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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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class="mw-page-title-main">Moxie Marlinspike</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxie_Marlinspike" title="Moxie Marlinspike – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Moxie Marlinspike" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ماکسی مارلینسپایک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماکسی مارلینسپایک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxie_Marlinspike" title="Moxie Marlinspike – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Moxie Marlinspike" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxie_Marlinspike" title="Moxie Marlinspike – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Moxie Marlinspike" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxie_Marlinspike" title="Moxie Marlinspike – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Moxie Marlinspike" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA" title="Моксі Марлінспайк – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American entrepreneur</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Moxie Marlinspike</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Moxie_Marlinspike_in_2022_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Moxie_Marlinspike_in_2022_02.jpg/220px-Moxie_Marlinspike_in_2022_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Moxie_Marlinspike_in_2022_02.jpg/330px-Moxie_Marlinspike_in_2022_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Moxie_Marlinspike_in_2022_02.jpg/440px-Moxie_Marlinspike_in_2022_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2844" data-file-height="3982" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Marlinspike in 2022</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Early 1980s<sup id="cite_ref-thenewyorker-2020-10-19_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thenewyorker-2020-10-19-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Matthew Rosenfeld<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Signal_Foundation" title="Signal Foundation">Signal Foundation</a> (co-founder)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Signal_Protocol" title="Signal Protocol">Signal Protocol</a> (co-author)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Convergence_(SSL)" title="Convergence (SSL)">Convergence</a> (author)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">Cryptography</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">Computer security</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Software_architecture" title="Software architecture">Software architecture</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://moxie.org/">moxie<wbr />.org</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16732015#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Matthew Rosenfeld</b>, better known by the <a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">pseudonym</a> <b>Moxie Marlinspike</b>, is an American <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Entrepreneur">entrepreneur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cryptographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptographer">cryptographer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">computer security</a> researcher.<sup id="cite_ref-thenewyorker-2020-10-19_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thenewyorker-2020-10-19-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marlinspike is the creator of <a href="/wiki/Signal_(messaging_app)" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal (messaging app)">Signal</a>, co-founder of the <a href="/wiki/Signal_Technology_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal Technology Foundation">Signal Technology Foundation</a>, and served as the first CEO of <a href="/wiki/Signal_Messenger_LLC" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal Messenger LLC">Signal Messenger LLC</a>. He is also a co-author of the <a href="/wiki/Signal_Protocol" title="Signal Protocol">Signal Protocol</a> encryption used by Signal, <a href="/wiki/WhatsApp" title="WhatsApp">WhatsApp</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg-31-07-2016_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg-31-07-2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Messages_(Google)" class="mw-redirect" title="Messages (Google)">Google Messages</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Facebook_Messenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Facebook Messenger">Facebook Messenger</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marlinspike is a former head of the security team at <a href="/wiki/Twitter,_Inc." title="Twitter, Inc.">Twitter</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hern-2014-10-17_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hern-2014-10-17-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the author of a proposed SSL authentication system replacement called <a href="/wiki/Convergence_(SSL)" title="Convergence (SSL)">Convergence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He previously maintained a cloud-based <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_Protected_Access" title="Wi-Fi Protected Access">WPA</a> cracking service<sup id="cite_ref-pcworld2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pcworld2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a targeted anonymity service called GoogleSharing.<sup id="cite_ref-forbes1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forbes1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moxie_Marlinspike&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marlinspike began his career working for several technology companies, including enterprise infrastructure software maker <a href="/wiki/BEA_Systems" title="BEA Systems">BEA Systems Inc</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg-31-07-2016_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg-31-07-2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yadron-2015_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadron-2015-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, Marlinspike was the <a href="/wiki/Chief_technology_officer" title="Chief technology officer">chief technology officer</a> and co-founder of <a href="/wiki/Whisper_Systems" title="Whisper Systems">Whisper Systems</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-cnet1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnet1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an enterprise mobile security startup company. In May 2010, Whisper Systems launched <a href="/wiki/TextSecure" title="TextSecure">TextSecure</a> and <a href="/wiki/RedPhone" class="mw-redirect" title="RedPhone">RedPhone</a>. These were applications that provided <a href="/wiki/End-to-end_encryption" title="End-to-end encryption">end-to-end encrypted</a> SMS messaging and voice calling, respectively. Twitter acquired the company for an undisclosed amount in late 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-forbes2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forbes2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The acquisition was done "primarily so that Mr. Marlinspike could help the then-startup improve its security".<sup id="cite_ref-Yadron-2015_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadron-2015-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his time as Twitter's head of cybersecurity,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the firm made Whisper Systems' apps <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open source</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marlinspike left Twitter in early 2013 and founded <a href="/wiki/Open_Whisper_Systems" title="Open Whisper Systems">Open Whisper Systems</a> as a collaborative open source project for the continued development of TextSecure and RedPhone.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, Marlinspike and Trevor Perrin started developing the <a href="/wiki/Signal_Protocol" title="Signal Protocol">Signal Protocol</a>, an early version of which was first introduced in the TextSecure app in February 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2015, Open Whisper Systems unified the TextSecure and RedPhone applications as <a href="/wiki/Signal_(messaging_app)" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal (messaging app)">Signal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 2014 and 2016, Marlinspike worked with <a href="/wiki/WhatsApp" title="WhatsApp">WhatsApp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> to integrate the Signal Protocol into their messaging services.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 21, 2018, Marlinspike and <a href="/wiki/WhatsApp" title="WhatsApp">WhatsApp</a> co-founder <a href="/wiki/Brian_Acton" title="Brian Acton">Brian Acton</a> announced the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Signal_Technology_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal Technology Foundation">Signal Technology Foundation</a> and its subsidiary, Signal Messenger LLC.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thenewyorker-2020-10-19_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thenewyorker-2020-10-19-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marlinspike served as Signal Messenger's first CEO until stepping down on January 10, 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moxie_Marlinspike&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SSL_stripping">SSL stripping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moxie_Marlinspike&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: SSL stripping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a 2009 paper, Marlinspike introduced the concept of <a href="/wiki/Secure_Sockets_Layer" class="mw-redirect" title="Secure Sockets Layer">SSL</a> stripping, a <a href="/wiki/Man-in-the-middle_attack" title="Man-in-the-middle attack">man-in-the-middle attack</a> in which a network attacker could prevent a <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a> from upgrading to an SSL connection in a way that would likely go unnoticed by a user. He also announced the release of a tool, <code>sslstrip</code>, that would automatically perform these types of man-in-the-middle attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/HTTP_Strict_Transport_Security" title="HTTP Strict Transport Security">HTTP Strict Transport Security</a> (HSTS) specification was subsequently developed to combat these attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SSL_implementation_attacks">SSL implementation attacks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moxie_Marlinspike&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: SSL implementation attacks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marlinspike has discovered a number of different <a href="/wiki/Vulnerability_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulnerability (computing)">vulnerabilities</a> in popular SSL implementations. Notably, he published a 2002 paper on exploiting <a href="/wiki/SSL/TLS" class="mw-redirect" title="SSL/TLS">SSL/TLS</a> implementations that did not correctly verify the <a href="/wiki/X.509" title="X.509">X.509 v3</a> "BasicConstraints" extension in <a href="/wiki/Public_key_certificate" title="Public key certificate">public key certificate</a> chains. This allowed anyone with a valid CA-signed certificate for any <a href="/wiki/Domain_name" title="Domain name">domain name</a> to create what appeared to be valid CA-signed certificates for any other domain. The vulnerable SSL/TLS implementations included the <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_CryptoAPI" title="Microsoft CryptoAPI">Microsoft CryptoAPI</a>, making <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a> and all other Windows software that relied on SSL/TLS connections vulnerable to a man-in-the-middle attack. In 2011, the same vulnerability was discovered to have remained in the SSL/TLS implementation on <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a>'s <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also notably, Marlinspike presented a 2009 paper in which he introduced the concept of a null-prefix attack on SSL certificates. He revealed that all major SSL implementations failed to properly verify the Common Name value of a certificate, so that they could be tricked into accepting forged certificates by embedding <a href="/wiki/Null_character" title="Null character">null characters</a> into the CN field.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solutions_to_the_CA_problem">Solutions to the CA problem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moxie_Marlinspike&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Solutions to the CA problem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2011, Marlinspike presented a talk, "SSL And The Future Of Authenticity",<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hat_Briefings" title="Black Hat Briefings">Black Hat</a> security conference in <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas</a>. He outlined many of the problems with <a href="/wiki/Certificate_authorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Certificate authorities">certificate authorities</a> and announced the release of a software project called <a href="/wiki/Convergence_(SSL)" title="Convergence (SSL)">Convergence</a> to replace them.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, Marlinspike and Perrin submitted an <a href="/wiki/Internet_Draft" title="Internet Draft">Internet Draft</a> for TACK,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is designed to provide SSL <a href="/wiki/Certificate_pinning" class="mw-redirect" title="Certificate pinning">certificate pinning</a> and help solve the CA problem, to the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cracking_MS-CHAPv2">Cracking MS-CHAPv2</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moxie_Marlinspike&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cracking MS-CHAPv2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2012, Marlinspike and <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Hulton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Hulton (page does not exist)">David Hulton</a> presented research that makes it possible to reduce the security of <a href="/wiki/MS-CHAPv2" class="mw-redirect" title="MS-CHAPv2">MS-CHAPv2</a> handshakes to a single <a href="/wiki/Data_Encryption_Standard" title="Data Encryption Standard">DES encryption</a>. Hulton built hardware capable of cracking the remaining DES encryption in less than 24 hours, and the two made the hardware available for anyone to use as an Internet service.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mobily_surveillance_controversy">Mobily surveillance controversy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moxie_Marlinspike&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mobily surveillance controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2013, Marlinspike published emails on his blog that he claimed were from Saudi Arabian telecom service Mobily soliciting his help in surveilling their customers, including intercepting communications running through various applications. Marlinspike refused to help, making the emails public instead. Mobily denied the allegations. "We never communicate with hackers", the company said.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_(2013)_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_(2013)-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traveling">Traveling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moxie_Marlinspike&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Traveling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marlinspike says that when flying within the United States he is unable to print his own <a href="/wiki/Boarding_pass" title="Boarding pass">boarding pass</a>, is required to have airline ticketing agents make a phone call in order to issue one, and is subjected to <a href="/wiki/Secondary_Security_Screening_Selection" title="Secondary Security Screening Selection">secondary screening</a> at <a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">TSA</a> security checkpoints.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While entering the U.S. on a flight from the Dominican Republic in 2010, Marlinspike was detained by federal agents for nearly five hours, all his electronic devices were confiscated, and at first agents claimed he would only get them back if he provided his passwords so they could decrypt the data. Marlinspike refused to do this, and the devices were eventually returned, though he noted that he could no longer trust them, saying, "They could have modified the hardware or installed new keyboard firmware."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recognition">Recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moxie_Marlinspike&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In 2016, <i><a href="/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)" title="Fortune (magazine)">Fortune</a></i> magazine named Marlinspike among its <a href="/wiki/40_under_40_(Fortune_magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="40 under 40 (Fortune magazine)">40 under 40</a> for being the founder of Open Whisper Systems and "[encrypting] the communications of more than a billion people worldwide".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i> also named him to its "Next List 2016," as one of "25 Geniuses Who Are Creating the Future of Business."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2017, Marlinspike and Perrin were awarded the <a href="/wiki/Levchin_Prize" title="Levchin Prize">Levchin Prize</a> for Real World Cryptography "for the development and wide deployment of the Signal protocol".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moxie_Marlinspike&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Originally from the state of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg-31-07-2016_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg-31-07-2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marlinspike moved to <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> in the late 1990s at age 18.<sup id="cite_ref-thenewyorker-2020-10-19_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thenewyorker-2020-10-19-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yadron-2015_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadron-2015-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name <i>Moxie Marlinspike</i> is an assumed name partly derived from a childhood nickname.<sup id="cite_ref-thenewyorker-2020-10-19_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thenewyorker-2020-10-19-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg-31-07-2016_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg-31-07-2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marlinspike is a <a href="/wiki/Sailing_(sport)" title="Sailing (sport)">sailing</a> enthusiast and <a href="/wiki/Master_mariner" title="Master mariner">master mariner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg-31-07-2016_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg-31-07-2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004, he bought a derelict sailboat and, with three friends, refurbished it and sailed around the <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a> while making a "<a href="/wiki/Vlog" title="Vlog">video zine</a>" about their journey called <i>Hold Fast</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-thenewyorker-2020-10-19_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thenewyorker-2020-10-19-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg-31-07-2016_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg-31-07-2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yadron-2015_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadron-2015-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also an <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchist</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg-31-07-2016_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg-31-07-2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and several of his essays and speeches are published on the website <i>The Anarchist Library</i>, including "An Anarchist Critique of Democracy"<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "The Promise of Defeat."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moxie_Marlinspike&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-thenewyorker-2020-10-19-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thenewyorker-2020-10-19_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thenewyorker-2020-10-19_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thenewyorker-2020-10-19_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thenewyorker-2020-10-19_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thenewyorker-2020-10-19_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thenewyorker-2020-10-19_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 19,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=25+Geniuses+Who+Are+Creating+the+Future+of+Business&rft.date=2016-04-26&rft.issn=1059-1028&rft.au=WIRED+Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2016%2F04%2Fwired-nextlist-2016%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoxie+Marlinspike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.realworldcrypto.com/levchinprize">"The Levchin Prize for Real World Cryptography"</a>. RealWorldCrypto.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Levchin+Prize+for+Real+World+Cryptography&rft.pub=RealWorldCrypto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.realworldcrypto.com%2Flevchinprize&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoxie+Marlinspike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevchin2017" class="citation web cs1">Levchin, Max (January 4, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/news/2017-levchin-prize-real-world-190013094.html">"2017 Levchin Prize for Real World Cryptography"</a>. <i>Yahoo! Finance</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yahoo%21+Finance&rft.atitle=2017+Levchin+Prize+for+Real+World+Cryptography&rft.date=2017-01-04&rft.aulast=Levchin&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffinance.yahoo.com%2Fnews%2F2017-levchin-prize-real-world-190013094.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoxie+Marlinspike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://moxie.org/">"Moxie Marlinspike >> About"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 22,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moxie+Marlinspike+%3E%3E+About&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoxie.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoxie+Marlinspike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarlinspikeHart2012" class="citation web cs1">Marlinspike, Moxie; Hart, Windy (June 21, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/moxie-marlinspike-and-windy-hart-audio-anarchy-radio-an-anarchist-critique-of-democracy">"An Anarchist Critique of Democracy"</a>. The Anarchist Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 22,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Promise+of+Defeat&rft.pub=The+Anarchist+Library&rft.date=2020-08-04&rft.aulast=Marlinspike&rft.aufirst=Moxie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheanarchistlibrary.org%2Flibrary%2Fmoxie-marlinspike-the-promise-of-defeat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoxie+Marlinspike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moxie_Marlinspike&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://moxie.org/">Official website</a></span></span> <span 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