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<span>Subcategories</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Subcategories-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Subcategories subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Subcategories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Finance_for_mitigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finance_for_mitigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Finance for mitigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finance_for_mitigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mitigation_costs_and_mitigation_financing_needs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mitigation_costs_and_mitigation_financing_needs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Mitigation costs and mitigation financing needs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mitigation_costs_and_mitigation_financing_needs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finance_for_adaptation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finance_for_adaptation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Finance for adaptation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finance_for_adaptation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adaptation_costs_and_adaptation_financing_needs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adaptation_costs_and_adaptation_financing_needs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Adaptation costs and adaptation financing needs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adaptation_costs_and_adaptation_financing_needs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_levels_of_financing_and_the_finance_gap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_levels_of_financing_and_the_finance_gap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Current levels of financing and the finance gap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_levels_of_financing_and_the_finance_gap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_finance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_finance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Types of finance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_finance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of finance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_finance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Multilateral_climate_finance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multilateral_climate_finance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Multilateral climate finance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multilateral_climate_finance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Multilateral_climate_funds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multilateral_climate_funds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Multilateral climate funds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multilateral_climate_funds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multilateral_development_banks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multilateral_development_banks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Multilateral development banks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multilateral_development_banks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bilateral_climate_finance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bilateral_climate_finance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Bilateral climate finance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bilateral_climate_finance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_public_climate_finance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_public_climate_finance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Domestic public climate finance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_public_climate_finance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_climate_finance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_climate_finance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Private climate finance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_climate_finance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financial_instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Financial instruments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Financial_instruments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Financial instruments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Financial_instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Debt-for-climate_swaps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debt-for-climate_swaps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Debt-for-climate swaps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debt-for-climate_swaps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Green_bonds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Green_bonds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Green bonds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Green_bonds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Offsetting_(credit_trading)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Offsetting_(credit_trading)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Offsetting (credit trading)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Offsetting_(credit_trading)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_financial_instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_financial_instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Other financial instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_financial_instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finance_committed_and_dispersed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finance_committed_and_dispersed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Finance committed and dispersed</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Finance_committed_and_dispersed-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Finance committed and dispersed subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Finance_committed_and_dispersed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-European_Investment_Bank" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Investment_Bank"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>European Investment Bank</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Investment_Bank-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Challenges</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Challenges-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Challenges subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tracking_climate_finance_flows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tracking_climate_finance_flows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Tracking climate finance flows</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tracking_climate_finance_flows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_finance_gap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_finance_gap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Climate finance gap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_finance_gap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moral_responsibility_and_legal_obligation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moral_responsibility_and_legal_obligation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Moral responsibility and legal obligation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moral_responsibility_and_legal_obligation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Incentivizing_private_investment_in_adaptation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incentivizing_private_investment_in_adaptation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Incentivizing private investment in adaptation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incentivizing_private_investment_in_adaptation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate finance</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE" title="تمويل المناخ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تمويل المناخ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0qlim_maliyy%C9%99si" title="İqlim maliyyəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İqlim maliyyəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinansya_sa_klima" title="Pinansya sa klima – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pinansya sa klima" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finan%C3%A7ament_clim%C3%A0tic" title="Finançament climàtic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Finançament climàtic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Climate finance" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimafinanzierung" title="Klimafinanzierung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Klimafinanzierung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financiamiento_clim%C3%A1tico" title="Financiamiento climático – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Financiamiento climático" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A3%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85" title="تأمین مالی اقلیم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تأمین مالی اقلیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Климатско финансирање – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Климатско финансирање" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ക്ലൈമറ്റ് ഫനാൻസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്ലൈമറ്റ് ഫനാൻസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%AF_%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86" title="د هوا د حالاتو مالي تامين – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د هوا د حالاتو مالي تامين" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financiamento_clim%C3%A1tico" title="Financiamento climático – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Financiamento climático" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmastorahoitus" title="Ilmastorahoitus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ilmastorahoitus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Кліматичні фінанси – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кліматичні фінанси" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E5%80%99%E8%9E%8D%E8%B3%87" title="氣候融資 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="氣候融資" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance – Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Climate finance" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ghanaian Pidgin</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q113141562#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For broader coverage of this topic, see <a href="/wiki/Economic_analysis_of_climate_change" title="Economic analysis of climate change">Economic analysis of climate change</a>.</div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2015-_Clean_energy_vs_fossil_fuel_investment_-_IEA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/2015-_Clean_energy_vs_fossil_fuel_investment_-_IEA.svg/220px-2015-_Clean_energy_vs_fossil_fuel_investment_-_IEA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/2015-_Clean_energy_vs_fossil_fuel_investment_-_IEA.svg/330px-2015-_Clean_energy_vs_fossil_fuel_investment_-_IEA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/2015-_Clean_energy_vs_fossil_fuel_investment_-_IEA.svg/440px-2015-_Clean_energy_vs_fossil_fuel_investment_-_IEA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Investments in <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">sustainable energy</a> (clean energy) is an example of climate finance. As of 2023, it has increased due to high <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a> prices and growing policy support across various nations.<sup id="cite_ref-IEA_20230525_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEA_20230525-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p><b>Climate finance</b> is an umbrella term for financial resources such as loans, grants, or domestic budget allocations for <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">climate change mitigation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">adaptation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Climate_resilience" title="Climate resilience">resiliency</a>. Finance can come from private and public sources. It can be channeled by various intermediaries such as <a href="/wiki/International_financial_institutions" title="International financial institutions">multilateral development banks</a> or other development agencies. Those agencies are particularly important for the transfer of public resources from developed to developing countries in light of <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">UN Climate Convention</a> obligations that developed countries have.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup> </p><p>There are two main sub-categories of climate finance based on different aims. <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Mitigation</a> finance is investment that aims to reduce global <a href="/wiki/Carbon_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon emissions">carbon emissions</a>. <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">Adaptation</a> finance aims to respond to the consequences of climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Globally, there is a much greater focus on mitigation, accounting for over 90% of spending on climate.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2590">: 2590 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a> is an important growth area for mitigation investment and has growing policy support.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5">: 5 </span></sup> </p><p>Finance can come from private and public sources, and sometimes the two can intersect to create financial solutions. It is widely recognized that public budgets will be insufficient to meet the total needs for climate finance, and that private finance will be important to close the finance gap.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 16">: 16 </span></sup> Many different financial models or instruments have been used for financing climate actions. For example <a href="/wiki/Green_bond" title="Green bond">green bonds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_offsets_and_credits" title="Carbon offsets and credits">carbon offsetting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Payment_for_ecosystem_services" title="Payment for ecosystem services">payment for ecosystem services</a> are some promoted solutions. There is considerable innovation in this area. Transfer of solutions that were not developed specifically for climate finance is also taking place, such as <a href="/wiki/Public%E2%80%93private_partnership" title="Public–private partnership">public–private partnerships</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blended_finance" title="Blended finance">blended finance</a>. </p><p>There are many challenges with climate finance. Firstly, there are difficulties with measuring and tracking financial flows. Secondly, there are also questions around equitable financial support to developing countries for cutting emissions and adapting to impacts. It is also difficult to provide suitable incentives for investments from the private sector. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_and_context">Definition and context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_finance&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition and context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Climate finance is "finance that aims at reducing emissions, and enhancing sinks of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a> and aims at reducing vulnerability of, and maintaining and increasing the resilience of, human and <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecological systems</a> to negative climate change impacts", as defined by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a> (UNFCCC) Standing Committee on Finance.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UNFCCC_obligations">UNFCCC obligations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_finance&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: UNFCCC obligations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">UN Climate Convention</a>, climate finance refers to transfers of public money from high income countries to <a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">low and middle income countries</a>. This would be in light of their obligations to provide new and additional financial resources. The <a href="/wiki/2015_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference" title="2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference">2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference</a> introduced a new era for climate finance, <a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">policies</a>, and markets. The <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a>, which was adopted at that conference, defined a global action plan to put the world on track to avoid dangerous climate change by limiting <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">global warming</a> to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels. The agreement covers climate change mitigation, adaptation, and finance. The financing element includes climate-specific support mechanisms and financial aid for mitigation and adaptation activities. The aims of these activities are to speed up the <a href="/wiki/Energy_transition" title="Energy transition">energy transition</a> towards a <a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">low-carbon economy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_resilience" title="Climate resilience">climate-resilient</a> growth.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the 16th Conference of the Parties in 2010 (<a href="/wiki/2010_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference" title="2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference">Cancun 2010</a>) developed countries committed to the goal of mobilizing jointly USD 100 billion per year by 2020 to address the needs of developing countries. The decision by the 21st Conference of the Parties <a href="/wiki/2015_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference" title="2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference">(Paris 2015)</a> also included the commitment to continue their existing collective mobilization goal through 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2025, a new goal is expected to be adopted. </p><p>However, the amount of finance actually provided was estimated to be well below what had been targeted. According to OECD figures, climate finance provided and mobilized reached $83.3bn in 2020 and $89.6bn in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that the US$100 billion per year by 2020 target has been missed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Global_estimates_of_financing_needs">Global estimates of financing needs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_finance&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Global estimates of financing needs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Global climate finance was estimated to have reached around $1.3 trillion per year in 2021/2022. However, much more is needed to keep global temperature rises within 1.5°C and avoid the worst impacts of climate change. A 2024 report estimated that climate finance flows must increase by at least sixfold on 2021/2022 levels, reaching $8.5 trillion per year by 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subcategories">Subcategories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_finance&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Subcategories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Mitigation</a> finance is investment that aims to reduce global carbon emissions. <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">Adaptation</a> finance aims to respond to the consequences of climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1553–1554">: 1553–1554 </span></sup> These two subcategories of climate finance are normally considered separately. However, the two areas are known to have many trade-offs, co-benefits and overlapping policy considerations. The <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> is an important international agreement between governments, which has also helped to engage financial institutions in the climate agenda. The third aim of the Agreement (article 2.1 c) is to make finance flows consistent with the mitigation and adaptation goals of the agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1553–1555">: 1553–1555 </span></sup> The Agreement called for a balance of climate finance between adaptation and mitigation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finance_for_mitigation">Finance for mitigation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_finance&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Finance for mitigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economics_of_climate_change_mitigation#Finance" title="Economics of climate change mitigation">Economics of climate change mitigation § Finance</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20210119_Renewable_energy_investment_-_2004-_BloombergNEF.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Graph of global investment for renewable energy, electrified heat and transport, and other non-fossil-fuel energy sources" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/20210119_Renewable_energy_investment_-_2004-_BloombergNEF.svg/300px-20210119_Renewable_energy_investment_-_2004-_BloombergNEF.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/20210119_Renewable_energy_investment_-_2004-_BloombergNEF.svg/450px-20210119_Renewable_energy_investment_-_2004-_BloombergNEF.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/20210119_Renewable_energy_investment_-_2004-_BloombergNEF.svg/600px-20210119_Renewable_energy_investment_-_2004-_BloombergNEF.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Electrification" title="Electrification">Electrified</a> transport and <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> are key areas of investment for climate change mitigation via an <a href="/wiki/Energy_transition" title="Energy transition">energy transition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BloombergNEF_20230126_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BloombergNEF_20230126-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BNEF_20240130_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNEF_20240130-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Global climate finance is heavily focused on mitigation. Key sectors for investment have been renewable energy, energy efficiency and transport.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1549, 1564">: 1549, 1564 </span></sup> There has also been an increase in international climate finance towards the 100 billion target. Most of the estimated US$83.3 billion provided to developing countries in 2020, was targeted at mitigation (US$48.6 billion, or 58%).<sup id="cite_ref-:14_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On a worldwide scale, mitigation financing accounts for over 90% of investment in climate finance. Around 70% of this mitigation money has gone towards renewable energy, however <a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">low-carbon</a> mobility is a key development sector.<sup id="cite_ref-:176_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:176-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Global energy investment has increased since the 2020 <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> crisis. However, the crisis has placed great additional strain on the global economy, debt and the availability of finance, which are expected to be felt in years to come.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1555">: 1555 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mitigation_costs_and_mitigation_financing_needs">Mitigation costs and mitigation financing needs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_finance&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mitigation costs and mitigation financing needs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2010, the World Development Report preliminary estimates of financing needs for mitigation and adaptation activities in developing countries range from $140 to 175 billion per year for mitigation over the next 20 years with associated financing needs of $265–565 billion and $30–100 billion a year over the period 2010–2050 for adaptation.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The International Energy Agency's 2011 <a href="/wiki/World_Energy_Outlook" title="World Energy Outlook">World Energy Outlook</a> (WEO) estimates that in order to meet the growing demand for energy through 2035, $16.9 trillion in new investment for new power generation is projected, with <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> (RE) comprising 60% of the total.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The capital required to meet projected energy demand through 2030 amounts to $1.1 trillion per year on average, distributed (almost evenly) between the large emerging economies (China, India, Brazil, etc.) and the remaining developing countries.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is believed that over the next 15 years, the world will require about $90 trillion in new infrastructure – most of it in developing and middle-income countries.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IEA estimates that limiting the rise in global temperature to below 2 Celsius by the end of the century will require an average of $3.5 trillion a year in energy sector investments until 2050.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a> from 2023 investigated the "required <a href="/wiki/Technology_and_society#Environment" title="Technology and society">technology</a>-level <a href="/wiki/Investment" title="Investment">investment</a> shifts for climate-relevant infrastructure until 2035" within the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a>, and found these are "most drastic for <a href="/wiki/Power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Power plant">power plants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electricity_grid" class="mw-redirect" title="Electricity grid">electricity grids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">rail infrastructure</a>", ~€87 billion above the planned <a href="/wiki/Budget" title="Budget">budgets</a> in the near-term (2021–25), and in need of <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_finance" title="Sustainable finance">sustainable finance</a> <a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">policies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finance_for_adaptation">Finance for adaptation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_finance&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Finance for adaptation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Finance is an important enabler for <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">climate adaptation</a>, for both developed and developing countries.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2586">: 2586 </span></sup> It can come from a variety of sources. Public finance is provided directly by governments or via intermediaries such as development finance institutions (e.g. MDBs or other development agencies). It can also be channeled through multilateral climate funds. Some multilateral climate funds have a specific focus on adaptation within their mandate. These include the <a href="/wiki/Green_Climate_Fund" title="Green Climate Fund">Green Climate Fund</a>, the CIFs and the Adaptation Fund. Private finance can come from commercial banks, institutional investors, other private equity or other companies or from household or community funding. The vast majority of tracked finance (around 98%) has originated from public sources. This is partly because of the lack of a well-defined income stream or business case with an attractive <a href="/wiki/Return_on_investment" title="Return on investment">return on investment</a> on projects.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2590">: 2590 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finance can be delivered through a range of instruments including grants or subsidies, concessional and non-concessional (i.e. market) loans as well as other debt instruments, equity issuances (listed or unlisted shares) or can be delivered through own funds, such as savings.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2588">: 2588 </span></sup> The largest proportions of adaptation finance have been invested in infrastructure, energy, built environment, agriculture, forestry/nature and water-related projects.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2596">: 2596 </span></sup> </p><p>Only around 4-8% of total climate finance has been allocated to adaptation. The vast majority has been allocated to mitigation with only around 1-2% on multiple objectives.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2590">: 2590 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adaptation_costs_and_adaptation_financing_needs">Adaptation costs and adaptation financing needs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_finance&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Adaptation costs and adaptation financing needs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adaptation costs are the costs of planning, preparing for, facilitating and implementing adaptation.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 31">: 31 </span></sup> Adaptation benefits can be estimated in terms of reduced damages from the effects of climate change. In economic terms, the cost to benefit ratio of adaptation shows that each dollar can deliver large benefits. For example, it is estimated that every US$1 billion invested in adaptation against coastal flooding leads to a US$14 billion reduction in economic damages.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 52">: 52 </span></sup> Investing in more resilient infrastructure in developing countries would provide an average of $4 in benefit for each $1 invested.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other words, a small percentage increase in investment costs can mitigate the potentially very large disruption to infrastructure costs. </p><p>A 2023 study found the overall adaptation costs for all developing countries to be around US$215 billion per year for the period up to 2030. The highest adaptation expenses are for river flood protection, infrastructure and coastal protection. They also found that in most cases, adaptation costs will be significantly higher by 2050.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 35–36">: 35–36 </span></sup> </p><p>It is difficult to estimate both the costs of adaptation and the adaptation finance needs. The costs of adaptation varies with the objective and the level of adaptation required and what is acceptable as residual, i.e. 'unmanaged' risk.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 33">: 33 </span></sup> Similarly, adaptation finance needs vary depending on the overall adaptation plans for the country, city, or region. It also depends on the assessment methods used. A 2023 study analysed country-level information submitted to the UNFCCC in National Adaptation Plans and Nationally Determined Contributions (85 countries). It estimated global adaptation needs of developing countries annual average to be US$387 billion, for the period up to 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 31">: 31 </span></sup> </p><p>Both the cost estimates and needs estimates have high uncertainty. Adaptation costs are usually derived from economic modelling analysis (global or sectoral models). Adaptation needs are based on programme and project-level costing.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 37">: 37 </span></sup> These programmes depend on the high level adaptation instrument – such as a plan, policy or strategy. For many developing countries, the implementation of certain actions specified in the plans is conditional on receiving international support. in these countries, a majority (85%) of finance needs are expected to be met from international public climate finance, i.e. funding from developed to developing countries.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 38">: 38 </span></sup> There is less data available for adaptation costs and adaptation finance needs in high income countries. Data show that per capita needs tend to increase with income level, but these countries can also afford to invest more domestically.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 39">: 39 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Current_levels_of_financing_and_the_finance_gap">Current levels of financing and the finance gap</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_finance&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Current levels of financing and the finance gap"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 2017 and 2021, total international public finance to developing countries for climate adaptation has remained well below US$30 billion per year.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 42">: 42 </span></sup> This equals about 33% of the total public climate finance, with an additional 14% spending on cross-cutting activities (supporting both adaptation and mitigation). This includes finance from multilateral development banks, bilateral agencies and multilateral climate funds as the three largest types of provider. 63% of the adaptation-specific funding was provided as loans, and 36% as grants.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 45">: 45 </span></sup> Disbursement of funds for adaptation, at 66% of the amounts committed, is much lower than for mitigation. This indicates difficulty and complexity of implementation.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_7-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 46">: 46 </span></sup> </p><p>The adaptation finance gap is the difference between estimated costs of adaptation and the amount of finance available for adaptation.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_7-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 31">: 31 </span></sup> Based on data over 2017-2021, the estimated costs or needs are around 10-18 times as much as current levels of public flows. Domestic budgets and private climate finance for adaptation are not included in these figures. The gap has widened compared to previous assessments. Increasing both international and domestic public finance and mobilising private finance can help to close the finance gap. Other options include remittances, increased finance for small businesses, and reform of the international financial system, for example through changes in managing vulnerable countries' debt burden.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1550">: 1550 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_7-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 16">: 16 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_finance">Types of finance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_finance&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Types of finance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multilateral_climate_finance">Multilateral climate finance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_finance&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Multilateral climate finance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Multilateral_climate_funds">Multilateral climate funds</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_finance&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Multilateral climate funds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The multilateral climate funds (i.e. governed by multiple national governments) are important for paying out money in climate finance. As of 2022, there are five multilateral climate funds coordinated by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">UNFCCC</a>. These are the <a href="/wiki/Green_Climate_Fund" title="Green Climate Fund">Green Climate Fund</a> (GCF), the <a href="/wiki/The_Adaptation_Fund" title="The Adaptation Fund">Adaptation Fund</a> (AF), the Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF), the Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF) and the <a href="/wiki/Global_Environment_Facility" title="Global Environment Facility">Global Environment Facility</a> (GEF). The largest of these, the GCF, was formed in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The other main multilateral fund, <a href="/wiki/Climate_Investment_Funds" title="Climate Investment Funds">Climate Investment Funds</a> (CIFs), is coordinated by the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. The Climate Investment Funds has been important in climate finance since 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It comprises two funds, the Clean Technology Fund and the Strategic Climate Fund. The latter sponsors innovative approaches to existing climate change challenges, whereas the former invests in clean technology projects in developing countries. </p><p>Also in 2022, nations agreed on a proposal to establish a multilateral <a href="/wiki/Loss_and_damage_(climate_change)" title="Loss and damage (climate change)">loss and damage</a> fund to support communities in averting, minimizing, and addressing damages and risks where adaptation is not enough or comes too late.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 63">: 63 </span></sup> </p><p>Some multi-lateral climate change funds work through grant-only programmes. Other multilateral climate funds use a wider range of financing instruments, including grants, concessional loans, equity (shares in an entity) and risk mitigation options.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2583">: 2583 </span></sup> These are intended to crowd in other sources of finance, whether from domestic governments, other donors, or the private sector. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Multilateral_development_banks">Multilateral development banks</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_finance&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Multilateral development banks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/International_financial_institutions" title="International financial institutions">Multilateral development banks</a> (MDBs) are important providers of international climate finance. MDBs are financial vehicles created by governments to support economic and social efforts, predominantly in developing countries. The MDBs goals usually mirror the aid and collaboration regulations of their founding members.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They complement the programmes of (national government) members' bilateral <a href="/wiki/Development_agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Development agencies">development agencies</a>, allowing them to work in more countries and at a larger scale.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> also provided momentum for the MDBs to align their investments and strategies with climate goals, and in 2018 the MDBs collectively announced a joint framework for financial flows.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1553">: 1553 </span></sup> The MDBs use the widest range of financing instruments including grants, investment loans, equity, guarantees, policy-based financing and results-based financing.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2583">: 2583 </span></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> uses money contributed by governments and companies in <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> countries to purchase project-based greenhouse gas emission reductions in developing countries and countries with economies in transition. These include the BioCarbon Fund Initiative, which is a public-private partnership providing finance for the land use sector. The Partnership for Market Readiness focuses on market-based mechanisms. The Forest Carbon Partnership Facility explores use of carbon market revenues for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (<a href="/wiki/REDD_and_REDD%2B" title="REDD and REDD+">REDD+</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bilateral_climate_finance">Bilateral climate finance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_finance&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bilateral climate finance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Financial_flows_for_climate_change_mitigation_and_adaptation_in_developing_countries.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Financial_flows_for_climate_change_mitigation_and_adaptation_in_developing_countries.jpg/260px-Financial_flows_for_climate_change_mitigation_and_adaptation_in_developing_countries.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Financial_flows_for_climate_change_mitigation_and_adaptation_in_developing_countries.jpg/390px-Financial_flows_for_climate_change_mitigation_and_adaptation_in_developing_countries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Financial_flows_for_climate_change_mitigation_and_adaptation_in_developing_countries.jpg/520px-Financial_flows_for_climate_change_mitigation_and_adaptation_in_developing_countries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="749" data-file-height="611" /></a><figcaption>Financial flows for climate change mitigation and adaptation in developing countries<sup id="cite_ref-:16_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Bilateralism" title="Bilateralism">Bilateral</a> institutions include development cooperation agencies and national development banks. Until quite recently they have been the largest contributors to climate finance, but since 2020 bilateral flows have decreased whilst multilateral funding has grown.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1553">: 1553 </span></sup> Some bilateral donors have thematic or sectoral priorities, whilst many also have geopolitical preferences for working in certain countries or regions.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2583">: 2583 </span></sup> </p><p>Bilateral institutions include donors such as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" title="United States Agency for International Development">USAID</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Japan_International_Cooperation_Agency" title="Japan International Cooperation Agency">Japan International Cooperation Agency</a> (JICA), Germany's <a href="/wiki/KfW" title="KfW">KfW Development Bank</a> and the UK <a href="/wiki/Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office" title="Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office">Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office</a> (FCDO). Many bilateral agencies also make donations through multilateral channels and this allows them to work in more countries and at a larger scale.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the overall international climate finance system (for financial flows from developed to developing countries) is complex and fragmented, with overlapping mandates and objectives. This creates significant co-ordination problems.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9">: 9 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_public_climate_finance">Domestic public climate finance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_finance&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Domestic public climate finance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Financial flows and expenditures by national governments on climate are significant. Domestic targets on addressing climate change are set out in national strategies and plans, including those submitted to the UNFCCC under the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a>. For many developing countries, the plans submitted include targets attached to international financial and technical support (i.e. conditional targets). </p><p>National-level coordination of climate funding is important for meeting these domestic targets, and in the case of developing countries, also for accessing international funding.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9">: 9 </span></sup> For all countries and regions, it is recognised that public funding will not be sufficient to meet all finance needs. This means that policy makers need to take a strategic approach through using public funding to leverage additional private finance. Other funding can come from financial institutions such as banks, pension funds, insurance companies and asset managers. Sometimes, public and private sources of funding can be blended into a single solution, for example in insurance, where public funds provide part of the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1566">: 1566 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Private_climate_finance">Private climate finance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_finance&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Private climate finance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Public finance has traditionally been a significant source of infrastructure investment. However, public budgets are often insufficient for larger and more complex infrastructure projects, particularly in lower-income countries. Climate-compatible investments often have higher investment needs than conventional (fossil fuel) measures,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and may also carry higher <a href="/wiki/Financial_risk" title="Financial risk">financial risks</a> because the technologies are not proven or the projects have high upfront costs.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If countries are going to access the scale of funding required, it is critical to consider the full spectrum of funding sources and their requirements, as well as the different mechanisms available from them, and how they can be combined.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is therefore growing recognition that private finance will be needed to cover the financing shortfall.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Private investors could be drawn to sustainable urban infrastructure projects where a sufficient return on investment is forecast based on project income flows or low-risk government debt repayments. Bankability and creditworthiness are therefore prerequisites to attracting private finance.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Potential sources of climate finance include commercial banks, pension funds, insurance companies, <a href="/wiki/Asset_management" title="Asset management">asset managers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_wealth_fund" title="Sovereign wealth fund">sovereign wealth funds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venture_capital" title="Venture capital">venture capital</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Fixed_income" title="Fixed income">fixed income</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capital_market" title="Capital market">listed equity</a> products), infrastructure funds and <a href="/wiki/Loan" title="Loan">bank lending</a> (including loans from credit unions). They also include companies from other sectors such as renewable energy or water companies, and individual households and communities.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1566">: 1566 </span></sup> These different investor types will have different risk-return expectations and investment horizons, and projects will need to be structured appropriately.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, climate change was addressed by 43% of <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> enterprises. Despite the pandemic's effect on businesses, the percentage of firms planning climate-related investment rose to 47%. This was a rise from 2020, when the percentage of climate related investment was at 41%.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Climate investment in Europe has been growing in the 2020s. However, the need for the EU's "<a href="/wiki/Fit_for_55" title="Fit for 55">Fit for 55</a>" climate package remains 356 billion euros a year. Since 2020, US firms' desire to innovate has increased, whereas European firms' has decreased.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2022, spending in climate for European enterprises has climbed by 10%, reaching 53% on average. This has been especially noticeable in Central and Eastern Europe at 25% and in small and medium-sized firms (SMEs) with a 22% increase in climate financing.<b><sup id="cite_ref-:143_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:143-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Carbon_offsets_and_credits" title="Carbon offsets and credits">Carbon offsetting</a> through voluntary carbon markets is a way for <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">private sector</a> enterprises to invest in projects that avoid or reduce emissions elsewhere. The original carbon offsetting and credit mechanisms were "flexibility mechanisms" defined in the <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a>. They comprise the compliance carbon market, focusing on trading/crediting (obligatory) emission reductions between countries. In voluntary carbon markets, companies or individuals use carbon offsets to meet the goals they set themselves for reducing emissions. Voluntary carbon markets are growing significantly.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mechanisms such as <a href="/wiki/REDD_and_REDD%2B" title="REDD and REDD+">REDD+</a> include private sector contributions via voluntary carbon markets.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1608">: 1608 </span></sup> However, the relative flows of private finance from developed to developing countries remain quite small. It is estimated that over 90% of private climate flows remain within national borders.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1577">: 1577 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Financial_instruments">Financial instruments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_finance&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Financial instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several different financial models or instruments have been used for financing climate actions. The overall business model may include several of these financing mechanisms combined to create the climate solution. Financial models can belong to different categories e.g. public budgets, debt, equity, land value capture or revenue generating models etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debt-for-climate_swaps">Debt-for-climate swaps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_finance&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Debt-for-climate swaps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Debt-for-nature_swap" title="Debt-for-nature swap">Debt-for-nature swap</a></div> <p>Debt-for-climate swaps happen where debt accumulated by a country is repaid upon fresh discounted terms agreed between the debtor and creditor, where repayment funds in local currency are redirected to domestic projects that boost climate mitigation and adaptation activities.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Climate mitigation activities that can benefit from debt-for-climate swaps includes projects that enhance <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">carbon sequestration</a>, renewable energy and conservation of biodiversity as well as oceans. </p><p>For instance, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> succeeded in carrying out such a swap which was implemented by the Environment Minister at the time, Romina Picolotti. The value of debt addressed was $38,100,000 and the environmental swap was $3,100,000 which was redirected to conservation of <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>, forests and other climate mitigation activities.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a> in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/The_Nature_Conservancy" title="The Nature Conservancy">the Nature Conservancy</a> also undertook a similar debt-for-nature swap where $27 million of debt was redirected to establish marine parks, ocean conservation and <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">ecotourism</a> activities.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Green_bonds">Green bonds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_finance&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Green bonds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Green_bond" title="Green bond">Green bond</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green_bond&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Green_bond" title="Green bond">green bond</a> is a fixed-income financial instruments (<a href="/wiki/Bond_(finance)" title="Bond (finance)">bond</a>) which is used to fund projects that have positive environmental benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When referring to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">climate change mitigation</a> projects they are also known as <i>climate bonds</i>. Green bonds follow the <i>Green Bond Principles</i> stated by the <a href="/wiki/International_Capital_Market_Association" title="International Capital Market Association">International Capital Market Association</a> (ICMA), and the proceeds from the issuance of which are to be used for the pre-specified types of projects.<sup id="cite_ref-Green_bond_:3_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green_bond_:3-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The categories of <i>eligible green projects</i> include for example: <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a>, energy efficiency, <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a> prevention and control, environmentally sustainable management of living natural resources and <a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">land use</a>, terrestrial and aquatic <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">clean transportation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">climate change adaptation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Green_bond_:3_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green_bond_:3-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4">: 4 </span></sup> </p><p>Like normal bonds, green bonds can be issued by governments, multi-national banks or corporations and the issuing organization repays the bond and any interest. The main difference is that the funds will be used only for positive climate change or environmental projects. This allows investors to target their <a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_corporate_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental, social, and corporate governance">environmental, social, and corporate governance</a> (ESG) goals by investing in them. They are similar to <a href="/wiki/Sustainability_Bonds" title="Sustainability Bonds">Sustainability Bonds</a> but sustainability bonds also need to have a positive social outcome.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> The growth of bond markets provides increasing opportunities to finance the implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a> (SDGs),<sup id="cite_ref-Green_bond_:6_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green_bond_:6-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Intended_nationally_determined_contributions" class="mw-redirect" title="Intended nationally determined contributions">Nationally Determined Contributions</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Green_growth" title="Green growth">green growth</a> projects. A UN conference held on the Sustainable Development Goals in 2021 emphasized the importance of sustainable bonds, and stated that of the approximately €300 trillion of financial assets on the markets, only 1% would be needed to achieve the SDGs.<sup id="cite_ref-Green_bond_:0_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green_bond_:0-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Green_bond_:1_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green_bond_:1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Green_bond_:2_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green_bond_:2-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Offsetting_(credit_trading)"><span id="Offsetting_.28credit_trading.29"></span>Offsetting (credit trading)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_finance&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Offsetting (credit trading)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Carbon_offsets_and_credits" title="Carbon offsets and credits">Carbon offsets and credits</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carbon_offsets_and_credits&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turbine_aalborg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Turbine_aalborg.jpg/220px-Turbine_aalborg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Turbine_aalborg.jpg/330px-Turbine_aalborg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Turbine_aalborg.jpg/440px-Turbine_aalborg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="1487" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a> projects, such as these <a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">wind turbines</a> near <a href="/wiki/Aalborg" title="Aalborg">Aalborg</a>, Denmark, constitute one common type of carbon offset project.<sup id="cite_ref-Carbon_offsets_and_credits_:2_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carbon_offsets_and_credits_:2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_offsets_and_credits" title="Carbon offsets and credits">Carbon offsetting</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Carbon_trading" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon trading">carbon trading</a> mechanism that enables entities to compensate for offset <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> by investing in projects that reduce, avoid, or remove emissions elsewhere. When an entity invests in a carbon offsetting program, it receives carbon credit or offset credit, which account for the net climate benefits that one entity brings to another. After certification by a government or independent certification body, credits can be traded between entities. One carbon credit represents a reduction, avoidance or removal of one metric tonne of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> or its <a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">carbon dioxide-equivalent</a> (CO<sub>2</sub>e).</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_financial_instruments">Other financial instruments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_finance&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Other financial instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following financial instruments can also be used for climate finance but were not developed specifically for climate finance: </p> <ul><li>Revenue-generating models (<a href="/wiki/Subscription_business_model" title="Subscription business model">subscription business model</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fee-for-service" title="Fee-for-service">fee-for-service</a>); Revenue generation through for example water-user fees or tariffs can incentivise investment in climate projects.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolving_Loan_Fund" title="Revolving Loan Fund">Revolving Loan Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public%E2%80%93private_partnership" title="Public–private partnership">Public–private partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blended_finance" title="Blended finance">Blended finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_capture" title="Value capture">Land Value Capture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Finance_committed_and_dispersed">Finance committed and dispersed</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_finance&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Finance committed and dispersed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2019, CPI estimated that annual climate finance reached more than US$600 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Data for 2021/2022 showed it to be almost USD 1.3 trillion, with most of the increase coming from acceleration in mitigation finance (renewable energy and transport sectors).<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These figures take into account all countries and both private and public finance. The bulk of this finance is raised and spent domestically (84% in 2021/2022). International public climate finance from developed to developing countries was found to be well below US$70 billion per year for the period 2017-2021.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_7-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 42">: 42 </span></sup> The OECD, which includes export credits and mobilised private finance, estimated 2021 flows to be USD$89.6 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are differences in estimates due to different definitions and methods used. </p><p>As of November 2020, <a href="/wiki/Development_finance_institution" title="Development finance institution">development banks</a> and private finance had not reached the US$100 billion per year investment stipulated in the UN climate negotiations for 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in the face of the <a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic's economic downturn</a>, 450 development banks pledged to fund a "<a href="/wiki/Green_recovery" title="Green recovery">Green recovery</a>" in developing countries.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, the four main multilateral climate funds approved $2.78 billion of project support. India received the most single-country support, followed by Ukraine and Chile. <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a> received the most funding per person, followed by <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a>. The US is the largest donor across the four funds, while Norway makes the largest contribution relative to population size.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Climate financing by the world's six largest multilateral development banks (MDBs) rose to a seven-year high of $35.2 billion in 2017. According to OECD figures, climate finance provided and mobilized reached $83.3bn in 2020. Another study reported that the money given for climate change was only worth about a third of what was said ($21–24.5bn).<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, developed countries had committed to jointly mobilize $100 billion annually in climate finance by 2020 to support developing countries in reducing emissions and adapting to climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Investment_Bank">European Investment Bank</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_finance&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: European Investment Bank"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 2012, the <a href="/wiki/European_Investment_Bank" title="European Investment Bank">European Investment Bank</a> (EIB) has provided €170 billion in climate funding, which has funded over €600 billion in programs to mitigate emissions and help people respond to climate change and biodiversity depletion across Europe and the world.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, the Bank's funding for climate change and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_sustainability" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental sustainability">environmental sustainability</a> projects totaled €36.5 billion. This includes €35 billion for initiatives supporting climate action and €15.9 billion for programs supporting environmental sustainability goals. Projects with combined climate action and environmental sustainability advantages received €14.3 billion in funding.<sup id="cite_ref-:13122_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13122-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 2021-2030, the Bank wants to assist €1 trillion in green investment.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, only 5.4% of the Bank's loans for climate action are dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">climate adaptation</a>, but funding did increase significantly in 2022, reaching €1.9 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The European Investment Bank plans to support €1 trillion of climate investment by 2030 as part of the <a href="/wiki/European_Green_Deal" title="European Green Deal">European Green Deal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019 the EIB Board of Directors approved new targets for climate action and environmental sustainability to phase out fossil fuel financing.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bank will increase the share of its financing for to climate action and environmental sustainability to 50% by 2025 The European Investment Bank Group announced it will align all financing with the Paris Agreement by the end of 2020. The bank aims "to play a leading role in mobilising the finance needed to achieve the worldwide commitment to keep global warming well below 2˚C, aiming for 1.5˚C."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> EIB loans to the sustainable <a href="/wiki/Blue_economy" title="Blue economy">blue economy</a> totalled €6.7 billion between 2018 and 2022, generating €23.8 billion in investments, and €2.8 billion in maritime <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:167_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:167-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same timeframe, the Bank granted around €881 million to assist in the management of <a href="/wiki/Wastewater_treatment" title="Wastewater treatment">wastewater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">stormwater</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">solid waste</a> to decrease pollution entering the ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, EIB energy loans climbed to €21.3 billion, up from €11.6 billion in 2020. This funding supports energy efficiency, renewable energy, innovation, storage, and new energy network infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The EIB, the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Energy" title="Breakthrough Energy">Breakthrough Energy</a>, launched by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> in 2015, have collaborated to build large-scale green tech initiatives in Europe and encourage investment in crucial climate technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 2020 Municipality Survey, 56% of <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> municipalities increased climate investment, while 66% believe their climate investment over the previous three years has been insufficient.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:23_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the three years preceding the pandemic, over two-thirds of EU towns boosted infrastructure investments, with a 56% focus on climate change mitigation.<sup id="cite_ref-:39_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:39-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Local municipalities contribute 45% of total government investment. Basic infrastructure, such as public transportation or water utilities, is included in their investment. They also update public facilities including schools, hospitals, and social housing. Prioritizing energy efficiency in these projects will assist Europe in meeting climate targets.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:39_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:39-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Climate_investment_is_stalling,_but_more_firms_plan_to_invest,_with_firms_in_low-carbon_sectors_taking_the_lead.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Climate_investment_is_stalling%2C_but_more_firms_plan_to_invest%2C_with_firms_in_low-carbon_sectors_taking_the_lead.jpg/220px-Climate_investment_is_stalling%2C_but_more_firms_plan_to_invest%2C_with_firms_in_low-carbon_sectors_taking_the_lead.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Climate_investment_is_stalling%2C_but_more_firms_plan_to_invest%2C_with_firms_in_low-carbon_sectors_taking_the_lead.jpg/330px-Climate_investment_is_stalling%2C_but_more_firms_plan_to_invest%2C_with_firms_in_low-carbon_sectors_taking_the_lead.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Climate_investment_is_stalling%2C_but_more_firms_plan_to_invest%2C_with_firms_in_low-carbon_sectors_taking_the_lead.jpg/440px-Climate_investment_is_stalling%2C_but_more_firms_plan_to_invest%2C_with_firms_in_low-carbon_sectors_taking_the_lead.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4626" data-file-height="2576" /></a><figcaption>More firms (in Europe) plan to invest in low-carbon sectors, and to tackle climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-:72_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:72-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern European</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asian</a> businesses fall behind their <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern European</a> counterparts in terms of the average quality of their green management practices, notably in terms of specified <a href="/wiki/Energy_consumption" title="Energy consumption">energy consumption</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emissions_target" class="mw-redirect" title="Emissions target">emissions objectives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:50_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:50-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:51_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:51-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> External variables, such as consumer pressure and energy taxes, are more relevant than firm-level features, such as size and age, in influencing the quality of green management practices. Firms with less financial limitations and stronger green management practices are more likely to invest in a bigger variety of green initiatives. Energy efficiency investments are good to both the bottom line and the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-:50_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:50-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:51_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:51-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Challenges">Challenges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_finance&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Challenges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tracking_climate_finance_flows">Tracking climate finance flows</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_finance&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Tracking climate finance flows"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Information on climate finance flows is much better for international climate finance than for domestic climate finance.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1566">: 1566 </span></sup> International public finance from multilateral and bilateral sources can be tagged to specify that it is targeting climate mitigation or adaptation or both (i.e. is cross-cutting).<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of initiatives are underway to monitor and track flows of international climate finance.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example analysts at <a href="/wiki/Climate_Policy_Initiative" title="Climate Policy Initiative">Climate Policy Initiative</a> (CPI) have tracked public and private sector climate finance flows from a variety of sources on a yearly basis since 2011. </p><p>This work has fed into the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a> Biennial Assessment and Overview of Climate Finance Flows<sup id="cite_ref-:12_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Fifth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Fifth Assessment Report">IPCC Fifth Assessment Report</a> and <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">IPCC Sixth Assessment Report</a> chapters on climate finance. These suggest a need for more efficient monitoring of climate finance flows.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, they suggest that funds can do better at synchronizing their reporting of data, being consistent in the way that they report their figures, and providing detailed information on the implementation of projects and programs over time. There is also a need for improved reporting and tracking by domestic and private climate finance actors. This could be achieved through national regulations for mandatory and standardized disclosure.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 55">: 55 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_finance_gap">Climate finance gap</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_finance&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Climate finance gap"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Research finds substantially lower bilateral climate finance numbers than current official estimates.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reasons are among others a lack of universally agreed-upon definitions of what qualifies as international climate finance and no oversight.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has led to an inclusion of non-climate projects, a lack of transparency and ultimately a credibility issue regarding official international climate finance reporting.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The estimates of the climate finance gap - that is, the shortfall in investment - vary according to the geographies, sectors and activities included, timescale and phasing, target and the underlying assumptions. The 2018 Biennial Assessment estimated financing needs for mitigation between 2020 and 2030 to be USD$1.7-2.4 trillion per year.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moral_responsibility_and_legal_obligation">Moral responsibility and legal obligation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_finance&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Moral responsibility and legal obligation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Climate justice</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Developed_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed countries">Developed countries</a> are responsible for the majority of cumulative <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialization</a> and generally have greater capacity to provide support. Therefore, it is argued, that they have a moral responsibility and a legal obligation to provide finance to help developing countries undertake climate action.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference" title="2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference">16th Conference of the Parties in 2010</a> developed countries committed to the goal of mobilizing jointly USD 100 billion per year by 2020 to address the needs of developing countries, and the decision by the <a href="/wiki/2015_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference" title="2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference">2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference</a> also included the commitment to continue their existing collective mobilization goal through 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, these agreements don't offer guidance on how to allocate climate finance responsibility to individual countries. </p><p>Several institutions and researchers have developed methodologies to determine country-specific contribution shares based on equity-principles. All models have in common that they at least use one wealth variable (e.g. share of GDP or GNI) to consider the ability to pay and an emission variable (share of CO2 or GHG) to reflect emission responsibility.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some models additionally consider countries' population or their willingness to pay.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, another proposal of a mechanism suggests to incorporate forward-looking data in so-called dynamic models. For the dynamic components, the share of GDP is determined by a 2030 forecast adjusted for expected climate damages and the share of GHGs covers future emissions up to 2030 and accounts for unconditional emission reduction targets submitted by the countries where available.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Incentivizing_private_investment_in_adaptation">Incentivizing private investment in adaptation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_finance&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Incentivizing private investment in adaptation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Climate change adaptation is a much more complex investment area than mitigation. This is mainly because of the lack of a well-defined income stream or business case with an attractive <a href="/wiki/Return_on_investment" title="Return on investment">return on investment</a> on projects. There are several specific challenges for private investment:<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Adaptation is often needed in non-market sectors or is focused on <a href="/wiki/Public_good_(economics)" title="Public good (economics)">public goods</a> that benefit many. So there is a shortage of projects that are attractive to the private sector;</li> <li>There is a mismatch between the timing of investments needed in the short term and the benefits that may occur in the medium or long term. Future returns are less attractive to investors than short-term returns;</li> <li>There is a lack of information about investment opportunities. This especially concerns uncertainties associated with future impacts and benefits. These are key considerations when returns may accrue over longer timeframes;</li> <li>There are gaps in human resources and capacities to design adaptation projects and understand financial implications of legal, economic and regulatory frameworks.</li></ul> <p>However, there is considerable innovation in this area. This is increasing the potential for private sector finance to play a larger role in closing the adaptation finance gap.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economists state that climate adaptation initiatives should be an urgent priority for business investment.<sup id="cite_ref-Chidambaram_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chidambaram-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dolšak_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dolšak-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_finance&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptation_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaptation Fund">Adaptation Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_emission_trading" title="Carbon emission trading">Carbon emission trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Investment_Funds" title="Climate Investment Funds">Climate Investment Funds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance_in_Jamaica" title="Climate finance in Jamaica">Climate finance in Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Climate finance in Trinidad and Tobago">Climate finance in Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stranded_asset#Climate-related_asset_stranding" title="Stranded asset">Climate-related asset stranding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-investing" title="Eco-investing">Eco-investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_divestment" title="Fossil fuel divestment">Fossil fuel divestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Environment_Facility" title="Global Environment Facility">Global Environment Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Climate_Fund" title="Green Climate Fund">Green Climate Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_finance" title="Sustainable finance">Sustainable finance</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_finance&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-IEA_20230525-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IEA_20230525_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation 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a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-investment-2023/overview-and-key-findings">"World Energy Investment 2023 / Overview and key findings"</a>. International Energy Agency (IEA). 25 May 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531004551/https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-investment-2023/overview-and-key-findings">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2023. <q>Global energy investment in clean energy and in fossil fuels, 2015-2023 (chart)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Energy+Investment+2023+%2F+Overview+and+key+findings&rft.pub=International+Energy+Agency+%28IEA%29&rft.date=2023-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iea.org%2Freports%2Fworld-energy-investment-2023%2Foverview-and-key-findings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+finance" class="Z3988"></span> — From pages 8 and 12 of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/8834d3af-af60-4df0-9643-72e2684f7221/WorldEnergyInvestment2023.pdf"><i>World Energy Investment 2023</i></a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531003621/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/8834d3af-af60-4df0-9643-72e2684f7221/WorldEnergyInvestment2023.pdf">archive</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:15_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/publication/top-down-climate-finance-needs/">"Top-down Climate Finance Needs"</a>. <i>CPI</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Bloomberg NEF (New Energy Finance). Figure 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230522001857/https://about.bnef.com/blog/global-low-carbon-energy-technology-investment-surges-past-1-trillion-for-the-first-time/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2023. <q>Defying supply chain disruptions and macroeconomic headwinds, 2022 energy transition investment jumped 31% to draw level with fossil fuels</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Global+Low-Carbon+Energy+Technology+Investment+Surges+Past+%241+Trillion+for+the+First+Time&rft.pages=Figure+1&rft.date=2023-01-26&rft.aulast=Catsaros&rft.aufirst=Oktavia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabout.bnef.com%2Fblog%2Fglobal-low-carbon-energy-technology-investment-surges-past-1-trillion-for-the-first-time%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+finance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BNEF_20240130-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BNEF_20240130_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://about.bnef.com/blog/global-clean-energy-investment-jumps-17-hits-1-8-trillion-in-2023-according-to-bloombergnef-report/">"Global Clean Energy Investment Jumps 17%, Hits $1.8 Trillion in 2023, According to BloombergNEF Report"</a>. <i>BNEF.com</i>. 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European Investment Bank. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5598-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5598-7"><bdi>978-92-861-5598-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finance+in+Africa%3A+Uncertain+times%2C+resilient+banks%3A+African+finance+at+a+crossroads&rft.pub=European+Investment+Bank&rft.date=2023-09-27&rft.isbn=978-92-861-5598-7&rft.aulast=Bank&rft.aufirst=European+Investment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eib.org%2Fen%2Fpublications%2F20230088-finance-in-africa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+finance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">World Bank Group(2010), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWDR2010/Resources/5287678-1226014527953/Chapter-6.pdf">World Development Report 2010: Development and Climate Change, World Bank Groupe, Washington DC, ch. 6, p. 257</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">International Energy Agency (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iea.org/weo/">World Energy Outlook 2011, OECD and IEA, Paris (France), Part B, ch.2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">International Energy Agency (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iea.org/weo/">World Energy Outlook 2011}, OECD and IEA, Paris (France), Part B, ch.2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/climatefinance">"Climate Finance"</a>. <i>World Bank</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.mdr.de&rft.atitle=Studie+sieht+EU-weit+87+Milliarden+Euro+Mehrbedarf+bei+Erneuerbaren+und+E-Verkehr+%7C+MDR.DE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdr.de%2Fwissen%2Fmehrbedarf-bei-erneuerbaren-und-e-verkehr100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+finance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlaaßenSteffen2023" class="citation journal cs1">Klaaßen, Lena; Steffen, Bjarne (January 2023). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366902888">"Meta-analysis on necessary investment shifts to reach net zero pathways in Europe"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Climate_Change" title="Nature Climate Change">Nature Climate Change</a></i>. <b>13</b> (1): 58–66. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023NatCC..13...58K">2023NatCC..13...58K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41558-022-01549-5">10.1038/s41558-022-01549-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850%2F594937">20.500.11850/594937</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1758-6798">1758-6798</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:255624692">255624692</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Climate+Change&rft.atitle=Meta-analysis+on+necessary+investment+shifts+to+reach+net+zero+pathways+in+Europe&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=58-66&rft.date=2023-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.11850%2F594937&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A255624692%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023NatCC..13...58K&rft.issn=1758-6798&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41558-022-01549-5&rft.aulast=Klaa%C3%9Fen&rft.aufirst=Lena&rft.au=Steffen%2C+Bjarne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F366902888&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+finance" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li>Expert reviews of the study: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencemediacenter.de/alle-angebote/research-in-context/details/news/notwendige-investitionen-auf-dem-weg-zu-netto-null-emissionen/">"Notwendige Investitionen auf dem Weg zu Netto-Null-Emissionen"</a>. <i>www.sciencemediacenter.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230217124622/https://www.sciencemediacenter.de/alle-angebote/research-in-context/details/news/notwendige-investitionen-auf-dem-weg-zu-netto-null-emissionen/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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OECD. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1787%2F9789264234611-en">10.1787/9789264234611-en</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-64-23460-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-64-23460-4"><bdi>978-92-64-23460-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Climate+Change+Risks+and+Adaptation%3A+Linking+Policy+and+Economics&rft.pub=OECD&rft.date=2015-07-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1787%2F9789264234611-en&rft.isbn=978-92-64-23460-4&rft.au=OECD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd-ilibrary.org%2Fenvironment%2Fclimate-change-risks-and-adaptation_9789264234611-en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+finance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUNEP2018" class="citation book cs1">UNEP (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unep.org/resources/adaptation-gap-report-2018"><i>The Adaptation Gap Report 2018</i></a>. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Nairobi, Kenya.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Adaptation+Gap+Report+2018.&rft.pub=United+Nations+Environment+Programme+%28UNEP%29%2C+Nairobi%2C+Kenya&rft.date=2018&rft.au=UNEP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unep.org%2Fresources%2Fadaptation-gap-report-2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+finance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:22_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUNEP2021" class="citation web cs1">UNEP (2021-01-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unep.org/resources/adaptation-gap-report-2020">"Adaptation Gap Report 2020"</a>. <i>UNEP – UN Environment Programme</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNEP+%E2%80%93+UN+Environment+Programme&rft.atitle=Adaptation+Gap+Report+2020&rft.date=2021-01-09&rft.au=UNEP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unep.org%2Fresources%2Fadaptation-gap-report-2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+finance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chidambaram-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chidambaram_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChidambaramKhanna2022" class="citation news cs1">Chidambaram, Ravi; Khanna, Parag (1 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hbr.org/2022/08/its-time-to-invest-in-climate-adaptation">"It's Time to Invest in Climate Adaptation"</a>. <i>Harvard Business Review</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0017-8012">0017-8012</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Business+Review&rft.atitle=It%27s+Time+to+Invest+in+Climate+Adaptation&rft.date=2022-08-01&rft.issn=0017-8012&rft.aulast=Chidambaram&rft.aufirst=Ravi&rft.au=Khanna%2C+Parag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhbr.org%2F2022%2F08%2Fits-time-to-invest-in-climate-adaptation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+finance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dolšak-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dolšak_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolšakPrakash2018" class="citation journal cs1">Dolšak, Nives; Prakash, Aseem (17 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-environ-102017-025739">"The Politics of Climate Change Adaptation"</a>. <i>Annual Review of Environment and Resources</i>. <b>43</b> (1): 317–341. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-environ-102017-025739">10.1146/annurev-environ-102017-025739</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1543-5938">1543-5938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Environment+and+Resources&rft.atitle=The+Politics+of+Climate+Change+Adaptation&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=317-341&rft.date=2018-10-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-environ-102017-025739&rft.issn=1543-5938&rft.aulast=Dol%C5%A1ak&rft.aufirst=Nives&rft.au=Prakash%2C+Aseem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev-environ-102017-025739&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+finance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_finance&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Climate Finance Landscape - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.climatefinancelandscape.org/">Global Landscape of Climate Finance 2019</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryantWebber2024" class="citation book cs1">Bryant, Gareth; Webber, Sophie (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.agendapub.com/page/detail/climate-finance/?k=9781788214629"><i>Climate Finance: Taking a Position on Climate Futures (open access)</i></a>. Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom: Agenda Publishing Limited.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Climate+Finance%3A+Taking+a+Position+on+Climate+Futures+%28open+access%29&rft.place=Newcastle+upon+Tyne%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Agenda+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Gareth&rft.au=Webber%2C+Sophie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.agendapub.com%2Fpage%2Fdetail%2Fclimate-finance%2F%3Fk%3D9781788214629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+finance" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change" title="Template:Climate change"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Climate_change" title="Template talk:Climate change"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Climate_change" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Climate change"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Climate_change" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Overview" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overview</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_climate_change" title="Causes of climate change">Causes of climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects of climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">Climate change adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change_regions" title="Template:Climate change regions">By country and region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Causes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_climate_change" title="Causes of climate change">Causes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_system" title="Climate system">Climate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">Greenhouse effect</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change" title="Scientific consensus on climate change">Scientific consensus on climate change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_and_climate_change" title="Deforestation and climate change">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">Greenhouse gases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_accounting" title="Carbon accounting">Carbon accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_leakage" title="Carbon leakage">Carbon leakage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture">from agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_wetlands" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands">from wetlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_energy_supply_and_consumption" title="World energy supply and consumption">World energy supply and consumption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_policy_and_politics" title="History of climate change policy and politics">History of climate change policy and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_science" title="History of climate change science">History of climate change science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante Arrhenius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen">James Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_David_Keeling" title="Charles David Keeling">Charles David Keeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Climate_Change_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Climate Change conference">United Nations Climate Change conferences</a></li> <li>Years in climate change <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_climate_change" title="2019 in climate change">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_climate_change" title="2020 in climate change">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_climate_change" title="2021 in climate change">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_climate_change" title="2022 in climate change">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_climate_change" title="2023 in climate change">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_climate_change" title="2024 in climate change">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Effects_and_issues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects and issues</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrupt_climate_change" title="Abrupt climate change">Abrupt climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">Anoxic event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_methane_emissions" title="Arctic methane emissions">Arctic methane emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_decline" title="Arctic sea ice decline">Arctic sea ice decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_meridional_overturning_circulation" title="Atlantic meridional overturning circulation">Atlantic meridional overturning circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">Drought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">Extreme weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Flood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_flooding" title="Coastal flooding">Coastal flooding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">Heat wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_heatwave" title="Marine heatwave">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">Urban heat island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans" title="Effects of climate change on oceans">Oceans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_deoxygenation" title="Ocean deoxygenation">deoxygenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_heat_content" title="Ocean heat content">heat content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">sea surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">temperature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost#Impacts_of_climate_change" title="Permafrost">Permafrost thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850" title="Retreat of glaciers since 1850">Retreat of glaciers since 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Season_creep" title="Season creep">Season creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">Tipping points in the climate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change" title="Tropical cyclones and climate change">Tropical cyclones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle" title="Effects of climate change on the water cycle">Water cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_wildfires" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and wildfires">Wildfires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Flora and fauna</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_biomes" title="Effects of climate change on biomes">Biomes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_mortality_event" title="Mass mortality event">Mass mortality event</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_birds" title="Climate change and birds">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_change" title="Extinction risk from climate change">Extinction risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_invasive_species" title="Climate change and invasive species">Invasive species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life#Climate_change" title="Human impact on marine life">Marine life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_plant_biodiversity" title="Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity">Plant biodiversity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Social and economic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock" title="Effects of climate change on livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and agriculture in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_children" title="Climate change and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_cities" title="Climate change and cities">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_civilizational_collapse" title="Climate change and civilizational collapse">Civilizational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_crime" title="Climate change and crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_depopulated_due_to_climate_change" title="List of areas depopulated due to climate change">Depopulation of settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landmarks_destroyed_or_damaged_by_climate_change" title="List of landmarks destroyed or damaged by climate change">Destruction of cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_climate_change" title="Disability and climate change">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_analysis_of_climate_change" title="Economic analysis of climate change">Economic impacts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and insurance in the United States">U.S. insurance industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_fisheries" title="Climate change and fisheries">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_gender" title="Climate change and gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health" title="Effects of climate change on human health">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health" title="Effects of climate change on mental health">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_and_climate_change" title="Human rights and climate change">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_infectious_diseases" title="Climate change and infectious diseases">Infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_migration" title="Climate migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_poverty" title="Climate change and poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_impact_of_climate_change" title="Psychological impact of climate change">Psychological impacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_security" title="Climate security">Security and conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_flooding" title="Urban flooding">Urban flooding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Water security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change_regions" title="Template:Climate change regions">By country and region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Africa" title="Climate change in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Americas" title="Climate change in the Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Antarctica" title="Climate change in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Arctic" title="Climate change in the Arctic">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Asia" title="Climate change in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Caribbean" title="Climate change in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Europe" title="Climate change in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_small_island_countries" title="Effects of climate change on small island countries">Small island countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Climate_change_by_country" title="Category:Climate change by country">by individual country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mitigation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Mitigation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Economic_analysis_of_climate_change" title="Economic analysis of climate change">Economics and finance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_budget" title="Carbon budget">Carbon budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_emission_trading" title="Carbon emission trading">Carbon emission trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_offsets_and_credits" title="Carbon offsets and credits">Carbon offsets and credits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Standard_(carbon_offset_standard)" title="Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)">Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_price" title="Carbon price">Carbon price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">Carbon tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_debt" title="Climate debt">Climate debt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk_insurance" title="Climate risk insurance">Climate risk insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-benefits_of_climate_change_mitigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-benefits of climate change mitigation">Co-benefits of climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_climate_change_mitigation" title="Economics of climate change mitigation">Economics of climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_divestment" title="Fossil fuel divestment">Fossil fuel divestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Climate_Fund" title="Green Climate Fund">Green Climate Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">Low-carbon economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_zero_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Net zero emissions">Net zero emissions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Energy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">Carbon capture and storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_transition" title="Energy transition">Energy transition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Preserving and enhancing<br /> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sinks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_carbon" title="Blue carbon">Blue carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_removal" title="Carbon dioxide removal">Carbon dioxide removal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_air_capture" title="Direct air capture">Direct air capture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_farming" title="Carbon farming">Carbon farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-smart_agriculture" title="Climate-smart agriculture">Climate-smart agriculture</a></li> <li>Forest management <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration#Forestry" title="Carbon sequestration">forestry for carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REDD_and_REDD%2B" title="REDD and REDD+">REDD and REDD+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use,_land-use_change,_and_forestry" title="Land use, land-use change, and forestry">Land use, land-use change, and forestry</a> (LULUCF and AFOLU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Personal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individual_action_on_climate_change" title="Individual action on climate change">Individual action on climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society_and_adaptation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Society and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">adaptation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_action_on_climate_change" title="Business action on climate change">Business action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_action" title="Climate action">Climate action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_emergency_declaration" title="Climate emergency declaration">Climate emergency declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_movement" title="Climate movement">Climate movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_Strike_for_Climate" class="mw-redirect" title="School Strike for Climate">School Strike for Climate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_grief" title="Ecological grief">Ecological grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_governance" title="Climate governance">Governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_litigation" title="Climate change litigation">Litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_climate_change" title="Politics of climate change">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_opinion_on_climate_change" title="Public opinion on climate change">Public opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_climate_change" title="Women in climate change">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">Adaptation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation_strategies_on_the_German_coast" title="Climate change adaptation strategies on the German coast">Adaptation strategies on the German coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_capacity" title="Adaptive capacity">Adaptive capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_risk_reduction" title="Disaster risk reduction">Disaster risk reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem-based_adaptation" title="Ecosystem-based adaptation">Ecosystem-based adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control">Flood control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_and_damage_(climate_change)" title="Loss and damage (climate change)">Loss and damage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_retreat" title="Managed retreat">Managed retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_resilience" title="Climate resilience">Resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk" title="Climate risk">Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_vulnerability" title="Climate change vulnerability">Vulnerability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Adaptation_Fund" title="The Adaptation Fund">The Adaptation Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Adaptation_Programme_of_Action" title="National Adaptation Programme of Action">National Adaptation Programme of Action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_communication" title="Climate communication">Communication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Performance_Index" title="Climate Change Performance Index">Climate Change Performance Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_crisis" title="Climate crisis">Climate crisis (term)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_spiral" title="Climate spiral">Climate spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_education" title="Climate change education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_climate_change" title="Media coverage of climate change">Media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_popular_culture" title="Climate change in popular culture">Popular culture depictions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_art" title="Climate change art">art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_climate_change_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="List of climate change video games">video games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warming_stripes" title="Warming stripes">Warming stripes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">International agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Climate_Pact" title="Glasgow Climate Pact">Glasgow Climate Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Mechanisms_under_Article_6_of_the_Paris_Agreement" title="Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement">Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationally_determined_contribution" title="Nationally determined contribution">Nationally determined contributions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_13" title="Sustainable Development Goal 13">Sustainable Development Goal 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Background_and_theory" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Background and theory</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Measurements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_surface_temperature" title="Global surface temperature">Global surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_temperature_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental temperature record">Instrumental temperature record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_(climate)" title="Proxy (climate)">Proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_temperature_measurement" title="Satellite temperature measurement">Satellite temperature measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">Albedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">Carbon cycle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_carbon_cycle" title="Atmospheric carbon cycle">atmospheric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pump" title="Biological pump">biologic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_carbon_cycle" title="Oceanic carbon cycle">oceanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost_carbon_cycle" title="Permafrost carbon cycle">permafrost</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">Carbon sink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_sensitivity" title="Climate sensitivity">Climate sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate variability and change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_feedback" title="Cloud feedback">Cloud feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_forcing" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloud forcing">Cloud forcing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fixed_anvil_temperature_hypothesis" title="Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis">Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryosphere" title="Cryosphere">Cryosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget" title="Earth's energy budget">Earth's energy budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_event_attribution" title="Extreme event attribution">Extreme event attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_feedbacks" title="Climate change feedbacks">Feedbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">Global warming potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustrative_model_of_greenhouse_effect_on_climate_change" title="Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change">Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_forcing" title="Orbital forcing">Orbital forcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">Radiative forcing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Research and modelling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_scenario" title="Climate change scenario">Climate change scenario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_model" title="Climate model">Climate model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupled_Model_Intercomparison_Project" title="Coupled Model Intercomparison Project">Coupled Model Intercomparison Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">IPCC Sixth Assessment Report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">Paleoclimatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_Concentration_Pathway" title="Representative Concentration Pathway">Representative Concentration Pathway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Socioeconomic_Pathways" title="Shared Socioeconomic Pathways">Shared Socioeconomic Pathways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/16px-Climate_change_icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/24px-Climate_change_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/32px-Climate_change_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="1056" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Climate_change" title="Portal:Climate change">Climate change portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Climate_change" title="Category:Climate change">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_climate_change" title="Glossary of climate change">Glossary</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_climate_change_articles" title="Index of climate change articles">Index</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sustainability" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sustainability" title="Template:Sustainability"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sustainability" title="Template talk:Sustainability"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sustainability" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sustainability"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sustainability" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sustainability" title="Outline of sustainability">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sustainability_articles" title="Index of sustainability articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainability#Principles_and_concepts" title="Sustainability">Principles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropocene" title="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">Planetary boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumption" title="Sustainable consumption">Consumption</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropization" title="Anthropization">Anthropization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">Circular economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durable_good" title="Durable good">Durable good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_consumption" title="Green consumption">Green consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro-sustainability" title="Micro-sustainability">Micro-sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-consumption">Over-consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_stewardship" title="Product stewardship">Product stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_return_on_investment" title="Social return on investment">Social return on investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steady-state_economy" title="Steady-state economy">Steady-state economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_advertising" title="Sustainability advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_brand" title="Sustainability brand">Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_marketing_myopia" title="Sustainability marketing myopia">Marketing myopia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumer_behaviour" title="Sustainable consumer behaviour">Consumer behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable market">Market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_and_systemic_change_resistance" title="Sustainability and systemic change resistance">Systemic change resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">Tragedy of the commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">World population</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">Demographic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_population_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Human population control">Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_population" title="Sustainable population">Sustainable population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">Environmental technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_building" title="Natural building">Natural building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">Sustainable architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_industries" title="Sustainable industries">Sustainable industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_packaging" title="Sustainable packaging">Sustainable packaging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biosecurity" title="Biosecurity">Biosecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">Endangered species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" title="Sustainable food system">Food</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civic_agriculture" title="Civic agriculture">Civic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-smart_agriculture" title="Climate-smart agriculture">Climate-smart agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture" title="Community-supported agriculture">Community-supported agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_diet" title="Sustainable diet">Sustainable diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fishery" title="Sustainable fishery">Sustainable fishery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_well_(condenser)" title="Air well (condenser)">Air well (condenser)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioretention" title="Bioretention">Bioretention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioswale" title="Bioswale">Bioswale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_roof" title="Blue roof">Blue roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catchwater" title="Catchwater">Catchwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_wetland" title="Constructed wetland">Constructed wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detention_basin" title="Detention basin">Detention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dew_pond" title="Dew pond">Dew pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_footprint" title="Water footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydropower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_basin" title="Infiltration basin">Infiltration basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_tank" title="Irrigation tank">Irrigation tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_hydro" title="Micro hydro">Micro hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">Ocean thermal energy conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_hydro" title="Pico hydro">Pico hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain_garden" title="Rain garden">Rain garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title="Rainwater harvesting">Rainwater harvesting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_tank" title="Rainwater tank">Rainwater tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">Reclaimed water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retention_basin" title="Retention basin">Retention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity" title="Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity">Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_hydro" title="Small hydro">Small hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_drainage_system" title="Sustainable drainage system">Sustainable drainage system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_stream_generator" title="Tidal stream generator">Tidal stream generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_box_filter" title="Tree box filter">Tree box filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">Water conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_recycling_shower" title="Water recycling shower">Water recycling shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-sensitive_urban_design" title="Water-sensitive urban design">Water-sensitive urban design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accountability</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_environmental_responsibility" title="Corporate environmental responsibility">Corporate environmental responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility" title="Corporate social responsibility">Corporate social responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_accounting" title="Environmental accounting">Environmental accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_full-cost_accounting" title="Environmental full-cost accounting">Environmental full-cost accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">Environmental planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_accounting" title="Sustainability accounting">Accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_measurement" title="Sustainability measurement">Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_metrics_and_indices" title="Sustainability metrics and indices">Metrics and indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_reporting" title="Sustainability reporting">Reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_standards_and_certification" title="Sustainability standards and certification">Standards and certification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_yield" title="Sustainable yield">Sustainable yield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_art" title="Sustainable art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_business" title="Sustainable business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_city" title="Sustainable city">City</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_community" title="Sustainable community">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment" title="Disinvestment">Disinvestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-capitalism" title="Eco-capitalism">Eco-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-cities" title="Eco-cities">Eco-cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-investing" title="Eco-investing">Eco-investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecovillage" title="Ecovillage">Ecovillage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_finance" title="Environmental finance">Environmental finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">Green economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_in_construction" title="Sustainability in construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fashion" title="Sustainable fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_finance" title="Sustainable finance">Finance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_gardening" title="Sustainable gardening">Gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopark" title="Geopark">Geopark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_development" title="Green development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_infrastructure" title="Green infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_marketing" title="Green marketing">Marketing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_roof" title="Green roof">Green roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greening" title="Greening">Greening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_investing" title="Impact investing">Impact investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_landscape_architecture" title="Sustainable landscape architecture">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_livelihood" title="Sustainable livelihood">Livelihood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_living" title="Sustainable living">Living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_movement" title="Organic movement">Organic movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainability organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_procurement" title="Sustainable procurement">Procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_refurbishment" title="Sustainable refurbishment">Refurbishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_business" title="Socially responsible business">Socially responsible business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_marketing" title="Socially responsible marketing">Socially responsible marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sanitation" title="Sustainable sanitation">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sourcing" title="Sustainable sourcing">Sourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_sustainability" title="Space sustainability">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_organization" title="Sustainability organization">Sustainability organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_tourism" title="Sustainable tourism">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_urban_drainage_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable urban drainage systems">Urban drainage systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_urban_infrastructure" title="Sustainable urban infrastructure">Urban infrastructure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_management" title="Sustainable management">Sustainable management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_and_environmental_management" title="Sustainability and environmental management">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism" title="Humanistic capitalism">Humanistic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_landscape_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated landscape management">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_materials_management" title="Sustainable materials management">Materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">Natural resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_management" title="Planetary management">Planetary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agreements and <br />conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_the_Human_Environment" title="United Nations Conference on the Human Environment"><span class="wrap">UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brundtland_Commission" title="Brundtland Commission">Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Common_Future" title="Our Common Future"><i>Our Common Future</i> (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit" title="Earth Summit">Earth Summit (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Declaration_on_Environment_and_Development" title="Rio Declaration on Environment and Development">Rio Declaration on Environment and Development</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_21" title="Agenda 21">Agenda 21 (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Principles" title="Lisbon Principles">Lisbon Principles</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Charter" title="Earth Charter">Earth Charter</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Millennium_Declaration" title="United Nations Millennium Declaration">UN Millennium Declaration (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit_2002" title="Earth Summit 2002">Earth Summit 2002</a> (Rio+10, Johannesburg)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Sustainable_Development" title="United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development">UN Conference on Sustainable Development</a> (Rio+20, 2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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