CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Francis Xavier - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"a16acb3f-9b03-4b60-a143-0ae343102c4f","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Francis_Xavier","wgTitle":"Francis Xavier","wgCurRevisionId":1260965290,"wgRevisionId":1260965290,"wgArticleId":10957,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1: long volume value","Articles with Italian-language sources (it)","CS1 European Spanish-language sources (es-es)","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use dmy dates from March 2023","Use shortened footnotes from May 2023","Biography with signature","Articles with hCards","Articles containing Latin-language text","All articles with unsourced statements", "Articles with unsourced statements from March 2019","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2021","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Pages with plain IPA","Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference","CS1 Italian-language sources (it)","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Commons category link from Wikidata","Articles with French-language sources (fr)","Articles with Internet Archive links","Articles with LibriVox links","1506 births","1552 deaths","16th-century Christian saints","16th-century Spanish Jesuits","Anglican saints","Jesuit missionaries in China","Jesuit saints","Lutheran saints","People celebrated in the Lutheran liturgical calendar","Roman Catholic missionaries in Japan","Spanish Roman Catholic missionaries","Spanish Roman Catholic saints","University of Paris alumni", "Spanish exploration in the Age of Discovery","Portuguese exploration in the Age of Discovery","Canonizations by Pope Gregory XV","People from Tafalla (comarca)","16th-century people from the Kingdom of Navarre","Incorrupt saints"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Francis_Xavier","wgRelevantArticleId":10957,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":["autoconfirmed"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":90000, "wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q163900","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage": "ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Franciscus_de_Xabier.jpg/1200px-Franciscus_de_Xabier.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1530"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Franciscus_de_Xabier.jpg/800px-Franciscus_de_Xabier.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1020"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Franciscus_de_Xabier.jpg/640px-Franciscus_de_Xabier.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="816"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Francis Xavier - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Xavier"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Xavier&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Xavier"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Francis_Xavier rootpage-Francis_Xavier skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Francis+Xavier" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Francis+Xavier" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Francis+Xavier" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Francis+Xavier" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Missionary_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Missionary_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Missionary work</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Missionary_work-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Missionary work subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Missionary_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Goa_and_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goa_and_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Goa and India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goa_and_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Southeast Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burials_and_relics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burials_and_relics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Burials and relics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burials_and_relics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Veneration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veneration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Veneration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Veneration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Veneration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Veneration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beatification_and_canonization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beatification_and_canonization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Beatification and canonization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beatification_and_canonization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pilgrimage_centres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pilgrimage_centres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Pilgrimage centres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pilgrimage_centres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Goa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Goa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_places" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_places"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Other places</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_places-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Novena_of_Grace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novena_of_Grace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Novena of Grace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novena_of_Grace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Personal_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Personal names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Church_dedications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_dedications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Church dedications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church_dedications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>In art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_the_Goa_Inquisition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_the_Goa_Inquisition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Role in the Goa Inquisition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_the_Goa_Inquisition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Educational_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Educational_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Educational institutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Educational_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Francis Xavier</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="فرنسيس كسفاريوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرنسيس كسفاريوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Francisco_Chabier" title="Sant Francisco Chabier – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sant Francisco Chabier" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscu_Xavier" title="Franciscu Xavier – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Franciscu Xavier" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransisk_Ksaveri" title="Fransisk Ksaveri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fransisk Ksaveri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Францыск Ксаверый – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Францыск Ксаверый" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Францішак Ксавэры – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Францішак Ксавэры" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Франциск Ксаверий – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Франциск Ксаверий" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fra%C3%B1sez_Zavier" title="Frañsez Zavier – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Frañsez Zavier" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesc_Xavier" title="Francesc Xavier – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Francesc Xavier" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Xaversk%C3%BD" title="František Xaverský – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="František Xaverský" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Xavier" title="Francisco Xavier – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Francisco Xavier" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Xaver" title="Franz Xaver – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Franz Xaver" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8A%DE%B0%DE%83%DE%A7%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%90%DE%A8%DE%90%DE%B0_%DE%92%DE%AD%DE%88%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%83" title="ފްރާންސިސް ޒޭވިއަރ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ފްރާންސިސް ޒޭވިއަރ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Javier" title="Francisco Javier – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Francisco Javier" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Xavier" title="Francisco Xavier – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Francisco Xavier" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantzisko_Xabierkoa" title="Frantzisko Xabierkoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Frantzisko Xabierkoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="فرانسیسکو خاویر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرانسیسکو خاویر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Xavier" title="François Xavier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="François Xavier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransiskus_Ksavearius" title="Fransiskus Ksavearius – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fransiskus Ksavearius" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomh_Proinsias_Xavier" title="Naomh Proinsias Xavier – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Naomh Proinsias Xavier" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Xavier" title="Francisco Xavier – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Francisco Xavier" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AB%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B8_%E0%AA%9D%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%B0" title="ફ્રાન્સિસ ઝેવિયર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ફ્રાન્સિસ ઝેવિયર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Francis_Xavier" title="Sant Francis Xavier – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Sant Francis Xavier" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%80%EC%B9%98%EC%8A%A4%EC%BD%94_%ED%95%98%EB%B9%84%EC%97%90%EB%A5%B4" title="프란치스코 하비에르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프란치스코 하비에르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="फ्रांसिस ज़ेवियर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ्रांसिस ज़ेवियर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveti_Franjo_Ksaverski" title="Sveti Franjo Ksaverski – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sveti Franjo Ksaverski" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransiskus_Xaverius" title="Fransiskus Xaverius – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fransiskus Xaverius" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Saverio" title="Francesco Saverio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Francesco Saverio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95_%D7%97%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8" title="פרנסיסקו חאווייר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרנסיסקו חאווייר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransiskus_Xaverius" title="Fransiskus Xaverius – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Fransiskus Xaverius" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%AB%E0%B2%BC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF" title="ಸಂತ ಫ಼್ರಾನ್ಸಿಸ್ ಸಾವೇರಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಂತ ಫ಼್ರಾನ್ಸಿಸ್ ಸಾವೇರಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ფრანსისკო ხავიერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფრანსისკო ხავიერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransisko_Saveri" title="Fransisko Saveri – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Fransisko Saveri" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscus_Xaverius" title="Franciscus Xaverius – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Franciscus Xaverius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisks_Ksaverijs" title="Francisks Ksaverijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Francisks Ksaverijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0v._Pranci%C5%A1kus_Ksaveras" title="Šv. Pranciškus Ksaveras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šv. Pranciškus Ksaveras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xav%C3%A9ri_Szent_Ferenc" title="Xavéri Szent Ferenc – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Xavéri Szent Ferenc" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Xavier" title="François Xavier – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="François Xavier" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC" title="ഫ്രാൻസിസ് സേവ്യർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫ്രാൻസിസ് സേവ്യർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="फ्रांसिस झेवियर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फ्रांसिस झेवियर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="فرنسيس كسفاريوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فرنسيس كسفاريوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Francis Xavier" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscus_Xaverius" title="Franciscus Xaverius – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Franciscus Xaverius" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B6%E3%83%93%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB" title="フランシスコ・ザビエル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フランシスコ・ザビエル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_Xavier" title="Frans Xavier – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Frans Xavier" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_Xavier" title="Frans Xavier – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Frans Xavier" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s_Xavi%C3%A8r" title="Francés Xavièr – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Francés Xavièr" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciszek_Ksawery" title="Franciszek Ksawery – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Franciszek Ksawery" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Xavier" title="Francisco Xavier – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Francisco Xavier" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisc_de_Xavier" title="Francisc de Xavier – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Francisc de Xavier" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Javier" title="Francisco Javier – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Francisco Javier" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Франциск Ксаверий – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Франциск Ксаверий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantziscu_Saveriu" title="Frantziscu Saveriu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Frantziscu Saveriu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Francis Xavier" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7esk_Saveri" title="Françesk Saveri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Françesk Saveri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Francis Xavier" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Xaversk%C3%BD" title="František Xaverský – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="František Xaverský" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C4%8Di%C5%A1ek_Ksaverij" title="Frančišek Ksaverij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Frančišek Ksaverij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Франсиско Хавијер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Франсиско Хавијер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Xavier" title="Francisco Xavier – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Francisco Xavier" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Xavier" title="Francisco Xavier – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Francisco Xavier" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_Xavier" title="Frans Xavier – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Frans Xavier" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Javier" title="Francisco Javier – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Francisco Javier" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="பிரான்சிஸ் சவேரியார் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரான்சிஸ் சவேரியார்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81_%E0%B8%86%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ฟรันซิสโก ฆาบิเอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟรันซิสโก ฆาบิเอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscus_Xaverius" title="Franciscus Xaverius – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Franciscus Xaverius" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%27%D1%94%D1%80" title="Франциск Ксав'єр – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Франциск Ксав'єр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%B3_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="فرانسس زیویر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فرانسس زیویر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phanxic%C3%B4_Xavi%C3%AA" title="Phanxicô Xaviê – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phanxicô Xaviê" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Javier" title="Francisco Javier – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Francisco Javier" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E6%96%B9%E6%BF%9F%E5%90%84%C2%B7%E6%B2%99%E5%8B%BF%E7%95%A5" title="聖方濟各·沙勿略 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="聖方濟各·沙勿略" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E6%96%B9%E6%BF%9F%E5%90%84%E6%B2%99%E5%8B%BF%E7%95%A5" title="聖方濟各沙勿略 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="聖方濟各沙勿略" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E6%BF%9F%C2%B7%E6%B2%99%E5%8B%BF%E7%95%A5" title="方濟·沙勿略 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="方濟·沙勿略" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Francis Xavier" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Francis Xavier" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q163900#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Francis_Xavier" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Xavier&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Xavier&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Xavier&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Xavier&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Francis_Xavier" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Francis_Xavier" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Xavier&oldid=1260965290" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Xavier&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Francis_Xavier&id=1260965290&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFrancis_Xavier"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFrancis_Xavier"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Francis_Xavier&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Xavier&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Francis_Xavier" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Francis_Xavier" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Francis_Xavier" hreflang="en"><span>Wikisource</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q163900" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Spanish Catholic saint and missionary (1506–1552)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"François Xavier" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier" title="François-Xavier">François-Xavier</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Francis_Xavier_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="St. Francis Xavier (disambiguation)">St. Francis Xavier (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Spanish_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish name">Spanish name</a>, the first or paternal <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> is <i> Jasso</i> and the second or maternal family name is <i> Azpilicueta</i>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;background-color:gold;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">Saint</a></div><br /><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Francis Xavier</div><br /><div class="honorific-prefix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">SJ</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Franciscus_de_Xabier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Franciscus_de_Xabier.jpg/220px-Franciscus_de_Xabier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Franciscus_de_Xabier.jpg/330px-Franciscus_de_Xabier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Franciscus_de_Xabier.jpg/440px-Franciscus_de_Xabier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6589" data-file-height="8402" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Painting of Saint Francis Xavier, held in the <a href="/wiki/Kobe_City_Museum" title="Kobe City Museum">Kobe City Museum</a>, Japan</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Francisco de Jasso y Azpilicueta<br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1506-04-07</span>)</span>7 April 1506<br /><a href="/wiki/Xavier,_Spain" title="Xavier, Spain">Xavier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Kingdom of Navarre</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">3 December 1552<span style="display:none">(1552-12-03)</span> (aged 46)<br /><a href="/wiki/Shangchuan_Island" title="Shangchuan Island">Shangchuan Island</a>, Chuanshan Archipelago, Xinning, <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">China</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">Beatified</a></th><td class="infobox-data">25 October 1619, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_V" title="Pope Paul V">Pope Paul V</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">Canonized</a></th><td class="infobox-data">12 March 1622, Rome, Papal States, by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XV" title="Pope Gregory XV">Pope Gregory XV</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Feast</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3 December</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Saint_symbolism" title="Saint symbolism">Attributes</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r979066050">.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after{content:none}</style><ul class="cslist"><li><a href="/wiki/Cassock" title="Cassock">Cassock</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Surplice" title="Surplice">surplice</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Stole_(vestment)" title="Stole (vestment)">stole</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ferraiolo" title="Ferraiolo">ferraiolo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">crucifix</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">Patronage</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r979066050"><ul class="sslist"><li>African missions</li><li><a href="/wiki/Kottar" title="Kottar">Kottar</a>, India</li><li><a href="/wiki/Agartala" title="Agartala">Agartala</a>, India</li><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a>, India</li><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Louisiana" title="Alexandria, Louisiana">Alexandria, Louisiana</a></li><li>Apostleship of Prayer</li><li>Australia</li><li><a href="/wiki/Bengaluru" title="Bengaluru">Bengaluru</a>, India</li><li><a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a>, India</li><li><a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, South Africa</li><li>China</li><li><a href="/wiki/Dinajpur" title="Dinajpur">Dinajpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li><li>Far East</li><li>Fathers of the Precious Blood</li><li>foreign missions</li><li><a href="/wiki/Freising" title="Freising">Freising</a>, Germany</li><li><a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, India</li><li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Green_Bay,_Wisconsin" title="Green Bay, Wisconsin">Green Bay, Wisconsin</a></li><li>India</li><li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a>, Indiana</li><li>Japan</li><li><a href="/wiki/Key_West,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Key West, Florida">Key West, Florida</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_University" title="Sophia University">Sophia University</a>, Tokyo, Japan</li><li><a href="/wiki/St._Francis_Xavier_University" title="St. Francis Xavier University">St. Francis Xavier University</a>, Antigonish, Canada</li><li>Sucre, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Joliet,_Illinois" title="Joliet, Illinois">Joliet, Illinois</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kabankalan" title="Kabankalan">Kabankalan</a>, Philippines</li><li><a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Kollam</a>, India</li><li><a href="/wiki/Nasugbu" title="Nasugbu">Nasugbu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batangas" title="Batangas">Batangas</a>, Philippines</li><li><a href="/wiki/Abuyog" title="Abuyog">Abuyog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leyte" title="Leyte">Leyte</a>, Philippines</li><li><a href="/wiki/Alegria,_Cebu" title="Alegria, Cebu">Alegria, Cebu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palompon" title="Palompon">Palompon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leyte" title="Leyte">Leyte</a>, Philippines</li><li>Hong Kong</li><li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Malindi" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Malindi">Diocese of Malindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li><li>missionaries</li><li>Missioners of the Precious Blood</li><li><a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a>, Spain</li><li><a href="/wiki/Navigators" class="mw-redirect" title="Navigators">navigators</a></li><li>New Zealand</li><li>parish missions</li><li><a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">plague</a> epidemics</li><li>Propagation of the Faith</li><li>India, <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kapatagan,_Lanao_del_Norte" title="Kapatagan, Lanao del Norte">Kapatagan, Lanao del Norte</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Assinatura_S%C3%A3o_Francisco_Xavier.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Assinatura_S%C3%A3o_Francisco_Xavier.svg/150px-Assinatura_S%C3%A3o_Francisco_Xavier.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Assinatura_S%C3%A3o_Francisco_Xavier.svg/225px-Assinatura_S%C3%A3o_Francisco_Xavier.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Assinatura_S%C3%A3o_Francisco_Xavier.svg/300px-Assinatura_S%C3%A3o_Francisco_Xavier.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-weight: normal; background-color: #DEDEDE;"><span style="font-size:80%">Styles of</span><br /><b><span class="fn">Francis Xavier</span></b></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Francis_Xavier.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Coat_of_arms_of_Francis_Xavier.svg/175px-Coat_of_arms_of_Francis_Xavier.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Coat_of_arms_of_Francis_Xavier.svg/263px-Coat_of_arms_of_Francis_Xavier.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Coat_of_arms_of_Francis_Xavier.svg/350px-Coat_of_arms_of_Francis_Xavier.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="869" data-file-height="850" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)" class="mw-redirect" title="Style (manner of address)">Reference style</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Reverend_Father" class="mw-redirect" title="The Reverend Father">The Reverend Father</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spoken style</th><td class="infobox-data">Father</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Posthumous style</th><td class="infobox-data">Saint</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Jesus" title="Category:Society of Jesus">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Society of Jesus</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ihs-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ihs-logo.svg/130px-Ihs-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ihs-logo.svg/195px-Ihs-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ihs-logo.svg/260px-Ihs-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="567" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Christogram" title="Christogram">Christogram</a> of the Jesuits</div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> History</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Regimini_militantis_Ecclesiae" title="Regimini militantis Ecclesiae">Regimini militantis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Congregatio_de_Auxiliis" title="Congregatio de Auxiliis">Congregatio de Auxiliis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">Suppression</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> Hierarchy</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Congregation" title="General Congregation">General Congregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_General_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior General of the Society of Jesus">Superior General</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> Spirituality</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Exercises" title="Spiritual Exercises">Spiritual Exercises</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ad_maiorem_Dei_gloriam" title="Ad maiorem Dei gloriam">Ad maiorem Dei gloriam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magis" title="Magis">Magis</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> Works</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesuit_educational_institutions" title="List of Jesuit educational institutions">List of Jesuit educational institutions</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesuits" title="List of Jesuits">Notable Jesuits</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Faber" title="Peter Faber">Peter Faber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Arrupe" title="Pedro Arrupe">Pedro Arrupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Berchmans" title="John Berchmans">John Berchmans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Campion" title="Edmund Campion">Edmund Campion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Jean_De_Smet" title="Pierre-Jean De Smet">Pierre-Jean De Smet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustin_Barruel" title="Augustin Barruel">Augustin Barruel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloysius_Gonzaga" title="Aloysius Gonzaga">Aloysius Gonzaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Frederick Copleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Karl Rahner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_saints_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="List of saints of the Society of Jesus">Jesuit saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesuit_theologians" title="List of Jesuit theologians">Jesuit theologians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jesuit_philosophers" title="Category:Jesuit philosophers">Jesuit philosophers</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Society_of_Jesus" title="Template:Society of Jesus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Society_of_Jesus" title="Template talk:Society of Jesus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Society_of_Jesus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Society of Jesus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Francis Xavier</b>, <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">SJ</a> (born <b>Francisco de Jasso y Azpilicueta</b>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i>Franciscus Xaverius</i>; <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>:<i>Xabierkoa</i>; French: <i>François Xavier</i>; Spanish: <i>Francisco Javier</i>; <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i>Francisco Xavier</i>; 7 April 1506 – 3 December 1552), venerated as <b>Saint Francis Xavier</b>, was a <a href="/wiki/Basques" title="Basques">Basque</a> <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">cleric</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_missionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian missionary">missionary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a> who co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a> and, as a representative of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a>, led the first Christian mission to <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Born in the town of <a href="/wiki/Xavier,_Spain" title="Xavier, Spain">Xavier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Kingdom of Navarre</a>, he was a companion of <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a> and one of the first seven <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> who took vows of poverty and chastity at <a href="/wiki/Montmartre" title="Montmartre">Montmartre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> in 1534.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAttwater1965141_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAttwater1965141-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He led an extensive mission into Asia, mainly the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire_in_the_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Empire in the East">Portuguese Empire in the East</a>, and was influential in <a href="/wiki/Evangelization" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelization">evangelization</a> work, most notably in <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern India">early modern India</a>. He was extensively involved in the missionary activity in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a>. In 1546, Francis Xavier proposed the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Goan_Inquisition" class="mw-redirect" title="Goan Inquisition">Goan Inquisition</a> in a letter addressed to King <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal" title="John III of Portugal">John III of Portugal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeill2004160_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeill2004160-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERao196343_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERao196343-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While some sources claim that he actually asked for a special minister whose sole office would be to further <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Goa" title="Christianity in Goa">Christianity in Goa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeridge1872268_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeridge1872268-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> others disagree with this assertion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeill2004160–161_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeill2004160–161-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a representative of the king of Portugal, he was also the first major <a href="/wiki/Christian_missionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian missionary">Christian missionary</a> to venture into <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, and other areas. In those areas, struggling to learn the local languages and in the face of opposition, he had less success than he had enjoyed in India. Xavier was about to extend his mission to <a href="/wiki/Ming_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming China">Ming China</a>, when he died on <a href="/wiki/Shangchuan_Island" title="Shangchuan Island">Shangchuan Island</a>. </p><p>He was beatified by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_V" title="Pope Paul V">Pope Paul V</a> on 25 October 1619 and <a href="/wiki/Canonized" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonized">canonized</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XV" title="Pope Gregory XV">Pope Gregory XV</a> on 12 March 1622. In 1624, he was made co-patron of <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a>. Known as the "Apostle of the <a href="/wiki/Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="Indies">Indies</a>", "Apostle of <a href="/wiki/The_Far_East" class="mw-redirect" title="The Far East">the Far East</a>", "Apostle of China" and "Apostle of Japan", he is considered to be one of the greatest missionaries since <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Rosa200690_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Rosa200690-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1927, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a> published the decree "Apostolicorum in Missionibus" naming Francis Xavier, along with <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a>, co-patron of all foreign missions.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is now co-patron saint of Navarre, with <a href="/wiki/Fermin" title="Fermin">Fermin</a>. The Day of Navarre in Navarre, Spain, marks the anniversary of Francis Xavier's death, on 3 December. <a href="/wiki/Hindu_extremists" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu extremists">Hindu extremists</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh_(RSS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS)">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS)</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are attempting to cancel Francis Xavier's patronage of <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, where his body rests,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in order to replace him with the <i><a href="/wiki/Parashurama" title="Parashurama">Parshuram</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Xavier&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castillo_javier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Castillo_javier.jpg/220px-Castillo_javier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Castillo_javier.jpg/330px-Castillo_javier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Castillo_javier.jpg/440px-Castillo_javier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="474" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Xavier" title="Castle of Xavier">castle of the Xavier family</a> was later acquired by the Society of Jesus.</figcaption></figure> <p>Francis Xavier was born in the <a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Xavier" title="Castle of Xavier">Castle of Xavier</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Kingdom of Navarre</a>, on 7 April 1506 into an influential noble family. He was the youngest son of Don Juan de Jasso y Atondo, Lord of Idocín, president of the Royal Council of the Kingdom of Navarre, and seneschal of the Castle of Xavier (a doctor in law by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bologna" title="University of Bologna">University of Bologna</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195217_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195217-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> belonging to a prosperous noble family of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port" title="Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port">Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port</a>, later privy counsellor and finance minister to King <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Navarre" title="John III of Navarre">John III of Navarre</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195218_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195218-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Doña María de Azpilcueta y Aznárez, sole heiress to the <a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Xavier" title="Castle of Xavier">Castle of Xavier</a> (related to the theologian and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Azpilcueta" title="Martín de Azpilcueta">Martín de Azpilcueta</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195216_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195216-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His brother Miguel de Jasso (later known as Miguel de Javier) became Lord of Xavier and Idocín at the death of his parents (a direct ancestor of the Counts of Javier). <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Navarro-Aragonese" title="Navarro-Aragonese">Romance</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were his two <a href="/wiki/Mother_tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother tongue">mother tongues</a>. </p><p>In 1512, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand</a>, King of <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragon</a> and regent of <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a>, invaded Navarre, initiating a <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Iberian_Navarre" title="Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre">war that lasted over 18 years</a>. Three years later, Francis's father died when Francis was only nine years old. In 1516, Francis's brothers participated in a failed Navarrese-French attempt to expel the Spanish invaders from the kingdom. The Spanish Governor, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Cisneros" title="Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros">Cardinal Cisneros</a>, confiscated the family lands, demolished the outer wall, the gates, and two towers of the family castle, and filled in the moat. In addition, the height of the keep was reduced by half.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESagredo2006_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESagredo2006-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only the family residence inside the castle was left. In 1522, one of Francis's brothers participated with 200 Navarrese nobles in dogged but failed resistance against the Castilian Count of Miranda in Amaiur, <a href="/wiki/Baztan_(valley)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baztan (valley)">Baztan</a>, the last Navarrese territorial position south of the Pyrenees. </p><p>In 1525, Francis went to study in Paris at the <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_Sainte-Barbe" title="Collège Sainte-Barbe">Collège Sainte-Barbe</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a>, where he spent the next eleven years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195228_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195228-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early days he acquired some reputation as an athlete<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195221_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195221-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a high-jumper.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195233_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195233-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1529, Francis shared lodgings with his friend <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Favre" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Favre">Pierre Favre</a>. A new student, <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a>, came to room with them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195240_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195240-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At 38, Ignatius was much older than Pierre and Francis, who were both 23 at the time. Ignatius convinced Pierre to become a priest, but was unable to convince Francis, who had aspirations of worldly advancement. At first, Francis regarded the new lodger as a joke and was sarcastic about his efforts to convert students.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195241_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195241-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Pierre left their lodgings to visit his family and Ignatius was alone with Francis, he was able to slowly break down Francis's resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Rosa200693_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Rosa200693-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to most biographies Ignatius is said to have posed the question: "What will it profit a man to gain the whole world, and lose his own soul?"<sup id="cite_ref-butler_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-butler-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, according to <a href="/wiki/James_Patrick_Broderick" class="mw-redirect" title="James Patrick Broderick">James Broderick</a> such method is not characteristic of Ignatius and there is no evidence that he employed it at all.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195241_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195241-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1530, Francis received the degree of Master of Arts, and afterwards taught Aristotelian philosophy at the <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_Beauvais" title="Collège de Beauvais">Collège de Beauvais</a>, University of Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195241_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195241-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Missionary_work">Missionary work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Xavier&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Missionary work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StPierreParis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/StPierreParis.jpg/220px-StPierreParis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/StPierreParis.jpg/330px-StPierreParis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/StPierreParis.jpg/440px-StPierreParis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Church of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Pierre_de_Montmartre" title="Saint-Pierre de Montmartre">Saint-Pierre de Montmartre</a>, Paris</figcaption></figure> <p>On 15 August 1534, seven students met in a crypt beneath the Church of Saint Denis (now <a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_de_Montmartre" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Pierre de Montmartre">Saint Pierre de Montmartre</a>), on the hill of <a href="/wiki/Montmartre" title="Montmartre">Montmartre</a>, overlooking Paris. They were Francis, <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Salmeron" title="Alfonso Salmeron">Alfonso Salmeron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diego_Laynez" title="Diego Laynez">Diego Laínez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Bobadilla" title="Nicholas Bobadilla">Nicolás Bobadilla</a> from <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Faber" title="Peter Faber">Peter Faber</a> from <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%A3o_Rodrigues" title="Simão Rodrigues">Simão Rodrigues</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a>. They made private vows of <a href="/wiki/Poverty,_chastity,_and_obedience" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty, chastity, and obedience">poverty, chastity, and obedience</a> to the Pope, and also vowed to go to the Holy Land to convert infidels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Rosa200695_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Rosa200695-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195247_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195247-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Francis began his study of theology in 1534 and was ordained on 24 June 1537. </p><p>In 1539, after long discussions, Ignatius drew up a formula for a new religious order, the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a> (the Jesuits).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Rosa200693_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Rosa200693-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ignatius's plan for the order was approved by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_III" title="Pope Paul III">Pope Paul III</a> in 1540.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Rosa200637_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Rosa200637-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1540, King <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal" title="John III of Portugal">John III of Portugal</a> had <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Mascarenhas" title="Pedro Mascarenhas">Pedro Mascarenhas</a>, Portuguese ambassador to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>, request Jesuit missionaries to spread the faith in his new <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">possessions in India</a>, where the king believed that Christian values were eroding among the Portuguese. After successive appeals to the Pope asking for missionaries for the <a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Padroado" title="Padroado">Padroado</a> agreement, John III was encouraged by <a href="/wiki/Diogo_de_Gouveia" title="Diogo de Gouveia">Diogo de Gouveia</a>, rector of the <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_Sainte-Barbe" title="Collège Sainte-Barbe">Collège Sainte-Barbe</a>, to recruit the newly graduated students who had established the Society of Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELach199412_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELach199412-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Francis_Xavier_taking_leave_of_King_John_III_(1635)_-_Jos%C3%A9_Avelar_Rebelo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Saint_Francis_Xavier_taking_leave_of_King_John_III_%281635%29_-_Jos%C3%A9_Avelar_Rebelo.png/220px-Saint_Francis_Xavier_taking_leave_of_King_John_III_%281635%29_-_Jos%C3%A9_Avelar_Rebelo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Saint_Francis_Xavier_taking_leave_of_King_John_III_%281635%29_-_Jos%C3%A9_Avelar_Rebelo.png/330px-Saint_Francis_Xavier_taking_leave_of_King_John_III_%281635%29_-_Jos%C3%A9_Avelar_Rebelo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Saint_Francis_Xavier_taking_leave_of_King_John_III_%281635%29_-_Jos%C3%A9_Avelar_Rebelo.png/440px-Saint_Francis_Xavier_taking_leave_of_King_John_III_%281635%29_-_Jos%C3%A9_Avelar_Rebelo.png 2x" data-file-width="1340" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Francisco Xavier taking leave of <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal" title="John III of Portugal">John III of Portugal</a> for an expedition</figcaption></figure> <p>Ignatius promptly appointed <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Bobadilla" title="Nicholas Bobadilla">Nicholas Bobadilla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%A3o_Rodrigues" title="Simão Rodrigues">Simão Rodrigues</a>. At the last moment, however, Bobadilla became seriously ill. With some hesitance and uneasiness, Ignatius asked Francis to go in Bobadilla's place. Thus, Francis Xavier began his life as the first Jesuit missionary almost accidentally.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Rosa200696_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Rosa200696-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195277_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195277-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jack_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jack-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leaving Rome on 15 March 1540, in the Ambassador's train,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195278_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195278-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Francis took with him a <a href="/wiki/Breviary" title="Breviary">breviary</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">catechism</a>, and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De institutione bene vivendi per exempla sanctorum</i></span> (Instructions for a Virtuous Life According to the Examples of the Saints) by <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatian</a> humanist <a href="/wiki/Marko_Maruli%C4%87" title="Marko Marulić">Marko Marulić</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195296_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195296-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a Latin book that had become popular in the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a>. According to a 1549 letter of F. Balthasar Gago from Goa, it was the only book that Francis read or studied.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKadič196112–18_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKadič196112–18-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Francis reached Lisbon in June 1540 and, four days after his arrival, he and Rodrigues were summoned to a private audience with King John and Queen <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Portugal" title="Catherine of Austria, Queen of Portugal">Catherine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195285_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195285-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Francis Xavier devoted much of his life to missions in Asia, mainly in four centres: Malacca, Amboina and Ternate (in the Maluku Islands of Indonesia), Japan, and off-shore China. His growing information about new places indicated to him that he had to go to what he understood were centres of influence for the whole region. <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">China</a> loomed large from his days in India. Japan was particularly attractive because of its culture. For him, these areas were interconnected; they could not be evangelised separately.<sup id="cite_ref-japc_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-japc-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Goa_and_India">Goa and India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Xavier&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Goa and India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%A3o_Francisco_Xavier_pregando_em_Goa_(1610)_-_Andr%C3%A9_Reinoso_(Museu_de_S%C3%A3o_Roque).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/S%C3%A3o_Francisco_Xavier_pregando_em_Goa_%281610%29_-_Andr%C3%A9_Reinoso_%28Museu_de_S%C3%A3o_Roque%29.png/220px-S%C3%A3o_Francisco_Xavier_pregando_em_Goa_%281610%29_-_Andr%C3%A9_Reinoso_%28Museu_de_S%C3%A3o_Roque%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/S%C3%A3o_Francisco_Xavier_pregando_em_Goa_%281610%29_-_Andr%C3%A9_Reinoso_%28Museu_de_S%C3%A3o_Roque%29.png/330px-S%C3%A3o_Francisco_Xavier_pregando_em_Goa_%281610%29_-_Andr%C3%A9_Reinoso_%28Museu_de_S%C3%A3o_Roque%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/S%C3%A3o_Francisco_Xavier_pregando_em_Goa_%281610%29_-_Andr%C3%A9_Reinoso_%28Museu_de_S%C3%A3o_Roque%29.png/440px-S%C3%A3o_Francisco_Xavier_pregando_em_Goa_%281610%29_-_Andr%C3%A9_Reinoso_%28Museu_de_S%C3%A3o_Roque%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2609" data-file-height="1602" /></a><figcaption><i>Saint Francis Xavier preaching in Goa</i> (1610), by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9_Reinoso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="André Reinoso (page does not exist)">André Reinoso</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Francis Xavier left <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> on 7 April 1541, his thirty-fifth birthday, along with two other Jesuits and the new <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroy</a> <a href="/wiki/Martim_Afonso_de_Sousa" title="Martim Afonso de Sousa">Martim Afonso de Sousa</a>, on board the <i>Santiago</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodrick1952100_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrodrick1952100-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As he departed, Francis was given a brief from the pope appointing him <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_nuncio" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic nuncio">apostolic nuncio</a> to the East.<sup id="cite_ref-jack_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jack-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From August until March 1542 he remained in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique" title="Portuguese Mozambique">Portuguese Mozambique</a>, and arrived in <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, then the capital of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a>, on 6 May 1542, thirteen months after leaving Lisbon. </p><p>The Portuguese, following quickly on the great voyages of discovery, had established themselves at Goa thirty years earlier. Francis's primary mission, as ordered by King John III, was to restore Christianity among the Portuguese settlers. According to Teotonio R. DeSouza, recent critical accounts indicate that apart from the posted civil servants, "the great majority of those who were dispatched as 'discoverers' were the riff-raff of Portuguese society, picked up from Portuguese jails."<sup id="cite_ref-grupolusofona_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grupolusofona-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nor did the soldiers, sailors, or merchants come to do missionary work, and Imperial policy permitted the outflow of disaffected nobility. Many of the arrivals formed liaisons with local women and adopted Indian culture. Missionaries often wrote against the "scandalous and undisciplined" behaviour of their fellow Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-Delio_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delio-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Christian population had churches, clergy, and a bishop, but there were few preachers and no priests beyond the walls of Goa. Xavier decided that he must begin by instructing the Portuguese themselves, and gave much of his time to the teaching of children. The first five months he spent in preaching and ministering to the sick in the hospitals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstrain1909_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstrain1909-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After that, he walked through the streets ringing a bell to summon the children and servants to catechism.<sup id="cite_ref-crawley_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crawley-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was invited to head <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul%27s_College,_Goa" title="Saint Paul's College, Goa">Saint Paul's College</a>, a pioneer <a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">seminary</a> for the education of secular priests, which became the first Jesuit headquarters in Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Conversion efforts</b> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Conversion_of_Paravas_by_Francis_Xavier_in_1542.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Conversion_of_Paravas_by_Francis_Xavier_in_1542.jpg/220px-Conversion_of_Paravas_by_Francis_Xavier_in_1542.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Conversion_of_Paravas_by_Francis_Xavier_in_1542.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption>Conversion of the <a href="/wiki/Paravar" title="Paravar">Paravars</a> by Francis Xavier in <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>, in a 19th-century coloured lithograph</figcaption></figure> <p>Xavier soon learned that along the Pearl Fishery Coast, which extends from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Comorin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Comorin">Cape Comorin</a> on the southern tip of India to the island of <a href="/wiki/Mannar,_Sri_Lanka" title="Mannar, Sri Lanka">Mannar</a>, off Ceylon (<a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>), there was a <a href="/wiki/J%C4%81ti" title="Jāti">Jāti</a> of people called <a href="/wiki/Paravar" title="Paravar">Paravas</a>. Many of them had been baptised ten years before, merely to please the Portuguese who had helped them against the Moors, but remained uninstructed in the faith. Accompanied by several native clerics from the seminary at Goa, he set sail for Cape Comorin in October 1542. He taught those who had already been baptised and preached to those who weren't. His efforts with the high-caste Brahmins remained unavailing. The Brahmin and Muslim authorities in Travancore opposed Xavier with violence; time and again his hut was burned down over his head, and once he saved his life only by hiding among the branches of a large tree.<sup id="cite_ref-crawley_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crawley-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He devoted almost three years to the work of preaching to the people of southern India and Ceylon, converting many. He built nearly 40 churches along the coast, including <a href="/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Church,_Kombuthurai" title="St. Stephen's Church, Kombuthurai">St. Stephen's Church, Kombuthurai</a>, mentioned in his letters dated 1544. </p><p>During this time, he was able to visit the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas the Apostle</a> in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_de_Meliapore" title="São Tomé de Meliapore">Mylapore</a> (now part of Madras/<a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a> then in Portuguese India).<sup id="cite_ref-jack_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jack-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He set his sights eastward in 1545 and planned a missionary journey to <a href="/wiki/Makassar" title="Makassar">Makassar</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Celebes</a> (today's <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>). </p><p>As the first Jesuit in India, Francis had difficulty achieving much success in his missionary trips. His successors, such as <a href="/wiki/Roberto_de_Nobili" title="Roberto de Nobili">Roberto de Nobili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Matteo Ricci</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Constanzo_Beschi" title="Constanzo Beschi">Constanzo Beschi</a>, attempted to convert the noblemen first as a means to influence more people, while Francis had initially interacted most with the lower classes; (later though, in Japan, Francis changed tack by paying tribute to the Emperor and seeking an audience with him).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuignan1958725–732_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuignan1958725–732-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Francis_Xavier_-_Asia_Voyages.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/St._Francis_Xavier_-_Asia_Voyages.svg/300px-St._Francis_Xavier_-_Asia_Voyages.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/St._Francis_Xavier_-_Asia_Voyages.svg/450px-St._Francis_Xavier_-_Asia_Voyages.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/St._Francis_Xavier_-_Asia_Voyages.svg/600px-St._Francis_Xavier_-_Asia_Voyages.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Voyages of Saint Francis Xavier</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Xavier&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Southeast Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Francis_Xavier_Inspiring_Portuguese_Troops.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Saint_Francis_Xavier_Inspiring_Portuguese_Troops.png/220px-Saint_Francis_Xavier_Inspiring_Portuguese_Troops.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Saint_Francis_Xavier_Inspiring_Portuguese_Troops.png/330px-Saint_Francis_Xavier_Inspiring_Portuguese_Troops.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Saint_Francis_Xavier_Inspiring_Portuguese_Troops.png/440px-Saint_Francis_Xavier_Inspiring_Portuguese_Troops.png 2x" data-file-width="2605" data-file-height="2178" /></a><figcaption><i>Saint Francis Xavier Inspiring Portuguese Troops Against the Acehnese Pirates</i> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9_Reinoso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="André Reinoso (page does not exist)">André Reinoso</a> (1619)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the spring of 1545, Xavier started for <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Malacca" title="Portuguese Malacca">Portuguese Malacca</a>. He laboured there for the last months of that year. About January 1546, Xavier left Malacca for the <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a>, where the Portuguese had some settlements. For a year and a half, he preached the Gospel there. He went first to <a href="/wiki/Ambon_Island" title="Ambon Island">Ambon Island</a>, where he stayed until mid-June. He then visited the other Maluku Islands, including <a href="/wiki/Ternate" title="Ternate">Ternate</a>, Baranura, and <a href="/wiki/Morotai" class="mw-redirect" title="Morotai">Morotai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstrain1909_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstrain1909-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after Easter 1547, he returned to Ambon Island; a few months later he returned to Malacca. While there, Malacca was attacked by the <a href="/wiki/Aceh_Sultanate" title="Aceh Sultanate">Acehnese</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, and through preaching Xavier inspired the Portuguese to seek battle, achieving a victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Perlis_River" title="Battle of Perlis River">Battle of Perlis River</a>, despite being heavily outnumbered.<sup id="cite_ref-monteiro1_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monteiro1-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Xavier&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church_in_Japan" title="History of the Catholic Church in Japan">History of the Catholic Church in Japan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Virgin_Mary_with_Infant_Jesus_and_Her_Fifteen_Mysteries,_Loyola_and_Francis_Xavier_Kyoto_University_Museum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Virgin_Mary_with_Infant_Jesus_and_Her_Fifteen_Mysteries%2C_Loyola_and_Francis_Xavier_Kyoto_University_Museum.png/220px-Virgin_Mary_with_Infant_Jesus_and_Her_Fifteen_Mysteries%2C_Loyola_and_Francis_Xavier_Kyoto_University_Museum.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Virgin_Mary_with_Infant_Jesus_and_Her_Fifteen_Mysteries%2C_Loyola_and_Francis_Xavier_Kyoto_University_Museum.png/330px-Virgin_Mary_with_Infant_Jesus_and_Her_Fifteen_Mysteries%2C_Loyola_and_Francis_Xavier_Kyoto_University_Museum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Virgin_Mary_with_Infant_Jesus_and_Her_Fifteen_Mysteries%2C_Loyola_and_Francis_Xavier_Kyoto_University_Museum.png/440px-Virgin_Mary_with_Infant_Jesus_and_Her_Fifteen_Mysteries%2C_Loyola_and_Francis_Xavier_Kyoto_University_Museum.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1902" /></a><figcaption><i>Virgin Mary with Infant Jesus and Her Fifteen Mysteries</i> by an unknown Japanese artist (c. 1600). Bottom centre: Ignatius of Loyola (left) and Francis Xavier (right)</figcaption></figure> <p>In Malacca in December 1547, Francis Xavier met a Japanese man named <a href="/wiki/Anjir%C5%8D" title="Anjirō">Anjirō</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstrain1909_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstrain1909-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anjirō had heard of Francis in 1545 and had travelled from <a href="/wiki/Kagoshima" title="Kagoshima">Kagoshima</a> to Malacca to meet him. Having been charged with murder, Anjirō had fled Japan. He told Francis extensively about his former life, and the customs and culture of his homeland. Anjirō became the first Japanese Christian and adopted the name 'Paulo de Santa Fe'. He later helped Xavier as a mediator and interpreter for the mission to Japan that now seemed much more possible. </p><p>In January 1548 Francis returned to Goa to attend to his responsibilities as superior of the mission there.<sup id="cite_ref-wintz_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wintz-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next 15 months were occupied with various journeys and administrative measures. He left Goa on 15 April 1549, stopped at Malacca, and visited <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Canton</a>. He was accompanied by Anjirō, two other Japanese men, Father <a href="/wiki/Cosme_de_Torres" title="Cosme de Torres">Cosme de Torres</a> and Brother <a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(missionary)" title="Juan Fernández (missionary)">Juan Fernández</a>. He had taken with him presents for the "<a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">King of Japan</a>" since he intended to introduce himself as the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Nuncio" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Nuncio">Apostolic Nuncio</a>. </p><p>Europeans had already come to Japan; the Portuguese had landed in 1543 on the island of <a href="/wiki/Tanegashima" title="Tanegashima">Tanegashima</a>, where they introduced <a href="/wiki/Tanegashima_(gun)" title="Tanegashima (gun)">matchlock firearms</a> to Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPacheco1974477–480_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPacheco1974477–480-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From Amboina, he wrote to his companions in Europe: "I asked a Portuguese merchant, ... who had been for many days in Anjirō's country of Japan, to give me ... some information on that land and its people from what he had seen and heard. ...All the Portuguese merchants coming from Japan tell me that if I go there I shall do great service for God our Lord, more than with the pagans of India, for they are a very reasonable people." (To His Companions Residing in Rome, From Cochin, 20 January 1548, no. 18, p. 178).<sup id="cite_ref-japc_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-japc-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Francis Xavier reached Japan on 27 July 1549, with Anjirō and three other Jesuits, but he was not permitted to enter any port his ship arrived at until 15 August,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPacheco1974477–480_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPacheco1974477–480-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when he went ashore at <a href="/wiki/Kagoshima" title="Kagoshima">Kagoshima</a>, the principal port of <a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Province" title="Satsuma Province">Satsuma Province</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyūshū">Kyūshū</a>. As a representative of the Portuguese king, he was received in a friendly manner. <a href="/wiki/Shimazu_Takahisa" title="Shimazu Takahisa">Shimazu Takahisa</a> (1514–1571), <i><a href="/wiki/Daimy%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimyō">daimyō</a></i> of Satsuma, gave a friendly reception to Francis on 29 September 1549, but in the following year he forbade the conversion of his subjects to Christianity under penalty of death; Christians in Kagoshima could not be given any catechism in the following years. The Portuguese missionary Pedro de Alcáçova would later write in 1554: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In Cangoxima, the first place Father Master Francisco stopped at, there were a good number of Christians, although there was no one there to teach them; the shortage of labourers prevented the whole kingdom from becoming Christian.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFPacheco1974">Pacheco 1974</a>, pp. 477–480</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Francis was the first Jesuit to go to Japan as a missionary.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He brought with him paintings of the <a href="/wiki/Madonna_and_Child_(Duccio,_Metropolitan)" title="Madonna and Child (Duccio, Metropolitan)">Madonna and the Madonna and Child</a>. These paintings were used to help teach the Japanese about Christianity. There was a huge language barrier as <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> was unlike other languages the missionaries had previously encountered. For a long time, Francis struggled to learn the language.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was hosted by Anjirō's family until October 1550.<sup id="cite_ref-butler_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-butler-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From October to December 1550, he resided in <a href="/wiki/Yamaguchi,_Yamaguchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi">Yamaguchi</a>. Shortly before Christmas, he left for <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a> but failed to meet with <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Nara" title="Emperor Go-Nara">Emperor Go-Nara</a>. He returned to Yamaguchi in March 1551, where the daimyō of the province gave him permission to preach. </p><p>Having learned that evangelical poverty did not have the appeal in Japan that it had in Europe and in India, he decided to change his approach. Hearing after a time that a Portuguese ship had arrived at a port in the province of Bungo in Kyushu and that the prince there would like to see him, Xavier now set out southward. The Jesuit, in a fine cassock, surplice, and stole, was attended by thirty gentlemen and as many servants, all in their best clothes. Five of them bore on cushions valuable articles, including a portrait of Our Lady and a pair of velvet slippers, these not gifts for the prince, but solemn offerings to Xavier, to impress the onlookers with his eminence. Handsomely dressed, with his companions acting as attendants, he presented himself before Oshindono, the ruler of Nagate, and as a representative of the great Kingdom of Portugal, offered him letters and presents: a musical instrument, a watch, and other attractive objects which had been given him by the authorities in India for the emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-crawley_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crawley-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For forty-five years the Jesuits were the only missionaries in Asia, but the <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a> began proselytizing in Asia, as well. Christian missionaries were later forced into exile, along with their assistants. However, some were able to stay behind. Christianity was then kept underground so as to not be persecuted.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Japanese people were not easily converted; many of the people were already <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> or <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a>. Francis tried to combat the reservations of some of the Japanese. Many mistakenly interpreted Catholic doctrine as teaching that demons had been created evil, and they thus concluded the God who had created them could not be good. Much of Francis' preaching was devoted to providing answers to this and other such challenges. In the course of these discussions, Francis grew to respect the rationality and general literacy of those Japanese people whom he encountered. He expressed optimism at the prospect of converting the country.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fordham_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fordham-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Xavier was welcomed by the <a href="/wiki/Shingon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shingon">Shingon</a> monks since he used the word <i><a href="/wiki/Vairocana" title="Vairocana">Dainichi</a></i> for the Christian God; attempting to adapt the concept to local traditions. As Xavier learned more about the religious nuances of the word, he changed to <i>Deusu</i><sup id="cite_ref-butler_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-butler-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the Latin and Portuguese <i>Deus</i>. The monks later realised that Xavier was preaching a rival religion and grew more resistant towards his attempts at conversion. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nasugbu_31_(New_Church_Altar).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/34/Nasugbu_31_%28New_Church_Altar%29.JPG/220px-Nasugbu_31_%28New_Church_Altar%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/34/Nasugbu_31_%28New_Church_Altar%29.JPG/330px-Nasugbu_31_%28New_Church_Altar%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/34/Nasugbu_31_%28New_Church_Altar%29.JPG/440px-Nasugbu_31_%28New_Church_Altar%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2032" data-file-height="1524" /></a><figcaption>The Altar of St. Francis Xavier Parish in <a href="/wiki/Nasugbu,_Batangas" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasugbu, Batangas">Nasugbu, Batangas</a>, Philippines. Saint Francis is the principal patron of the town, together with <a href="/wiki/Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary (mother of Jesus)">Our Lady of Escalera</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>With the passage of time, his sojourn in Japan could be considered somewhat fruitful as attested by congregations established in <a href="/wiki/Hirado" class="mw-redirect" title="Hirado">Hirado</a>, Yamaguchi, and <a href="/wiki/Bungo_Province" title="Bungo Province">Bungo</a>. Xavier worked for more than two years in Japan and saw his successor-Jesuits established. He then decided to return to India. Historians debate the exact path by which he returned, but from evidence attributed to the captain of his ship, he may have travelled through Tanegeshima and Minato, and avoided Kagoshima because of the hostility of the daimyo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPacheco1974477–480_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPacheco1974477–480-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Xavier&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During his trip from Japan back to India, a tempest forced him to stop on an island near <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>, China, where he met Diogo Pereira, a rich merchant and an old friend from <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Cochin</a>. Pereira showed him a letter from Portuguese prisoners in Guangzhou, asking for a Portuguese ambassador to speak to the <a href="/wiki/Jiajing_Emperor" title="Jiajing Emperor">Jiajing Emperor</a> on their behalf. Later during the voyage, he stopped at Malacca on 27 December 1551 and was back in Goa by January 1552.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 17 April he set sail with Diogo Pereira on the <i>Santa Cruz</i> for China. He planned to introduce himself as Apostolic Nuncio and Pereira as the ambassador of the king of Portugal. But then he realized that he had forgotten his testimonial letters as an Apostolic Nuncio. Back in Malacca, he was confronted by the captain Álvaro de Ataíde da Gama who now had total control over the harbour. The captain refused to recognize his title of Nuncio, asked Pereira to resign from his title of ambassador, named a new crew for the ship, and demanded the gifts for the Chinese Emperor be left in Malacca.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In late August 1552, the <i>Santa Cruz</i> reached the Chinese island of <a href="/wiki/Shangchuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shangchuan">Shangchuan</a>, 14 km away from the southern coast of mainland China, near <a href="/wiki/Taishan,_Guangdong" title="Taishan, Guangdong">Taishan</a>, Guangdong, 200 km south-west of what later became <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>. At this time, he was accompanied only by a Jesuit student, Álvaro Ferreira, a Chinese man called António, and a <a href="/wiki/Malabars" title="Malabars">Malabar</a> servant called Christopher. Around mid-November, he sent a letter saying that a man had agreed to take him to the mainland in exchange for a large sum of money. Having sent back Álvaro Ferreira, he remained alone with António. He died from a fever at Shangchuan, Taishan, China, on 3 December 1552, while he was waiting for a boat that would take him to mainland China.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Burials_and_relics">Burials and relics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Xavier&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Burials and relics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Casket_of_Saint_Francis_Xavier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Casket_of_Saint_Francis_Xavier.jpg/170px-Casket_of_Saint_Francis_Xavier.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Casket_of_Saint_Francis_Xavier.jpg/255px-Casket_of_Saint_Francis_Xavier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Casket_of_Saint_Francis_Xavier.jpg/340px-Casket_of_Saint_Francis_Xavier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2374" data-file-height="3552" /></a><figcaption>Casket of Saint Francis Xavier in the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Bom_Jesus" title="Basilica of Bom Jesus">Basilica of Bom Jesus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Xavier was first buried on a beach at <a href="/wiki/Shangchuan_Island" title="Shangchuan Island">Shangchuan Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taishan,_Guangdong" title="Taishan, Guangdong">Taishan</a>, Guangdong. His body was taken from the island in February 1553 and temporarily buried in <a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Church,_Melaka" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Paul's Church, Melaka">St. Paul's Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Malacca" title="Portuguese Malacca">Portuguese Malacca</a> on 22 March 1553. An open grave in the church now marks the place of Xavier's burial. Pereira came back from Goa, removed the corpse shortly after 15 April 1553, and moved it to his house. On 11 December 1553, Xavier's body was shipped to Goa.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Incorruptibility" title="Incorruptibility">mostly-incorruptible</a> body<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is now in the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Bom_Jesus" title="Basilica of Bom Jesus">Basilica of Bom Jesus</a> in Goa, where it was placed in a glass container encased in a silver casket on 2 December 1637.<sup id="cite_ref-Gesù_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gesù-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This casket, constructed by Goan silversmiths between 1636 and 1637, was an exemplary blend of Italian and Indian aesthetic sensibilities. There are 32 silver plates on all four sides of the casket, depicting different episodes from the life of Xavier: </p> <ul><li>Francis lies on the ground with his arms and legs tied, but the cords break miraculously.</li> <li>Francis kisses the ulcer of a patient in a Venetian hospital.</li> <li>He is visited by Jerom as he lies ailing in the hospital of Vicenza.</li> <li>A vision about his future apostolate.</li> <li>A vision about his sister's prophecy about his fate.</li> <li>He saves the secretary of the Portuguese Ambassador while crossing the Alps.</li> <li>He lifts a sick man who dies after receiving communion but is freed from fever.</li> <li>He baptises in Travancore.</li> <li>He resuscitates a boy who died in a well at Cape Comorin.</li> <li>He cures miraculously a man full of sores.</li> <li>He drives away the Badagas in Travancore.</li> <li>He resuscitates three persons: a man who was buried at Coulao; a boy about to be buried at Multao; and a child.</li> <li>He takes money from his empty pockets and gives it to a Portuguese at Malyapore.</li> <li>A miraculous cure.</li> <li>A crab restores his crucifix which had fallen into the sea.</li> <li>He preaches in the island of Moro.</li> <li>He preaches in the sea of Malacca and announces the victory against the enemies.</li> <li>He converts a Portuguese soldier.</li> <li>He helps the dying Vicar of Malacca.</li> <li>Francis kneels down and on his shoulders there rests a child whom he restores to health.</li> <li>He goes from Amanguchi to Macao walking.</li> <li>He cures a mute or unable to speak and paralytic man in Amanguchi.</li> <li>He cures a deaf Japanese person.</li> <li>He prays in the ship during a storm.</li> <li>He baptises three kings in Cochin.</li> <li>He cures a religious in the college of St. Paul.</li> <li>Due to the lack of water, he sweetens the seawater during a voyage.</li> <li>The agony of Francis at Sancian.</li> <li>After his death, he is seen by a lady according to his promise.</li> <li>The body dressed in sacerdotal vestments is exposed for public veneration.</li> <li>Francis levitates as he distributes communion in the College of St. Paul.</li> <li>The body is placed in a niche at Chaul with lighted candles. On the top of this casket, there is a cross with two angels. One is holding a burning heart and the other a legend which says, "Satis est Domine, satis est." (<i>It's enough Lord, it's enough</i>)</li></ul> <p>The right <a href="/wiki/Forearm" title="Forearm">forearm</a>, which Xavier used to bless and baptise his converts, was detached by <a href="/wiki/Superior_General_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior General of the Society of Jesus">Superior General</a> <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Acquaviva" title="Claudio Acquaviva">Claudio Acquaviva</a> in 1614. It has been displayed since in a silver reliquary at the main Jesuit church in Rome, <a href="/wiki/Il_Ges%C3%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Il Gesù">Il Gesù</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:430px;max-width:430px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reliquary_of_St._Francis_Xavier%27s_humerus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Reliquary_of_St._Francis_Xavier%27s_humerus.jpg/152px-Reliquary_of_St._Francis_Xavier%27s_humerus.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Reliquary_of_St._Francis_Xavier%27s_humerus.jpg/228px-Reliquary_of_St._Francis_Xavier%27s_humerus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Reliquary_of_St._Francis_Xavier%27s_humerus.jpg/304px-Reliquary_of_St._Francis_Xavier%27s_humerus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Saint Francis Xavier's <a href="/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">humerus</a> at <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_Seminary_and_Church" title="St. Joseph's Seminary and Church">St. Joseph's Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macao" class="mw-redirect" title="Macao">Macao</a> (2008)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:272px;max-width:272px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Copy_of_Humerus_of_St._Francis_Xavier_sign.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Copy_of_Humerus_of_St._Francis_Xavier_sign.JPG/270px-Copy_of_Humerus_of_St._Francis_Xavier_sign.JPG" decoding="async" width="270" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Copy_of_Humerus_of_St._Francis_Xavier_sign.JPG/405px-Copy_of_Humerus_of_St._Francis_Xavier_sign.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Copy_of_Humerus_of_St._Francis_Xavier_sign.JPG/540px-Copy_of_Humerus_of_St._Francis_Xavier_sign.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Sign accompanying Saint Francis Xavier's humerus</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Another of Xavier's arm bones was brought to <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Macau">Macau</a> where it was kept in a silver <a href="/wiki/Reliquary" title="Reliquary">reliquary</a>. The relic was destined for Japan but religious persecution there persuaded the church to keep it in Macau's <a href="/wiki/Ruins_of_St._Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruins of St. Paul">Cathedral of St. Paul</a>. It was subsequently moved to <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_Seminary_and_Church" title="St. Joseph's Seminary and Church">St. Joseph's</a> and in 1978 to the <a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_St._Francis_Xavier" title="Chapel of St. Francis Xavier">Chapel of St. Francis Xavier</a> on <a href="/wiki/Coloane" title="Coloane">Coloane Island</a>. More recently the relic was moved to St. Joseph's Church.<sup id="cite_ref-Macau_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macau-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A relic from the right hand of St Francis Xavier is on display at <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Sydney" title="St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney">St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney</a>. </p><p>In 2006, on the 500th anniversary of his birth, the Xavier Tomb Monument and Chapel on Shangchuan Island, in ruins after years of neglect under communist rule in China, was restored with support from the alumni of <a href="/wiki/Wah_Yan_College,_Hong_Kong" title="Wah Yan College, Hong Kong">Wah Yan College</a>, a Jesuit high school in Hong Kong.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From December 2017 to February 2018, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Christian_Outreach" title="Catholic Christian Outreach">Catholic Christian Outreach</a> (CCO) in cooperation with the Jesuits, and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Ottawa%E2%80%93Cornwall" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ottawa–Cornwall">Archdiocese of Ottawa</a> (Canada) brought Xavier's right forearm to tour throughout Canada. The faithful, especially university students participating with CCO at <a href="/wiki/Rise_Up_(conference)" title="Rise Up (conference)">Rise Up 2017</a> in Ottawa, venerated the relics. The tour continued to every city where CCO and/or the Jesuits are present in Canada: Quebec City, St. John's, Halifax, <a href="/wiki/St._Francis_Xavier_University" title="St. Francis Xavier University">St. Francis Xavier University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Antigonish,_Nova_Scotia" title="Antigonish, Nova Scotia">Antigonish</a> (neither CCO nor the Jesuits are present here), Kingston, Toronto, Winnipeg, Saskatoon, Regina, Calgary, Vancouver, Victoria, and Montreal before returning to Ottawa.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relic was then returned to Rome with a Mass of Thanksgiving celebrated by Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Terrence_Prendergast" title="Terrence Prendergast">Terrence Prendergast</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Ges%C3%B9" title="Church of the Gesù">Church of the Gesù</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Veneration">Veneration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Xavier&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Veneration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beatification_and_canonization">Beatification and canonization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Xavier&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Beatification and canonization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Francis Xavier was beatified by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_V" title="Pope Paul V">Pope Paul V</a> on 25 October 1619, and was <a href="/wiki/Canonized" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonized">canonized</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XV" title="Pope Gregory XV">Pope Gregory XV</a> on 12 March<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1622, at the same time as <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Loyola" class="mw-redirect" title="Ignatius Loyola">Ignatius Loyola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a> proclaimed him the "Patron of Catholic Missions".<sup id="cite_ref-benedict_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benedict-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His <a href="/wiki/Feast_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast day">feast day</a> is 3 December.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAttwater1965141–142_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAttwater1965141–142-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pilgrimage_centres">Pilgrimage centres</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Xavier&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pilgrimage centres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stain_glass_window_of_St_Francis_of_Xavier_in_B%C3%A9thanie.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Stain_glass_window_of_St_Francis_of_Xavier_in_B%C3%A9thanie.JPG/170px-Stain_glass_window_of_St_Francis_of_Xavier_in_B%C3%A9thanie.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Stain_glass_window_of_St_Francis_of_Xavier_in_B%C3%A9thanie.JPG/255px-Stain_glass_window_of_St_Francis_of_Xavier_in_B%C3%A9thanie.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Stain_glass_window_of_St_Francis_of_Xavier_in_B%C3%A9thanie.JPG/340px-Stain_glass_window_of_St_Francis_of_Xavier_in_B%C3%A9thanie.JPG 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="889" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">Stained glass</a> church window in <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9thanie_(Hong_Kong)" title="Béthanie (Hong Kong)">Béthanie, Hong Kong</a>, of St Francis Xavier baptizing a Chinese man</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Goa">Goa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Xavier&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Goa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_view_of_the_Saint_Francis_Xavier_church_Old_Goa_during_the_feast_of_Saint_Francis_Xavier_on_December_02,_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/A_view_of_the_Saint_Francis_Xavier_church_Old_Goa_during_the_feast_of_Saint_Francis_Xavier_on_December_02%2C_2009.jpg/220px-A_view_of_the_Saint_Francis_Xavier_church_Old_Goa_during_the_feast_of_Saint_Francis_Xavier_on_December_02%2C_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/A_view_of_the_Saint_Francis_Xavier_church_Old_Goa_during_the_feast_of_Saint_Francis_Xavier_on_December_02%2C_2009.jpg/330px-A_view_of_the_Saint_Francis_Xavier_church_Old_Goa_during_the_feast_of_Saint_Francis_Xavier_on_December_02%2C_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/A_view_of_the_Saint_Francis_Xavier_church_Old_Goa_during_the_feast_of_Saint_Francis_Xavier_on_December_02%2C_2009.jpg/440px-A_view_of_the_Saint_Francis_Xavier_church_Old_Goa_during_the_feast_of_Saint_Francis_Xavier_on_December_02%2C_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1305" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Goan_Catholics" title="Goan Catholics">Goan Catholics</a> celebrating the feast of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Francis_Xavier" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Francis Xavier">Saint Francis Xavier</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bom_Jesus_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Bom Jesus Basilica">Bom Jesus Basilica</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Saint Francis Xavier's relics are kept in a silver casket, elevated inside the <a href="/wiki/Bom_Jesus_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Bom Jesus Basilica">Bom Jesus Basilica</a> and are exposed (being brought to ground level) generally every ten years, but this is discretionary. The sacred relics went on display starting on 22 November 2014 at the XVII Solemn Exposition. The display closed on 4 January 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The previous exposition, the sixteenth, was held from 21 November 2004 to 2 January 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relics of Saint Francis Xavier are also found in the Espirito Santo (Holy Spirit) Church, <a href="/wiki/Marg%C3%A3o" class="mw-redirect" title="Margão">Margão</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Sanv Fransiku Xavierachi Igorz (Church of St. Francis Xavier), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Batpal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batpal (page does not exist)">Batpal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canacona" title="Canacona">Canacona</a>, Goa,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at St. Francis Xavier Chapel, Portais, Panjim.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_places">Other places</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Xavier&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other places"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other pilgrimage centres include <a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Xavier" title="Castle of Xavier">Xavier's birthplace</a> in Navarre;<sup id="cite_ref-CTV_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CTV-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Ges%C3%B9" title="Church of the Gesù">Church of the Gesù</a>, Rome;<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malacca (where he was buried for two years, before being brought to Goa);<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Sancian (place of death).<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Xavier is a major venerated saint in both Sonora and the neighbouring U.S. state of <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Magdalena_de_Kino" title="Magdalena de Kino">Magdalena de Kino</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a>, Mexico, in the Church of Santa María Magdalena, there is a reclining statue of San Francisco Xavier brought by pioneer Jesuit missionary Padre <a href="/wiki/Eusebio_Kino" title="Eusebio Kino">Eusebio Kino</a> in the early 18th century. The statue is said to be miraculous and is the object of pilgrimage for many in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also the <a href="/wiki/Mission_San_Xavier_del_Bac" title="Mission San Xavier del Bac">Mission San Xavier del Bac</a> is a pilgrimage site.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mission is an active parish church ministering to the people of the San Xavier District, Tohono O'odham Nation, and nearby Tucson, Arizona. </p><p>Francis Xavier is honored in the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Church_of_England)" title="Calendar of saints (Church of England)">Church of England</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Episcopal_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar of saints (Episcopal Church)">Episcopal Church</a> on 3 December.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novena_of_Grace">Novena of Grace</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Xavier&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Novena of Grace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Novena_of_Grace" title="Novena of Grace">Novena of Grace</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unzenhell3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Unzenhell3.jpg/170px-Unzenhell3.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Unzenhell3.jpg/255px-Unzenhell3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Unzenhell3.jpg/340px-Unzenhell3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1960" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption>Fumaroles at Mt. Unzen, Japan</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Novena_of_Grace" title="Novena of Grace">Novena of Grace</a> is a popular devotion to Francis Xavier, typically prayed either on the nine days before 3 December or on 4 March through 12 March (the anniversary of Pope Gregory XV's canonisation of Xavier in 1622). It began with the Italian Jesuit missionary <a href="/wiki/Marcello_Mastrilli" title="Marcello Mastrilli">Marcello Mastrilli</a>. Before he could travel to the Far East, Mastrilli was gravely injured in a freak accident after a festive celebration dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a> in Naples. Delirious and on the verge of death, Mastrilli saw Xavier, who he later said asked him to choose between travelling or death by holding the respective symbols, to which Mastrilli answered, "I choose that which God wills".<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon regaining his health, Mastrilli made his way via Goa and the Philippines to Satsuma, Japan. The <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a> beheaded the missionary in October 1637, after undergoing three days of tortures involving the volcanic sulphurous fumes from <a href="/wiki/Mount_Unzen" title="Mount Unzen">Mount Unzen</a>, known as the <i>Hell mouth</i> or "pit" that had supposedly caused an earlier missionary to renounce his faith.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Xavier&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VisionStFrancisBoccacio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/VisionStFrancisBoccacio.jpg/170px-VisionStFrancisBoccacio.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/VisionStFrancisBoccacio.jpg/255px-VisionStFrancisBoccacio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/VisionStFrancisBoccacio.jpg/340px-VisionStFrancisBoccacio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><i>The Vision of St. Francis Xavier</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Gaulli" title="Giovanni Battista Gaulli">Giovanni Battista Gaulli</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Francis Xavier became widely noteworthy for his <a href="/wiki/Missionary_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionary work">missionary work</a>, both as an organiser and as a pioneer; he reputedly converted more people than anyone else had done since <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a>. In 2006 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> said of both <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a> and Francis Xavier: "not only their history which was interwoven for many years from <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> and Rome, but a unique desire – a unique passion, it could be said – moved and sustained them through different human events: the passion to give to God-Trinity a glory always greater and to work for the proclamation of the Gospel of Christ to the peoples who had been ignored."<sup id="cite_ref-benedict_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benedict-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His personal efforts most affected religious practice in India and in the <a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timor" title="Timor">Timor</a>). As of 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francis_Xavier&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> India still has numerous Jesuit missions and many more schools. Xavier also worked to propagate Christianity in <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_China" title="Christianity in China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Japan" title="Christianity in Japan">Japan</a>. However, following the persecutions (1587 onwards) instituted by <a href="/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi" title="Toyotomi Hideyoshi">Toyotomi Hideyoshi</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Sakoku" title="Sakoku">closing of Japan to foreigners</a> (1633 onwards), the <a href="/wiki/Kakure_Kirishitan" title="Kakure Kirishitan">Christians of Japan had to go underground</a> to preserve an independent Christian culture.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, while Xavier inspired many missionaries to China, Chinese Christians also were forced underground there and developed their own Christian culture. </p><p>A small chapel designed by <a href="/wiki/Achille-Antoine_Hermitte" title="Achille-Antoine Hermitte">Achille-Antoine Hermitte</a> was completed in 1869 over Xavier's death-place on Shangchuan Island, Canton. It was damaged and restored several times; the most recent restoration in 2006 marked the 500th anniversary of the saint's birth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies201692–110_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies201692–110-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Francis Xavier is the patron saint of his native <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a>, which celebrates his feast day on 3 December as a government holiday.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to Roman Catholic Masses remembering Xavier on that day (now known as the Day of Navarre), celebrations in the surrounding weeks honour the region's cultural heritage. Furthermore, in the 1940s, devoted Catholics instituted the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Javierada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Javierada (page does not exist)">Javierada</a>, an annual day-long pilgrimage (often on foot) from the capital at <a href="/wiki/Pamplona" title="Pamplona">Pamplona</a> to Xavier, where the Jesuits built a basilica and museum and restored Francis Xavier's family's castle.<sup id="cite_ref-CTV_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CTV-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_names">Personal names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Xavier&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Personal names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Francis_Xavier_statue,_Jakarta_Cathedral,_Indonesia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Saint_Francis_Xavier_statue%2C_Jakarta_Cathedral%2C_Indonesia.jpg/170px-Saint_Francis_Xavier_statue%2C_Jakarta_Cathedral%2C_Indonesia.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Saint_Francis_Xavier_statue%2C_Jakarta_Cathedral%2C_Indonesia.jpg/255px-Saint_Francis_Xavier_statue%2C_Jakarta_Cathedral%2C_Indonesia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Saint_Francis_Xavier_statue%2C_Jakarta_Cathedral%2C_Indonesia.jpg/340px-Saint_Francis_Xavier_statue%2C_Jakarta_Cathedral%2C_Indonesia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2340" data-file-height="4160" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <i>Santo Fransiskus Xaverius</i>, at Jesuit <i><a href="/wiki/Jakarta_Cathedral" title="Jakarta Cathedral">Gereja Katedral Santa Perawan Maria Diangkat Ke Surga</a></i>, in <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Staint_Francis_Xavier.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Statue_of_Staint_Francis_Xavier.JPG/170px-Statue_of_Staint_Francis_Xavier.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Statue_of_Staint_Francis_Xavier.JPG/255px-Statue_of_Staint_Francis_Xavier.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Statue_of_Staint_Francis_Xavier.JPG/340px-Statue_of_Staint_Francis_Xavier.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Saint Francis Xavier, at St. Francis Xavier Catholic Church, in <a href="/wiki/Superior,_Wisconsin" title="Superior, Wisconsin">Superior, Wisconsin</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%A3o_Francisco_Xavier_-_Padr%C3%A3o_dos_Descobrimentos.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/S%C3%A3o_Francisco_Xavier_-_Padr%C3%A3o_dos_Descobrimentos.png/170px-S%C3%A3o_Francisco_Xavier_-_Padr%C3%A3o_dos_Descobrimentos.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/S%C3%A3o_Francisco_Xavier_-_Padr%C3%A3o_dos_Descobrimentos.png/255px-S%C3%A3o_Francisco_Xavier_-_Padr%C3%A3o_dos_Descobrimentos.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/S%C3%A3o_Francisco_Xavier_-_Padr%C3%A3o_dos_Descobrimentos.png/340px-S%C3%A3o_Francisco_Xavier_-_Padr%C3%A3o_dos_Descobrimentos.png 2x" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="647" /></a><figcaption>Effigy of Saint Francis Xavier in the <a href="/wiki/Padr%C3%A3o_dos_Descobrimentos" class="mw-redirect" title="Padrão dos Descobrimentos">Monument to the Discoveries</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As the foremost saint from Navarre and one of the main Jesuit saints, Francis Xavier is much venerated in Spain and the Hispanic countries where <i>Francisco Javier</i> or <i>Javier</i> are common male <a href="/wiki/Given_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Given names">given names</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-INE_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INE-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The alternative spelling <i>Xavier</i> is also popular in the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)" title="Basque Country (greater region)">Basque Country</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, and southern <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. In India, the spelling <i>Xavier</i> is almost always used, and the name is quite common among Christians, especially in <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> and in the southern states of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>. The names <i>Francisco Xavier</i>, <i>António Xavier</i>, <i>João Xavier</i>, <i>Caetano Xavier</i>, <i>Domingos Xavier</i> and so forth, were very common till quite recently in Goa. <i>Fransiskus Xaverius</i> is commonly used as a name for <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesian</a> Catholics, usually abbreviated as FX. In Austria and <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> the name is spelt as <i>Xaver</i> (pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈksaːfɐ/</span>) and often used in addition to Francis as <i>Franz-Xaver</i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/frant͡sˈksaːfɐ/</span>). In <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> the name becomes <i>Ksawery</i>. Many Catalan men are named after him, often using the two-name combination <i>Francesc Xavier</i>. In English-speaking countries, "Xavier" until recently was likely to follow "Francis"; in the 2000s, however, "Xavier" by itself became more popular than "Francis", and after 2001 featured as one of the hundred most common male baby names in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-ssa_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssa-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the Sevier family name, possibly most famous in the United States for <a href="/wiki/John_Sevier" title="John Sevier">John Sevier</a> (1745–1815), originated from the name "Xavier".<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Church_dedications">Church dedications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Xavier&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Church dedications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many churches all over the world, often founded by Jesuits, have been named in honour of Xavier. The many in the United States include the historic <a href="/wiki/St._Francis_Xavier_Church_(Warwick,_Maryland)" title="St. Francis Xavier Church (Warwick, Maryland)">St. Francis Xavier Shrine</a> at <a href="/wiki/Warwick,_Maryland" title="Warwick, Maryland">Warwick, Maryland</a> (founded 1720), and the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_St._Francis_Xavier" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of St. Francis Xavier">Basilica of St. Francis Xavier</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dyersville,_Iowa" title="Dyersville, Iowa">Dyersville, Iowa</a>. Note also the American educational teaching order, the <a href="/wiki/Xaverian_Brothers" title="Xaverian Brothers">Xaverian Brothers</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mission_San_Xavier_del_Bac" title="Mission San Xavier del Bac">Mission San Xavier del Bac</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson, Arizona</a> (founded in 1692, and known for its <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Spanish Colonial architecture</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_art">In art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Xavier&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: In art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rubens" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubens">Rubens</a> (1577–1640) painted <i><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_St._Francis_Xavier_(Rubens)" title="Miracles of St. Francis Xavier (Rubens)">Miracles of St.Francis Xavier</a></i> for the Jesuit <a href="/wiki/St._Charles_Borromeo_Church,_Antwerp" title="St. Charles Borromeo Church, Antwerp">St. Charles Borromeo Church, Antwerp</a>, in which he depicted one of St Francis's many miracles.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bridge" title="Charles Bridge">Charles Bridge</a> in Prague, Czech Republic, features a <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Francis_Xavier,_Charles_Bridge" title="Statue of Francis Xavier, Charles Bridge">statue of Francis Xavier</a>.</li> <li>In front of <a href="/wiki/Oita_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Oita Station">Oita Station</a> of <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cita_(city)" title="Ōita (city)">Oita City</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Oita_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Oita Prefecture">Oita Prefecture</a> (previously known as <a href="/wiki/Bungo_Province" title="Bungo Province">Bungo Province</a>) in Japan, there stands a statue of Francis Xavier.</li> <li>The monument <a href="/wiki/Padr%C3%A3o_dos_Descobrimentos" class="mw-redirect" title="Padrão dos Descobrimentos">Padrão dos Descobrimentos</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bel%C3%A9m_(Lisbon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Belém (Lisbon)">Belém (Lisbon)</a>, Portugal, features a Francis Xavier image.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Xavier&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marc-Antoine_Charpentier" title="Marc-Antoine Charpentier">Marc-Antoine Charpentier</a>, <i>In honorem Sancti Xaverij canticum</i> H. 355, for soloists, chorus, flutes, strings and continuo (1688 ?)</li> <li>Marc-Antoine Charpentier, <i>Canticum de Sto Xavierio</i> H. 355a, for soloists, chorus, flutes, oboes, strings and continuo (1690).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Missions">Missions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Xavier&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shortly before leaving for the East, Xavier issued a famous instruction to Father <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaspar_Barazeuz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaspar Barazeuz (page does not exist)">Gaspar Barazeuz</a> who was leaving to go to <a href="/wiki/Ormus" title="Ormus">Ormus</a> (a Portuguese vassal kingdom on an island in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, now part of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>), that he should mix with sinners: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And if you wish to bring forth much fruit, both for yourselves and for your neighbours, and to live consoled, converse with sinners, making them unburden themselves to you. These are the living books by which you are to study, both for your preaching and for your own consolation. I do not say that you should not on occasion read written books... to support what you say against vices with authorities from the Holy Scriptures and examples from the lives of the saints.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFKadič1961">Kadič 1961</a>, pp. 12–18</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Modern scholars assess the number of people converted to Christianity by Francis Xavier at around 30,000. <sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While some of Xavier's methods have subsequently come under criticism, he has also earned praise. He insisted that missionaries adapt to many of the customs, and most certainly to the language, of the culture they wish to evangelise. And unlike later missionaries, Xavier supported an educated native clergy. Though for a time it seemed that persecution had subsequently destroyed his work in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> missionaries three centuries later discovered that approximately 100,000 Christians still practised the faith in the <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a> area.<sup id="cite_ref-ctlibrary_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ctlibrary-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Francis Xavier's work initiated permanent change in eastern <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, and he became known as the "Apostle of the Indies" – in 1546–1547 he worked in the <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a> among the people of <a href="/wiki/Ambon_Island" title="Ambon Island">Ambon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ternate" title="Ternate">Ternate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Morotai" class="mw-redirect" title="Morotai">Morotai</a> (or Moro), and laid the foundations for a permanent mission. After he left the Maluku Islands, others carried on his work, and by the 1560s there were 10,000 Roman Catholics in the area, mostly on Ambon. By the 1590s, there were 50,000 to 60,000.<sup id="cite_ref-RICKLEFSp25_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RICKLEFSp25-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_in_the_Goa_Inquisition">Role in the Goa Inquisition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Xavier&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Role in the Goa Inquisition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1546, Francis Xavier proposed the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Goa_Inquisition" title="Goa Inquisition">Goa Inquisition</a> in a letter addressed to the Portuguese King, <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal" title="John III of Portugal">John III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeill2004160_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeill2004160-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xavier addresses the King as the '<a href="/wiki/Vicar_of_Christ" title="Vicar of Christ">Vicar of Christ</a>', owing to his <a href="/wiki/Padroado" title="Padroado">royal patronage</a> over Christianity in the <a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a>. In a letter dated 20 January 1548, he requests the king to be tough on the Portuguese governor in India so that he may be active in propagating the faith.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeill2004160–161_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeill2004160–161-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xavier also wrote to the Portuguese king asking for protection in regards to new converts who were being harassed by Portuguese commandants. Francis Xavier died in 1552 without ever living to see the commencement of the Goa Inquisition.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeridge1872268_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeridge1872268-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Educational_institutions">Educational institutions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Xavier&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Educational institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_St._Francis_Xavier_at_St._Xavier%27s_School,_Kolkata_20_2b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Statue_of_St._Francis_Xavier_at_St._Xavier%27s_School%2C_Kolkata_20_2b.jpg/170px-Statue_of_St._Francis_Xavier_at_St._Xavier%27s_School%2C_Kolkata_20_2b.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Statue_of_St._Francis_Xavier_at_St._Xavier%27s_School%2C_Kolkata_20_2b.jpg/255px-Statue_of_St._Francis_Xavier_at_St._Xavier%27s_School%2C_Kolkata_20_2b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Statue_of_St._Francis_Xavier_at_St._Xavier%27s_School%2C_Kolkata_20_2b.jpg/340px-Statue_of_St._Francis_Xavier_at_St._Xavier%27s_School%2C_Kolkata_20_2b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1726" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Statue of St. Francis Xavier at <a href="/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_Collegiate_School" title="St. Xavier's Collegiate School">St. Xavier's Collegiate School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A number of educational institutions are named after him, including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_University" title="Xavier University">Xavier University</a> – Cincinnati, Ohio</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_High_School,_Fort" title="St. Xavier's High School, Fort">St. Xavier's High School, Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_College,_Mumbai" title="St. Xavier's College, Mumbai">St. Xavier's College, Mumbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xaverian_College" title="Xaverian College">Xaverian College</a>, Manchester, England</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_High_School_(New_York_City)" title="Xavier High School (New York City)">Xavier High School (New York City)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_High_School_(Middletown,_Connecticut)" class="mw-redirect" title="Xavier High School (Middletown, Connecticut)">Xavier High School (Middletown, Connecticut)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xavier_High_School_(Chuuk,_Federated_States_of_Micronesia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xavier High School (Chuuk, Federated States of Micronesia) (page does not exist)">Xavier High School (Chuuk, Federated States of Micronesia)</a><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_School" title="Xavier School">Xavier School</a> — <a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Metro_Manila" title="San Juan, Metro Manila">San Juan City</a>, Philippines</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_University_%E2%80%93_Ateneo_de_Cagayan" title="Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan">Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan</a>, Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Francis_Xavier_University" title="St. Francis Xavier University">St. Francis Xavier University</a> – Antigonish, Nova Scotia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Francis_Xavier_Catholic_Secondary_School" title="St. Francis Xavier Catholic Secondary School">St. Francis Xavier Catholic Secondary School</a> – Milton, Ontario</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Francis_Xavier_Secondary_School_(Mississauga)" title="St. Francis Xavier Secondary School (Mississauga)">St. Francis Xavier Catholic Secondary School</a> – Mississauga, Ontario, Canada</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_Institution" title="St. Xavier's Institution">St. Xavier's Institution</a> – Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_College" title="Xavier College">Xavier College</a> – Melbourne, Victoria, Australia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Catholic_College,_Llandilo" title="Xavier Catholic College, Llandilo">Xavier Catholic College, Llandilo</a> – Penrith, New South Wales, Australia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Francis_Xavier%27s_College,_Tai_Kok_Tsui" title="St. Francis Xavier's College, Tai Kok Tsui">St. Francis Xavier's College</a>, Hong Kong</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_College,_Kolkata" title="St. Xavier's College, Kolkata">St. Xavier's College, Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_Collegiate_School" title="St. Xavier's Collegiate School">St. Xavier's School, Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Francis_Xavier_Catholic_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St. Francis Xavier Catholic School (page does not exist)">St. Francis Xavier Catholic School</a> – South Weymouth, Massachusetts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Francis_Xavier%27s_College,_Liverpool" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Francis Xavier's College, Liverpool">St. Francis Xavier's College, Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SD/SMP_Xaverius_Kuala_Tungkal,_Tanjung_Jabung_Barat,_Indonesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SD/SMP Xaverius Kuala Tungkal, Tanjung Jabung Barat, Indonesia (page does not exist)">SD/SMP Xaverius Kuala Tungkal, Tanjung Jabung Barat, Indonesia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Xavier&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/32px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/48px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/64px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholicism_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism in China">Catholicism in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicism_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism in Japan">Catholicism in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicism_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism in India">Catholicism in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicism_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism in Indonesia">Catholicism in Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_China" title="Christianity in China">Christianity in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Japan" title="Christianity in Japan">Christianity in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_India" title="Christianity in India">Christianity in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Indonesia" title="Christianity in Indonesia">Christianity in Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_Inquisition" title="Goa Inquisition">Goa Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_Catholicism_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Roman Catholicism in Japan">History of Roman Catholicism in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_China_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit China missions">Jesuit China missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Westerners_who_visited_Japan_before_1868" title="List of Westerners who visited Japan before 1868">List of Westerners who visited Japan before 1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_San_Xavier_del_Bac" title="Mission San Xavier del Bac">Mission San Xavier del Bac</a> — San Xavier District, Tohono O'odham Nation, Arizona</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xaverian_Brothers" title="Xaverian Brothers">Xaverian Brothers</a> — religious order in America</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church/Patron_Archive/December_3" title="Portal:Catholic Church/Patron Archive/December 3">Saint Francis Xavier, patron saint archive</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Xavier&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Xavier&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Xavier&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diobeth.typepad.com/files/holy-women-holy-men.pdf">"Holy Men and Holy Women"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Churchofengland.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120907015441/http://diobeth.typepad.com/files/holy-women-holy-men.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 7 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Churchofengland.org&rft.atitle=Holy+Men+and+Holy+Women&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiobeth.typepad.com%2Ffiles%2Fholy-women-holy-men.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190516024927/http://www.resurrectionpeople.org/saints.html">"Notable Lutheran Saints"</a>. <i>Resurrectionpeople.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.resurrectionpeople.org/saints.html">the original</a> on 16 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Resurrectionpeople.org&rft.atitle=Notable+Lutheran+Saints&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.resurrectionpeople.org%2Fsaints.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"St. Francis Xavier was a Spanish Jesuit who lived as a Roman Catholic missionary in the 1500s" <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.britannica.com/question/Who-is-St-Francis-Xavier">https://www.britannica.com/question/Who-is-St-Francis-Xavier</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240517163000/https://www.britannica.com/question/Who-is-St-Francis-Xavier">Archived</a> 17 May 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Jesuit missionary. Born at the castle of Xavier (Javier) in Navarre, Francis, a Basque Spaniard, was educated at the University of Paris." <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803125202415">https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803125202415</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240517191540/https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803125202415">Archived</a> 17 May 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchurhammer1982" class="citation book cs1">Schurhammer, Georg (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/fx-schurhammer4"><i>Francis Xavier: His Life, his times – vol. 4: Japan and China, 1549–1552</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Francis+Xavier%3A+His+Life%2C+his+times+%E2%80%93+vol.+4%3A+Japan+and+China%2C+1549%E2%80%931552&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Schurhammer&rft.aufirst=Georg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffx-schurhammer4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoldán-Figueroa2021" class="citation cs2">Roldán-Figueroa, Rady (2021), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/book/9789004458062/BP000003.xml">"Background: Catholic Missions in Japan"</a>, <i>The Martyrs of Japan</i>, Brill, pp. 13–34, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-45806-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-45806-2"><bdi>978-90-04-45806-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Martyrs+of+Japan&rft.atitle=Background%3A+Catholic+Missions+in+Japan&rft.pages=13-34&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-90-04-45806-2&rft.aulast=Rold%C3%A1n-Figueroa&rft.aufirst=Rady&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Fbook%2F9789004458062%2FBP000003.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAttwater1965141-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAttwater1965141_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAttwater1965">Attwater 1965</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeill2004160-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeill2004160_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeill2004160_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeill2004">Neill 2004</a>, p. 160: "By another route I have written to your highness of the great need there is in India for preachers... The second necessity which obtains in India, if those who live there are to be good Christians, is that your highness should institute the holy Inquisition; for there are many who live according to the law of Moses or the law of Muhammad without any fear of God or shame before men".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERao196343-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERao196343_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRao1963">Rao 1963</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/story/how-did-st-francis-xavier-shape-catholicism">"How did St. Francis Xavier shape Catholicism? | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220712172320/https://www.britannica.com/story/how-did-st-francis-xavier-shape-catholicism">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2022</span>. <q>However, his actions in India were not without controversy, as he was involved with the establishment of the Goa Inquisition, which punished converts accused of continuing to practice Hinduism or other religions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=How+did+St.+Francis+Xavier+shape+Catholicism%3F+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fstory%2Fhow-did-st-francis-xavier-shape-catholicism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151118130358/http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/student/Goa-Inquisition/2015/09/03/article2979630.ece">"Goa Inquisition"</a>. <i>The New Indian Express</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/student/Goa-Inquisition/2015/09/03/article2979630.ece">the original</a> on 18 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Goa+Inquisition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Feducation%2Fstudent%2FGoa-Inquisition%2F2015%2F09%2F03%2Farticle2979630.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeridge1872268-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeridge1872268_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeridge1872268_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColeridge1872">Coleridge 1872</a>, p. 268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeill2004160–161-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeill2004160–161_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeill2004160–161_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeill2004">Neill 2004</a>, pp. 160–161: [Let the king warn the governor that] "should he fail to take active steps for the great increase of our faith, you are determined to punish him, and inform him with a solemn oath that, on his return to Portugal, all his property will be forfeited for the benefit of the Santa Misericordia, and beyond this tell him that you will keep him in irons for a number of years... There is no better way of ensuring that all in India become Christians than that your highness should inflict severe punishment on a governor".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Rosa200690-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Rosa200690_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Rosa2006">De Rosa 2006</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_Pius_XI1927" class="citation web cs1">Pope Pius XI (14 December 1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Pius11/P11APOST.htm">"Apostolicorum in Missionibus"</a>. <i>Papal Encyclicals Online</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150317155218/http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Pius11/P11APOST.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Papal+Encyclicals+Online&rft.atitle=Apostolicorum+in+Missionibus&rft.date=1927-12-14&rft.au=Pope+Pius+XI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.papalencyclicals.net%2FPius11%2FP11APOST.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116231936/https://www.globalindiantimes.com/globalindiantimes/2021/10/8/harvard-western-academics-hindu-extremists">"Hindu extremists try to silence Harvard and other Western academics — Global Indian Times"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalindiantimes.com/globalindiantimes/2021/10/8/harvard-western-academics-hindu-extremists">the original</a> on 16 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hindu+extremists+try+to+silence+Harvard+and+other+Western+academics+%E2%80%94+Global+Indian+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalindiantimes.com%2Fglobalindiantimes%2F2021%2F10%2F8%2Fharvard-western-academics-hindu-extremists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/education/references-to-gujarat-riots-purged-from-social-science-books-for-ncert-classes-6-12-8538768">"Purged from NCERT Textbooks: Hindu extremists' dislike for Gandhi, RSS ban after assassination"</a>. 5 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Purged+from+NCERT+Textbooks%3A+Hindu+extremists%27+dislike+for+Gandhi%2C+RSS+ban+after+assassination&rft.date=2023-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Feducation%2Freferences-to-gujarat-riots-purged-from-social-science-books-for-ncert-classes-6-12-8538768&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/goa-to-request-pmo-to-invite-pope-francis-for-st-francis-xavier-s-exposition-cm-101710574732092.html">https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/goa-to-request-pmo-to-invite-pope-francis-for-st-francis-xavier-s-exposition-cm-101710574732092.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923151032/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/my-saint-is-better-heated-debate-over-parshuram-francis-xaviers-legacy-in-goa-1105306.html">"My saint is better: Heated debate over Parshuram, Francis Xavier's legacy in Goa"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanherald.com/india/my-saint-is-better-heated-debate-over-parshuram-francis-xaviers-legacy-in-goa-1105306.html">the original</a> on 23 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=My+saint+is+better%3A+Heated+debate+over+Parshuram%2C+Francis+Xavier%26%23x27%3Bs+legacy+in+Goa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Findia%2Fmy-saint-is-better-heated-debate-over-parshuram-francis-xaviers-legacy-in-goa-1105306.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195217-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195217_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrodrick1952">Brodrick 1952</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195218-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195218_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrodrick1952">Brodrick 1952</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195216-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195216_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrodrick1952">Brodrick 1952</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euskadi.eus/contenidos/informacion/argitalpenak/eu_6092/adjuntos/EEH/FRANTSES/EEH5_FRA.PDF">Euskara, la langue des Basques. V. L'euskara, aux temps modernes (1545–1789)</a></i> <i>... Ce qui explique pourquoi le missionraire navarrais désignera l'euskara comme "sa langue naturelle bizcayenne" (1544), terme très étendu à cette époque.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Navarro-Aragonese, called Romance at this time was also a language spoken in the surrounding area. Romance languages are the result of the changes suffered by spoken Latin through the centuries. Hispanic Romance languages were born in the North of the Peninsula (Galician, Leonese, Castilian, Navarro-Aragonese, Catalonian).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESagredo2006-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESagredo2006_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSagredo2006">Sagredo 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195228-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195228_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrodrick1952">Brodrick 1952</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195221-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195221_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrodrick1952">Brodrick 1952</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195233-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195233_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrodrick1952">Brodrick 1952</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195240-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195240_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrodrick1952">Brodrick 1952</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195241-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195241_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195241_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195241_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrodrick1952">Brodrick 1952</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Rosa200693-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Rosa200693_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Rosa200693_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Rosa2006">De Rosa 2006</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-butler-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-butler_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-butler_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-butler_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler,_Rev._Alban" class="citation web cs1">Butler, Rev. Alban. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924042931/http://www.ewtn.com/library/MARY/STXAVIER.HTM">"St Francis Xavier, Confessor, Apostle of the Indies"</a>. <i>The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs and Other Principal Saints, Vol. III</i>. ewtn.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/library/MARY/STXAVIER.HTM">the original</a> on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Lives+of+the+Fathers%2C+Martyrs+and+Other+Principal+Saints%2C+Vol.+III&rft.atitle=St+Francis+Xavier%2C+Confessor%2C+Apostle+of+the+Indies&rft.au=Butler%2C+Rev.+Alban&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Flibrary%2FMARY%2FSTXAVIER.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Rosa200695-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Rosa200695_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Rosa2006">De Rosa 2006</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195247-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195247_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrodrick1952">Brodrick 1952</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Rosa200637-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Rosa200637_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Rosa2006">De Rosa 2006</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELach199412-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELach199412_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLach1994">Lach 1994</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Rosa200696-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Rosa200696_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Rosa2006">De Rosa 2006</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195277-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195277_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrodrick1952">Brodrick 1952</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jack-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jack_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jack_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jack_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051732/http://www.americancatholic.org/e-News/FriarJack/fj112906.asp">"Wintz O.F.M., Jack, 'St. Francis Xavier: Great Missionary to the Orient', Franciscan Media, November 29, 2006"</a>. americancatholic.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americancatholic.org/e-News/FriarJack/fj112906.asp">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wintz+O.F.M.%2C+Jack%2C+%27St.+Francis+Xavier%3A+Great+Missionary+to+the+Orient%27%2C+Franciscan+Media%2C+November+29%2C+2006&rft.pub=americancatholic.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americancatholic.org%2Fe-News%2FFriarJack%2Ffj112906.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195278-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195278_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrodrick1952">Brodrick 1952</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195296-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195296_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrodrick1952">Brodrick 1952</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKadič196112–18-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKadič196112–18_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKadič1961">Kadič 1961</a>, pp. 12–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195285-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodrick195285_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrodrick1952">Brodrick 1952</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-japc-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-japc_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-japc_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuloaga_SJ" class="citation web cs1">Zuloaga SJ, Ismael G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130413184233/http://jceao.net/content/francis-xavier-founder-jesuit-mission-asia-our-inspiration-today">"Francis Xavier, Founder of the Jesuit Mission in Asia"</a>. <i>Jesuit Asia Pacific Conference</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jceao.net/content/francis-xavier-founder-jesuit-mission-asia-our-inspiration-today">the original</a> on 13 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jesuit+Asia+Pacific+Conference&rft.atitle=Francis+Xavier%2C+Founder+of+the+Jesuit+Mission+in+Asia&rft.aulast=Zuloaga+SJ&rft.aufirst=Ismael+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjceao.net%2Fcontent%2Ffrancis-xavier-founder-jesuit-mission-asia-our-inspiration-today&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrodrick1952100-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodrick1952100_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrodrick1952">Brodrick 1952</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grupolusofona-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-grupolusofona_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeSouza" class="citation web cs1">DeSouza, Teotonio R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://recil.grupolusofona.pt/jspui/bitstream/10437/509/1/PortuGoa.pdf">"The Portuguese in Goa"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>recil.grupolusofona.pt</i>. Universidade Lusófona. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075456/http://recil.grupolusofona.pt/jspui/bitstream/10437/509/1/PortuGoa.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=recil.grupolusofona.pt&rft.atitle=The+Portuguese+in+Goa&rft.aulast=DeSouza&rft.aufirst=Teotonio+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frecil.grupolusofona.pt%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F10437%2F509%2F1%2FPortuGoa.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Delio-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Delio_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Mendonça,_D.2002" class="citation book cs1">de Mendonça, D. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mh3kKf0VSfQC"><i>Conversions and Citizenry: Goa Under Portugal, 1510–1610</i></a>. Concept Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170229605" title="Special:BookSources/9788170229605"><bdi>9788170229605</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230801085244/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mh3kKf0VSfQC">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conversions+and+Citizenry%3A+Goa+Under+Portugal%2C+1510%E2%80%931610&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9788170229605&rft.au=de+Mendon%C3%A7a%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMh3kKf0VSfQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstrain1909-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstrain1909_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstrain1909_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstrain1909_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAstrain1909">Astrain 1909</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crawley-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crawley_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crawley_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crawley_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907230956/http://www.ewtn.com/library/MARY/XAVIER2.htm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Saint Francis Xavier Apostle of the Indies And Japan', <i>Lives of Saints</i>, John J. Crawley & Co., Inc"</a>. ewtn.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/library/MARY/XAVIER2.htm">the original</a> on 7 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Saint+Francis+Xavier+Apostle+of+the+Indies+And+Japan%27%2C+Lives+of+Saints%2C+John+J.+Crawley+%26+Co.%2C+Inc.&rft.pub=ewtn.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Flibrary%2FMARY%2FXAVIER2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130915032209/http://www.archgoadaman.org/content/st-pauls-college-rachol-seminary">"St. Pauls college, Rachol Seminary"</a>. Archdiocese of Goa and Daman. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archgoadaman.org/content/st-pauls-college-rachol-seminary">the original</a> on September 15, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.+Pauls+college%2C+Rachol+Seminary&rft.pub=Archdiocese+of+Goa+and+Daman&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archgoadaman.org%2Fcontent%2Fst-pauls-college-rachol-seminary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuignan1958725–732-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuignan1958725–732_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuignan1958">Duignan 1958</a>, pp. 725–732.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-monteiro1-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-monteiro1_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saturnino Monteiro (1992): <i>Batalhas e Combates da Marinha Portuguesa</i> Volume III, pp. 95–103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wintz-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wintz_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWintz2006" class="citation web cs1">Wintz, Jack (December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americancatholic.org/Messenger/Dec2006/Feature2.asp#F4">"Four Great Spanish Saints"</a>. <i>St. Anthony Messenger Magazine Online</i>. American Catholic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318044134/http://www.americancatholic.org/Messenger/Dec2006/Feature2.asp#F4">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St.+Anthony+Messenger+Magazine+Online&rft.atitle=Four+Great+Spanish+Saints&rft.date=2006-12&rft.aulast=Wintz&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americancatholic.org%2FMessenger%2FDec2006%2FFeature2.asp%23F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPacheco1974477–480-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPacheco1974477–480_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPacheco1974477–480_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPacheco1974477–480_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPacheco1974">Pacheco 1974</a>, pp. 477–480.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Shusaku_Endo" class="mw-redirect" title="Shusaku Endo">Shusaku Endo</a> (1969), <i><a href="/wiki/Silence_(End%C5%8D_novel)" title="Silence (Endō novel)">Silence</a></i>, p. vii, Translator's Preface, William Johnston, Taplinger Publishing Company, New York</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLang2019" class="citation web cs1">Lang, William (25 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/community/2019/08/25/voices/subtleties-bedeviled-st-francis/">"The subtleties that bedeviled St. Francis"</a>. <i>The Japan Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230616191647/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/community/2019/08/25/voices/subtleties-bedeviled-st-francis/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=The+subtleties+that+bedeviled+St.+Francis&rft.date=2019-08-25&rft.aulast=Lang&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fcommunity%2F2019%2F08%2F25%2Fvoices%2Fsubtleties-bedeviled-st-francis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVlam1979" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Vlam, Grace A. H. (1979). "The Portrait of S. Francis Xavier in Kobe". <i>Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte</i>. 42. Bd. (H. 1). <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Kunstverlag" title="Deutscher Kunstverlag">Deutscher Kunstverlag</a>: 48–60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1482014">10.2307/1482014</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0044-2992">0044-2992</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1482014">1482014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Kunstgeschichte&rft.atitle=The+Portrait+of+S.+Francis+Xavier+in+Kobe&rft.volume=42.+Bd.&rft.issue=H.+1&rft.pages=48-60&rft.date=1979&rft.issn=0044-2992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1482014%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1482014&rft.aulast=Vlam&rft.aufirst=Grace+A.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2003" class="citation journal cs1">Ellis, Robert Richmond (2003). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Best Thus Far Discovered': The Japanese in the Letters of Francisco Xavier". <i><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_Review" title="Hispanic Review">Hispanic Review</a></i>. <b>71</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>: 155–169. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3247185">10.2307/3247185</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1553-0639">1553-0639</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3247185">3247185</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162323769">162323769</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hispanic+Review&rft.atitle=%27The+Best+Thus+Far+Discovered%27%3A+The+Japanese+in+the+Letters+of+Francisco+Xavier&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=155-169&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=1553-0639&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162323769%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3247185%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3247185&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Robert+Richmond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Xavier, Francis. The Letters and Instructions of Francis Xavier. Translated by M. Joseph Costellos, SJ St Louis: The Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1992</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fordham-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fordham_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1552xavier4.html">"St. Francis Xavier: Letter from Japan, to the Society of Jesus in Europe, 1552"</a>. fordham.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.+Francis+Xavier%3A+Letter+from+Japan%2C+to+the+Society+of+Jesus+in+Europe%2C+1552&rft.pub=fordham.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordham.edu%2Fhalsall%2Fmod%2F1552xavier4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Francis-Xavier">"Saint Francis Xavier | Biography, Missions, Facts, & Legacy"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190723194643/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Francis-Xavier">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Saint+Francis+Xavier+%7C+Biography%2C+Missions%2C+Facts%2C+%26+Legacy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FSaint-Francis-Xavier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucanews.com/your-daily-mass/saint-day/saint-francis-xavier/10734">"Saint Francis Xavier – UCA News"</a>. <i>ucanews.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ucanews.com&rft.atitle=Saint+Francis+Xavier+%E2%80%93+UCA+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucanews.com%2Fyour-daily-mass%2Fsaint-day%2Fsaint-francis-xavier%2F10734&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/body-st-francis-xavier">"Body of St. Francis Xavier"</a>. <i>Atlas Obscura</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090927033640/https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/body-st-francis-xavier">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atlas+Obscura&rft.atitle=Body+of+St.+Francis+Xavier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlasobscura.com%2Fplaces%2Fbody-st-francis-xavier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gesù-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gesù_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chiesadelgesu.org/html/d_cappella_san_francesco_saverio_it.html">Cappella di san Francesco Saverio</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110617051526/http://www.chiesadelgesu.org/html/d_cappella_san_francesco_saverio_it.html">Archived</a> 17 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, at the official website of <a href="/wiki/Il_Ges%C3%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Il Gesù">Il Gesù</a>. <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/saint-s-right-forearm-will-arrive-in-quebec-this-week-as-part-of-canadian-tour-1.3741465">"Saint's right forearm will arrive in Quebec this week as part of Canadian tour"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CTV_Montreal" class="mw-redirect" title="CTV Montreal">CTV Montreal</a></i>. 1 January 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240821065748/https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/saint-s-right-arm-comes-to-montreal-as-part-of-cross-country-tour-1.3741465">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CTV+Montreal&rft.atitle=Saint%27s+right+forearm+will+arrive+in+Quebec+this+week+as+part+of+Canadian+tour&rft.date=2018-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmontreal.ctvnews.ca%2Fsaint-s-right-forearm-will-arrive-in-quebec-this-week-as-part-of-canadian-tour-1.3741465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Macau-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Macau_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.macautourism.gov.mo/en/discovering/sightseeing_detail.php?catid=38#33">Chapel of St. Francis Xavier</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130314095338/http://www.macautourism.gov.mo/en/discovering/sightseeing_detail.php?catid=38">Archived</a> 14 March 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, at the official website of the Macau Government Tourist Office.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fides.org/en/news/74470-ASIA_CHINA_The_Island_of_Saint_Francis_Xavier_the_first_shrine_for_Chinese_Catholics">"Zhao, Marta. "The Island of Saint Francis Xavier: the first shrine for Chinese Catholics", <i>Agenzia Fides</i>, December 3, 2023"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240626024120/http://www.fides.org/en/news/74470-ASIA_CHINA_The_Island_of_Saint_Francis_Xavier_the_first_shrine_for_Chinese_Catholics">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zhao%2C+Marta.+%22The+Island+of+Saint+Francis+Xavier%3A+the+first+shrine+for+Chinese+Catholics%22%2C+Agenzia+Fides%2C+December+3%2C+2023&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fides.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2F74470-ASIA_CHINA_The_Island_of_Saint_Francis_Xavier_the_first_shrine_for_Chinese_Catholics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180904070648/https://cco.ca/relic/">"St. FX Relic"</a>. <i>CCO</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cco.ca/relic/">the original</a> on 4 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CCO&rft.atitle=St.+FX+Relic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcco.ca%2Frelic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ewtnvatican.com/articles/did-you-know-that-the-relic-of-the-right-arm-of-st-francis-xavier-is-in-rome-1953">"Martínez-Bordiú, Almudena. "Did you know that the relic of the right arm of St. Francis Xavier is in Rome?", ACI Prensa, December 4, 2023"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240626024121/https://www.ewtnvatican.com/articles/did-you-know-that-the-relic-of-the-right-arm-of-st-francis-xavier-is-in-rome-1953">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mart%C3%ADnez-Bordi%C3%BA%2C+Almudena.+%22Did+you+know+that+the+relic+of+the+right+arm+of+St.+Francis+Xavier+is+in+Rome%3F%22%2C+ACI+Prensa%2C+December+4%2C+2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtnvatican.com%2Farticles%2Fdid-you-know-that-the-relic-of-the-right-arm-of-st-francis-xavier-is-in-rome-1953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jesuit prayer-book "Srce Isusovo Spasenje naše" ("Heart of Jesus our Salvation"), Zagreb, 1946, p. 425</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the most recent study of Francis Xavier's canonization process, see Franco Mormando, "The Making of the Second Jesuit Saint: The Campaign for the Canonization of Francis Xavier, 1555–1622" in <i>Francis Xavier and the Jesuit Missions in the Far East</i>, ed. F. Mormando, Chestnut Hill, MA: The Jesuit Institute, Boston College, 2006, pp. 9–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-benedict-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-benedict_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-benedict_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/speeches/2006/april/documents/hf_ben-xvi_spe_20060422_gesuiti_en.html">"Address Of Benedic XVI To The Fathers And Brothers Of The Society Of Jesus, April 22, 2006"</a>. vatican.va. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130822234112/http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/speeches/2006/april/documents/hf_ben-xvi_spe_20060422_gesuiti_en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Address+Of+Benedic+XVI+To+The+Fathers+And+Brothers+Of+The+Society+Of+Jesus%2C+April+22%2C+2006&rft.pub=vatican.va&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fbenedict_xvi%2Fspeeches%2F2006%2Fapril%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_ben-xvi_spe_20060422_gesuiti_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAttwater1965141–142-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAttwater1965141–142_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAttwater1965">Attwater 1965</a>, pp. 141–142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-30160195">"Pilgrims flock to Goa to see Saint Francis Xavier remains"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 22 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141124192921/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-30160195">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Pilgrims+flock+to+Goa+to+see+Saint+Francis+Xavier+remains&rft.date=2014-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-30160195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta2017" class="citation journal cs1">Gupta, Pamila (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fetnografica.4840">"The corporeal and the carnivalesque: The 2004 exposition of St. Francis Xavier and the consumption of history in postcolonial Goa"</a>. <i>Etnografica</i>. <b>21</b> (1): 107–124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fetnografica.4840">10.4000/etnografica.4840</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Etnografica&rft.atitle=The+corporeal+and+the+carnivalesque%3A+The+2004+exposition+of+St.+Francis+Xavier+and+the+consumption+of+history+in+postcolonial+Goa&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=107-124&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fetnografica.4840&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Pamila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4000%252Fetnografica.4840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbosa2009" class="citation news cs1">Barbosa, Alexandre Moniz (3 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/relics-of-st-xavier-still-a-draw/articleshow/5294078.cms">"Relics of St Xavier still a draw"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220310192157/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/relics-of-st-xavier-still-a-draw/articleshow/5294078.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Relics+of+St+Xavier+still+a+draw&rft.date=2009-12-03&rft.aulast=Barbosa&rft.aufirst=Alexandre+Moniz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fgoa%2Frelics-of-st-xavier-still-a-draw%2Farticleshow%2F5294078.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/st-francis-xaviers-relic-at-bhatpal-attracts-a-multitude-of-devotees/articleshow/61788814.cms">"St Francis Xavier's relic at Bhatpal attracts a multitude of devotees"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 25 November 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220310192157/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/st-francis-xaviers-relic-at-bhatpal-attracts-a-multitude-of-devotees/articleshow/61788814.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=St+Francis+Xavier%27s+relic+at+Bhatpal+attracts+a+multitude+of+devotees&rft.date=2017-11-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fgoa%2Fst-francis-xaviers-relic-at-bhatpal-attracts-a-multitude-of-devotees%2Farticleshow%2F61788814.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMisquita2014" class="citation news cs1">Misquita, Melvyn (23 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Venerated-The-World-Over/81297">"Venerated The World Over"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/O_Heraldo" title="O Heraldo">O Heraldo</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221003010950/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Venerated-The-World-Over/81297">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=O+Heraldo&rft.atitle=Venerated+The+World+Over&rft.date=2014-11-23&rft.aulast=Misquita&rft.aufirst=Melvyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldgoa.in%2FReview%2FVenerated-The-World-Over%2F81297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CTV-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CTV_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CTV_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholic-television.com/pilgrimage-to-the-castle-of-st-francis-xavier-in-navarra-spain-what-are-the-javieradas/">"What are the Javieradas | Pilgrimage to the Castle of St. Francis Xavier in Navarra Spain"</a>. <i>Catholic Television</i>. 13 April 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210923002645/https://www.catholic-television.com/pilgrimage-to-the-castle-of-st-francis-xavier-in-navarra-spain-what-are-the-javieradas/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Television&rft.atitle=What+are+the+Javieradas+%7C+Pilgrimage+to+the+Castle+of+St.+Francis+Xavier+in+Navarra+Spain&rft.date=2017-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic-television.com%2Fpilgrimage-to-the-castle-of-st-francis-xavier-in-navarra-spain-what-are-the-javieradas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiPippo2019" class="citation web cs1">DiPippo, Gregory (3 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newliturgicalmovement.org/2019/12/the-altar-of-st-francis-xavier-in-rome.html">"The Altar of St Francis Xavier in Rome"</a>. <i>New Liturgical Movement</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220528224309/https://www.newliturgicalmovement.org/2019/12/the-altar-of-st-francis-xavier-in-rome.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Liturgical+Movement&rft.atitle=The+Altar+of+St+Francis+Xavier+in+Rome&rft.date=2019-12-03&rft.aulast=DiPippo&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newliturgicalmovement.org%2F2019%2F12%2Fthe-altar-of-st-francis-xavier-in-rome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030225422/https://catholicnews.sg/2011/09/03/spore-msian-catholics-make-joint-pilgrimage/">"S'pore, M'sian Catholics make joint pilgrimage"</a>. <i>Catholic News Singapore</i>. 3 September 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catholicnews.sg/2011/09/03/spore-msian-catholics-make-joint-pilgrimage/">the original</a> on 30 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catholic+News+Singapore&rft.atitle=S%27pore%2C+M%27sian+Catholics+make+joint+pilgrimage&rft.date=2011-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatholicnews.sg%2F2011%2F09%2F03%2Fspore-msian-catholics-make-joint-pilgrimage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasson2019" class="citation news cs1">Masson, Matthieu (29 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.examiner.org.hk/2019/11/29/the-death-of-st-francis-in-sancian-and-the-origins-of-the-pilgrimage/features/chinabridge/">"The death of St. Francis in Sancian and the origins of the pilgrimage"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sunday_Examiner" title="Sunday Examiner">Sunday Examiner</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sunday+Examiner&rft.atitle=The+death+of+St.+Francis+in+Sancian+and+the+origins+of+the+pilgrimage&rft.date=2019-11-29&rft.aulast=Masson&rft.aufirst=Matthieu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.examiner.org.hk%2F2019%2F11%2F29%2Fthe-death-of-st-francis-in-sancian-and-the-origins-of-the-pilgrimage%2Ffeatures%2Fchinabridge%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith" class="citation web cs1">Griffith, James S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://padrekino.com/kino-s-legacy/kino-pilgrimage/">"Pilgrimage To Magdalena and The Festival de San Francisco"</a>. <i>Kino Historical Society</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220422005937/http://padrekino.com/kino-s-legacy/kino-pilgrimage/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kino+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Pilgrimage+To+Magdalena+and+The+Festival+de+San+Francisco&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=James+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpadrekino.com%2Fkino-s-legacy%2Fkino-pilgrimage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fontana, Bernard L. & photos by McCain, Edward, <i>A Gift of Angels: The Art of Mission San Xavier del Bac</i>, p. 41, The University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-2840-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-2840-0">978-0-8165-2840-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar">"The Calendar"</a>. <i>The Church of England</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309204842/https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Church+of+England&rft.atitle=The+Calendar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofengland.org%2Fprayer-and-worship%2Fworship-texts-and-resources%2Fcommon-worship%2Fchurchs-year%2Fcalendar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bEq7DwAAQBAJ"><i>Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018</i></a>. Church Publishing, Inc. 2019. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64065-235-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64065-235-4"><bdi>978-1-64065-235-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lesser+Feasts+and+Fasts+2018&rft.pub=Church+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-64065-235-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbEq7DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=17UZAQAAIAAJ&dq=Marcello+Mastrilli&pg=PA234">"Japanese Sketches"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230528075656/https://books.google.com/books?id=17UZAQAAIAAJ&dq=Marcello%20Mastrilli&pg=PA234">Archived</a> 28 May 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in <i>The Month</i>, Volume 11 (1869) p. 241</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockey2007" class="citation book cs1">Brockey, Liam Matthew (2007). <i>Journey to the East: The Jesuit Mission to China, 1579–1724</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02448-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02448-9"><bdi>978-0-674-02448-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journey+to+the+East%3A+The+Jesuit+Mission+to+China%2C+1579%E2%80%931724&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02448-9&rft.aulast=Brockey&rft.aufirst=Liam+Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDownes2001" class="citation web cs1">Downes, Patrick (5 July 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholiceducation.org/en/culture/catholic-contributions/kakure-kirishitan.html">"Kakure Kirishitan"</a>. <i>Catholic Education Resource Center</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414204213/https://www.catholiceducation.org/en/culture/catholic-contributions/kakure-kirishitan.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Education+Resource+Center&rft.atitle=Kakure+Kirishitan&rft.date=2001-07-05&rft.aulast=Downes&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholiceducation.org%2Fen%2Fculture%2Fcatholic-contributions%2Fkakure-kirishitan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies201692–110-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies201692–110_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies2016">Davies 2016</a>, pp. 92–110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navarra.es/es/noticias/2021/05/13/navarra-establece-los-dias-festivos-del-calendario-laboral-para-2022?pageBackId=363032&back=true">"Navarra establece los días festivos del calendario laboral para 2022"</a>. <i>Navarra.es</i> (in European Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221121130919/https://www.navarra.es/es/noticias/2021/05/13/navarra-establece-los-dias-festivos-del-calendario-laboral-para-2022?pageBackId=363032&back=true">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Navarra.es&rft.atitle=Navarra+establece+los+d%C3%ADas+festivos+del+calendario+laboral+para+2022&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.navarra.es%2Fes%2Fnoticias%2F2021%2F05%2F13%2Fnavarra-establece-los-dias-festivos-del-calendario-laboral-para-2022%3FpageBackId%3D363032%26back%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-INE-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-INE_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ine.es/en/daco/daco42/nombyapel/nombres_mas_frecuentes_en.xls">The most frequent names, simple and exact for the national total and exact for the province of residence</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929135548/http://www.ine.es/en/daco/daco42/nombyapel/nombres_mas_frecuentes_en.xls">Archived</a> 29 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Estad%C3%ADstica_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain)">Instituto Nacional de Estadística</a>. <a href="/wiki/Excel_spreadsheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Excel spreadsheet">Excel spreadsheet</a> format. Javier is the 10th-most popular name for males, and Francisco Javier is the 18th. Together, Javier becomes the 8th most frequent name for males.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ssa-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ssa_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssa.gov/OACT/babynames/">"Popular Baby Names"</a>. ssa.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161105000229/https://www.ssa.gov/OACT/babynames/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Popular+Baby+Names&rft.pub=ssa.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssa.gov%2FOACT%2Fbabynames%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Cole_Williams" title="Samuel Cole Williams">Williams, Samuel Cole</a> (1994) [1924]. "The Franklinites: John Sevier". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cQgesruUGcYC"><i>History of the Lost State of Franklin</i></a> (revised, reprinted ed.). Johnson City, Tennessee: The Overmountain Press. p. 289. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780932807960" title="Special:BookSources/9780932807960"><bdi>9780932807960</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2021</span>. <q>The grandfather of John SEVIER, or Xavier, was a native of France, a Huguenot, and is said to have been related to Saint Francis Xavier, and to have lived in the village of Xavier in the French Pyrenees.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Franklinites%3A+John+Sevier&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Lost+State+of+Franklin&rft.place=Johnson+City%2C+Tennessee&rft.pages=289&rft.edition=revised%2C+reprinted&rft.pub=The+Overmountain+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780932807960&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Cole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcQgesruUGcYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sanxaviermission.org/history">"History"</a>. <i>San Xavier del Bac Mission</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220629054752/https://sanxaviermission.org/history">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=San+Xavier+del+Bac+Mission&rft.atitle=History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsanxaviermission.org%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francis Xaviers Church in Ulhitiyawa ,Sri Lanka </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rubens, William Unger, S. R. K. "St. Francis Xavier Raising the Dead". <i>The American Art Review</i>, Vol. 1, No. 2 (Dec. 1879), p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christianitytoday.com/history/people/missionaries/francis-xavier.html">"Francis Xavier"</a>. <i>Christian History | Learn the History of Christianity & the Church</i>. 8 August 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211702/http://www.ctlibrary.com/ch/131christians/missionaries/xavier.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christian+History+%7C+Learn+the+History+of+Christianity+%26+the+Church&rft.atitle=Francis+Xavier&rft.date=2008-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fhistory%2Fpeople%2Fmissionaries%2Ffrancis-xavier.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xavier.edu/mission-identity/xaviers-mission/who-is-francis-xavier">"Who was Francis Xavier?"</a>. <i>Xavier University</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240821071317/https://www.xavier.edu/mission-identity/xaviers-mission/who-is-francis-xavier">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Xavier+University&rft.atitle=Who+was+Francis+Xavier%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.xavier.edu%2Fmission-identity%2Fxaviers-mission%2Fwho-is-francis-xavier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ctlibrary-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ctlibrary_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christianitytoday.com/history/people/missionaries/francis-xavier.html">"Francis Xavier – Christian History & Biography – ChristianityTodayLibrary.com"</a>. ctlibrary.com. 8 August 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211702/http://www.ctlibrary.com/ch/131christians/missionaries/xavier.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Francis+Xavier+%E2%80%93+Christian+History+%26+Biography+%E2%80%93+ChristianityTodayLibrary.com&rft.pub=ctlibrary.com&rft.date=2008-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fhistory%2Fpeople%2Fmissionaries%2Ffrancis-xavier.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RICKLEFSp25-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RICKLEFSp25_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicklefs1993" class="citation book cs1">Ricklefs, M.C. (1993). <i>A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300</i> (2nd ed.). London: MacMillan. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-57689-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-57689-2"><bdi>978-0-333-57689-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Indonesia+Since+c.+1300&rft.place=London&rft.pages=25&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-333-57689-2&rft.aulast=Ricklefs&rft.aufirst=M.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouto2005" class="citation book cs1">Couto, Maria (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/232582498"><i>Goa, a daughter's story</i></a>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-04984-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-04984-0"><bdi>0-670-04984-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/232582498">232582498</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200706022857/http://worldcat.org/oclc/232582498">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goa%2C+a+daughter%27s+story&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F232582498&rft.isbn=0-670-04984-0&rft.aulast=Couto&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F232582498&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP.1963" class="citation book cs1">P., Rao, R. (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/250311505"><i>Portuguese Rule in Goa, 1510–1961</i></a>. Asia Publ. House. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/250311505">250311505</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240821071259/https://search.worldcat.org/title/250311505">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portuguese+Rule+in+Goa%2C+1510%E2%80%931961&rft.pub=Asia+Publ.+House&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F250311505&rft.aulast=P.&rft.aufirst=Rao%2C+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F250311505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.xaviernavigators.org/">https://www.xaviernavigators.org/</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Xavier&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents" style=""> <ul><li>This article incorporates material from the <i><a href="/wiki/Schaff-Herzog_Encyclopedia_of_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religion">Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religion</a></i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAstrain1909" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Astrain, Antonio (1909). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Francis Xavier"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/St._Francis_Xavier">"St. Francis Xavier" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=St.+Francis+Xavier&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Astrain&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAttwater1965" class="citation book cs1">Attwater, Donald (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qHc2gy7_j7oC"><i>The Penguin Dictionary of Saints</i></a>. Penguin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240821071345/https://books.google.com/books?id=qHc2gy7_j7oC">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+Dictionary+of+Saints&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Attwater&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqHc2gy7_j7oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrodrick1952" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Patrick_Broderick" class="mw-redirect" title="James Patrick Broderick">Brodrick, James</a> (1952). <i>Saint Francis Xavier (1506–1552)</i>. London: Burns, Oates & Washbourne Ltd. p. 558.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saint+Francis+Xavier+%281506%E2%80%931552%29&rft.place=London&rft.pages=558&rft.pub=Burns%2C+Oates+%26+Washbourne+Ltd&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Brodrick&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeridge1872" class="citation book cs1">Coleridge, Henry James (1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gbJSAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA268"><i>The Life and Letters of St. Francis Xavier</i></a>. Vol. 1. London: Burns and Oates. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240821070421/https://books.google.com/books?id=gbJSAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA268#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Letters+of+St.+Francis+Xavier&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Burns+and+Oates&rft.date=1872&rft.aulast=Coleridge&rft.aufirst=Henry+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgbJSAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2016" class="citation journal cs1">Davies, Stephen (2016). "Achille-Antoine Hermitte's surviving building". <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch</i>. <b>56</b>: 92–110. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/jroyaaisasocihkb.56.92">jroyaaisasocihkb.56.92</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+Hong+Kong+Branch&rft.atitle=Achille-Antoine+Hermitte%27s+surviving+building&rft.volume=56&rft.pages=92-110&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fjroyaaisasocihkb.56.92%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Rosa2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">De Rosa, Giuseppe (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xLfQAAAACAAJ"><i>Gesuiti</i></a> (in Italian). Elledici. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788801034400" title="Special:BookSources/9788801034400"><bdi>9788801034400</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240821070421/https://books.google.com/books?id=xLfQAAAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gesuiti&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Elledici&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9788801034400&rft.aulast=De+Rosa&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxLfQAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuignan1958" class="citation journal cs1">Duignan, Peter (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1958.60.4.02a00090">"Early Jesuit Missionaries: A Suggestion for Further Study"</a>. <i>American Anthropologist</i>. <b>60</b> (4): 725–732. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1958.60.4.02a00090">10.1525/aa.1958.60.4.02a00090</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7294">0002-7294</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/665677">665677</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=Early+Jesuit+Missionaries%3A+A+Suggestion+for+Further+Study&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=725-732&rft.date=1958&rft.issn=0002-7294&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F665677%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1958.60.4.02a00090&rft.aulast=Duignan&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1525%252Faa.1958.60.4.02a00090&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKadič1961" class="citation journal cs1">Kadič, Ante (1961). "St. Francis Xavier and Marko Marulić". <i>The Slavic and East European Journal</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 12–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F304533">10.2307/304533</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/304533">304533</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Slavic+and+East+European+Journal&rft.atitle=St.+Francis+Xavier+and+Marko+Maruli%C4%87&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=12-18&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F304533&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F304533%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kadi%C4%8D&rft.aufirst=Ante&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLach1994" class="citation book cs1">Lach, Donald Frederick (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hhE3sPY78s0C&pg=PA12"><i>Asia in the making of Europe: A century of wonder. The literary arts. The scholarly disciplines</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-46733-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-46733-7"><bdi>978-0-226-46733-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240821070321/https://books.google.com/books?id=hhE3sPY78s0C&pg=PA12#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia+in+the+making+of+Europe%3A+A+century+of+wonder.+The+literary+arts.+The+scholarly+disciplines&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-226-46733-7&rft.aulast=Lach&rft.aufirst=Donald+Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhhE3sPY78s0C%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Moraes" title="George M. Moraes">George M. Moraes</a> (1952): <i>St. Francis Xavier, Apostolic Nuncio (1542-52)</i>, Bombay, Konkan Institute of Arts and Science, 35p.</li> <li>Jou, Albert (1984). <i>The Saint on a Mission</i>. Anand Press, Anand, India.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeill2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Neill" title="Stephen Neill">Neill, Stephen</a> (2004) [1984]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4VPgB__GQC"><i>A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521548854" title="Special:BookSources/9780521548854"><bdi>9780521548854</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231018170549/https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4VPgB__GQC">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Christianity+in+India%3A+The+Beginnings+to+AD+1707&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780521548854&rft.aulast=Neill&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRH4VPgB__GQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPacheco1974" class="citation journal cs1">Pacheco, Diego (1974). "Xavier and Tanegashima". <i>Monumenta Nipponica</i>. <b>29</b> (4): 477–480. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2383897">10.2307/2383897</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-0741">0027-0741</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2383897">2383897</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monumenta+Nipponica&rft.atitle=Xavier+and+Tanegashima&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=477-480&rft.date=1974&rft.issn=0027-0741&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2383897%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2383897&rft.aulast=Pacheco&rft.aufirst=Diego&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Pinch, William R., "The Corpse and Cult of St. Francis Xavier, 1552–1623", in Mathew N. Schmalz and Peter Gottschalk ed. <i>Engaging South Asian Religions: Boundaries, Appropriations, and Resistances</i> (New York, State University of New York Press, 2011)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRao1963" class="citation book cs1">Rao, R.P (1963). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/portugueserulein0000unse"><i>Portuguese Rule in Goa: 1510–1961</i></a></span>. Asia Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portuguese+Rule+in+Goa%3A+1510%E2%80%931961&rft.pub=Asia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=R.P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fportugueserulein0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSagredo2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sagredo, Iñaki (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nH8KkAEACAAJ"><i>Navarra: castillos que defendieron el Reino</i></a> [<i>Navarre: castles that defended the Kingdom</i>] (in Spanish). Vol. 1. Pamiela. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-7681-477-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-7681-477-2"><bdi>978-84-7681-477-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240821070447/https://books.google.com/books?id=nH8KkAEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Navarra%3A+castillos+que+defendieron+el+Reino&rft.pub=Pamiela&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-84-7681-477-2&rft.aulast=Sagredo&rft.aufirst=I%C3%B1aki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnH8KkAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Xavier&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuo2020" class="citation book cs1">Guo, Nanyan (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpicinternational.com/books/culture/24e4ebfd545ae4e13e123491a7b73fe5d71778a0.html"><i>Making Xavier's Dream Real: Vernacular Writings of Catholic Missionaries in Modern Japan</i></a> (First English ed.). Tokyo: Japan Publishing Industry Foundation for Culture. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-86658-134-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-86658-134-7"><bdi>978-4-86658-134-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Xavier%27s+Dream+Real%3A+Vernacular+Writings+of+Catholic+Missionaries+in+Modern+Japan&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.edition=First+English&rft.pub=Japan+Publishing+Industry+Foundation+for+Culture&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-4-86658-134-7&rft.aulast=Guo&rft.aufirst=Nanyan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpicinternational.com%2Fbooks%2Fculture%2F24e4ebfd545ae4e13e123491a7b73fe5d71778a0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJayne1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jayne, Kingsley Garland (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Xavier, Francisco de"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Xavier,_Francisco_de">"Xavier, Francisco de" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 882–883.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Xavier%2C+Francisco+de&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=882-883&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Jayne&rft.aufirst=Kingsley+Garland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Xavier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Dickson_White" title="Andrew Dickson White">Andrew Dickson White</a> (1896 first edition. A classic work constantly reprinted) <i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_the_Warfare_of_Science_with_Theology_in_Christendom" title="A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom">A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom</a></i>, See chapter 13, part 2, <i>Growth of Legends of Healing: the life of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Francis_Xavier" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Francis Xavier">Saint Francis Xavier</a> as a typical example</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Xavier&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Francis_Xavier" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Francis_Xavier" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Xavier,_Francisco_de" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Xavier, Francisco de">Xavier, Francisco de</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141110083742/http://bomjesus.org/">Official website of Basilica of Bom Jesus, Old Goa</a> The Shrine of Saint Francis Xavier</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090831074329/http://www.bomjesus.in/">Basilica of Bom Jesus, Old Goa</a> The Shrine of Saint Francis Xavier</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://strobertbellarmine.net/books/Torsellino--Xavier.pdf"><i>The Life of St. Francis Xavier</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifelettersofstf01coleuoft"><i>The life and letters of St. Francis Xavier</i></a> Francis Xavier, Saint, 1506–1552 Coleridge, Henry James, 1822–1893 London: Burns and Oates, (1872)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021214062137/http://www.jesuites.com/xavier/index.html"><i>Saint François Xavier</i></a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031016220801/http://www.jesuites.com/xavier/images/sancian_maxi.jpg">Picture of Shangchuan island. The chapel marks the location of his death</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.therealpresence.org/archives/Miracles/Miracles_005.htm">The Miracles of St Francis Xavier</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Hardon" title="John Hardon">John Hardon, SJ</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goacentral.com/Goahistory/StFrancisXavier.htm">Brief History of Saint Francis Xavier</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181010192645/http://www.goacentral.com/Goahistory/StFrancisXavier.htm">Archived</a> 10 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stpetersbasilica.info/Exterior/Colonnades/Saints/St%20Francis%20Xavier-121/StFrancisXavier.htm">Colonnade Statue St Peter's Square</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Xavier%2C%20Francis%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Francis%20Xavier%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Xavier%2C%20Francis%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Francis%20Xavier%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Xavier%2C%20F%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Francis%20Xavier%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Xavier%2C%20Francis%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Francis%20Xavier%22%29%20OR%20%28%221506-1552%22%20AND%20Xavier%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Francis Xavier</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/8401">Works by Francis Xavier</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jesuits" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jesuits" title="Template:Jesuits"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jesuits" title="Template talk:Jesuits"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jesuits" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jesuits"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jesuits" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Exercises" title="Spiritual Exercises">Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ad_maiorem_Dei_gloriam" title="Ad maiorem Dei gloriam">Ad maiorem Dei gloriam</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Magis" title="Magis">Magis</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Regimini_militantis_Ecclesiae" title="Regimini militantis Ecclesiae">Regimini militantis Ecclesiae</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Exposcit_debitum" title="Exposcit debitum">Exposcit debitum</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ratio_Studiorum" title="Ratio Studiorum">Ratio Studiorum</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">Suppression of the Society of Jesus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesuits" title="List of Jesuits">List of Jesuits</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0.8em 0.9em 3em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ihs-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="IHS"><img alt="IHS" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ihs-logo.svg/50px-Ihs-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ihs-logo.svg/75px-Ihs-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ihs-logo.svg/100px-Ihs-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="567" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_saints_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="List of saints of the Society of Jesus">Saints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Anchieta" title="Joseph of Anchieta">José de Anchieta</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martyr_Saints_of_China" title="Martyr Saints of China">Modeste Andlauer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Arrowsmith" title="Edmund Arrowsmith">Edmund Arrowsmith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Berchmans" title="John Berchmans">John Berchmans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Berthieu" title="Jacques Berthieu">Jacques Berthieu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bobola" title="Andrew Bobola">Andrew Bobola</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Borgia" title="Francis Borgia">Francis Borgia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Br%C3%A9beuf" title="Jean de Brébeuf">Jean de Brébeuf</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Briant" title="Alexander Briant">Alexander Briant</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_de_Britto" title="John de Britto">John de Britto</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Campion" title="Edmund Campion">Edmund Campion</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Castillo_(Jesuit)" title="Juan de Castillo (Jesuit)">Juan del Castillo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Chabanel" title="Noël Chabanel">Noël Chabanel</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Claver" title="Peter Claver">Peter Claver</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claude_La_Colombi%C3%A8re" title="Claude La Colombière">Claude de la Colombière</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Daniel" title="Antoine Daniel">Antoine Daniel</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martyr_Saints_of_China" title="Martyr Saints of China">Paul Denn</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Evans_and_John_Lloyd" title="Philip Evans and John Lloyd">Philip Evans</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Faber" title="Peter Faber">Peter Faber</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Garnet" title="Thomas Garnet">Thomas Garnet</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Garnier_(missionary)" title="Charles Garnier (missionary)">Charles Garnier</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aloysius_Gonzaga" title="Aloysius Gonzaga">Aloysius Gonzaga</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roque_Gonz%C3%A1lez_y_de_Santa_Cruz" title="Roque González y de Santa Cruz">Roque González de Santa Cruz</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/26_Martyrs_of_Japan" title="26 Martyrs of Japan">John Soan de Goto</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Goupil" title="René Goupil">René Goupil</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Melchior_Grodziecki" title="Melchior Grodziecki">Melchior Grodziecki</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Hurtado" title="Alberto Hurtado">Alberto Hurtado</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9my_Isor%C3%A9" title="Rémy Isoré">Rémy Isoré</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Geronimo" title="Francis de Geronimo">Francis de Geronimo</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Jogues" title="Isaac Jogues">Isaac Jogues</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Kisai" title="James Kisai">James Kisai</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanislaus_Kostka" title="Stanislaus Kostka">Stanislaus Kostka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Lalande" title="Jean de Lalande">Jean de Lalande</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lalemant" title="Gabriel Lalemant">Gabriel Lalemant</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(Jesuit_priest)" title="David Lewis (Jesuit priest)">David Lewis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martyr_Saints_of_China" title="Martyr Saints of China">Lèon-Ignance Mangin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Miki" title="Paul Miki">Paul Miki</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morse" title="Henry Morse">Henry Morse</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Ogilvie_(saint)" title="John Ogilvie (saint)">John Ogilvie</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Owen_(Jesuit)" title="Nicholas Owen (Jesuit)">Nicholas Owen</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pignatelli" title="Joseph Pignatelli">Joseph Pignatelli</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pongracz" title="Stephen Pongracz">Stephen Pongracz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Realino" title="Bernardino Realino">Bernardino Realino</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Francis_Regis" title="John Francis Regis">John Francis Regis</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Rodriguez" title="Alphonsus Rodriguez">Alphonsus Rodriguez</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Rubio" title="José María Rubio">José María Rubio</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Southwell_(priest)" title="Robert Southwell (priest)">Robert Southwell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_de_Soveral" title="André de Soveral">André de Soveral</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Walpole" title="Henry Walpole">Henry Walpole</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Francis Xavier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Olmedo" title="Alfonso Rodríguez Olmedo">Alfonso Rodríguez Olmedo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Popes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesuit_theologians" title="List of Jesuit theologians">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Diego_Laynez" title="Diego Laynez">Diego Laynez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Molina" title="Luis de Molina">Luis de Molina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suárez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Dani%C3%A9lou" title="Jean Daniélou">Jean Daniélou</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Karl Rahner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin">Pierre Teilhard de Chardin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">Henri de Lubac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Courtney_Murray" title="John Courtney Murray">John Courtney Murray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fitzmyer" title="Joseph Fitzmyer">Joseph Fitzmyer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alonso_Rodriguez" title="Alonso Rodriguez">Alonso Rodriguez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesuit_theologians" title="List of Jesuit theologians">List of Jesuit theologians</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bollandist" title="Bollandist">Bollandist</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/La_Civilt%C3%A0_Cattolica" title="La Civiltà Cattolica">La Civiltà Cattolica</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/General_Congregation" title="General Congregation">General Congregation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Superior_General_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior General of the Society of Jesus">Superior General of the Society of Jesus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Gregorian_University" title="Pontifical Gregorian University">Pontifical Gregorian University</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Biblical_Institute" title="Pontifical Biblical Institute">Pontifical Biblical Institute</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Oriental_Institute" title="Pontifical Oriental Institute">Pontifical Oriental Institute</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_missions_in_China" title="Jesuit missions in China">Jesuit China missions</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_missions_in_North_America" title="Jesuit missions in North America">Jesuit missions in North America</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesuit_educational_institutions" title="List of Jesuit educational institutions">List of Jesuit educational institutions</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Jesuit_Universities" title="International Association of Jesuit Universities">International Association of Jesuit Universities</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ignatian_Pedagogical_Paradigm" title="Ignatian Pedagogical Paradigm">Ignatian Pedagogical Paradigm</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Ges%C3%B9" title="Church of the Gesù">Church of the Gesù</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Madonna_Della_Strada" title="Madonna Della Strada">Madonna Della Strada</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Saint-Pierre_de_Montmartre" title="Saint-Pierre de Montmartre">Saint-Pierre de Montmartre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Acquaviva" title="Claudio Acquaviva">Claudio Acquaviva</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Jesus" title="Category:Society of Jesus">Category</a></b></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Christianity" title="Template talk:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Christianity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">2nd and 3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" title="Christianity in the 4th century">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_5th_century" title="Christianity in the 5th century">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_6th_century" title="Christianity in the 6th century">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_7th_century" title="Christianity in the 7th century">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_8th_century" title="Christianity in the 8th century">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_9th_century" title="Christianity in the 9th century">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_10th_century" title="Christianity in the 10th century">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_11th_century" title="Christianity in the 11th century">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_12th_century" title="Christianity in the 12th century">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_13th_century" title="Christianity in the 13th century">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_14th_century" title="Christianity in the 14th century">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_15th_century" title="Christianity in the 15th century">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_16th_century" title="Christianity in the 16th century">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_17th_century" title="Christianity in the 17th century">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_18th_century" title="Christianity in the 18th century">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_19th_century" title="Christianity in the 19th century">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_20th_century" title="Christianity in the 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_21st_century" title="Christianity in the 21st century">21st</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins and<br />Apostolic Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Life of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene<br />period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province" title="Christianity in the Roman Africa province">Early African</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">Roman state religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Non-Chalcedonian Christianity">Non-Chalcedonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Development of primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_opposition_to_papal_supremacy" title="Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy">Eastern Orthodox opposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Lateran IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_patronage_of_Julius_II" title="Art patronage of Julius II">Art patronage of Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xavier</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Monastery dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_rock" title="Mass rock">Mass rocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priest_hole" title="Priest hole">priest holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Neo-Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Neo-Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesial_community" title="Ecclesial community">Ecclesial community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">Eastern<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon#History" title="Icon">Icons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iconodulism" title="Iconodulism">Iconodulism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Greece" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Timeline of Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Iceland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Slavs" title="Christianization of the Slavs">Slavs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bohemia" title="Christianization of Bohemia">Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Poland" title="Christianization of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Pomerania" title="Christianization of Pomerania">Pomerania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Brethren" title="Apostolic Brethren">Apostolic Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulcinian">Dulcinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Early_Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Early Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Five Ways</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">Wycliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Papal Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Hus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synods</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation#Politics" title="Counter-Reformation">Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_theory_in_the_Early_Modern_period#Christian_resistance_theories_of_the_early_modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance theory in the Early Modern period">Resistance theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state#Reformation" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemite" title="Nicodemite">Nicodemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymnody_of_continental_Europe" title="Hymnody of continental Europe">Hymnody of continental Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_and_material_principles_of_theology" title="Formal and material principles of theology">Formal and material principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformation_literature" title="Template:Reformation literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lutheranism" title="History of Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Melanchthon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Reformed_Christianity" title="History of Reformed Christianity">Calvinism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">TULIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_baptismal_theology" title="Reformed baptismal theology">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Dort" title="Synod of Dort">Dort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Forms_of_Unity" title="Three Forms of Unity">Three Forms of Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Assembly" title="Westminster Assembly">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_orthodoxy" title="Reformed orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Metrical psalters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Anglicanism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_English_Reformation" title="Timeline of the English Reformation">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Cranmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">39 Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Church music</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist_theology" title="Anabaptist theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel" title="Conrad Grebel">Grebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Brethren" title="Swiss Brethren">Swiss Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Synod" title="Martyrs' Synod">Martyrs' Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smyth_(English_theologian)" title="John Smyth (English theologian)">Smyth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ausbund" title="Ausbund">Ausbund</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1640–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_toleration#Early_modern_period" title="Edict of toleration">Edicts of toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerism" title="Millerism">Millerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Fostering of early experimental science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutherans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1789–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="History of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="History of the Latter Day Saint movement">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_(Finnish_religious_movement)" title="Awakening (Finnish religious movement)">Finnish Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93Modernist_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy">Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five <i>solae</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic Movement">Charismatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Great_Awakening" title="Fourth Great Awakening">Fourth Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline</a> Protestants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_martyrs" title="List of Christian martyrs">Martyrs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Category:History of the Catholic Church by country">By country or region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Catholic ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Curia" title="History of the Roman Curia">History of the Roman Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">Religious institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Christian monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Catholic culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a><br />(30–325/476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of Christianity">Origins</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a> (30–100)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Commissioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Split of Christianity and Judaism">Split with Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ante-Nicene_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a> (100–325)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Clement I">Pope Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a><br />(313–476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Great_Church(180–451)Romanstate_church(380–451)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a><br />(180–451)<br /><a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">Roman<br />state church</a><br />(380–451)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arian_controversy" title="Arian controversy">Arian controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Pope Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Second Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Third Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Saint Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Catholic_Church)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Catholic Church)">Fourth Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_clash_between_the_Church_and_the_Empire" title="The clash between the Church and the Empire">Clash against the empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="First Council of the Lateran">First Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Second Council of the Lateran">Second Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Third Council of the Lateran">Third Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Fourth Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Lyon" title="First Council of Lyon">First Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Second Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Pope Clement V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Vienne" title="Council of Vienne">Council of Vienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exsurge_Domine" title="Exsurge Domine">Exsurge Domine</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Dissolution of the monasteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Neri" title="Philip Neri">Philip Neri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to the<br /><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Pope Innocent XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">Suppression of the Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pope Pius VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimabara_Rebellion" title="Shimabara Rebellion">Shimabara Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pope Pius VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church and politics in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_La_Salette" title="Our Lady of La Salette">Our Lady of La Salette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Our Lady of Lourdes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Papal infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_the_Divine_Heart" title="Mary of the Divine Heart">Mary of the Divine Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Consecration_to_the_Sacred_Heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart">Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_20th_century" title="Catholic Church in the 20th century">20th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Our Lady of Fátima">Our Lady of Fátima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecutions_of_the_Catholic_Church_and_Pius_XII" title="Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII">Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_1942_consecration_to_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge">Mit brennender Sorge</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pacem_in_terris" title="Pacem in terris">Pacem in terris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Pope_Paul_VI" title="Coronation of Pope Paul VI">coronation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">Pope John Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_1995" title="World Youth Day 1995">1995</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2000" title="World Youth Day 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2002" title="World Youth Day 2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2005" title="World Youth Day 2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2008" title="World Youth Day 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2011" title="World Youth Day 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2013" title="World Youth Day 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2016" title="World Youth Day 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2019" title="World Youth Day 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2023" title="World Youth Day 2023">2023</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Declaration_of_Pope_Francis_and_Patriarch_Kirill" title="Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill">Patriarch Kirill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Catholic_theology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Template:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Template talk:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Catholic_theology" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_dogmatic_theology" title="Catholic dogmatic theology">History of Catholic theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Key figures</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of Christian theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">First Epistle of Clement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Shepherd_of_Hermas" title="The Shepherd of Hermas">The Shepherd of Hermas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristides_of_Athens" title="Aristides of Athens">Aristides of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Diognetus" title="Epistle to Diognetus">Epistle to Diognetus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novatian" title="Novatian">Antipope Novatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a> to<br /><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">John Cassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Pope Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">John Climacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecthesis" title="Ecthesis">Ecthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">Transubstantiation dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulinus_II_of_Aquileia" title="Paulinus II of Aquileia">Paulinus II of Aquileia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Aniane" title="Benedict of Aniane">Benedict of Aniane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabanus_Maurus" title="Rabanus Maurus">Rabanus Maurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschasius_Radbertus" title="Paschasius Radbertus">Paschasius Radbertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">John Scotus Eriugena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roscellinus" title="Roscellinus">Roscellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengar_of_Tours" title="Berengar of Tours">Berengar of Tours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_of_Fiore" title="Joachim of Fiore">Joachim of Fiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decretum_Gratiani" title="Decretum Gratiani">Decretum Gratiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Peter Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Laon" title="Anselm of Laon">Anselm of Laon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor" title="Hugh of Saint Victor">Hugh of Saint Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic de Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Robert Grosseteste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Nazareth" title="Beatrice of Nazareth">Beatrice of Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boetius_of_Dacia" title="Boetius of Dacia">Boetius of Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Ghent" title="Henry of Ghent">Henry of Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siger_of_Brabant" title="Siger of Brabant">Siger of Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a> and reforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Ramon Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rolle" title="Richard Rolle">Richard Rolle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_van_Ruysbroeck" class="mw-redirect" title="John van Ruysbroeck">John of Ruusbroec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridget_of_Sweden" title="Bridget of Sweden">Bridget of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Meister Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Tauler" title="Johannes Tauler">Johannes Tauler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hilton" title="Walter Hilton">Walter Hilton</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cloud_of_Unknowing" title="The Cloud of Unknowing">The Cloud of Unknowing</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Suso" title="Henry Suso">Heinrich Seuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geert_Groote" title="Geert Groote">Geert Groote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devotio_Moderna" title="Devotio Moderna">Devotio Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_of_Norwich" title="Julian of Norwich">Julian of Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_%C3%A0_Kempis" title="Thomas à Kempis">Thomas à Kempis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Nicholas of Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Giovanni Pico della Mirandola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cajetan" title="Thomas Cajetan">Thomas Cajetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Eck" title="Johann Eck">Johann Eck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Francisco de Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Villanova" title="Thomas of Villanova">Thomas of Villanova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Osuna" title="Francisco de Osuna">Francisco de Osuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_%C3%81vila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Luis de León">Luis de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Molina" title="Luis de Molina">Luis de Molina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to<br /><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Tommaso Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_B%C3%A9rulle" title="Pierre de Bérulle">Pierre de Bérulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi" title="Pierre Gassendi">Pierre Gassendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Jesus_of_%C3%81greda" title="Mary of Jesus of Ágreda">Mary of Jesus of Ágreda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Vieira" title="António Vieira">António Vieira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Olier" title="Jean-Jacques Olier">Jean-Jacques Olier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Thomassin" title="Louis Thomassin">Louis Thomassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_F%C3%A9nelon" title="François Fénelon">François Fénelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Jansen" title="Cornelius Jansen">Cornelius Jansen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Giambattista Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Montfort" title="Louis de Montfort">Louis de Montfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Gaetana_Agnesi" title="Maria Gaetana Agnesi">Maria Gaetana Agnesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Muzzarelli" title="Alfonso Muzzarelli">Alfonso Muzzarelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Michael_Sailer" title="Johann Michael Sailer">Johann Michael Sailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Mary_Hofbauer" title="Clement Mary Hofbauer">Clement Mary Hofbauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Lanteri" title="Bruno Lanteri">Bruno Lanteri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_G%C3%B6rres" title="Joseph Görres">Joseph Görres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Félicité de La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Taparelli" title="Luigi Taparelli">Luigi Taparelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rosmini" title="Antonio Rosmini">Antonio Rosmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_von_D%C3%B6llinger" title="Ignaz von Döllinger">Ignaz von Döllinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Henri_Lacordaire" title="Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire">Henri Lacordaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Balmes" title="Jaime Balmes">Jaime Balmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Sanseverino" title="Gaetano Sanseverino">Gaetano Sanseverino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Maria_Cornoldi" title="Giovanni Maria Cornoldi">Giovanni Maria Cornoldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Emmanuel_von_Ketteler" title="Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler">Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherr von Ketteler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pecci" title="Giuseppe Pecci">Giuseppe Pecci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hergenr%C3%B6ther" title="Joseph Hergenröther">Joseph Hergenröther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Maria_Zigliara" title="Tommaso Maria Zigliara">Tommaso Maria Zigliara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Joseph_Scheeben" title="Matthias Joseph Scheeben">Matthias Joseph Scheeben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Boutroux" title="Émile Boutroux">Émile Boutroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bloy" title="Léon Bloy">Léon Bloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier" title="Désiré-Joseph Mercier">Désiré-Joseph Mercier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_H%C3%BCgel" title="Friedrich von Hügel">Friedrich von Hügel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Joseph_Lagrange" title="Marie-Joseph Lagrange">Marie-Joseph Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tyrrell" title="George Tyrrell">George Tyrrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blondel" title="Maurice Blondel">Maurice Blondel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ginald_Garrigou-Lagrange" title="Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange">Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin">Pierre Teilhard de Chardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Jacques Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Gilson" title="Étienne Gilson">Étienne Gilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Knox" title="Ronald Knox">Ronald Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bernanos" title="Georges Bernanos">Georges Bernanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">Dietrich von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Dominique_Chenu" title="Marie-Dominique Chenu">Marie-Dominique Chenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Guardini" title="Romano Guardini">Romano Guardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Edith Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_J._Sheen" title="Fulton J. Sheen">Fulton Sheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">Henri de Lubac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Daniel-Rops" title="Henri Daniel-Rops">Henri Daniel-Rops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Guitton" title="Jean Guitton">Jean Guitton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josemar%C3%ADa_Escriv%C3%A1" title="Josemaría Escrivá">Josemaría Escrivá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_th%C3%A9ologie" title="Nouvelle théologie">Nouvelle théologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Karl Rahner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Congar" title="Yves Congar">Yves Congar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lonergan" title="Bernard Lonergan">Bernard Lonergan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Mounier" title="Emmanuel Mounier">Emmanuel Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Dani%C3%A9lou" title="Jean Daniélou">Jean Daniélou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Hans Urs von Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lefebvre" title="Marcel Lefebvre">Marcel Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Frederick Copleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Delp" title="Alfred Delp">Alfred Delp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Schillebeeckx" title="Edward Schillebeeckx">Edward Schillebeeckx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Merton" title="Thomas Merton">Thomas Merton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">René Girard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_K%C3%BCng" title="Hans Küng">Hans Küng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Metz" title="Johann Baptist Metz">Johann Baptist Metz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Vanier" title="Jean Vanier">Jean Vanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Nouwen" title="Henri Nouwen">Henri Nouwen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_von_Hildebrand" title="Alice von Hildebrand">Alice von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maria_Martini" title="Carlo Maria Martini">Carlo Maria Martini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Gustavo Gutiérrez">Gustavo Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">Alasdair MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kasper" title="Walter Kasper">Walter Kasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raniero_Cantalamessa" title="Raniero Cantalamessa">Raniero Cantalamessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Heller" title="Michał Heller">Michał Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Peter Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Hal%C3%ADk" title="Tomáš Halík">Tomáš Halík</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aidan_Nichols" title="Aidan Nichols">Aidan Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Hahn" title="Scott Hahn">Scott Hahn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity_in_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_in_China" title="Template:Christianity in China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_in_China" title="Template talk:Christianity in China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity in China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity_in_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_China" title="Christianity in China">Christianity in China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Chinese_history" title="Timeline of Chinese history">Timeline of Chinese history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_China" title="Catholic Church in China">Catholic Church in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Sichuan" title="Catholic Church in Sichuan">Catholic Church in Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Shaanxi" title="Catholic Church in Shaanxi">Catholic Church in Shaanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Tibet" title="Catholic Church in Tibet">Catholic Church in Tibet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_China" title="Protestantism in China">Protestantism in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Sichuan" title="Protestantism in Sichuan">Protestantism in Sichuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Orthodox_Church" title="Chinese Orthodox Church">Chinese Orthodox Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_names_for_the_God_of_Abrahamic_religions" title="Chinese names for the God of Abrahamic religions">Terms for God</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tianzhu_(Chinese_name_of_God)" title="Tianzhu (Chinese name of God)">Tianzhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_(Chinese_religion)" title="Shen (Chinese religion)">Shen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangdi" title="Shangdi">Shangdi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Chinese" title="Bible translations into Chinese">Bible translations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delegates%27_Version" title="Delegates' Version">Delegates' Version</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Union_Version" title="Chinese Union Version">Chinese Union Version</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studium_Biblicum_Version" title="Studium Biblicum Version">Studium Biblicum Version</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Version" title="Chinese New Version">Chinese New Version</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Today%27s_Chinese_Version" title="Today's Chinese Version">Today's Chinese Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_hymn_books" title="List of Chinese hymn books">Hymns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hymns_of_Universal_Praise" title="Hymns of Universal Praise">Hymns of Universal Praise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Hymnal" title="Chinese New Hymnal">Chinese New Hymnal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaan_Hymns" title="Canaan Hymns">Canaan Hymns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission history</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East_in_China" title="Church of the East in China">Church of the East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_Stele" title="Xi'an Stele">Xi'an Stele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingjiao_Documents" title="Jingjiao Documents">Jingjiao Documents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogao_Christian_painting" title="Mogao Christian painting">Mogao Christian painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murals_from_the_Christian_temple_at_Qocho" title="Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho">Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alopen" title="Alopen">Alopen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_(monk)" title="Adam (monk)">Adam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Catholic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_missions_to_Mongol_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic missions to Mongol China">Franciscan missions (Yuan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_China_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit China missions">Jesuit missions (Ming)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Foreign_Missions_Society" title="Paris Foreign Missions Society">Foreign Missions Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Montecorvino" title="John of Montecorvino">John of Montecorvino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odoric_of_Pordenone" title="Odoric of Pordenone">Odoric of Pordenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_de%27_Marignolli" title="Giovanni de' Marignolli">Giovanni de' Marignolli</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Matteo Ricci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Bouvet" title="Joachim Bouvet">Joachim Bouvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Zottoli" title="Angelo Zottoli">Angelo Zottoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric-Vincent_Lebbe" title="Frédéric-Vincent Lebbe">Frédéric-Vincent Lebbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Rites_controversy" title="Chinese Rites controversy">Chinese Rites controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_Saints_of_China" title="Martyr Saints of China">Martyr Saints of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_College,_Macau" title="St. Paul's College, Macau">St. Paul's College, Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestant_missions_in_China" title="Protestant missions in China">Protestant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Protestant_missionary_societies_in_China_(1807%E2%80%931953)" title="List of Protestant missionary societies in China (1807–1953)">Agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_missions_in_China" title="Medical missions in China">Medical missions in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morrison_(missionary)" title="Robert Morrison (missionary)">Robert Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_G%C3%BCtzlaff" title="Karl Gützlaff">Karl Gützlaff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divie_Bethune_McCartee" title="Divie Bethune McCartee">Divie Bethune McCartee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Taylor" title="Hudson Taylor">Hudson Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lottie_Moon" title="Lottie Moon">Lottie Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Richard" title="Timothy Richard">Timothy Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Goforth" title="Jonathan Goforth">Jonathan Goforth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Seven" title="Cambridge Seven">Cambridge Seven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Liddell" title="Eric Liddell">Eric Liddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladys_Aylward" title="Gladys Aylward">Gladys Aylward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Protestant_missionaries_in_China" title="List of Protestant missionaries in China"><i>(more...)</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By province<br />and region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_China" title="East China">East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Anhui" title="Christianity in Anhui">Christianity in Anhui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Fujian" title="Christianity in Fujian">Christianity in Fujian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Jiangsu" title="Christianity in Jiangsu">Christianity in Jiangsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Jiangxi" title="Christianity in Jiangxi">Christianity in Jiangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Shandong" title="Christianity in Shandong">Christianity in Shandong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Shanghai" title="Christianity in Shanghai">Christianity in Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Zhejiang" title="Christianity in Zhejiang">Christianity in Zhejiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_China" title="Western China">West</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sichuan" title="Christianity in Sichuan">Christianity in Chongqing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Gansu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in Gansu (page does not exist)">Christianity in Gansu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Guizhou" title="Christianity in Guizhou">Christianity in Guizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Ningxia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in Ningxia (page does not exist)">Christianity in Ningxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Qinghai" title="Christianity in Qinghai">Christianity in Qinghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Shaanxi" title="Catholic Church in Shaanxi">Christianity in Shaanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sichuan" title="Christianity in Sichuan">Christianity in Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tibet#Christianity" title="Religion in Tibet">Christianity in Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Xinjiang" title="Christianity in Xinjiang">Christianity in Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Yunnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Yunnan">Christianity in Yunnan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_China" title="Central China">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Henan" title="Christianity in Henan">Christianity in Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Hubei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in Hubei (page does not exist)">Christianity in Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Hunan" title="Christianity in Hunan">Christianity in Hunan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_China" title="North China">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Beijing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in Beijing (page does not exist)">Christianity in Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Hebei" title="Christianity in Hebei">Christianity in Hebei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Heilongjiang" title="Christianity in Heilongjiang">Christianity in Heilongjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Inner_Mongolia" title="Christianity in Inner Mongolia">Christianity in Inner Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Jilin" title="Christianity in Jilin">Christianity in Jilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Liaoning" title="Christianity in Liaoning">Christianity in Liaoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Shanxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Shanxi">Christianity in Shanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Tianjin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in Tianjin (page does not exist)">Christianity in Tianjin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_China" title="South China">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Guangdong" title="Christianity in Guangdong">Christianity in Guangdong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Guangxi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in Guangxi (page does not exist)">Christianity in Guangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Hainan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in Hainan (page does not exist)">Christianity in Hainan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Hong_Kong" title="Christianity in Hong Kong">Christianity in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Macau#Christianity" title="Religion in Macau">Christianity in Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chinese Christians <br /><small>(by period of <br />prominence)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candida_Xu" title="Candida Xu">Candida Xu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Guangqi" title="Xu Guangqi">Xu Guangqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Tingyun" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang Tingyun">Yang Tingyun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Xiuquan" title="Hong Xiuquan">Hong Xiuchuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Fa" title="Liang Fa">Liang Fa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Shengmo" title="Xi Shengmo">Xi Shengmo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T._C._Chao" title="T. C. Chao">T. C. Chao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Jingyi" title="Cheng Jingyi">Cheng Jingyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Yuzhi" title="Deng Yuzhi"> Deng Yuzhi (Cora Deng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Yuxiang" title="Feng Yuxiang">Feng Yuxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hsu" title="Francis Hsu">Francis Hsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jia_Yuming" title="Jia Yuming">Jia Yuming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Zhengxiang" title="Lu Zhengxiang">Lu Zhengxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xiangbo" title="Ma Xiangbo">Ma Xiangbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchman_Nee" title="Watchman Nee">Watchman Nee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Stone_(doctor)" title="Mary Stone (doctor)">Mary Stone (Shi Meiyu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sung" title="John Sung">John Sung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yatsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeng_Baosun" title="Zeng Baosun">Tseng Pao-sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Ming-Dao" title="Wang Ming-Dao">Wang Ming-Dao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_C._M._Wei" title="Francis C. M. Wei">Francis C. M. Wei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wei" title="Paul Wei">Paul Wei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ching_Hsiung_Wu" title="John Ching Hsiung Wu">John Ching Hsiung Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Leichuan" title="Wu Leichuan">Wu Leichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Yi-fang" title="Wu Yi-fang">Wu Yi-fang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y._C._James_Yen" title="Y. C. James Yen">Y. C. James Yen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ying_Lianzhi" title="Ying Lianzhi">Ying Lianzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dora_Yu" title="Dora Yu">Dora Yu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Yu_Pin" title="Paul Yu Pin">Paul Yu Pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Z._T._Yui" title="David Z. T. Yui">David Z. T. Yui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's<br />Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gu" title="Joseph Gu">Joseph Gu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Guanghu" title="He Guanghu">He Guanghu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloysius_Jin_Luxian" title="Aloysius Jin Luxian">Aloysius Jin Luxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Kung_Pin-Mei" title="Ignatius Kung Pin-Mei">Ignatius Kung Pin-Mei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Lamb" title="Samuel Lamb">Samuel Lamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Shengben" title="Lin Shengben">Lin Shengben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaofeng_(academic)" title="Liu Xiaofeng (academic)">Liu Xiaofeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Xiaomin" title="Lu Xiaomin">Lü Xiaomin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Lu" title="Matthias Lu">Matthias Lu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._H._Ting" title="K. H. Ting">K. H. Ting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Weifan" title="Wang Weifan">Wang Weifan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yi_(pastor)" title="Wang Yi (pastor)">Wang Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y._T._Wu" title="Y. T. Wu">Y. T. Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Yuan" title="Allen Yuan">Allen Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Fusan" title="Zhao Fusan">Zhao Fusan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_China" title="Freedom of religion in China">Church-state relations<br />in People's Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Patriotic_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Patriotic Association">Catholic Patriotic Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_church" title="Underground church">Underground church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Manifesto" title="The Christian Manifesto">The Christian Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lianghui_(Protestantism)" title="Lianghui (Protestantism)">Protestant Lianghui</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three-Self_Patriotic_Movement" title="Three-Self Patriotic Movement">Three-Self Patriotic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Christian_Council" title="China Christian Council">China Christian Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Protestant_theological_seminaries_in_China" title="List of Protestant theological seminaries in China">Seminaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_church_(China)" title="House church (China)">House church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_rites_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese rites controversy">Rites controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Century_of_humiliation" title="Century of humiliation">Century of humiliation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opium_Wars" title="Opium Wars">Opium Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangzhou_riot" title="Yangzhou riot">Yangzhou riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin_Massacre" title="Tianjin Massacre">Tianjin Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">Xinhai Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_Movement_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Christian Movement (China)">Anti-Christian Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanking_incident_of_1927" title="Nanking incident of 1927">Nanjing incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boluan_Fanzheng" title="Boluan Fanzheng">Boluan Fanzheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Impact</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_China#Jesuit_activity_in_China" title="History of science and technology in China">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion#China" title="Sex-selective abortion">Anti-sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_binding#History" title="Foot binding">Anti-footbinding campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium#Prohibition_and_conflict_in_China" title="Opium">Anti-opium campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Chinese#Missionary_systems" title="Romanization of Chinese">Chinese Roman Type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese#Romanization" title="Cantonese">Cantonese Roman Type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_colleges_in_China" title="List of Christian colleges in China">Chinese Christian Colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchurian_revival" title="Manchurian revival">Manchurian revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Christian_theology" title="Sino-Christian theology">Sino-Christian theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interdenominational<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Christian_Council" title="China Christian Council">China Christian Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Christian_Council_of_China" title="National Christian Council of China">National Christian Council of China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163900#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163900#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163900#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121013028">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/51717999">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/19223/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJx4t6hwFp3B3hyyxVdbBP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118535021">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50072225">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12096006t">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12096006t">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00439991">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Francisco : Xavier <santo>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/VIAV088703">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an53004809">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0005803&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1137136">Spain</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX932331">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/23628">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071144528">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/98001355">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000203174&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000029162&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000157725">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/pm14br375lz010r">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810566616705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/17211">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007261389705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058523440006706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14064866">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00683559?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/271374">RKD Artists</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/95483302">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1533207">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118535021.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118535021">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029305837">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6jm3m85">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francis_Xavier&oldid=1260965290">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francis_Xavier&oldid=1260965290</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1506_births" title="Category:1506 births">1506 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1552_deaths" title="Category:1552 deaths">1552 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_Christian_saints" title="Category:16th-century Christian saints">16th-century Christian saints</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_Spanish_Jesuits" title="Category:16th-century Spanish Jesuits">16th-century Spanish Jesuits</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anglican_saints" title="Category:Anglican saints">Anglican saints</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jesuit_missionaries_in_China" title="Category:Jesuit missionaries in China">Jesuit missionaries in China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jesuit_saints" title="Category:Jesuit saints">Jesuit saints</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lutheran_saints" title="Category:Lutheran saints">Lutheran saints</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_celebrated_in_the_Lutheran_liturgical_calendar" title="Category:People celebrated in the Lutheran liturgical calendar">People celebrated in the Lutheran liturgical calendar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Roman_Catholic_missionaries_in_Japan" title="Category:Roman Catholic missionaries in Japan">Roman Catholic missionaries in Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_Roman_Catholic_missionaries" title="Category:Spanish Roman Catholic missionaries">Spanish Roman Catholic missionaries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_Roman_Catholic_saints" title="Category:Spanish Roman Catholic saints">Spanish Roman Catholic saints</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:University_of_Paris_alumni" title="Category:University of Paris alumni">University of Paris alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_exploration_in_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Category:Spanish exploration in the Age of Discovery">Spanish exploration in the Age of Discovery</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Portuguese_exploration_in_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Category:Portuguese exploration in the Age of Discovery">Portuguese exploration in the Age of Discovery</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canonizations_by_Pope_Gregory_XV" title="Category:Canonizations by Pope Gregory XV">Canonizations by Pope Gregory XV</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Tafalla_(comarca)" title="Category:People from Tafalla (comarca)">People from Tafalla (comarca)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_people_from_the_Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Category:16th-century people from the Kingdom of Navarre">16th-century people from the Kingdom of Navarre</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Incorrupt_saints" title="Category:Incorrupt saints">Incorrupt saints</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:Articles with Italian-language sources (it)">Articles with Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_European_Spanish-language_sources_(es-es)" title="Category:CS1 European Spanish-language sources (es-es)">CS1 European Spanish-language sources (es-es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from March 2023">Use dmy dates from March 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_shortened_footnotes_from_May_2023" title="Category:Use shortened footnotes from May 2023">Use shortened footnotes from May 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biography_with_signature" title="Category:Biography with signature">Biography with signature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2021" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2021">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1913_Catholic_Encyclopedia_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference">Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:Articles with French-language sources (fr)">Articles with French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Internet_Archive_links" title="Category:Articles with Internet Archive links">Articles with Internet Archive links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LibriVox_links" title="Category:Articles with LibriVox links">Articles with LibriVox links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 3 December 2024, at 15:22<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francis_Xavier&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-67847f4bfd-c6hww","wgBackendResponseTime":179,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.033","walltime":"2.446","ppvisitednodes":{"value":12126,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":381129,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":13876,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":14,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":331606,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1924.460 1 -total"," 23.37% 449.702 2 Template:Reflist"," 12.18% 234.361 2 Template:Infobox"," 11.96% 230.084 1 Template:Infobox_saint"," 11.53% 221.984 34 Template:Cite_web"," 11.02% 212.039 42 Template:Sfn"," 6.94% 133.500 1 Template:Lang"," 6.40% 123.206 1 Template:Jesuit"," 6.18% 118.949 1 Template:Sidebar"," 5.06% 97.284 17 Template:Cite_book"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.165","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21301803,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAstrain1909\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAttwater1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarbosa2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrockey2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrodrick1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButler,_Rev._Alban\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColeridge1872\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCouto2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeSouza\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Rosa2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiPippo2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDownes2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuignan1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllis2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffith\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuo2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGupta2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJayne1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKadič1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLach1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLang2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMisquita2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeill2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFP.1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPacheco1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPope_Pius_XI1927\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRao1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRicklefs1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoldán-Figueroa2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSagredo2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchurhammer1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVlam1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWintz2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZuloaga_SJ\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Mendonça,_D.2002\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 4,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Christianity and China\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite CE1913\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 17,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 34,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Cslist\"] = 2,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Xavier, Francis\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"EB1911 poster\"] = 1,\n [\"Family name hatnote\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 2,\n [\"History of Catholic theology\"] = 1,\n [\"History of Christianity\"] = 1,\n [\"History of the Roman Catholic Church\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"In lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox manner of address\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox person\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox saint\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 1,\n [\"Jesuit\"] = 1,\n [\"Jesuits\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Librivox author\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 42,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 1,\n [\"Ublist\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Use shortened footnotes\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 7,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","360","30.5"],["?","260","22.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","60","5.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","60","5.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","40","3.4"],["pairsfunc \u003Cmw.lua:676\u003E","40","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","40","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","40","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","40","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","20","1.7"],["[others]","220","18.6"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-67847f4bfd-ljswk","timestamp":"20241203152245","ttl":2450251,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Francis Xavier","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Francis_Xavier","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q163900","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q163900","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-17T21:16:53Z","dateModified":"2024-12-03T15:22:34Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/db\/Franciscus_de_Xabier.jpg","headline":"Spanish Catholic saint and missionary (1506\u20131552)"}</script> </body> </html>