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Greening - Wikipedia

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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Health benefits of greening in schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_benefits_of_greening_in_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Greening_schoolyards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greening_schoolyards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Greening schoolyards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greening_schoolyards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Green_roofs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Green_roofs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Green roofs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Green_roofs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gardens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gardens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Gardens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gardens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greenery_office" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greenery_office"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Greenery office</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greenery_office-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begr%C3%BCnung" title="Begrünung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Begrünung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecologizaci%C3%B3n" title="Ecologización – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ecologización" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B2%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="سبزگردانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سبزگردانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B9%ED%99%94_(%EC%A1%B0%EC%9B%90%EC%88%A0)" title="녹화 (조원술) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="녹화 (조원술)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A3" title="ಹಸಿರೀಕರಣ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹಸಿರೀಕರಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stedelijke_vergroening" title="Stedelijke vergroening – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stedelijke vergroening" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Greening" title="Special:EditPage/Greening">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&amp;q=%22Greening%22">"Greening"</a>&#160;–&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&amp;q=%22Greening%22+-wikipedia&amp;tbs=ar:1">news</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&amp;q=%22Greening%22&amp;tbs=bkt:s&amp;tbm=bks">newspapers</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&amp;q=%22Greening%22+-wikipedia">books</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Greening%22">scholar</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Greening%22&amp;acc=on&amp;wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Greening</b> is the process of transforming living environments, and also artifacts such as a space, a <a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle (sociology)">lifestyle</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Brand_image" class="mw-redirect" title="Brand image">brand image</a>, into a more <a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">environmentally friendly</a> version (i.e. 'greening your home' or 'greening your office'). The act of greening generally involves incorporating more environmentally friendly systems into one's environment, such as the <a href="/wiki/Home" title="Home">home</a>, work place, and general lifestyle.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Facadegreen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Facadegreen.jpg/220px-Facadegreen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Facadegreen.jpg/330px-Facadegreen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Facadegreen.jpg/440px-Facadegreen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="1975" /></a><figcaption>Facade greening with various supporting climbing plants on climbing aids</figcaption></figure> <p>Greening is also a general term for the appropriate selection and planting of <a href="/wiki/Plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Plants">plants</a> on, in, or next to buildings and in <a href="/wiki/Public_parks" class="mw-redirect" title="Public parks">public parks</a>. The goal of greening is usually a combination of environmental benefits and improving the visual design of surfaces, for example, a <a href="/wiki/Green_wall" title="Green wall">green wall</a> or <a href="/wiki/Green_roof" title="Green roof">green roof</a>, as well as the creation of green spaces. This usually requires technical measures such as earthworks or supporting climbing plants. Furthermore, permanent care and irrigation is usually necessary to maintain the greened environment. In some areas there are normative requirements for the planning and execution of the greening, for example roadsides greening. In soil <a href="/wiki/Bioengineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioengineering">bioengineering</a>, plants with technical functions may be needed. </p><p>Measures such as the recultivation of heaps, plantations as part of a compensatory measure or, in <a href="/wiki/Tiller" title="Tiller">tiller</a> <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a>, the planting of vegetation are distinguished from greening. In professional parlance, the sowing or planting of agricultural crops is also referred to as crop growing or occasionally as field cultivation. The term sowing is used for <a href="/wiki/Lawn" title="Lawn">lawns</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Desert_greening" title="Desert greening">greening of deserts</a> is a particularly difficult task. If it is sustainable, it is the most effective measure for the economic development of <a href="/wiki/Arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid">arid</a> areas, decreases <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>, and also improves the local <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>. The state of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a> has long been a pioneer in this field. A project between 1991 and 2011 and supported by, among others, the forests of German states provided 450,000 trees for the desert city of <a href="/wiki/Beersheba" title="Beersheba">Beersheba</a>. Another major <a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a> (greening) project is <a href="/wiki/Great_Green_Wall_(China)" title="Great Green Wall (China)">China's Green Wall</a>, which aims to reduce the increasing devastation of entire regions in the north and west of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People&#39;s Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Green_qualities">Green qualities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greening&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Green qualities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These "green" qualities include, but are not limited to: </p> <ul><li>reduced <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuse" title="Reuse">re-usability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">energy efficiency</a></li> <li>responsible <a href="/wiki/Packaging_and_labelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Packaging and labelling">packaging and labelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycled" class="mw-redirect" title="Recycled">recycled</a> content</li> <li>intelligent design</li> <li>responsible manufacturing techniques</li> <li>reduction of personal <a href="/wiki/Environmental_hazard" title="Environmental hazard">environmental hazards</a></li> <li>alleviating <a href="/wiki/Heat_island" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat island">heat island</a> effect</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assessment">Assessment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greening&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Assessment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Environmentally friendly companies such as Green Home have developed a rigorous approval policy that allows <a href="/wiki/Consumer" title="Consumer">consumers</a> to qualify each product based upon these criteria as they apply to specific product categories.<sup id="cite_ref-Green_Home_Policy_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green_Home_Policy-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_benefits_of_greening">Health benefits of greening</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greening&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Health benefits of greening"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Exposure to greening initiatives has proven to achieve great health benefits for people of all ages.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Greening can alleviate stressors of an urban environment, providing more opportunities to experience tranquility, reduce noise, and induce cooling effects.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Exposure to greening initiatives can benefit both physical and mental health and can lead to more environmental awareness. Greening includes habitat restoration, planting trees, food gardening and naturalization.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_benefits_of_greening_in_schools">Health benefits of greening in schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greening&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Health benefits of greening in schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Children have been a particular focus in this area of research due to the increasingly limited access to green spaces and nature.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In urban areas, parents or guardians may favor playing indoors versus outdoors based on the perception of safety and concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> For example, families who live farther away from <a href="/wiki/Urban_green_space" title="Urban green space">green spaces</a> are more likely to push for indoor activities because of close proximity to busy roads or construction sites. On average, children in the United States spend about 1,000 hours a year in school.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Therefore, schools are an excellent tool for greening initiatives that involve children in urban spaces. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greening_at_Floria_Riffin_Ridley_School.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Greening_at_Floria_Riffin_Ridley_School.jpg/348px-Greening_at_Floria_Riffin_Ridley_School.jpg" decoding="async" width="348" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Greening_at_Floria_Riffin_Ridley_School.jpg/522px-Greening_at_Floria_Riffin_Ridley_School.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Greening_at_Floria_Riffin_Ridley_School.jpg/696px-Greening_at_Floria_Riffin_Ridley_School.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The Florida Riffin Ridley School garden (Brookline, Massachusetts)</figcaption></figure> <p>Habitat restoration, gardening, naturalization and rewilding efforts in schools provide children with the opportunity to connect with nature. In a study conducted in Finland, researchers found that adding green to the school yard increased passion for outdoor activity as well as creativity and spontaneity in 3 to 5 year old children.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In Barcelona, Spain, school greening initiatives provided more opportunities for children to spend time outside and reduced inequities in residential access.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In current efforts to limit exposure to COVID-19 and contact between individuals, school yards have become an even more important tool to promote social learning and education.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Benefits of greening initiatives include electricity cost savings due to cooling technology of greening, improving the environment, providing healthy educational space, and more learning opportunities. It can help alleviate the stressors associated with urban climates and benefit both mental and physical health of children. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greening_schoolyards">Greening schoolyards</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greening&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Greening schoolyards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Schools increase the total green space by adding green oases in yards and replacing pavement with vegetation. In Paris, schools have adopted this intervention as a cooling program for schools. Chicago’s Department of Water Management and the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago implemented a greening initiative called The Space to Grow.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Though the purpose of this initiative was to control flooding and stormwater, schools successfully replaced asphalt with green space because of generous program funding by the city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Green_roofs">Green roofs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greening&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Green roofs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Installing green roofs on schools is an alternative way of increasing green space access for children, especially in urban areas. The United States is currently seeing efforts by political figures to increase awareness and funding in greening. For example, U.S Rep. Nydia M, Velazquez (D-NY) introduced a bill that would allocate $500 million federal funds to plan, install and maintain green roofs at public schools in New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It would be overseen by the U.S. Department of Energy through a grant program. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gardens">Gardens</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greening&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Gardens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gardens are a unique greening initiative, whether the goal is to grow vegetables, fruit or flowers. For example, in Brookline, Massachusetts, United States, the Florida Riffin Ridley School has a vegetable garden that is maintained by teachers, students and parents. A garden intervention may positively influence children’s food preference, increase intake of fruits and vegetables, and increase physical activity.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greenery_office">Greenery office</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greening&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Greenery office"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Plants can be added to <a href="/wiki/Office" title="Office">offices</a> and workspaces to aid in focus, reduce stress levels, increase creativity, improve <a href="/wiki/Air_quality" class="mw-redirect" title="Air quality">air quality</a>, and provide aesthetic appeal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greening&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alley#Green_and_revitalized_alleys" title="Alley">Alley §&#160;Green and revitalized alleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">Afforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biophilic_design" title="Biophilic design">Biophilic design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwashing" title="Greenwashing">Greenwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Greens" class="mw-redirect" title="Community Greens">Community Greens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">Environmental justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">Environmental planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_retrofit" class="mw-redirect" title="Green retrofit">Green retrofit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_refurbishment" title="Sustainable refurbishment">Sustainable refurbishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenspace_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Greenspace (disambiguation)">Green Spaces</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greening&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFZhuPiaoMyneniHuang2016" class="citation journal cs1">Zhu, Zaichun; Piao, Shilong; Myneni, Ranga B.; Huang, Mengtian; Zeng, Zhenzhong; Canadell, Josep G.; Ciais, Philippe; Sitch, Stephen; Friedlingstein, Pierre; Arneth, Almut; Cao, Chunxiang (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate3004">"Greening of the Earth and its drivers"</a>. <i>Nature Climate Change</i>. <b>6</b> (8): 791–795. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatCC...6..791Z">2016NatCC...6..791Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnclimate3004">10.1038/nclimate3004</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10871%2F22651">10871/22651</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1758-678X">1758-678X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7980894">7980894</a>.</cite><span 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Environmentalism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Environmentalism" title="Template:Environmentalism"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#ADD8E6">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Environmentalism" title="Template talk:Environmentalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#ADD8E6">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Environmentalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Environmentalism"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#ADD8E6">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Environmentalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #ADD8E6; text-decoration: inherit;">Environmentalism</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_environmentalism" title="Outline of environmentalism"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #ADD8E6; text-decoration: inherit;">Outline of environmentalism</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Key topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Climate justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_crisis" title="Ecological crisis">Ecological crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_conflict" title="Environmental conflict">Environmental conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_history_of_environmentalism" title="Timeline of history of environmentalism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_conflicts" title="List of environmental conflicts">List of environmental conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental organization">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_studies" title="Environmental studies">Environmental studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_communication" title="Environmental communication">Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_education" title="Environmental education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_ethics" title="Environmental ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_health" title="Environmental health">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_history" title="Environmental history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_humanities" title="Environmental humanities">Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_philosophy" title="Environmental philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_psychology" title="Environmental psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_environmentalism" title="Religion and environmentalism">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_science" title="Environmental science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_social_science" title="Environmental social science">Social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_sociology" title="Environmental sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Views</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Philosophical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_ecology" title="Political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_philosophy" title="Environmental philosophy">Environmental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biocentrism_(ethics)" title="Biocentrism (ethics)">Biocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_jurisprudence" title="Earth jurisprudence">Earth jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocentrism" title="Ecocentrism">Ecocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resacralization_of_nature" title="Resacralization of nature">Resacralization of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (theory)">Social ecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioconservatism" title="Bioconservatism">Bioconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_green_environmentalism" title="Bright green environmentalism">Bright green environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment" title="Disinvestment">Disinvestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-capitalism" title="Eco-capitalism">Eco-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofascism" title="Ecofascism">Ecofascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-nationalism" title="Eco-nationalism">Eco-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-terrorism" title="Eco-terrorism">Eco-terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecomodernism" title="Ecomodernism">Ecomodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_environmentalism" title="Free-market environmentalism">Free-market environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism" title="Green conservatism">Green conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_left" title="Green left">Green left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_liberalism" title="Green liberalism">Green liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_libertarianism" title="Green libertarianism">Green libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_syndicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Green syndicalism">Green syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_coal" title="War on coal">War on coal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecotheology" title="Ecotheology">Ecotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_environmentalism" title="Evangelical environmentalism">Evangelical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_environmentalism" title="Islamic environmentalism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_environmentalism" title="Judaism and environmentalism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship (theology)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Opposition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-environmentalism" title="Anti-environmentalism">Anti-environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_skepticism" title="Environmental skepticism">Environmental skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_killings" title="List of environmental killings">List of environmental killings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biophilia_hypothesis" title="Biophilia hypothesis">Biophilia hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_of_the_poor" title="Environmentalism of the poor">Environmentalism of the poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_stewardship" title="Environmental stewardship">Environmental stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardline_(subculture)" title="Hardline (subculture)">Hardline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_conservation" title="Nature conservation">Nature conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_environmentalism" title="Radical environmentalism">Radical environmentalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Offshoots</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fracking_movement" title="Anti-fracking movement">Anti-fracking movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Anti-nuclear movement">Anti-nuclear movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car-free_movement" title="Car-free movement">Car-free movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_movement" title="Climate movement">Climate movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement">Conservation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_environmentalism" title="Cultural environmentalism">Cultural environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">Degrowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Optimism" title="Earth Optimism">Earth Optimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-anxiety" title="Eco-anxiety">Eco-anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_grief" title="Ecological grief">Ecological grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_defender" title="Environmental defender">Environmental defender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">Environmental justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_banking" title="Ethical banking">Ethical banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_shame" title="Flight shame">Flight shame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_investing" title="Impact investing">Impact investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_stewardship" title="Product stewardship">Product stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)" title="Slow movement (culture)">Slow movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_organization" title="Sustainability organization">Sustainability organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Goals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">Circular economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_action" title="Climate action">Climate action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation community">Conservation community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_civilization" title="Ecological civilization">Ecological civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_personhood" title="Environmental personhood">Environmental personhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">Environmental protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy" title="Environmental policy">Environmental policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_corporate_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental, social, and corporate governance">Environmental, social, and corporate governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">Environmentally friendly</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">Green economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwashing" title="Greenwashing">Greenwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">Natural resource management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_resource_management" title="Environmental resource management">Environmental resource management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_nature" title="Rights of nature">Rights of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short-haul_flight_ban" title="Short-haul flight ban">Short-haul flight ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_vegetarianism" title="Environmental vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="List of environmental protests">Protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_sitting" title="Tree sitting">Tree sitting</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental movement in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_Australia" title="Environmental movement in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental movement in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Environmentalism in Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_China" title="Environmentalism in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-incinerator_movement_in_China" title="Anti-incinerator movement in China">Anti-incinerator movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental movement in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chipko_movement" title="Chipko movement">Chipko movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental movement in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_New_Zealand" title="Environmental movement in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental movement in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_South_Africa" title="Environmental movement in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_Switzerland" title="Environmental movement in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_direct_action_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Environmental direct action in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">In culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_art" title="Environmental art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_books" title="List of environmental books">Books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecofiction" title="Ecofiction">Ecofiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_conservation" title="Conspicuous conservation">Conspicuous conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmography_of_environmentalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Filmography of environmentalism">Film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_films" title="List of environmental films">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_film_festivals" title="List of environmental film festivals">festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eco-horror_films" title="List of eco-horror films">horror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_journalism" title="Environmental journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Environmentalism in The Lord of the Rings"><i>The Lord of the Rings</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_music" title="Environmentalism in music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecomusicology" title="Ecomusicology">Ecomusicology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_motorsport" title="Environmentalism in motorsport">Motorsport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_sculpture" title="Environmental sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfing_and_environmentalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Surfing and environmentalism">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">Tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eco_hotel" title="Eco hotel">Eco hotel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_environmental_publications" title="Lists of environmental publications">Publications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Environmentalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalist" title="Environmentalist">Environmentalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_defender" title="Environmental defender">Environmental defender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_protector" class="mw-redirect" title="Water protector">Water protector</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Notable_people" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunderlal_Bahuguna" title="Sunderlal Bahuguna">Sunderlal Bahuguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Brower" title="David Brower">David Brower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng_Cho-nam" title="Ng Cho-nam">Ng Cho-nam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Flannery" title="Tim Flannery">Tim Flannery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_activism_of_Al_Gore" title="Environmental activism of Al Gore">Al Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldo_Leopold" title="Aldo Leopold">Aldo Leopold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangari Maathai">Wangari Maathai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Seyyed Hossein Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chico_Mendes" title="Chico Mendes">Chico Mendes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Muir" title="John Muir">John Muir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dz%C5%8D_Tanaka" title="Shōzō Tanaka">Shōzō Tanaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greta_Thunberg" title="Greta Thunberg">Greta Thunberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barriers_to_pro-environmental_behaviour" title="Barriers to pro-environmental behaviour">Barriers to pro-environmental behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_ethics" title="Business ethics">Business ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_ethic" title="Land ethic">Land ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifeboat_ethics" title="Lifeboat ethics">Lifeboat ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">Tragedy of the commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/48px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/64px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment&#32;portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐58964749cd‐z7rrn Cached time: 20241203073935 Cache 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