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summary">Levchin Prize</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">Awarded for</th><td class="infobox-data">“major innovations in cryptography that have had a significant impact on the practice of cryptography and its use in real-world systems”</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">Sponsored by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Max_Levchin" title="Max Levchin">Max Levchin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">Presented by</th><td class="infobox-data attendee"><a href="/wiki/Real_World_Crypto" class="mw-redirect" title="Real World Crypto">Real World Crypto</a> steering committee</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">Reward(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">$10,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">First awarded</th><td class="infobox-data">2016-01-06</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rwc.iacr.org/LevchinPrize/">rwc<wbr />.iacr<wbr />.org<wbr />/LevchinPrize<wbr />/</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Levchin Prize for real-world cryptography</b> is a prize given to people or organizations who are recognized for contributions to <a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">cryptography</a> that have a significant impact on its practical use. The recipients are selected by the <a href="/wiki/Steering_committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Steering committee">steering committee</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Real_World_Crypto" class="mw-redirect" title="Real World Crypto">Real World Crypto</a> (RWC) academic conference run by the <a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Cryptologic_Research" title="International Association for Cryptologic Research">International Association for Cryptologic Research</a> (IACR) and announced at the RWC conference.<sup id="cite_ref-LevchinPrize_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LevchinPrize-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The award was established in 2015 by <a href="/wiki/Max_Levchin" title="Max Levchin">Max Levchin</a>, a software engineer and businessman who co-founded the financial technology company <a href="/wiki/PayPal" title="PayPal">PayPal</a>, and first awarded in January 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-LevchinPrize_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LevchinPrize-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two awards are presented every year, each on its own topic. While there is no formal rule, every year so far as of 2024, one of the two awards has recognized one or more individuals for theoretical advancements to cryptographic methods with a practical impact, while the other has recognized one or more individual or an organization for either the construction of practical systems or practical advancements in <a href="/wiki/Cryptanalysis" title="Cryptanalysis">cryptanalysis</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recipients">Recipients</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levchin_Prize&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Recipients"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following table lists the recipients of the Levchin Prize.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Levchin Prize winners </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Recipient(s)</th> <th>Contribution </th></tr> <tr> <td>2016</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phillip_Rogaway" title="Phillip Rogaway">Phil Rogaway</a></td> <td>“<i>For groundbreaking practice-oriented research that has had exceptional impact on real-world cryptography.</i>” This includes work on <a href="/wiki/Authenticated_encryption" title="Authenticated encryption">authenticated encryption</a> and <a href="/wiki/Format-preserving_encryption" title="Format-preserving encryption">format-preserving encryption</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016</td> <td>The miTLS team: Cedric Fournet, Karthikeyan Bhargavan, Alfredo Pironti, and Markulf Kohlweiss</td> <td>“<i>For the analysis of <a href="/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security" title="Transport Layer Security">TLS</a> and the development of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mitls.org/">miTLS</a> project.</i>” </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joan_Daemen" title="Joan Daemen">Joan Daemen</a></td> <td>“<i>For the development of <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard" title="Advanced Encryption Standard">AES</a> and <a href="/wiki/SHA3" class="mw-redirect" title="SHA3">SHA3</a>.</i>” </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moxie_Marlinspike" title="Moxie Marlinspike">Moxie Marlinspike</a> and Trevor Perrin</td> <td>“<i>For the development and wide deployment of the <a href="/wiki/Signal_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal protocol">Signal protocol</a>.</i>” </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018</td> <td>Hugo Krawczyk</td> <td>“<i>For the development of real-world cryptographic systems with strong security guarantees and proofs.</i>” This includes work on <a href="/wiki/IPsec" title="IPsec">IPsec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Key_Exchange" title="Internet Key Exchange">IKE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security" title="Transport Layer Security">SSL/TLS</a>, <a href="/wiki/HMAC" title="HMAC">HMAC</a> and <a href="/wiki/HKDF" title="HKDF">HKDF</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/OpenSSL" title="OpenSSL">OpenSSL</a> team</td> <td>“<i>For dramatic improvements to the code quality of OpenSSL.</i>” </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mihir_Bellare" title="Mihir Bellare">Mihir Bellare</a></td> <td>“<i>For outstanding contributions to the design and analysis of real-world cryptosystems, including the development of the <a href="/wiki/Random_oracle_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Random oracle model">random oracle model</a>, <a href="/wiki/Block_cipher_mode_of_operation" title="Block cipher mode of operation">modes of operation</a>, <a href="/wiki/HMAC" title="HMAC">HMAC</a>, and models for <a href="/wiki/Key_exchange" title="Key exchange">key exchange</a>.</i>” </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019</td> <td>Eric Rescorla</td> <td>“<i>For sustained contributions to the standardization of security protocols, and most recently the development and standardization of <a href="/wiki/TLS_1.3" class="mw-redirect" title="TLS 1.3">TLS 1.3</a>.</i>” Other work includes earlier versions of <a href="/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security" title="Transport Layer Security">TLS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Datagram_Transport_Layer_Security" title="Datagram Transport Layer Security">DTLS</a>, <a href="/wiki/WebRTC" title="WebRTC">WebRTC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Automatic_Certificate_Management_Environment" title="Automatic Certificate Management Environment">ACME</a> and <a href="/wiki/QUIC" title="QUIC">QUIC</a>, as well as co-founding <a href="/wiki/Let%27s_Encrypt" title="Let's Encrypt">Let's Encrypt</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Merkle" title="Ralph Merkle">Ralph Merkle</a></td> <td>“<i>For fundamental contributions to the development of <a href="/wiki/Public-key_cryptography" title="Public-key cryptography">public key cryptography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function" title="Cryptographic hash function">hash algorithms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merkle_tree" title="Merkle tree">Merkle trees</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Digital_signature" title="Digital signature">digital signatures</a>.</i>” </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wang_Xiaoyun" title="Wang Xiaoyun">Xiaoyun Wang</a> and Marc Stevens</td> <td>“<i>For groundbreaking work on the security of <a href="/wiki/Collision_resistance" title="Collision resistance">collision resistant</a> <a href="/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function" title="Cryptographic hash function">hash functions</a>.</i>” </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neal_Koblitz" title="Neal Koblitz">Neal Koblitz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victor_S._Miller" title="Victor S. Miller">Victor Miller</a></td> <td>“<i>For the invention of <a href="/wiki/Elliptic_curve_cryptography" class="mw-redirect" title="Elliptic curve cryptography">elliptic curve cryptography</a>.</i>” </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021</td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Tor_Project" title="The Tor Project">The Tor Project</a></td> <td>“<i>For continued development of the <a href="/wiki/Tor_(network)" title="Tor (network)">Tor</a> system and the underlying cryptography.</i>” </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Don_Coppersmith" title="Don Coppersmith">Don Coppersmith</a></td> <td>“<i>For foundational innovations in cryptanalysis.</i>” </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Let%27s_Encrypt" title="Let's Encrypt">Let's Encrypt</a></td> <td>“<i>For fundamental improvements to the <a href="/wiki/Public_key_infrastructure" title="Public key infrastructure">certificate ecosystem</a> that provide free <a href="/wiki/Public_key_certificate" title="Public key certificate">certificates</a> for all.</i>” </td></tr> <tr> <td>2023</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Rijmen" title="Vincent Rijmen">Vincent Rijmen</a></td> <td>“<i>For co-designing the <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard" title="Advanced Encryption Standard">Advanced Encryption Standard</a> (AES).</i>” </td></tr> <tr> <td>2023</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paul_Carl_Kocher" title="Paul Carl Kocher">Paul Kocher</a></td> <td>“<i>For pioneering work on <a href="/wiki/Side_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Side channel">side channel</a> analysis.</i>” </td></tr> <tr> <td>2024</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anna_Lysyanskaya" title="Anna Lysyanskaya">Anna Lysyanskaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Camenisch" title="Jan Camenisch">Jan Camenisch</a></td> <td>“<i>For the development of efficient <a href="/wiki/Digital_credential#Anonymous" title="Digital credential">Anonymous Credentials</a></i>” </td></tr> <tr> <td>2024</td> <td>Al Cutter, Emilia Käsper, Adam Langley, and <a href="/wiki/Ben_Laurie" title="Ben Laurie">Ben Laurie</a></td> <td>“<i>For creating and deploying <a href="/wiki/Certificate_Transparency" title="Certificate Transparency">Certificate Transparency</a> at scale</i>” </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levchin_Prize&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_science_awards" title="List of computer science awards">List of computer science awards</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levchin_Prize&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-LevchinPrize-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LevchinPrize_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LevchinPrize_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rwc.iacr.org/LevchinPrize/">"The Levchin Prize for Real-World Cryptography"</a>. <i>Real World Crypto Symposium</i>. International Association for Cryptologic Research<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Real+World+Crypto+Symposium&rft.atitle=The+Levchin+Prize+for+Real-World+Cryptography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frwc.iacr.org%2FLevchinPrize%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevchin+Prize" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevchin2016" class="citation web cs1">Levchin, Max (2016-01-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://max.levch.in/post/136769831563/establishing-the-levchin-prize-for-real-world">"Establishing the Levchin Prize for Real World Cryptography"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Establishing+the+Levchin+Prize+for+Real+World+Cryptography&rft.date=2016-01-06&rft.aulast=Levchin&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmax.levch.in%2Fpost%2F136769831563%2Festablishing-the-levchin-prize-for-real-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevchin+Prize" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChemparathy2016" class="citation news cs1">Chemparathy, Augustine (2016-01-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stanforddaily.com/2016/01/06/cryptographers-honored-with-levchin-prize-at-real-world-cryptography-conference/">"Cryptographers honored with Levchin Prize at Real World Cryptography Conference"</a>. <i>The Stanford Daily</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Daily&rft.atitle=Cryptographers+honored+with+Levchin+Prize+at+Real+World+Cryptography+Conference&rft.date=2016-01-06&rft.aulast=Chemparathy&rft.aufirst=Augustine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstanforddaily.com%2F2016%2F01%2F06%2Fcryptographers-honored-with-levchin-prize-at-real-world-cryptography-conference%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevchin+Prize" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160106005630/en/Affirm-CEO-Max-Levchin-Awards-First-Annual-Prize-for-Advancements-in-Real-World-Cryptography">"Affirm CEO Max Levchin Awards First Annual Prize for Advancements in Real-World Cryptography"</a>. <i>BusinessWire</i>. 2016-01-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BusinessWire&rft.atitle=Affirm+CEO+Max+Levchin+Awards+First+Annual+Prize+for+Advancements+in+Real-World+Cryptography&rft.date=2016-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesswire.com%2Fnews%2Fhome%2F20160106005630%2Fen%2FAffirm-CEO-Max-Levchin-Awards-First-Annual-Prize-for-Advancements-in-Real-World-Cryptography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevchin+Prize" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEtienne2017" class="citation news cs1">Etienne, Stefan (2017-01-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/2017/01/05/a-prize-for-real-world-cryptography-was-given-to-programmers-behind-aes-and-the-signal-app/?guccounter=1">"A prize for "real-world cryptography" was given to programmers behind AES and the Signal app"</a>. <i>TechCrunch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TechCrunch&rft.atitle=A+prize+for+%22real-world+cryptography%22+was+given+to+programmers+behind+AES+and+the+Signal+app&rft.date=2017-01-06&rft.aulast=Etienne&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2017%2F01%2F05%2Fa-prize-for-real-world-cryptography-was-given-to-programmers-behind-aes-and-the-signal-app%2F%3Fguccounter%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevchin+Prize" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rwc.iacr.org/LevchinPrize/winners.html">"The Levchin Prize for Real-World Cryptography"</a>. <i>Real World Crypto Symposium</i>. International Association for Cryptologic Research<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Real+World+Crypto+Symposium&rft.atitle=The+Levchin+Prize+for+Real-World+Cryptography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frwc.iacr.org%2FLevchinPrize%2Fwinners.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevchin+Prize" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><br /> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1012311289">.mw-parser-output .asbox{position:relative;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .asbox table{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .asbox p{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .asbox p+p{margin-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .asbox-body{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .asbox-note{font-size:smaller}.mw-parser-output .asbox .navbar{position:absolute;top:-0.75em;right:1em;display:none}</style><div role="note" class="metadata plainlinks asbox stub"><table role="presentation"><tbody><tr class="noresize"><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emoji_u1f510.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stub icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Emoji_u1f510.svg/35px-Emoji_u1f510.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Emoji_u1f510.svg/53px-Emoji_u1f510.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Emoji_u1f510.svg/70px-Emoji_u1f510.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></td><td><p class="asbox-body">This cryptography-related article is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikipedia:Stub">stub</a>. 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