-2025-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7607-2025-8"><bdi>0-7607-2025-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+World+Military+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7607-2025-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Fifth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce2008" class="citation book cs1">Bruce, Robert B. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7HEjAQAAIAAJ"><i>Fighting Techniques of Napoleonic Age</i></a>. London: Amber Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905704-82-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905704-82-8"><bdi>978-1-905704-82-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+Techniques+of+Napoleonic+Age&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Amber+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-905704-82-8&rft.aulast=Bruce&rft.aufirst=Robert+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7HEjAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Fifth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButtery2016" class="citation book cs1">Buttery, David (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VzZmDAAAQBAJ"><i>Wellington Against Soult: The Second Invasion of Portugal, 1809</i></a>. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen and Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-7515-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-7515-9"><bdi>978-1-4738-7515-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wellington+Against+Soult%3A+The+Second+Invasion+of+Portugal%2C+1809&rft.place=Barnsley%2C+South+Yorkshire&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4738-7515-9&rft.aulast=Buttery&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVzZmDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Fifth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandler1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_G._Chandler" title="David G. Chandler">Chandler, David G.</a> (1995) [1966]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/campaignsofnapol00chan"><i>The Campaigns of Napoleon</i></a></span>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-523660-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-523660-1"><bdi>0-02-523660-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Campaigns+of+Napoleon&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-02-523660-1&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcampaignsofnapol00chan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Fifth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClowes1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Laird_Clowes" title="William Laird Clowes">Clowes, William Laird</a> (1997) [1900]. <i>The Royal Navy, A History from the Earliest Times to 1900, Volume V</i>. London: Chatham Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86176-014-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-86176-014-0"><bdi>1-86176-014-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Navy%2C+A+History+from+the+Earliest+Times+to+1900%2C+Volume+V&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chatham+Publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-86176-014-0&rft.aulast=Clowes&rft.aufirst=William+Laird&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Fifth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnelly2006" class="citation book cs1">Connelly, Owen (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gdhbAAAAQBAJ"><i>Blundering to Glory: Napoleon's Military Campaigns</i></a>. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-1009-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-1009-7"><bdi>978-1-4422-1009-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blundering+to+Glory%3A+Napoleon%27s+Military+Campaigns&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-1009-7&rft.aulast=Connelly&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgdhbAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Fifth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnelly2006b" class="citation book cs1">Connelly, Owen (2006b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zN4LRcapensC"><i>The Wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon, 1792–1815</i></a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23983-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23983-7"><bdi>978-0-415-23983-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wars+of+the+French+Revolution+and+Napoleon%2C+1792%E2%80%931815&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-23983-7&rft.aulast=Connelly&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzN4LRcapensC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Fifth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDwyer2013" class="citation book cs1">Dwyer, Philip (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VZ39AQAAQBAJ"><i>Citizen Emperor: Napoleon in Power</i></a>. New Haven, Connectivut: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19066-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19066-3"><bdi>978-0-300-19066-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizen+Emperor%3A+Napoleon+in+Power&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connectivut&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-300-19066-3&rft.aulast=Dwyer&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVZ39AQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Fifth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglund2004" class="citation book cs1">Englund, Steven (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/napoleonpolitica00engl"><i>Napoleon : a Political Life</i></a></span>. New York: Scribner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-87142-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-87142-4"><bdi>978-0-684-87142-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1085212315">1085212315</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon+%3A+a+Political+Life.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1085212315&rft.isbn=978-0-684-87142-4&rft.aulast=Englund&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnapoleonpolitica00engl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Fifth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsdaile2003" class="citation book cs1">Esdaile, Charles (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peninsularwarnew00esda"><i>The Peninsular War</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4039-6231-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-4039-6231-6"><bdi>1-4039-6231-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Peninsular+War&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-4039-6231-6&rft.aulast=Esdaile&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpeninsularwarnew00esda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Fifth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsdaile2002" class="citation book cs1">Esdaile, Charles J. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50175400"><i>The French Wars, 1792–1815</i></a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-27885-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-27885-2"><bdi>0-203-27885-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50175400">50175400</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Wars%2C+1792%E2%80%931815&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50175400&rft.isbn=0-203-27885-2&rft.aulast=Esdaile&rft.aufirst=Charles+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F50175400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Fifth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisherFremont-Barnes2004" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, Todd; Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (2004). <i>The Napoleonic Wars: The Rise and Fall of an Empire</i>. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-831-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-831-6"><bdi>1-84176-831-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Napoleonic+Wars%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+an+Empire&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-84176-831-6&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft.au=Fremont-Barnes%2C+Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Fifth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortescue2014" class="citation book cs1">Fortescue, Hon. Sir John William (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2v5uCwAAQBAJ"><i>A History Of The British Army – Vol. VII (1809–1810)</i></a>. San Francisco: Lucknow Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78289-134-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78289-134-5"><bdi>978-1-78289-134-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+Of+The+British+Army+%E2%80%93+Vol.+VII+%281809%E2%80%931810%29.&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Lucknow+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78289-134-5&rft.aulast=Fortescue&rft.aufirst=Hon.+Sir+John+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2v5uCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Fifth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGill2008a" class="citation book cs1">Gill, John H. (2008a). <i>1809: Thunder on the Danube; Volume I: Abensberg</i>. London: Frontline Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-757-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-757-3"><bdi>978-1-84832-757-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1809%3A+Thunder+on+the+Danube%3B+Volume+I%3A+Abensberg&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Frontline+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84832-757-3&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Fifth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGill2010" class="citation book cs1">Gill, John H. (2010). <i>1809: Thunder on the Danube; Volume III: Wagram and Znaim</i>. London: Frontline Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-547-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-547-0"><bdi>978-1-84832-547-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1809%3A+Thunder+on+the+Danube%3B+Volume+III%3A+Wagram+and+Znaim&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Frontline+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84832-547-0&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Fifth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGill2020" class="citation book cs1">Gill, John H. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fQLoDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Battle of Znaim</i></a>. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Greenhill Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78438-450-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78438-450-0"><bdi>978-1-78438-450-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Znaim&rft.place=Barnsley%2C+South+Yorkshire&rft.pub=Greenhill+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-78438-450-0&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfQLoDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Fifth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraves2010" class="citation book cs1">Graves, Donald E. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TOWXAwAAQBAJ"><i>Dragon rampant : the Royal Welch Fusiliers at war, 1793–1815</i></a>. London: Pen and Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-1377-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-1377-9"><bdi>978-1-4738-1377-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dragon+rampant+%3A+the+Royal+Welch+Fusiliers+at+war%2C+1793%E2%80%931815&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4738-1377-9&rft.aulast=Graves&rft.aufirst=Donald+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTOWXAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Fifth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory2001" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, Desmond (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-Wq8wtDN23oC"><i>Napoleon's Italy: Desmond Gregory</i></a>. Cranbury, New Jersey: Associated University Presses. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-3884-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-3884-2"><bdi>978-0-8386-3884-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon%27s+Italy%3A+Desmond+Gregory&rft.place=Cranbury%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Associated+University+Presses&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8386-3884-2&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Desmond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-Wq8wtDN23oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Fifth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHagemann2006" class="citation journal cs1">Hagemann, Karen (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20457178">"Occupation, Mobilization, and Politics: The Anti-Napoleonic Wars in Prussian Experience, Memory, and Historiography"</a>. <i>Central European History</i>. <b>39</b> (4): 580–610. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0008938906000197">10.1017/S0008938906000197</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-9389">0008-9389</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20457178">20457178</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145284436">145284436</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+European+History&rft.atitle=Occupation%2C+Mobilization%2C+and+Politics%3A+The+Anti-Napoleonic+Wars+in+Prussian+Experience%2C+Memory%2C+and+Historiography&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=580-610&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=0008-9389&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145284436%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20457178%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0008938906000197&rft.aulast=Hagemann&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20457178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Fifth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaythornthwaite1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Haythornthwaite" title="Philip Haythornthwaite">Haythornthwaite, Philip J</a> (1990). <i>The Napoleonic Source Book</i>. London: Guild Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85409-287-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85409-287-8"><bdi>978-1-85409-287-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Napoleonic+Source+Book&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Guild+Publishing&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1-85409-287-8&rft.aulast=Haythornthwaite&rft.aufirst=Philip+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Fifth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaythornthwaite1998" class="citation book cs1">Haythornthwaite, Philip J. (1998). <i>Who was Who in the Napoleonic Wars</i>. London: Arms & Armour. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85409-391-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85409-391-6"><bdi>1-85409-391-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+was+Who+in+the+Napoleonic+Wars&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Arms+%26+Armour&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-85409-391-6&rft.aulast=Haythornthwaite&rft.aufirst=Philip+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Fifth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson1994" class="citation book cs1">Henderson, James (1994) [1970]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frigatesaccounto0000hend"><i>The Frigates</i></a></span>. London: Leo Cooper. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85052-432-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-85052-432-6"><bdi>0-85052-432-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Frigates&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Leo+Cooper&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-85052-432-6&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrigatesaccounto0000hend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Fifth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2015" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Catherine (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S-U5CgAAQBAJ"><i>War and the Militarization of British Army Medicine, 1793–1830</i></a>. Ab: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-32245-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-32245-0"><bdi>978-1-317-32245-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+the+Militarization+of+British+Army+Medicine%2C+1793%E2%80%931830&rft.place=Ab&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-32245-0&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS-U5CgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Fifth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2003" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Paul (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/napoleon0000john"><i>Napoleon</i></a></span>. Phoenix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-650-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-650-9"><bdi>978-1-84212-650-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon&rft.pub=Phoenix&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84212-650-9&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnapoleon0000john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Fifth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLachouque1961" class="citation book cs1">Lachouque, Henry (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rwEMAQAAMAAJ"><i>The Anatomy of Glory: Napoleon and His Guard, a Study in Leadership</i></a>. Providence, Rhode Island: Brown University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1008283258">1008283258</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anatomy+of+Glory%3A+Napoleon+and+His+Guard%2C+a+Study+in+Leadership&rft.place=Providence%2C+Rhode+Island&rft.pub=Brown+University+Press&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1008283258&rft.aulast=Lachouque&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrwEMAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Fifth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkham2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Felix_Markham" title="Felix Markham">Markham, Felix</a> (2010) [1964]. <i>Napoleon</i>. New York: Signet Classics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-451-53165-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-451-53165-0"><bdi>978-0-451-53165-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Signet+Classics&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-451-53165-0&rft.aulast=Markham&rft.aufirst=Felix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Fifth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikaberidze2011" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mikaberidze" title="Alexander Mikaberidze">Mikaberidze, Alexander</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fnapo.111.0004">"Non-Belligerent Belligerent Russia and the Franco-Austrian War of 1809"</a>. <i>Napoleonica. La Revue</i>. <b>1</b> (10): 4–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fnapo.111.0004">10.3917/napo.111.0004</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Napoleonica.+La+Revue&rft.atitle=Non-Belligerent+Belligerent+Russia+and+the+Franco-Austrian+War+of+1809&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=4-22&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Fnapo.111.0004&rft.aulast=Mikaberidze&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3917%252Fnapo.111.0004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Fifth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikaberidze2020" class="citation book cs1">Mikaberidze, Alexander (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SZjFDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Napoleonic Wars: A Global History</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-995106-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-995106-2"><bdi>978-0-19-995106-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Napoleonic+Wars%3A+A+Global+History&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-19-995106-2&rft.aulast=Mikaberidze&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSZjFDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Fifth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2018" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, A. Wess (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E3KYDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Grand Strategy of the Habsburg Empire</i></a>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17670-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17670-3"><bdi>978-0-691-17670-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grand+Strategy+of+the+Habsburg+Empire&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-691-17670-3&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=A.+Wess&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE3KYDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Fifth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMowat1971" class="citation book cs1">Mowat, Robert Balmain (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L6wTAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Diplomacy of Napoleon</i></a>. New York: Russell & Russell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8462-1539-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8462-1539-4"><bdi>978-0-8462-1539-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diplomacy+of+Napoleon&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Russell+%26+Russell&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-8462-1539-4&rft.aulast=Mowat&rft.aufirst=Robert+Balmain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL6wTAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Fifth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuir2013" class="citation book cs1">Muir, Rory (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IdY_AQAAQBAJ"><i>Wellington: The Path to Victory 1769–1814</i></a>. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-18665-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-18665-9"><bdi>978-0-300-18665-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wellington%3A+The+Path+to+Victory+1769%E2%80%931814&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-300-18665-9&rft.aulast=Muir&rft.aufirst=Rory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIdY_AQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Fifth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeillands2003" class="citation book cs1">Neillands, Robin (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eC7AAwAAQBAJ"><i>Wellington & Napoleon: Clash of Arms</i></a>. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen and Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85052-926-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85052-926-5"><bdi>978-0-85052-926-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wellington+%26+Napoleon%3A+Clash+of+Arms&rft.place=Barnsley%2C+South+Yorkshire&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-85052-926-5&rft.aulast=Neillands&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeC7AAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Fifth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPagnet2005" class="citation book cs1">Pagnet, Julian (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kBbOAwAAQBAJ"><i>Wellington's Peninsular War</i></a>. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-290-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-290-2"><bdi>978-1-84415-290-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wellington%27s+Peninsular+War&rft.place=Barnsley%2C+South+Yorkshire&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84415-290-2&rft.aulast=Pagnet&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkBbOAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Fifth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetre2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Loraine_Petre" title="Francis Loraine Petre">Petre, F. Loraine</a> (2003) [1909]. <i>Napoleon and the Archduke Charles</i>. Whitefish: Kessinger Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7661-7385-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7661-7385-2"><bdi>0-7661-7385-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon+and+the+Archduke+Charles&rft.place=Whitefish&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7661-7385-2&rft.aulast=Petre&rft.aufirst=F.+Loraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Fifth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice2014" class="citation book cs1">Price, Munro (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TxWSBAAAQBAJ"><i>Napoleon: The End of Glory</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938069-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938069-5"><bdi>978-0-19-938069-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon%3A+The+End+of+Glory&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-938069-5&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Munro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTxWSBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Fifth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrince1931" class="citation journal cs1">Prince, John Dyneley (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/984204">"The Gottschee Germans of Slovenia"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</i>. <b>70</b> (4): 391–398. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-049X">0003-049X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/984204">984204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=The+Gottschee+Germans+of+Slovenia&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=391-398&rft.date=1931&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F984204%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0003-049X&rft.aulast=Prince&rft.aufirst=John+Dyneley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F984204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Fifth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneid2005" class="citation book cs1">Schneid, Frederick C. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y4cU0QJexP4C"><i>Napoleon's Conquest of Europe: The War of the Third Coalition</i></a>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98096-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98096-2"><bdi>978-0-275-98096-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon%27s+Conquest+of+Europe%3A+The+War+of+the+Third+Coalition&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-275-98096-2&rft.aulast=Schneid&rft.aufirst=Frederick+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy4cU0QJexP4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Fifth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUffindell2003" class="citation book cs1">Uffindell, Andrew (2003). <i>Great Generals of the Napoleonic Wars</i>. Staplehurst: Spellmount. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86227-177-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-86227-177-1"><bdi>1-86227-177-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Generals+of+the+Napoleonic+Wars&rft.place=Staplehurst&rft.pub=Spellmount&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-86227-177-1&rft.aulast=Uffindell&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Fifth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodman2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Woodman" title="Richard Woodman">Woodman, Richard</a> (2001). <i>The Sea Warriors</i>. London: Constable Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84119-183-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-84119-183-3"><bdi>1-84119-183-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sea+Warriors&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Constable+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-84119-183-3&rft.aulast=Woodman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Fifth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodmanGardiner2005" class="citation book cs1">Woodman, Richard; Gardiner, Robert (2005). <i>The Victory of Seapower: Winning the Napoleonic War 1806–1814</i>. London: Mercury Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84560-012-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-84560-012-6"><bdi>1-84560-012-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Victory+of+Seapower%3A+Winning+the+Napoleonic+War+1806%E2%80%931814&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Mercury+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-84560-012-6&rft.aulast=Woodman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Gardiner%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Fifth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZabecki2014" class="citation book cs1">Zabecki, David T., ed. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rCWMBQAAQBAJ"><i>Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History [4 volumes]: 400 Years of Military History</i></a>. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-981-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-981-3"><bdi>978-1-59884-981-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany+at+War%3A+400+Years+of+Military+History+%5B4+volumes%5D%3A+400+Years+of+Military+History&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-981-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrCWMBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Fifth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:War of the Fifth Coalition">War of the Fifth Coalition</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpstein1994" class="citation book cs1">Epstein, Robert M. (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/napoleonslastvic0000epst"><i>Napoleon's last victory and the emergence of modern war</i></a></span>. University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0664-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0664-1"><bdi>978-0-7006-0664-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon%27s+last+victory+and+the+emergence+of+modern+war&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-0664-1&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnapoleonslastvic0000epst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Fifth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGates2002" class="citation book cs1">Gates, David (2002) [1986]. <i>The Spanish Ulcer: A History of the Peninsular War</i>. Pimlico. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-9730-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7126-9730-6"><bdi>0-7126-9730-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Ulcer%3A+A+History+of+the+Peninsular+War&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7126-9730-6&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Fifth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGill1992" class="citation book cs1">Gill, John H. (1992). <i>With Eagles to Glory : Napoleon and his German allies in the 1809 campaign</i>. London: Greenhill Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85367-130-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85367-130-4"><bdi>1-85367-130-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+Eagles+to+Glory+%3A+Napoleon+and+his+German+allies+in+the+1809+campaign&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Greenhill+Books&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=1-85367-130-4&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Fifth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGill2008b" class="citation book cs1">Gill, John H. (2008b). <i>1809: Thunder on the Danube; Volume II: The Fall of Vienna and the Battle of Aspern</i>. London: Frontline Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-510-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-510-4"><bdi>978-1-84832-510-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1809%3A+Thunder+on+the+Danube%3B+Volume+II%3A+The+Fall+of+Vienna+and+the+Battle+of+Aspern&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Frontline+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84832-510-4&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Fifth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchroeder1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_W._Schroeder" title="Paul W. Schroeder">Schroeder, Paul W.</a> (1994). <i>The Transformation of European Politics, 1763–1848</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198221197" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198221197"><bdi>978-0198221197</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transformation+of+European+Politics%2C+1763%E2%80%931848&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0198221197&rft.aulast=Schroeder&rft.aufirst=Paul+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Fifth+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Napoleonic_Wars" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Napoleonic_Wars" title="Template:Napoleonic Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Napoleonic_Wars" title="Template talk:Napoleonic Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Napoleonic_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Napoleonic Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Napoleonic_Wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">Third Coalition</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">Fourth Coalition</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a></b></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fifth Coalition</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French Invasion of Russia</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">Sixth Coalition</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Seventh Coalition</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Belli-<br />gerents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">France,<br /><a href="/wiki/Sister_republic" title="Sister republic">client states</a><br />and allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Legions_(Napoleonic_period)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Legions (Napoleonic period)">Polish Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Etruria" title="Kingdom of Etruria">Etruria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Napoleonic_era#Act_of_Mediation" title="Switzerland in the Napoleonic era">Swiss Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples#Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony#The_Napoleonic_Era_and_the_German_Confederation" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Westphalia" title="Kingdom of Westphalia">Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_under_Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Spain under Joseph Bonaparte">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Coalition_forces_of_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Coalition forces of the Napoleonic Wars">Coalition<br />forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden#Swedish_Empire" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau#Duchy_of_Nassau" title="Duchy of Nassau">Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">French Royalists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major<br />battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">First Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">Second Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire" title="Coup of 18 Brumaire">18 Brumaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon%27s_planned_invasion_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom">Planned invasion of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Enghien" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien">Duc d'Enghien Execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Napoleon" title="Coronation of Napoleon">Coronation of Napoleon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1805</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Diamond_Rock" title="Battle of Diamond Rock">Diamond Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Finisterre_(1805)" title="Battle of Cape Finisterre (1805)">Cape Finisterre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wertingen" title="Battle of Wertingen">Wertingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_G%C3%BCnzburg" title="Battle of Günzburg">Günzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haslach-Jungingen" title="Battle of Haslach-Jungingen">Haslach-Jungingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elchingen" title="Battle of Elchingen">Elchingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ulm" title="Battle of Ulm">Ulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verona_(1805)" title="Battle of Verona (1805)">Verona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caldiero_(1805)" title="Battle of Caldiero (1805)">Caldiero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Ortegal" title="Battle of Cape Ortegal">Cape Ortegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amstetten" title="Battle of Amstetten">Amstetten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_D%C3%BCrenstein" title="Battle of Dürenstein">Dürenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sch%C3%B6ngrabern" title="Battle of Schöngrabern">Schöngrabern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Austerlitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1806</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gaeta_(1806)" title="Siege of Gaeta (1806)">Gaeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Campo_Tenese" title="Battle of Campo Tenese">Campo Tenese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maida" title="Battle of Maida">Maida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Schleiz" title="Battle of Schleiz">Schleiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saalfeld" title="Battle of Saalfeld">Saalfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jena%E2%80%93Auerstedt" title="Battle of Jena–Auerstedt">Jena–Auerstedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Erfurt" title="Capitulation of Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Halle" title="Battle of Halle">Halle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Magdeburg_(1806)" title="Siege of Magdeburg (1806)">Magdeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prenzlau" title="Battle of Prenzlau">Prenzlau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Pasewalk" title="Capitulation of Pasewalk">Pasewalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Stettin" title="Capitulation of Stettin">Stettin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waren-Nossentin" title="Battle of Waren-Nossentin">Waren-Nossentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="Battle of Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1806)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1806)">Greater Poland uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hamelin" title="Siege of Hamelin">Hamelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Czarnowo" title="Battle of Czarnowo">Czarnowo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Golymin" title="Battle of Golymin">Golymin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pu%C5%82tusk_(1806)" title="Battle of Pułtusk (1806)">Pułtusk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1807</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mohrungen" title="Battle of Mohrungen">Mohrungen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eylau" title="Battle of Eylau">Eylau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostro%C5%82%C4%99ka_(1807)" title="Battle of Ostrołęka (1807)">Ostrołęka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kolberg_(1807)" title="Siege of Kolberg (1807)">Kolberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Danzig_(1807)" title="Siege of Danzig (1807)">Danzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sortie_of_Stralsund" title="Great Sortie of Stralsund">Stralsund I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mileto" title="Battle of Mileto">Mileto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guttstadt-Deppen" title="Battle of Guttstadt-Deppen">Guttstadt-Deppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heilsberg" title="Battle of Heilsberg">Heilsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Friedland" title="Battle of Friedland">Friedland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Stralsund_(1807)" title="Siege of Stralsund (1807)">Stralsund II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Copenhagen_(1807)" title="Battle of Copenhagen (1807)">Copenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Portugal_(1807)" title="Invasion of Portugal (1807)">Invasion of Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1808</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dos_de_Mayo_Uprising" title="Dos de Mayo Uprising">Dos de Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_El_Bruch" title="Battles of El Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Rosily_Squadron" title="Capture of the Rosily Squadron">Rosily Squadron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cabez%C3%B3n" title="Battle of Cabezón">Cabezón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zaragoza_(1808)" title="Siege of Zaragoza (1808)">1st Zaragoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valencia_(1808)" title="Battle of Valencia (1808)">Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Medina_de_Rioseco" title="Battle of Medina de Rioseco">Medina de Rioseco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bail%C3%A9n" title="Battle of Bailén">Bailén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Roli%C3%A7a" title="Battle of Roliça">Roliça</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vimeiro" title="Battle of Vimeiro">Vimeiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zornoza" title="Battle of Zornoza">Zornoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valmaseda" title="Battle of Valmaseda">Valmaseda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Burgos" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Burgos">Burgos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Espinosa_de_los_Monteros" title="Battle of Espinosa de los Monteros">Espinosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tudela" title="Battle of Tudela">Tudela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Somosierra" title="Battle of Somosierra">Somosierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zaragoza_(1809)" title="Siege of Zaragoza (1809)">2nd Zaragoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sahag%C3%BAn" title="Battle of Sahagún">Sahagún</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Benavente" title="Battle of Benavente">Benavente</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1809</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castell%C3%B3n" title="Battle of Castellón">Castellón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ucl%C3%A9s_(1809)" title="Battle of Uclés (1809)">Uclés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corunna" title="Battle of Corunna">Corunna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valls" title="Battle of Valls">Valls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrolean_Rebellion" title="Tyrolean Rebellion">Tyrolean Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villafranca_(1809)" title="Battle of Villafranca (1809)">Villafranca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Los_Y%C3%A9benes" title="Battle of Los Yébenes">Yevenes/Yébenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ciudad_Real" title="Battle of Ciudad Real">Ciudad Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Porto" title="First Battle of Porto">1st Porto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Medell%C3%ADn" title="Battle of Medellín">Medellín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Bergisel" title="Battles of Bergisel">Bergisel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sacile" title="Battle of Sacile">Sacile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Teugen-Hausen" title="Battle of Teugen-Hausen">Teugen-Hausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raszyn_(1809)" title="Battle of Raszyn (1809)">Raszyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abensberg" title="Battle of Abensberg">Abensberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landshut_(1809)" title="Battle of Landshut (1809)">Landshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eckm%C3%BChl" title="Battle of Eckmühl">Eckmühl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ratisbon" title="Battle of Ratisbon">Ratisbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neumarkt-Sankt_Veit" title="Battle of Neumarkt-Sankt Veit">Neumarkt-Sankt Veit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_Campaign_(1809)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalmatian Campaign (1809)">Dalmatian Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ebelsberg" title="Battle of Ebelsberg">Ebelsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_siege_of_Girona" title="Third siege of Girona">Girona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Piave_River_(1809)" title="Battle of Piave River (1809)">Piave River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grij%C3%B3" title="Battle of Grijó">Grijó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Porto" title="Second Battle of Porto">2nd Porto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_W%C3%B6rgl" title="Battle of Wörgl">Wörgl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarvis_(1809)" title="Battle of Tarvis (1809)">Tarvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aspern-Essling" title="Battle of Aspern-Essling">Aspern-Essling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alca%C3%B1iz" title="Battle of Alcañiz">Alcañiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sankt_Michael" title="Battle of Sankt Michael">Sankt Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stralsund_(1809)" title="Battle of Stralsund (1809)">Stralsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raab_(1809)" title="Battle of Raab (1809)">Raab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mar%C3%ADa" title="Battle of María">María</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Graz" title="Battle of Graz">Graz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wagram" title="Battle of Wagram">Wagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Korneuburg" title="Combat of Korneuburg">Korneuburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Stockerau" title="Combat of Stockerau">Stockerau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gefrees" title="Battle of Gefrees">Gefrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hollabrunn_(1809)" title="Battle of Hollabrunn (1809)">Hollabrunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Sch%C3%B6ngrabern" title="Combat of Schöngrabern">Schöngrabern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Znaim" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice of Znaim">Armistice of Znaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talavera" title="Battle of Talavera">Talavera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walcheren_Campaign" title="Walcheren Campaign">Walcheren Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C3%96lper_(1809)" title="Battle of Ölper (1809)">Ölper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Almonacid" title="Battle of Almonacid">Almonacid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tamames" title="Battle of Tamames">Tamames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oca%C3%B1a" title="Battle of Ocaña">Ocaña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alba_de_Tormes" title="Battle of Alba de Tormes">Alba de Tormes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1810</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Siege of Cádiz">Cádiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Astorga" title="Siege of Astorga">Astorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ciudad_Rodrigo_(1810)" title="Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo (1810)">Ciudad Rodrigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Barquilla_(1810)" title="Combat of Barquilla (1810)">Barquilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_the_C%C3%B4a" title="Combat of the Côa">Côa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Almeida_(1810)" title="Siege of Almeida (1810)">Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bussaco" title="Battle of Bussaco">Bussaco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1811</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gebora" title="Battle of the Gebora">Gebora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barrosa" title="Battle of Barrosa">Barrosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pombal" title="Battle of Pombal">Pombal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Redinha" title="Battle of Redinha">Redinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Casal_Novo" title="Battle of Casal Novo">Casal Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Campo_Maior" title="Battle of Campo Maior">Campo Maior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sabugal" title="Battle of Sabugal">Sabugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Almeida" title="Blockade of Almeida">Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fuentes_de_O%C3%B1oro" title="Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro">Fuentes de Oñoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tarragona_(1811)" title="Siege of Tarragona (1811)">Tarragona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Albuera" title="Battle of Albuera">Albuera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Usagre" title="Battle of Usagre">Usagre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saguntum" title="Battle of Saguntum">Saguntum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arroyo_dos_Molinos" title="Battle of Arroyo dos Molinos">Arroyo dos Molinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Valencia_(1812)" title="Siege of Valencia (1812)">Valencia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1812</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ciudad_Rodrigo_(1812)" title="Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo (1812)">Ciudad Rodrigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Badajoz_(1812)" title="Siege of Badajoz (1812)">Badajoz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villagarcia" title="Battle of Villagarcia">Villagarcia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Almaraz" title="Battle of Almaraz">Almaraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maguilla" title="Battle of Maguilla">Maguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mir_(1812)" title="Battle of Mir (1812)">Mir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ekau" title="Battle of Ekau">Ekau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamanca" title="Battle of Salamanca">Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garc%C3%ADa_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Battle of García Hernández">García Hernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saltanovka" title="Battle of Saltanovka">Saltanovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostrovno" title="Battle of Ostrovno">Ostrovno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitebsk_(1812)" title="Battle of Vitebsk (1812)">Vitebsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kobrin" title="Battle of Kobrin">Kobryn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Klyastitsy" title="Battle of Klyastitsy">Klyastitsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Majadahonda" title="Battle of Majadahonda">Majadahonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gorodechno" title="Battle of Gorodechno">Gorodechno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smolensk_(1812)" title="Battle of Smolensk (1812)">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Polotsk" title="First Battle of Polotsk">1st Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valutino" title="Battle of Valutino">Valutino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mesoten" title="Battle of Mesoten">Mesoten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino" title="Battle of Borodino">Borodino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_occupation_of_Moscow" title="French occupation of Moscow">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Burgos" title="Siege of Burgos">Burgos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarutino" title="Battle of Tarutino">Tarutino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Polotsk" title="Second Battle of Polotsk">2nd Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Venta_del_Pozo" title="Battle of Venta del Pozo">Venta del Pozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maloyaroslavets" title="Battle of Maloyaroslavets">Maloyaroslavets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chashniki" title="Battle of Chashniki">Chashniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vyazma" title="Battle of Vyazma">Vyazma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smoliani" title="Battle of Smoliani">Smoliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krasnoi" title="Battle of Krasnoi">Krasnoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berezina" title="Battle of Berezina">Berezina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1813</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castalla" title="Battle of Castalla">Castalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_(1813)" title="Battle of Lützen (1813)">Lützen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bautzen_(1813)" title="Battle of Bautzen (1813)">Bautzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tarragona_(1813)" title="Siege of Tarragona (1813)">Tarragona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Luckau" title="Battle of Luckau">Luckau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="Siege of San Sebastián">San Sebastián</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pyrenees" title="Battle of the Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sorauren" title="Battle of Sorauren">Sorauren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gro%C3%9Fbeeren" title="Battle of Großbeeren">Großbeeren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Katzbach" title="Battle of the Katzbach">Katzbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dresden" title="Battle of Dresden">Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kulm" title="Battle of Kulm">1st Kulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Marcial" title="Battle of San Marcial">San Marcial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dennewitz" title="Battle of Dennewitz">Dennewitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kulm" title="Second Battle of Kulm">2nd Kulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_G%C3%B6hrde" title="Battle of the Göhrde">Göhrde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Ro%C3%9Flau" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat of Roßlau">Roßlau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wartenburg" title="Battle of Wartenburg">Wartenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bidassoa" title="Battle of the Bidassoa">Bidassoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Leipzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hanau" title="Battle of Hanau">Hanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nivelle" title="Battle of Nivelle">Nivelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bornh%C3%B6ved_(1813)" title="Battle of Bornhöved (1813)">Bornhöved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sehested" title="Battle of Sehested">Sehested</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1814</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brienne" title="Battle of Brienne">Brienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Rothi%C3%A8re" title="Battle of La Rothière">La Rothière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mincio_River_(1814)" title="Battle of the Mincio River (1814)">Mincio River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Champaubert" title="Battle of Champaubert">Champaubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montmirail" title="Battle of Montmirail">Montmirail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ch%C3%A2teau-Thierry_(1814)" title="Battle of Château-Thierry (1814)">Château-Thierry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vauchamps" title="Battle of Vauchamps">Vauchamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garris" title="Battle of Garris">Garris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mormant" title="Battle of Mormant">Mormant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montereau" title="Battle of Montereau">Montereau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Orthez" title="Battle of Orthez">Orthez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bar-sur-Aube" title="Battle of Bar-sur-Aube">Bar-sur-Aube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Laon" title="Battle of Laon">Laon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Reims_(1814)" title="Battle of Reims (1814)">Reims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Craonne" title="Battle of Craonne">Craonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arcis-sur-Aube" title="Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube">Arcis-sur-Aube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_F%C3%A8re-Champenoise" title="Battle of Fère-Champenoise">Fère-Champenoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Dizier" title="Battle of Saint-Dizier">Saint-Dizier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Battle of Paris (1814)">Montmartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Battle of Paris (1814)">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toulouse_(1814)" title="Battle of Toulouse (1814)">Toulouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bayonne" title="Battle of Bayonne">Bayonne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1815</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Panaro" title="Battle of the Panaro">Panaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Occhiobello" title="Battle of Occhiobello">Occhiobello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carpi_(1815)" title="Battle of Carpi (1815)">Carpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Casaglia" title="Battle of Casaglia">Casaglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ronco" title="Battle of Ronco">Ronco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cesenatico" title="Battle of Cesenatico">Cesenatico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pesaro" title="Battle of Pesaro">Pesaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Scapezzano" title="Battle of Scapezzano">Scapezzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tolentino" title="Battle of Tolentino">Tolentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ancona" title="Siege of Ancona">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castel_di_Sangro" title="Battle of Castel di Sangro">Castel di Sangro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Germano" title="Battle of San Germano">San Germano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gaeta_(1815)" title="Siege of Gaeta (1815)">Gaeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quatre_Bras" title="Battle of Quatre Bras">Quatre Bras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ligny" title="Battle of Ligny">Ligny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Waterloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wavre" title="Battle of Wavre">Wavre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocheserviere" title="Battle of Rocheserviere">Rocheserviere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Suffel" title="Battle of La Suffel">La Suffel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocquencourt" title="Battle of Rocquencourt">Rocquencourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Issy" title="Battle of Issy">Issy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Info</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">French and ally<br />military and<br />political leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier" title="Louis-Alexandre Berthier">Louis-Alexandre Berthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Nicolas_Davout" title="Louis-Nicolas Davout">Louis-Nicolas Davout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lannes" title="Jean Lannes">Jean Lannes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_de_Marmont" title="Auguste de Marmont">Auguste de Marmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Mass%C3%A9na" title="André Masséna">André Masséna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Michel Ney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Jean-de-Dieu Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Victor-Perrin,_Duc_de_Belluno" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno">Marshal Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Bessi%C3%A8res" title="Jean-Baptiste Bessières">Jean-Baptiste Bessières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Charles_Villeneuve" title="Pierre-Charles Villeneuve">Pierre-Charles Villeneuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bonaparte" title="Louis Bonaparte">Louis Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Bonaparte" title="Jérôme Bonaparte">Jérôme Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Poniatowski" title="Józef Poniatowski">Prince Poniatowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Beauharnais" title="Eugène de Beauharnais">Prince Eugène</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_Joseph_of_Bavaria" title="Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria">Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony" title="Frederick Augustus I of Saxony">Frederick Augustus I of Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Frederick I of Württemberg">Frederick I of Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_VI_of_Denmark" title="Frederick VI of Denmark">Frederick VI of Denmark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Coalition<br />military and<br />political leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowland_Hill,_1st_Viscount_Hill" title="Rowland Hill, 1st Viscount Hill">Rowland Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moore_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Moore (British Army officer)">John Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Horatio Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cochrane,_10th_Earl_of_Dundonald" title="Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald">Thomas Cochrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Lape%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Lapeña">Manuel Lapeña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen">Archduke Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Philipp,_Prince_of_Schwarzenberg" title="Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg">Prince von Schwarzenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_John_of_Austria" title="Archduke John of Austria">Archduke John of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kutuzov" title="Mikhail Kutuzov">Mikhail Kutuzov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Andreas_Barclay_de_Tolly" title="Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly">Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levin_August_von_Bennigsen" title="Levin August von Bennigsen">Count Bennigsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Bagration" title="Pyotr Bagration">Pyotr Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Wittgenstein" title="Peter Wittgenstein">Peter Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William III of Prussia">Frederick William III of Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gebhard_Leberecht_von_Bl%C3%BCcher" title="Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher">Gebhard von Blücher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick">Duke of Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Louis,_Prince_of_Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen">Prince of Hohenlohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Ricardo_de_%C3%81lava" title="Miguel Ricardo de Álava">Miguel de Álava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal" title="Maria I of Portugal">Maria I of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">Prince Regent John of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Pereira_Forjaz,_Count_of_Feira" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel Pereira Forjaz, Count of Feira">Count of Feira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands" title="William I of the Netherlands">William, Prince of Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_IV_Adolf" title="Gustav IV Adolf">Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John" title="Charles XIV John">Prince Charles John of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related<br />conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_War_(1807%E2%80%931812)" title="Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812)">Anglo-Russian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1796%E2%80%931808)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808)">Anglo-Spanish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Swedish_War_(1810%E2%80%931812)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Swedish War (1810–1812)">Anglo-Swedish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Turkish_War_(1807%E2%80%931809)" title="Anglo-Turkish War (1807–1809)">Anglo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Wars_(Scandinavia)" title="English Wars (Scandinavia)">Anglo-Danish War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat_War" title="Gunboat War">Gunboat War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dano-Swedish_War_of_1808%E2%80%931809" class="mw-redirect" title="Dano-Swedish War of 1808–1809">Dano-Swedish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Russo-Swedish War (Finnish War)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Swedish_War" title="Franco-Swedish War">Franco-Swedish War (Pomeranian War)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)">Russo-Persian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%931812)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)">Russo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish%E2%80%93Norwegian_War_(1814)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish–Norwegian War (1814)">Swedish–Norwegian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Campo_Formio" title="Treaty of Campo Formio">Campo Formio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lun%C3%A9ville" title="Treaty of Lunéville">Lunéville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Amiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Artlenburg" title="Convention of Artlenburg">Artlenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Pressburg_(1805)" title="Peace of Pressburg (1805)">Pressburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Finckenstein" title="Treaty of Finckenstein">Finckenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Tilsit" title="Treaties of Tilsit">Tilsit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Cintra" title="Convention of Cintra">Cintra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sch%C3%B6nbrunn" title="Treaty of Schönbrunn">Schönbrunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1810)" title="Treaty of Paris (1810)">Paris (1810)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(24_February_1812)" title="Treaty of Paris (24 February 1812)">Paris (February 1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(14_March_1812)" title="Treaty of Paris (14 March 1812)">Paris (March 1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Treaty of Paris (1814)">Paris (1814)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Tauroggen" title="Convention of Tauroggen">Tauroggen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ried" title="Treaty of Ried">Ried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chaumont" title="Treaty of Chaumont">Chaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kiel" title="Treaty of Kiel">Kiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Mantua" title="Convention of Mantua">Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Casalanza" title="Treaty of Casalanza">Casalanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)" title="Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)">Fontainebleau (1814)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1815)" title="Treaty of Paris (1815)">Paris (1815)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="List of books about the Napoleonic Wars">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars_casualties" title="Napoleonic Wars casualties">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Erfurt" title="Congress of Erfurt">Congress of Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_System" title="Continental System">Continental System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Dresden_(1812)" title="Conference of Dresden (1812)">Conference of Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_expects_that_every_man_will_do_his_duty" title="England expects that every man will do his duty">England expects that every man will do his duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Napoleonic_Wars_films" title="List of Napoleonic Wars films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Grande Armée">Grande Armée</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_La_Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Uniforms of La Grande Armée">Uniforms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longwood_House" title="Longwood House">Longwood House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_military_forces_in_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Types of military forces in the Napoleonic Wars">Types of military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a 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