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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Growth (1760–1830)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth_(1760–1830)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peak_production_(1831–1878)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peak_production_(1831–1878)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Peak production (1831–1878)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Peak_production_(1831–1878)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Peak production (1831–1878) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Peak_production_(1831–1878)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Expansion_at_Blaenau_Ffestiniog" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_at_Blaenau_Ffestiniog"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Expansion at Blaenau Ffestiniog</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion_at_Blaenau_Ffestiniog-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanization_and_increased_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanization_and_increased_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Mechanization and increased production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanization_and_increased_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Workers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Workers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Workers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Workers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_unrest_and_decline_(1879–1938)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_unrest_and_decline_(1879–1938)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Industrial unrest and decline (1879–1938)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Industrial_unrest_and_decline_(1879–1938)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Industrial unrest and decline (1879–1938) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Industrial_unrest_and_decline_(1879–1938)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Labour_disputes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labour_disputes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Labour disputes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labour_disputes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_in_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_in_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Decline in production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_in_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_large-scale_production_(1939–2005)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_large-scale_production_(1939–2005)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>End of large-scale production (1939–2005)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_large-scale_production_(1939–2005)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Welsh_slate_today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Welsh_slate_today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Welsh slate today</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Welsh_slate_today-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Welsh slate today subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Welsh_slate_today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Quarries_still_producing_slate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quarries_still_producing_slate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Quarries still producing slate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quarries_still_producing_slate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visitor_attractions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visitor_attractions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Visitor attractions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visitor_attractions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slate_landscape_of_Northwest_Wales_-_World_Heritage_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slate_landscape_of_Northwest_Wales_-_World_Heritage_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Slate landscape of Northwest Wales - World Heritage status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slate_landscape_of_Northwest_Wales_-_World_Heritage_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Cultural influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Slate industry in Wales</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schieferindustrie_in_Wales" title="Schieferindustrie in Wales – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schieferindustrie in Wales" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industria_de_pizarra_en_Gales" title="Industria de pizarra en Gales – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Industria de pizarra en Gales" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrie_ardoisi%C3%A8re_au_pays_de_Galles" title="Industrie ardoisière au pays de Galles – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Industrie ardoisière au pays de Galles" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A2%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%95%D7%97%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A1" title="תעשיית הלווחה בוויילס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תעשיית הלווחה בוויילס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nansow_Legh_Kembra_North" title="Nansow Legh Kembra North – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Nansow Legh Kembra North" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrija_tal-lavanja_f%27Wales" title="Industrija tal-lavanja f'Wales – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Industrija tal-lavanja f'Wales" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ind%C3%BAstria_de_ard%C3%B3sia_no_Pa%C3%ADs_de_Gales" title="Indústria de ardósia no País de Gales – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Indústria de ardósia no País de Gales" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chwareli-RZ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chwareli-RZ.jpg/220px-Chwareli-RZ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chwareli-RZ.jpg/330px-Chwareli-RZ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chwareli-RZ.jpg/440px-Chwareli-RZ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1225" data-file-height="776" /></a><figcaption>Splitting of the slate blocks with hammer and chisel to produce roofing slates requires great skill. This process was not mechanised until the second half of the 20th century, and some slate is still produced in this way. These quarrymen are working at the <a href="/wiki/Dinorwic_Quarry" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinorwic Quarry">Dinorwic Quarry</a>, Wales, about 1910.</figcaption></figure> <p>The existence of a <b>slate industry in Wales</b> is attested since the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman period</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">slate</a> was used to <a href="/wiki/Roof" title="Roof">roof</a> the fort at <a href="/wiki/Segontium_Roman_Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Segontium Roman Fort">Segontium</a>, now <a href="/wiki/Caernarfon" title="Caernarfon">Caernarfon</a>. The slate industry grew slowly until the early 18th century, then rapidly during the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution_in_Wales" title="Industrial Revolution in Wales">Industrial Revolution in Wales</a> until the late 19th century, at which time the most important slate producing areas were in northwest <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>. These sites included the <a href="/wiki/Penrhyn_Quarry" class="mw-redirect" title="Penrhyn Quarry">Penrhyn Quarry</a> near <a href="/wiki/Bethesda,_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Bethesda, Wales">Bethesda</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dinorwic_Quarry" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinorwic Quarry">Dinorwic Quarry</a> near <a href="/wiki/Llanberis" title="Llanberis">Llanberis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nantlle_Valley" title="Nantlle Valley">Nantlle Valley</a> quarries, and <a href="/wiki/Blaenau_Ffestiniog" title="Blaenau Ffestiniog">Blaenau Ffestiniog</a>, where the slate was <a href="/wiki/Slate_industry" title="Slate industry">mined</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">quarried</a>. Penrhyn and Dinorwig were the two largest slate quarries in the world, and the <a href="/wiki/Oakeley_Quarry" class="mw-redirect" title="Oakeley Quarry">Oakeley mine</a> at Blaenau Ffestiniog was the largest slate mine in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slate is mainly used for roofing, but is also produced as thicker slab for a variety of uses including flooring, worktops and <a href="/wiki/Headstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Headstone">headstones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lindsay_p._133_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lindsay_p._133-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Up to the end of the 18th century, slate was extracted on a small scale by groups of quarrymen who paid a royalty to the landlord, carted slate to the ports, and then shipped it to England, Ireland and sometimes France. Towards the close of the century, the landowners began to operate the quarries themselves, on a larger scale. After the government abolished slate duty in 1831, rapid expansion was propelled by the building of <a href="/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrow gauge railway">narrow gauge railways</a> to transport the slates to the ports. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Slate_industry" title="Slate industry">slate industry</a> dominated the economy of north-west Wales during the second half of the 19th century, but was on a much smaller scale elsewhere. In 1898, a work force of 17,000 men produced half a million tons of slate. A bitter industrial dispute at the Penrhyn Quarry between 1900 and 1903 marked the beginning of its decline, and the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a> saw a great reduction in the number of men employed in the industry. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a> led to the closure of many smaller quarries, and competition from other roofing materials, particularly <a href="/wiki/Tile" title="Tile">tiles</a>, resulted in the closure of most of the larger quarries in the 1960s and 1970s. Slate production continues on a much reduced scale. </p><p>On 28 July 2021, the slate landscape of northwest Wales was awarded the status of a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whilst as early as 2018 Welsh slate was designated by the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Geological_Sciences" title="International Union of Geological Sciences">International Union of Geological Sciences</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Global_Heritage_Stone_Resource" title="Global Heritage Stone Resource">Global Heritage Stone Resource</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beginnings">Beginnings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slate_industry_in_Wales&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Beginnings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Welsh_slate_deposits_recoloured.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Welsh_slate_deposits_recoloured.svg/220px-Welsh_slate_deposits_recoloured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Welsh_slate_deposits_recoloured.svg/330px-Welsh_slate_deposits_recoloured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Welsh_slate_deposits_recoloured.svg/440px-Welsh_slate_deposits_recoloured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>The most important slate deposits in Wales are the <a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a> deposits south of <a href="/wiki/Bangor,_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangor, Wales">Bangor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caernarfon" title="Caernarfon">Caernarfon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician</a> deposits around <a href="/wiki/Blaenau_Ffestiniog" title="Blaenau Ffestiniog">Blaenau Ffestiniog</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The slate deposits of Wales belong to three geological series: <a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian</a>. The Cambrian deposits run south-west from Conwy to near <a href="/wiki/Criccieth" title="Criccieth">Criccieth</a>; these deposits were quarried in the Penrhyn and Dinorwig quarries and in the Nantlle Valley. There are smaller outcrops elsewhere, for example on <a href="/wiki/Anglesey" title="Anglesey">Anglesey</a>. The Ordovician deposits run south-west from <a href="/wiki/Betws-y-Coed" title="Betws-y-Coed">Betws-y-Coed</a> to <a href="/wiki/Porthmadog" title="Porthmadog">Porthmadog</a>; these were the deposits mined at Blaenau Ffestiniog. There is another band of Ordovician slate further south, running from Llangynnog to <a href="/wiki/Aberdyfi" title="Aberdyfi">Aberdyfi</a>, quarried mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Corris" title="Corris">Corris</a> area, with a few outcrops in south-west Wales, notably <a href="/wiki/Pembrokeshire" title="Pembrokeshire">Pembrokeshire</a>. The Silurian deposits are mainly further east in the <a href="/wiki/River_Dee,_Wales" title="River Dee, Wales">Dee</a> valley and around <a href="/wiki/Machynlleth" title="Machynlleth">Machynlleth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The virtues of slate as a building and roofing material have been recognised since the Roman period. The Roman fort at Segontium, Caernarfon, was originally roofed with tiles, but the later levels contain numerous slates, used for both roofing and flooring. The nearest deposits are about five miles (8 km) away in the Cilgwyn area, indicating that the slates were not used merely because they were available on-site.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the mediaeval period, there was small-scale quarrying of slate in several areas. The <a href="/wiki/Cilgwyn_quarry" title="Cilgwyn quarry">Cilgwyn quarry</a> in the Nantlle Valley dates from the 12th century, and is thought to be the oldest in Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first record of slate quarrying in the neighbourhood of the later Penrhyn Quarry was in 1413, when a rent-roll of Gwilym ap Griffith records that several of his tenants were paid 10 pence each for working 5,000 slates.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aberllefenni_Slate_Quarry" class="mw-redirect" title="Aberllefenni Slate Quarry">Aberllefenni Slate Quarry</a> may have started operating as a slate mine as early as the 14th century. The earliest confirmed date of operating dates from the early 16th century when the local house Plas Aberllefenni was roofed in slates from this quarry.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Transport problems meant that the slate was usually used fairly close to the quarries. There was some transport by sea. A poem by the 15th century poet <a href="/wiki/Guto%27r_Glyn" title="Guto'r Glyn">Guto'r Glyn</a> asks the <a href="/wiki/Dean_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dean (religion)">Dean</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bangor,_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangor, Wales">Bangor</a> to send him a shipload of slates from Aberogwen, near Bangor, to <a href="/wiki/Rhuddlan" title="Rhuddlan">Rhuddlan</a> to roof a house at Henllan, near <a href="/wiki/Denbigh" title="Denbigh">Denbigh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wreck of a wooden ship carrying finished slates was discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Menai_Strait" title="Menai Strait">Menai Strait</a> and is thought to date from the 16th century. By the second half of the 16th century, there was a small export trade of slates to Ireland from ports such as <a href="/wiki/Beaumaris,_Anglesey" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaumaris, Anglesey">Beaumaris</a> and Caernarfon.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slate exports from the Penrhyn estate are recorded from 1713 when 14 shipments totalling 415,000 slates were sent to <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The slates were carried to the ports by pack-horses, and later by carts. This was sometimes done by women, the only female involvement in what was otherwise an exclusively male industry.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until the late 18th century, slate was extracted from many small pits by small partnerships of local men, who did not own the capital to expand further. The quarrymen usually had to pay a rent or royalty to the landlord, though the quarrymen at Cilgwyn did not. A letter from the agent of the Penrhyn estate, John Paynter, in 1738 complains that competition from Cilgwyn was affecting the sales of Penrhyn slates. The Cilgwyn slates could be extracted more cheaply and sold at a higher price.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penrhyn introduced larger sizes of slate between 1730 and 1740, and gave these sizes the names which became standard. These ranged from "Duchesses", the largest at 24 inches (610 mm) by 12 inches (300 mm), through "Countesses", "Ladies" and "Doubles" to the smallest "Singles".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Growth_(1760–1830)"><span id="Growth_.281760.E2.80.931830.29"></span>Growth (1760–1830)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slate_industry_in_Wales&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Growth (1760–1830)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CilgwynQuarry.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/CilgwynQuarry.JPG/220px-CilgwynQuarry.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/CilgwynQuarry.JPG/330px-CilgwynQuarry.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/CilgwynQuarry.JPG/440px-CilgwynQuarry.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>The Cilgwyn Quarry, the oldest in Wales, was one of the most important producers of slate in the 18th century. The quarry was on <a href="/wiki/Crown_land" title="Crown land">Crown land</a>, and the quarrymen did not have to pay a royalty to a landlord until 1745.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Methusalem Jones, previously a quarryman at Cilgwyn, began to work the Diffwys quarry at Blaenau Ffestiniog in the 1760s, which became the first large quarry in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The large landowners were initially content to issue "take notes", allowing individuals to quarry slates on their lands for a yearly rent of a few <a href="/wiki/Shilling" title="Shilling">shillings</a> and a royalty on the slates produced.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first landowner to take over the working of slates on his land was the owner of the Penrhyn estate, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pennant" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Pennant">Richard Pennant</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Baron_Penrhyn" title="Baron Penrhyn">Baron Penrhyn</a>. In 1782, the men working quarries on the estate were bought out or ejected, and Pennant appointed James Greenfield as agent. The same year, Lord Penrhyn opened a new quarry at Caebraichycafn near Bethesda, which as Penrhyn Quarry would become the largest slate quarry in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1792, this quarry was employing 500 men and producing 15,000 <a href="/wiki/Ton" title="Ton">tons</a> of slate per year.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Dinorwig, a single large partnership took over in 1787, and in 1809 the landowner, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Assheton_Smith_(1752%E2%80%931828)" title="Thomas Assheton Smith (1752–1828)">Thomas Assheton Smith</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vaynol" title="Vaynol">Vaynol</a>, took the management of the quarry into his own hands. The Cilgwyn quarries were taken over by a company in 1800, and the scattered workings at all three locations were amalgamated into a single quarry.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam engine</a> to be used in the slate industry was a pump installed at the Hafodlas quarry in the Nantlle Valley in 1807, but most quarries relied on <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a> to drive machinery.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wales was by now producing more than half the United Kingdom's output of slate, 26,000 tons out of a total UK production of 45,000 tons in 1793.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1794, the government imposed a 20% tax on all slate carried coastwise, which put the Welsh producers at a disadvantage compared to inland producers who could use the <a href="/wiki/Canals_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Canals of the United Kingdom">canal network</a> to distribute their product.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was no tax on slates sent overseas, and exports to the United States gradually increased.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Penrhyn Quarry continued to grow, and in 1799 Greenfield introduced the system of "galleries", huge terraces from 9 metres to 21 metres in depth.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1798, Lord Penrhyn constructed the horse-drawn Llandegai Tramway to transport slates from Penrhyn Quarry, and in 1801 this was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrow gauge railway">narrow gauge</a> <a href="/wiki/Penrhyn_Quarry_Railway" title="Penrhyn Quarry Railway">Penrhyn Quarry Railway</a>, one of the earliest railway lines. The slates were transported to the sea at <a href="/wiki/Port_Penrhyn" title="Port Penrhyn">Port Penrhyn</a> which had been constructed in the 1790s.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Padarn_Railway" title="Padarn Railway">Padarn Railway</a> was opened in 1824 as a tramway for the Dinorwig Quarry, and converted to a railway in 1843. It ran from <a href="/wiki/Gilfach_Ddu" title="Gilfach Ddu">Gilfach Ddu</a> near Llanberis to Port Dinorwic at <a href="/wiki/Y_Felinheli" title="Y Felinheli">Y Felinheli</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Nantlle_Railway" title="Nantlle Railway">Nantlle Railway</a> was built in 1828 and was operated using horse-power to carry slate from several slate quarries in the Nantlle Valley to the harbour at Caernarfon.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards_1999_p._15_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards_1999_p._15-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peak_production_(1831–1878)"><span id="Peak_production_.281831.E2.80.931878.29"></span>Peak production (1831–1878)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slate_industry_in_Wales&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Peak production (1831–1878)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion_at_Blaenau_Ffestiniog">Expansion at Blaenau Ffestiniog</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slate_industry_in_Wales&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Expansion at Blaenau Ffestiniog"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LlwythoLlechi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LlwythoLlechi.jpg/220px-LlwythoLlechi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LlwythoLlechi.jpg/330px-LlwythoLlechi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LlwythoLlechi.jpg/440px-LlwythoLlechi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="989" /></a><figcaption>Quarries which had their own rail link to a port had a great advantage. Here the finished slates are being loaded into slate waggons at the Penrhyn Quarry c. 1913.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1831 slate duty was abolished, and this helped to produce a rapid expansion in the industry, particularly since the duty on <a href="/wiki/Tile" title="Tile">tiles</a> was not abolished until 1833.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ffestiniog_Railway" title="Ffestiniog Railway">Ffestiniog Railway</a> line was constructed between 1833 and 1836 to transport slate from Blaenau Ffestiniog to the coastal town of Porthmadog, where it was loaded onto ships. The railway was graded so that loaded <a href="/wiki/Slate_waggon" title="Slate waggon">slate waggons</a> could be run by gravity downhill all the way from Blaenau Ffestiniog to the port. The empty waggons were hauled back up by horses, which travelled down in <a href="/wiki/Dandy_waggon" title="Dandy waggon">'dandy' waggons</a>. This helped expansion at the Blaenau Ffestiniog quarries,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had previously had to cart the slate to <a href="/wiki/Maentwrog" title="Maentwrog">Maentwrog</a> to be loaded onto small boats and taken down the <a href="/wiki/River_Dwyryd" title="River Dwyryd">River Dwyryd</a> to the estuary, where it was transferred to larger vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was further expansion at Blaenau when <a href="/wiki/John_Whitehead_Greaves" title="John Whitehead Greaves">John Whitehead Greaves</a>, who had been running the Votty quarry since 1833, took a lease on the land between this quarry and the main Ffestiniog to <a href="/wiki/Betws-y-Coed" title="Betws-y-Coed">Betws-y-Coed</a> road. After years of digging he struck the famous Old Vein in 1846 in what became the <a href="/wiki/Llechwedd_quarry" title="Llechwedd quarry">Llechwedd quarry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Fire of Hamburg">fire which destroyed a large part of Hamburg in 1842</a> led to a demand for slate for rebuilding, and Germany became an important market, particularly for Ffestiniog slate.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanization_and_increased_production">Mechanization and increased production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slate_industry_in_Wales&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mechanization and increased production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1843, the Padarn Railway became the first quarry railway to use steam locomotives, and the transport of slate by train rather than by ship was made easier when the <a href="/wiki/London_and_North_Western_Railway" title="London and North Western Railway">London and North Western Railway</a> built branches to connect Port Penrhyn and Port Dinorwic to the main line in 1852.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards_1999_p._15_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards_1999_p._15-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Corris_Railway" title="Corris Railway">Corris Railway</a> opened as the horse-worked Corris, Machynlleth & River Dovey Tramroad in 1859, connecting the slate quarries around Corris and Aberllefenni with wharves on the estuary of the <a href="/wiki/River_Dyfi" title="River Dyfi">River Dyfi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ffestiniog Railway converted to steam in 1863, and the <a href="/wiki/Talyllyn_Railway" title="Talyllyn Railway">Talyllyn Railway</a> was opened in 1866 to serve the <a href="/wiki/Bryn_Eglwys" class="mw-redirect" title="Bryn Eglwys">Bryn Eglwys</a> quarry above the village of <a href="/wiki/Abergynolwyn" title="Abergynolwyn">Abergynolwyn</a>. Bryn Eglwys grew to be one of the largest quarries in mid Wales, employing 300 men and producing 30% of the total output of the Corris district.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Whitland_and_Cardigan_Railway" title="Whitland and Cardigan Railway">Cardigan Railway</a> was opened in 1873, partly to carry slate traffic, and enabled the <a href="/wiki/Glogue" title="Glogue">Glogue</a> quarry in Pembrokeshire to grow to employ 80 men.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dinorwig1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Dinorwig1.jpg/220px-Dinorwig1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Dinorwig1.jpg/330px-Dinorwig1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Dinorwig1.jpg/440px-Dinorwig1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Drumhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Drumhouse">drumhouse</a> at the top of an incline housed the winding gear used to lower the loaded slate waggons down the slope. The weight of the loaded waggons would pull up empty waggons. This drumhouse is at Dinorwig Quarry</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Mechanization" title="Mechanization">Mechanization</a> was gradually introduced to make most aspects of the industry more efficient, particularly at Blaenau Ffestiniog where the Ordovician slate was less brittle than the Cambrian slate further north, and therefore easier to work by machine. The slate mill evolved between 1840 and 1860, powered by a single <a href="/wiki/Line_shaft" title="Line shaft">line shaft</a> running along the building and bringing together operations such as sawing, planing and dressing.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1859, John Whitehead Greaves invented the Greaves sawing table to produce blocks for the splitter, then in 1856 introduced a rotary machine to dress the split slate.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The splitting of the blocks to produce roofing slates proved resistant to mechanisation, and continued to be done with a mallet and chisel. An extra source of income from the 1860s was the production of "slab", thicker pieces of slate which were planed and used for many purposes, for example flooring, tombstones and <a href="/wiki/Billiards_table" class="mw-redirect" title="Billiards table">billiard tables</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lindsay_p._133_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lindsay_p._133-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The larger quarries could be highly profitable. The <i>Mining Journal</i> estimated in 1859 that the Penrhyn quarries produced an annual <a href="/wiki/Net_profit" class="mw-redirect" title="Net profit">net profit</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">£</a>100,000, and the Dinorwig Quarry £70,000 a year.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1860 onwards slate prices rose steadily. Quarries expanded and the population of the quarrying districts increased, for example the population of Ffestiniog parish increased from 732 in 1801 to 11,274 in 1881.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Total Welsh production reached 350,000 tons a year by the end of the 1860s. Of this total, over 100,000 tons came from the Bethesda area, mainly from the Penrhyn Quarry. Blaenau Ffestiniog produced almost as much, and the Dinorwig Quarry alone produced 80,000 tons per year. The Nantlle Valley quarries produced 40,000 tons, while the remainder of Wales outside these areas produced only about 20,000 tons per year.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the late 1870s, Wales was producing 450,000 tons of slate per year, compared with just over 50,000 tons for the rest of the United Kingdom, which then included Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1882, 92% of the United Kingdom's production was from Wales with the quarries at Penrhyn and Dinorwig producing half of this between them. Alun Richards comments on the importance of the slate industry: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It dominated the economy of the north-west of Wales, where, by the middle of the 19thC. it accounted for almost half the total revenues from trade, industry and the professions, and in Wales as a whole, its output value compared with that of coal.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The prosperity of the slate industry led to the growth of a number of other associated industries. <a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a> increased at a number of coastal locations, particularly at Porthmadog, where 201 ships were built between 1836 and 1880.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Engineering companies were set up to supply the quarries, notably <a href="/wiki/De_Winton" title="De Winton">De Winton</a> at Caernarfon. In 1870, De Winton built and equipped an entire workshop for the Dinorwig Quarry, with machinery powered by overhead shafting that in its turn was driven by the largest <a href="/wiki/Water_wheel" title="Water wheel">water-wheel</a> in the United Kingdom, over 50 <a href="/wiki/Foot_(length)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foot (length)">feet</a> in diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Workers">Workers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slate_industry_in_Wales&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Workers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AngleseyBarracks.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/AngleseyBarracks.JPG/220px-AngleseyBarracks.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/AngleseyBarracks.JPG/330px-AngleseyBarracks.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/AngleseyBarracks.JPG/440px-AngleseyBarracks.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>At Dinorwig Quarry, workers from <a href="/wiki/Anglesey" title="Anglesey">Anglesey</a> were housed at the Anglesey barracks during the week. They would get up at 3 a.m. on Monday morning to walk to the ferry, and return home on Saturday afternoon.</figcaption></figure> <p>There were several different categories of worker in the quarries. The quarrymen proper, who made up just over 50% of the workforce, worked the slate in partnerships of three, four, six or eight, known as "bargain gangs".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A gang of four typically consisted of two "rockmen" who would blast the rock to produce blocks, a splitter, who would split the blocks with hammer and chisel, and a dresser. A <i>rybelwr</i> would usually be a boy learning his trade, who would wander around the galleries offering assistance to the gangs. Sometimes a gang would give him a block of slate to split. Other groups were the "bad rockmen" who usually worked in crews of three, removing unworkable rock from the face, and the "rubbish men" who cleared the waste rock from the galleries and built the tips of waste which surrounded the quarry.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only about a tenth, or less, of the rock extracted became finished product.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bad rockmen and rubbish men were usually paid by the ton of material removed, but the quarrymen were paid according to a more complicated system. Part of the payment was determined by the number of slates the gang produced, but this could vary greatly according to the nature of the rock in the section allocated to them. The men would therefore be paid an extra sum of "poundage" per pound's worth of slate produced. "Bargains" were let by the setting steward, who would agree a price for a certain area of rock. If the rock in the bargain allocated to a gang was poor, they would be paid a higher poundage, while good rock meant a lower poundage.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Monday of every month was "bargain letting day" when these agreements were made between men and management. The men had to pay for their ropes and chains, for tools and for services such as sharpening and repairing. Subs (advances) were paid every week, everything being settled up on the "day of the big pay". If conditions had not been good, the men could end up owing the management money. This system was not finally abolished until after the Second World War.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_p._27_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams_p._27-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blasting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Blasting.jpg/180px-Blasting.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Blasting.jpg/270px-Blasting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Blasting.jpg/360px-Blasting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="997" data-file-height="1401" /></a><figcaption>The signal for blasting is blown at the Penrhyn Quarry c.1913.</figcaption></figure> <p>Because of this arrangement, the men tended to see themselves as independent contractors rather than employees on a wage, and <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a> were slow to develop. There were grievances however, including unfairness in setting bargains and disputes over days off. The North Wales Quarrymen's Union (NWQMU) was formed in 1874, and the same year there were disputes at Dinorwig and then at Penrhyn. Both these disputes ended in victory for the workers, and by May 1878, the union had 8,368 members.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the founders of the union, Morgan Richards, described in 1876 the conditions when he started work in the quarries forty years before: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I well remember the time when I was myself a child of bondage; when my father and neighbours, as well as myself, had to rise early, to walk five miles (8 km) before six in the morning, and the same distance home after six in the evening; to work hard from six to six; to dine on cold coffee, or a cup of buttermilk, and a slice of bread and butter; and to support (as some of them had to do) a family of perhaps five, eight or ten children on wages averaging from 12s to 16s a week.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industrial_unrest_and_decline_(1879–1938)"><span id="Industrial_unrest_and_decline_.281879.E2.80.931938.29"></span>Industrial unrest and decline (1879–1938)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slate_industry_in_Wales&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Industrial unrest and decline (1879–1938)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labour_disputes">Labour disputes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slate_industry_in_Wales&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Labour disputes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bethesda-Mine-07367u.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bethesda-Mine-07367u.jpg/220px-Bethesda-Mine-07367u.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bethesda-Mine-07367u.jpg/330px-Bethesda-Mine-07367u.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bethesda-Mine-07367u.jpg/440px-Bethesda-Mine-07367u.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3369" data-file-height="2477" /></a><figcaption>The Penrhyn Slate Quarry, seen here c. 1900, was one of the two largest quarries in Wales. Together with the Dinorwig Quarry, it usually produced as many slates as every other quarry in Wales put together.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1879, a period of twenty years of almost uninterrupted growth came to an end, and the slate industry was hit by a <a href="/wiki/Recession" title="Recession">recession</a> which lasted until the 1890s.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Management responded by tightening rules and making it more difficult for the men to take time off. <a href="/wiki/Labor_relations" title="Labor relations">Labour relations</a> were worsened by differences in language, religion and politics between the two sides. The owners and top managers at most of the quarries were English-speaking, <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Tory</a>, while the quarrymen were <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh-speaking</a> and mainly <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a>. Negotiations between the two sides usually involved the use of interpreters.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1885, there was a dispute at Dinorwig over the curtailing of holidays which led to a <a href="/wiki/Lockout_(industry)" title="Lockout (industry)">lock-out</a> lasting until February 1886.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the Penrhyn Quarry, <a href="/wiki/George_Sholto_Gordon_Douglas-Pennant,_2nd_Baron_Penrhyn" class="mw-redirect" title="George Sholto Gordon Douglas-Pennant, 2nd Baron Penrhyn">George Sholto Gordon Douglas-Pennant</a> took over from his father <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gordon_Douglas-Pennant,_1st_Baron_Penrhyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Gordon Douglas-Pennant, 1st Baron Penrhyn">Edward Gordon Douglas-Pennant</a> in 1885, and in 1886 appointed E. A. Young as chief manager.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A more stringent management regime was introduced, and relations with the workforce deteriorated. This culminated in the suspension of 57 members of the union committee and 17 other men in September 1896, leading to a <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strike</a> which lasted eleven months. The men were eventually obliged to go back to work, essentially on the management's terms, in August 1897. This strike became known as "The Penrhyn Lockout".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nid-oes-bradwr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Nid-oes-bradwr.jpg/220px-Nid-oes-bradwr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Nid-oes-bradwr.jpg/330px-Nid-oes-bradwr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Nid-oes-bradwr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="216" /></a><figcaption>"There is no traitor in this house". These signs were put up in the windows of houses in the Bethesda area during the 1900–1903 dispute.</figcaption></figure> <p>There was an upturn in trade in 1892, heralding another period of growth in the industry. This growth was mainly at Blaenau Ffestiniog and in the Nantlle Valley, where the workforce at Penyrorsedd reached 450.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slate production in Wales peaked at over half a million tons in 1898, with 17,000 men employed in the industry.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second lock-out or strike<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the Penrhyn Quarry began on 22 November 1900 and lasted for three years. The causes of the dispute were complex, but included the extension of a system of contracting out parts of the quarry. The quarrymen, instead of arranging their own bargains, would find themselves working for a contractor.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The union's funds for <a href="/wiki/Strike_pay" title="Strike pay">strike pay</a> were inadequate, and there was a great deal of hardship among the 2,800 workers. Lord Penrhyn reopened the quarry in June 1901, and about 500 men returned to work, to be castigated as "traitors" by the remainder. Eventually the workers were forced to return to work in November 1903 on terms laid down by Lord Penrhyn. Many of the men considered to have been prominent in the union were not re-employed, and many of those who had left the area to seek work elsewhere did not return. The dispute left a lasting legacy of bitterness in the Bethesda area.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_in_production">Decline in production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slate_industry_in_Wales&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Decline in production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The loss of production at Penrhyn led to a temporary shortage of slates and kept prices high, but part of the shortfall was made up by imports. French exports of slate to the UK increased from 40,000 tons in 1898 to 105,000 tons in 1902.<sup id="cite_ref-Burn_p._17_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burn_p._17-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1903 there was a depression in the slate industry which led to reductions in pay and job losses. New techniques in tile manufacture had reduced costs, making tiles more competitive.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, several countries had placed tariffs on the import of British slate, while a slump in the home building trade had reduced domestic demand; finally French slate producers had increased their exports to the United Kingdom. All of this led to a prolonged decline in demand for Welsh slate.<sup id="cite_ref-EngJournal_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EngJournal-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eight Ffestiniog quarries closed between 1908 and 1913, and the Oakley dismissed 350 men in 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-Burn_p._17_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burn_p._17-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> R. Merfyn Jones comments: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The effects of this depression on the quarrying districts were deep and painful. Unemployment and emigration became constant features of the slate communities; distress was widespread. In the quarries there was short-time working, closures and reductions in earnings. Between 1906 and 1913 the number of men at work in the quarries of the Ffestiniog district shrank by 28 per cent, in Dyffryn Nantlle the number at work fell even more dramatically by 38 per cent.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WasteTruck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/WasteTruck.jpg/220px-WasteTruck.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/WasteTruck.jpg/330px-WasteTruck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/WasteTruck.jpg/440px-WasteTruck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2559" data-file-height="1505" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Slate_waggon" title="Slate waggon">truck</a> once used for tipping waste stands abandoned in a slate mine near <a href="/wiki/Llangollen" title="Llangollen">Llangollen</a> following closure. Waste was often dumped into chambers which were no longer in use as it reduced the amount that had to be hauled to the surface.</figcaption></figure> <p>The First World War hit the slate industry badly, particularly in Blaenau Ffestiniog where exports to <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> had been an important source of income. Cilgwyn, the oldest quarry in Wales, closed in 1914, though it later reopened. In 1917, slate quarrying was declared a non-essential industry and a number of quarries were closed for the remainder of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The demand for new houses after the end of the war brought back a measure of prosperity; in the slate mines of Blaenau Ffestiniog production was almost back to 1913 levels by 1927, but in the quarries the output was still well below the pre-war level.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Great Depression in the 1930s led to cuts in production, with exports particularly hard hit.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The quarries and mines made increasing use of mechanisation from the start of the 20th century, with <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a> replacing steam and water as a power source. The Llechwedd quarry introduced its first electrical plant in 1891, and in 1906, a <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydro-electric</a> plant was opened in Cwm Dyli, on the lower slopes of <a href="/wiki/Snowdon" title="Snowdon">Snowdon</a>, which supplied electricity to the largest quarries in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_p._19_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams_p._19-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of electric saws and other machinery reduced the hard manual labour involved in extracting the slate, but produced much more slate dust than the old manual methods, leading to an increased incidence of <a href="/wiki/Silicosis" title="Silicosis">silicosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_p._30_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams_p._30-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work was also dangerous in other ways, with the blasting operations responsible for many deaths. A government enquiry in 1893 found that the death rate for underground workers in the slate mines was 3.23 per thousand, higher than the rate for <a href="/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining">coal miners</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_p._27_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams_p._27-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="End_of_large-scale_production_(1939–2005)"><span id="End_of_large-scale_production_.281939.E2.80.932005.29"></span>End of large-scale production (1939–2005)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slate_industry_in_Wales&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: End of large-scale production (1939–2005)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foty_Quarry_(Oakeley),_Blaenau_Ffestiniog_(14117319357).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Foty_Quarry_%28Oakeley%29%2C_Blaenau_Ffestiniog_%2814117319357%29.jpg/220px-Foty_Quarry_%28Oakeley%29%2C_Blaenau_Ffestiniog_%2814117319357%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Foty_Quarry_%28Oakeley%29%2C_Blaenau_Ffestiniog_%2814117319357%29.jpg/330px-Foty_Quarry_%28Oakeley%29%2C_Blaenau_Ffestiniog_%2814117319357%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Foty_Quarry_%28Oakeley%29%2C_Blaenau_Ffestiniog_%2814117319357%29.jpg/440px-Foty_Quarry_%28Oakeley%29%2C_Blaenau_Ffestiniog_%2814117319357%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>Foty Quarry, Blaenau Ffestiniog, 1950</figcaption></figure> <p>The outbreak of World War II in 1939 led to a severe drop in trade. Part of the <a href="/wiki/Manod_quarry" class="mw-redirect" title="Manod quarry">Manod quarry</a> at Blaenau Ffestiniog was used to store art treasures from the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="National Gallery, London">National Gallery</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tate_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Tate Gallery">Tate Gallery</a>. The number of men employed in the slate industry in North Wales dropped from 7,589 in 1939 to 3,520 by the end of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Lindsay_p._298_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lindsay_p._298-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1945, total production was only 70,000 tons a year, and fewer than 20 quarries were still open compared with 40 before the war.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nantlle Valley had been particularly hard hit, with only 350 workers employed in the entire district, compared with 1,000 in 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Demand for slate was dropping as tiles were increasingly used for roofing, and imports from countries such as <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, France and Italy were increasing. There was some increased demand for slates to repair bombed buildings after the end of the war, but the use of slate for new buildings was banned, apart from the smallest sizes. This ban was lifted in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blaenau_Ffestiniog.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Blaenau_Ffestiniog.jpg/180px-Blaenau_Ffestiniog.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Blaenau_Ffestiniog.jpg/270px-Blaenau_Ffestiniog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Blaenau_Ffestiniog.jpg/360px-Blaenau_Ffestiniog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Blaenau Ffestiniog, seen here from <a href="/wiki/Moelwyn_Bach" title="Moelwyn Bach">Moelwyn Bach</a>, is dominated by the large waste heaps surrounding the town.</figcaption></figure> <p>Total production of slate in Wales declined from 54,000 tons in 1958 to 22,000 tons in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Diphwys_Casson_Quarry" class="mw-redirect" title="Diphwys Casson Quarry">Diffwys</a> quarry at <a href="/wiki/Blaenau_Ffestiniog" title="Blaenau Ffestiniog">Blaenau Ffestiniog</a> closed in 1955 after almost two centuries of operation.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> North Wales was dependent upon slate quarrying and quarry closures led to a growth in unemployment in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nearby Votty and Bowydd quarries also closed in 1963 and in 1969, 300 quarrymen lost their jobs when the <a href="/wiki/Dinorwic_quarry" title="Dinorwic quarry">Dinorwic quarry</a> closed. The following year the <a href="/wiki/Dorothea_quarry" title="Dorothea quarry">Dorothea quarry</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Nantlle_Valley" title="Nantlle Valley">Nantlle Valley</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Braichgoch_quarry" class="mw-redirect" title="Braichgoch quarry">Braichgoch quarry</a> near <a href="/wiki/Corris" title="Corris">Corris</a> announced their closure. Oakeley at Blaenau Ffestiniog closed in 1971, but was later reopened by another company.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1972, fewer than 1,000 men were employed in the North Wales slate industry.<sup id="cite_ref-Lindsay_p._298_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lindsay_p._298-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For many years, the quarry owners had denied that slate dust was the cause of the high levels of silicosis suffered by quarrymen. From 1909, they had been responsible for all accidents and illnesses caused by the work, but had managed to persuade successive governments that slate dust was harmless.<sup id="cite_ref-EngJournal_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EngJournal-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1979, after a long struggle, the government recognised silicosis as an industrial disease meriting compensation.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_p._30_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams_p._30-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was an increase in demand for slate in the 1980s, and although this came too late for many quarries there was still some production in the Blaenau Ffestiniog area at the Oakeley, Llechwedd and Cwt-y-Bugail quarries, though the bulk of roofing slate production was at the Penrhyn Quarry. Further mechanisation was introduced, with a computerised <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a> beam being used to aid the sawing of the slate blocks.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_p._19_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams_p._19-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Welsh_slate_today">Welsh slate today</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slate_industry_in_Wales&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Welsh slate today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quarries_still_producing_slate">Quarries still producing slate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slate_industry_in_Wales&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Quarries still producing slate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slate_industry_in_Wales&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the <a href="/wiki/Penrhyn_Quarry" class="mw-redirect" title="Penrhyn Quarry">Penrhyn Quarry</a> is still producing slate, though at a much reduced capacity from its heyday at the end of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1995, it accounted for almost 50% of UK production.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is currently owned and operated by Welsh Slate Ltd (part of the Breedon Group).<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was previously owned by the Lagan Group, which also owned and carried out some operations at the Oakeley quarry at Blaenau Ffestiniog, the Pen yr Orsedd quarry in the Nantlle Vale, and the Cwt-y-Bugail quarry.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2010 the company announced its decision to mothball the Oakeley quarry because of subsidence at the site.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Greaves Welsh Slate Company produces roofing slates and other slate products from Llechwedd, and work also continues at the Berwyn Quarry near <a href="/wiki/Llangollen" title="Llangollen">Llangollen</a>. The final large-scale underground working to close was Maenofferen, associated with the Llechwedd tourist mine, in 1999: part of this site, now effectively amalgamated with Votty / Bowydd, is still worked by untopping.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Wales_Millennium_Centre" title="Wales Millennium Centre">Wales Millennium Centre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a> uses waste slate in many different colours in its design: purple slate from Penrhyn, blue from Cwt-y-Bugail, green from Nantlle, grey from Llechwedd, and black from Corris.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visitor_attractions">Visitor attractions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slate_industry_in_Wales&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Visitor attractions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dinorwig_Slate_Quarry_Workshops_(Welsh_Slate_Museum_Buildings)_IMG_6930c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Dinorwig_Slate_Quarry_Workshops_%28Welsh_Slate_Museum_Buildings%29_IMG_6930c.jpg/220px-Dinorwig_Slate_Quarry_Workshops_%28Welsh_Slate_Museum_Buildings%29_IMG_6930c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Dinorwig_Slate_Quarry_Workshops_%28Welsh_Slate_Museum_Buildings%29_IMG_6930c.jpg/330px-Dinorwig_Slate_Quarry_Workshops_%28Welsh_Slate_Museum_Buildings%29_IMG_6930c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Dinorwig_Slate_Quarry_Workshops_%28Welsh_Slate_Museum_Buildings%29_IMG_6930c.jpg/440px-Dinorwig_Slate_Quarry_Workshops_%28Welsh_Slate_Museum_Buildings%29_IMG_6930c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/National_Slate_Museum" title="National Slate Museum">National Slate Museum</a> is housed in some of the buildings of the old Dinorwig Quarry near <a href="/wiki/Llanberis" title="Llanberis">Llanberis</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Part of the Dinorwig Slate Quarry is now within the Padarn Country Park, and the other part houses the <a href="/wiki/Dinorwig_power_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinorwig power station">Dinorwig power station</a> in caverns under the old quarry workings. The <a href="/wiki/National_Slate_Museum" title="National Slate Museum">National Slate Museum</a> is located in some of the quarry workshops. The museum has displays including Victorian slate-workers' cottages that once stood at Tanygrisiau near Blaenau Ffestiniog. The museum has a working water wheel, and a restored incline formerly used to carry slate waggons uphill and downhill.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Blaenau Ffestiniog, the <a href="/wiki/Llechwedd_Slate_Caverns" title="Llechwedd Slate Caverns">Llechwedd Slate Caverns</a> have been converted into a visitor attraction.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Visitors can travel on the Miners' Tramway or descend into the Deep Mine, via the steepest <a href="/wiki/Cable_railway" title="Cable railway">cable railway</a> in Europe, to explore this former slate mine and learn how slate was extracted and processed and about the lives of the miners.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Braichgoch slate mines at Corris have been converted into a tourist attraction named "King Arthur's Labyrinth" where visitors are taken underground by boat along a subterranean river and walk through the caverns to see audiovisual presentations of the <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">Arthurian</a> legends.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Llwyngwern_quarry" title="Llwyngwern quarry">Llwyngwern quarry</a> near <a href="/wiki/Machynlleth" title="Machynlleth">Machynlleth</a> is now the site of the <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Alternative_Technology" title="Centre for Alternative Technology">Centre for Alternative Technology</a>. A number of the railways which carried the slates to the ports have been restored as tourist attractions, for example the Ffestiniog Railway and the Talyllyn Railway.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Slate_landscape_of_Northwest_Wales_-_World_Heritage_status">Slate landscape of Northwest Wales - World Heritage status<span class="anchor" id="World_Heritage_status"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slate_industry_in_Wales&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Slate landscape of Northwest Wales - World Heritage status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title category" style="font-size:125%;">Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="padding:0.2em;background:#0177d3;font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #ffffff; text-decoration: inherit;">UNESCO World Heritage Site</span></a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid;padding-top:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Dinorwig_pumped_hydro_Power_Station_at_Slate_Quarry_near_Llanberis_(21260711794).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Dinorwig_pumped_hydro_Power_Station_at_Slate_Quarry_near_Llanberis_%2821260711794%29.jpg/220px-Dinorwig_pumped_hydro_Power_Station_at_Slate_Quarry_near_Llanberis_%2821260711794%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Dinorwig_pumped_hydro_Power_Station_at_Slate_Quarry_near_Llanberis_%2821260711794%29.jpg/330px-Dinorwig_pumped_hydro_Power_Station_at_Slate_Quarry_near_Llanberis_%2821260711794%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Dinorwig_pumped_hydro_Power_Station_at_Slate_Quarry_near_Llanberis_%2821260711794%29.jpg/440px-Dinorwig_pumped_hydro_Power_Station_at_Slate_Quarry_near_Llanberis_%2821260711794%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2667" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Dinorwig Power Station - A former slate quarry near <a href="/wiki/Llanberis" title="Llanberis">Llanberis</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_by_country" title="World Heritage Sites by country">Location</a></th><td class="infobox-data">United Kingdom</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Cultural: (ii)(iv)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1633">1633</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">2021 (44th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In July 2021, after development of a bid for over 10 years,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the slate landscape of Northwest Wales was inscribed as a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The areas included in the nomination include <a href="/wiki/Penrhyn_quarry" title="Penrhyn quarry">Penrhyn quarry</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ogwen_Valley" title="Ogwen Valley">Ogwen Valley</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dinorwic_quarry" title="Dinorwic quarry">Dinorwic quarry</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nantlle_Valley" title="Nantlle Valley">Nantlle Valley</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorseddau_quarry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gorseddau quarry (page does not exist)">Gorseddau</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_of_Wales_quarry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prince of Wales quarry (page does not exist)">Prince of Wales</a> quarries,<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ffestiniog" title="Ffestiniog">Ffestiniog</a> and <a href="/wiki/Porthmadog" title="Porthmadog">Porthmadog</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Ffestiniog_Railway" title="Ffestiniog Railway">Ffestiniog Railway</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Abergynolwyn" title="Abergynolwyn">Abergynolwyn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bryn_Eglwys_quarry" title="Bryn Eglwys quarry">Bryn Eglwys quarry</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Talyllyn_Railway" title="Talyllyn Railway">Talyllyn Railway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_influences">Cultural influences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slate_industry_in_Wales&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cultural influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Welsh slate industry was essentially a Welsh-speaking industry. Most of the workforce in the main slate-producing areas of North Wales were drawn from the local area, with little immigration from outside Wales. The industry had a considerable influence on the culture of the area and on that of Wales as a whole. The <i>caban</i>, the cabin where the quarrymen gathered for their lunch break, was often the scene of wide-ranging discussions, which were often formally minuted. A surviving set of <a href="/wiki/Minutes" title="Minutes">minutes</a> from a <i>caban</i> at the Llechwedd mine at Blaenau Ffestiniog for 1908–1910 records discussions on <a href="/wiki/Disestablishmentarianism" title="Disestablishmentarianism">Church Disestablishment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">tariff reform</a> and other political topics.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">Eisteddfodau</a> were held, poetry composed and discussed and most of the larger quarries had their own <a href="/wiki/Brass_band" title="Brass band">band</a>, with the Oakley band particularly famous. Burn calculates that there are around fifty men judged worthy of an entry in the <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Welsh_Biography" title="Dictionary of Welsh Biography">Dictionary of Welsh Biography</a></i> who started their working lives as slate quarrymen, compared to only four owners, though obviously there was also a distinct disparity in the numbers of the two groups.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of <a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Wales_(Welsh_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Wales (Welsh language)">Welsh writers</a> have drawn on the lives of the quarrymen for their material, for example the novels of T. Rowland Hughes. <i>Chwalfa</i>, translated into English as <i>Out of their night</i> (1954), has the Penrhyn Quarry dispute as a background, while <i>Y cychwyn</i>, translated as <i>The beginning</i> (1969), follows the <a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship" title="Apprenticeship">apprenticeship</a> of a young quarryman. Several novels by <a href="/wiki/Kate_Roberts_(author)" title="Kate Roberts (author)">Kate Roberts</a>, the daughter of a quarryman, give a picture of the area around Rhosgadfan, where the slate industry was on a smaller scale and many of the quarrymen were also smallholders. Her novel <i><a href="/wiki/Traed_mewn_cyffion" title="Traed mewn cyffion">Traed mewn cyffion</a></i> (1936), translated as <i>Feet in chains</i> (2002), gives a vivid picture of the struggles of a quarrying family in the period between 1880 and 1914. <i>Y Chwarelwr</i> ("The Quarryman") produced in 1935 was the first Welsh-language film. It showed various aspects of a slate quarryman's life at Blaenau Ffestiniog.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slate_industry_in_Wales&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 27em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones p. 72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://museum.wales/slate/story-of-slate/">"Story of Slate"</a>. <i>Museum Wales</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museum+Wales&rft.atitle=Story+of+Slate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuseum.wales%2Fslate%2Fstory-of-slate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlate+industry+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lindsay_p._133-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lindsay_p._133_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lindsay_p._133_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lindsay p. 133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales; <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1633/">https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1633/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190224231516/http://globalheritagestone.com/other-projects/ghsr/designations/">"Designation of GHSR"</a>. <i>IUGS Subcommission: Heritage Stones</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globalheritagestone.com/other-projects/ghsr/designations/">the original</a> on 24 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IUGS+Subcommission%3A+Heritage+Stones&rft.atitle=Designation+of+GHSR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobalheritagestone.com%2Fother-projects%2Fghsr%2Fdesignations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlate+industry+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210830103653/http://media.globalheritagestone.com/2019/01/HSS-newsletter-2018.pdf">"The Newsletter of the Heritage Stones Subcommission, A Subcommission of the International Union of Geological Sciences, Nº5, p. 4;"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.globalheritagestone.com/2019/01/HSS-newsletter-2018.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 30 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Newsletter+of+the+Heritage+Stones+Subcommission%2C+A+Subcommission+of+the+International+Union+of+Geological+Sciences%2C+N%C2%BA5%2C+p.+4%3B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.globalheritagestone.com%2F2019%2F01%2FHSS-newsletter-2018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlate+industry+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richards 1995 p. 97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richards 1995 pp. 10–11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lindsay p. 18. Slate flagstones were also used at the smaller fort of Caer Llugwy between Capel Curig and the Conwy Valley.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lindsay p. 314</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lindsay p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richards 1995 p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lindsay p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lindsay p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060218130239/http://www.portpenrhyn.co.uk/history.html">"Port Penrhyn website"</a>. Port Penrhyn Port Authority. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portpenrhyn.co.uk/history.html">the original</a> on 18 February 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Port+Penrhyn+website&rft.pub=Port+Penrhyn+Port+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portpenrhyn.co.uk%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlate+industry+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example the pack-horses carrying Penrhyn slate were usually tended by girls; see Richards 1999 p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lindsay pp. 29–30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lindsay pp, 36–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lindsay p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richards 1995 pp. 16–17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lindsay p. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richards pp. 21–22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis p.5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lindsay pp. 91–2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lindsay p. 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lindsay pp. 49–50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richards_1999_p._15-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richards_1999_p._15_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richards_1999_p._15_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Richards 1999 p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lindsey p. 117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strictly speaking, most of the slate produced in the Blaenau Ffestiniog area was mined from underground workings rather than quarried. These workings are frequently called "quarries" in the industry, and many began as surface workings.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hughes p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burn p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hughes p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes pp. 9, 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richards 1995 p. 95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams pp. 15–16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams pp. 16–19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones pp. 121–1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richards 1995 p. 122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richards 1995 pp. 115–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richards 1995 p. 123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richards 1995 p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hughes p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070113001026/http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/409/">"Welsh Slate Museum website: The Water Wheel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Slate_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh Slate Museum">Welsh Slate Museum</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/409/">the original</a> on 13 January 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welsh+Slate+Museum+website%3A+The+Water+Wheel&rft.pub=Welsh+Slate+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museumwales.ac.uk%2Fen%2F409%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlate+industry+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones pp. 72–3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones p. 73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Gazeteer of the Welsh Slate Industry</i>, Alun John Richards, Gwasg Carreg Gwalch, 1991. p.13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones pp. 81–2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams_p._27-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_p._27_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_p._27_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones p. 112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Burn p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones p. 113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones pp. 49–71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones pp. 149–160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lindsay pp. 264–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones pp. 186–95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richards 1995 p. 145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richards 1995 p. 146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The question of whether the dispute was a lock-out or a strike can still arouse strong feelings in the Bethesda area a century later. See Richards 1995 p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones p. 211</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones pp. 210–66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burn_p._17-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burn_p._17_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burn_p._17_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Burn p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lindsay p. 256–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EngJournal-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EngJournal_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EngJournal_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Engineering and Mining Journal</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones p. 295</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lindsay p. 260</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pritchard p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lindsay p. 294</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams_p._19-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_p._19_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_p._19_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams_p._30-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_p._30_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_p._30_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lindsay_p._298-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lindsay_p._298_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lindsay_p._298_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lindsay p. 298</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richards 1995 p. 182</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richards 1995 pp. 183, 220–1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richards pp. 183–4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lindsay p. 303</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richards 1995 p. 185</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProblems1960" class="citation book cs1">Problems, United States Congress Senate Committee on Unemployment (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DlhqAAAAMAAJ&dq=slate+closures+unemployment+north+wales&pg=PA1696"><i>Readings in Unemployment</i></a>. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 1696.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Readings+in+Unemployment&rft.pages=1696&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Problems&rft.aufirst=United+States+Congress+Senate+Committee+on+Unemployment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDlhqAAAAMAAJ%26dq%3Dslate%2Bclosures%2Bunemployment%2Bnorth%2Bwales%26pg%3DPA1696&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlate+industry+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lindsay pp. 305–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.welshslate.com/about/the-company">"About Welsh slate"</a>. Breedon Group PLC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Welsh+slate&rft.pub=Breedon+Group+PLC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.welshslate.com%2Fabout%2Fthe-company&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlate+industry+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richards 1995 p. 191</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181108224409/https://www.dailypost.co.uk/business/business-news/quarry-firm-welsh-slate-sold-14540744">"Quarry firm Welsh Slate sold as part of multi-million pound deal"</a>. <i>Daily Post</i>. 17 April 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailypost.co.uk/business/business-news/quarry-firm-welsh-slate-sold-14540744">the original</a> on 8 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Post&rft.atitle=Quarry+firm+Welsh+Slate+sold+as+part+of+multi-million+pound+deal&rft.date=2018-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailypost.co.uk%2Fbusiness%2Fbusiness-news%2Fquarry-firm-welsh-slate-sold-14540744&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlate+industry+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrewyn2010" class="citation web cs1">Trewyn, Hywel (18 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caernarfonherald.co.uk/caernarfon-county-news/local-caernarfon-news/2010/03/18/blaenau-ffestiniog-jobs-blow-as-quarry-shuts-88817-26054259/">"Blaenau Ffestiniog jobs blow as quarry shuts"</a>. <i>Caernarfon and Denbigh Herald</i>. Trinity Mirror North West & North Wales<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Caernarfon+and+Denbigh+Herald&rft.atitle=Blaenau+Ffestiniog+jobs+blow+as+quarry+shuts&rft.date=2010-03-18&rft.aulast=Trewyn&rft.aufirst=Hywel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caernarfonherald.co.uk%2Fcaernarfon-county-news%2Flocal-caernarfon-news%2F2010%2F03%2F18%2Fblaenau-ffestiniog-jobs-blow-as-quarry-shuts-88817-26054259%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlate+industry+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/north_west/8572075.stm">"Quarry losses hit Snowdonia town"</a>. BBC. 17 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quarry+losses+hit+Snowdonia+town&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2010-03-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fwales%2Fnorth_west%2F8572075.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlate+industry+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Untopping" involves recovering slate from former slate mines by digging from the surface to remove the pillars which formerly separated the chambers. These pillars usually contain good slate.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071009221730/http://www.designbuild-network.com/projects/wales/">"Wales Millennium Centre"</a>. SPG Media Limited. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.designbuild-network.com/projects/wales/">the original</a> on 9 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wales+Millennium+Centre&rft.pub=SPG+Media+Limited&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.designbuild-network.com%2Fprojects%2Fwales%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlate+industry+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://museum.wales/slate/">"National Museum Wales website"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Slate_Museum" title="National Slate Museum">National Slate Museum</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Museum+Wales+website&rft.pub=National+Slate+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuseum.wales%2Fslate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlate+industry+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richards 1995 p. 188</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://llechwedd.co.uk/">"Llechwedd Deep Mine website"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Llechwedd_Slate_Caverns" title="Llechwedd Slate Caverns">Llechwedd Slate Caverns</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Llechwedd+Deep+Mine+website&rft.pub=Llechwedd+Slate+Caverns&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fllechwedd.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlate+industry+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kingarthurslabyrinth.co.uk/">"King Arthur's Labyrinth website"</a>. King Arthur's Labyrinth Ltd<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=King+Arthur%27s+Labyrinth+website&rft.pub=King+Arthur%27s+Labyrinth+Ltd.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kingarthurslabyrinth.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlate+industry+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richards 1999 p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210929024613/https://www.llechi.cymru/nomination">"The Nomination"</a>. Llechi Cymru. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.llechi.cymru/nomination">the original</a> on 29 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nomination&rft.pub=Llechi+Cymru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.llechi.cymru%2Fnomination&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlate+industry+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-57986167">"Wales' slate landscape wins World Heritage status"</a>. BBC News. 28 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Wales%27+slate+landscape+wins+World+Heritage+status&rft.date=2021-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-wales-57986167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlate+industry+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.llechi.cymru/slateareas/ogwenvalley">"Penrhyn Slate Quarry and Bethesda, and the Ogwen Valley to Port Penrhyn"</a>. Llechi Cymru<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Penrhyn+Slate+Quarry+and+Bethesda%2C+and+the+Ogwen+Valley+to+Port+Penrhyn&rft.pub=Llechi+Cymru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.llechi.cymru%2Fslateareas%2Fogwenvalley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlate+industry+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.llechi.cymru/slateareas/dinorwigquarry">"Dinorwig Slate Quarry Mountain Landscape"</a>. Llechi Cymru<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dinorwig+Slate+Quarry+Mountain+Landscape&rft.pub=Llechi+Cymru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.llechi.cymru%2Fslateareas%2Fdinorwigquarry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlate+industry+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.llechi.cymru/slateareas/dyffrynnantlle">"Nantlle Valley Slate Quarry Landscape"</a>. Llechi Cymru<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nantlle+Valley+Slate+Quarry+Landscape&rft.pub=Llechi+Cymru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.llechi.cymru%2Fslateareas%2Fdyffrynnantlle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlate+industry+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.llechi.cymru/slateareas/gorseddau">"Gorseddau and Prince of Wales Slate Quarries, Railway and Mill"</a>. Llechi Cymru<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gorseddau+and+Prince+of+Wales+Slate+Quarries%2C+Railway+and+Mill&rft.pub=Llechi+Cymru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.llechi.cymru%2Fslateareas%2Fgorseddau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlate+industry+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.llechi.cymru/slateareas/ffestiniog">"Ffestiniog: its Slate Mines and Quarries, "city of slates" and Railway to Porthmadog"</a>. Llechi Cymru<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ffestiniog%3A+its+Slate+Mines+and+Quarries%2C+%22city+of+slates%22+and+Railway+to+Porthmadog&rft.pub=Llechi+Cymru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.llechi.cymru%2Fslateareas%2Fffestiniog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlate+industry+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.llechi.cymru/slateareas/bryneglwys">"Bryneglwys Slate Quarry, Abergynolwyn Village and the Talyllyn Railway"</a>. Llechi Cymru<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bryneglwys+Slate+Quarry%2C+Abergynolwyn+Village+and+the+Talyllyn+Railway&rft.pub=Llechi+Cymru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.llechi.cymru%2Fslateareas%2Fbryneglwys&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlate+industry+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burn p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burn p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061002232559/http://screenandsound.llgc.org.uk/cronfa/title.php?titleno=165">"National Screen and Sound Archive for Wales"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Wales" title="National Library of Wales">National Library of Wales</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://screenandsound.llgc.org.uk/cronfa/title.php?titleno=165">the original</a> on 2 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Screen+and+Sound+Archive+for+Wales&rft.pub=National+Library+of+Wales&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscreenandsound.llgc.org.uk%2Fcronfa%2Ftitle.php%3Ftitleno%3D165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlate+industry+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slate_industry_in_Wales&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Burn, Michael. 1972. <i>The Age of Slate</i>. Quarry Tours Ltd., Blaenau Ffestiniog.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I4UgAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA146">"Slate Mining in Wales and Cause of Its Decline"</a>. <i>The Engineering and Mining Journal</i>: 145–148. 18 January 1908<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Engineering+and+Mining+Journal&rft.atitle=Slate+Mining+in+Wales+and+Cause+of+Its+Decline&rft.pages=145-148&rft.date=1908-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI4UgAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlate+industry+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Holmes, Alan. 1986. <i>Slates from Abergynolwyn: the story of Bryneglwys Slate Quarry</i> Gwynedd Archives Service. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-901337-42-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-901337-42-0">0-901337-42-0</a></li> <li>Hughes, Emrys & <a href="/wiki/Aled_Eames" title="Aled Eames">Aled Eames</a>. 1975. <i>Porthmadog Ships</i>. Gwynedd Archives Service.</li> <li>Jones, Gwynfor Pierce & Alun John Richards. 2004. <i>Cwm Gwyrfai : the quarries of the North Wales narrow gauge and the Welsh Highland railways.</i> Gwasg Carreg Gwalch. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86381-897-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-86381-897-8">0-86381-897-8</a></li> <li>Jones, R. Merfyn. 1981. <i>The North Wales Quarrymen, 1874–1922</i> (Studies in Welsh history; 4.) University of Wales Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7083-0776-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7083-0776-0">0-7083-0776-0</a></li> <li>Lewis, M.J.T. & Williams, M. C. 1987. <i>Pioneers of Ffestiniog Slate</i>. Snowdonia National Park Study Centre, Plas Tan y Bwlch. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9512373-1-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-9512373-1-4">0-9512373-1-4</a></li> <li>Lindsay, Jean. 1974. <i>A History of the North Wales Slate Industry</i>. David and Charles, Newton Abbot. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7153-6264-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7153-6264-X">0-7153-6264-X</a></li> <li>Pritchard, D. Dylan. 1946. <i>The Slate Industry of North Wales: statement of the case for a plan</i>. Gwasg Gee.</li> <li>Richards, Alun John. 1994. <i>Slate Quarrying at Corris</i>. Gwasg Carreg Gwalch. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86381-279-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-86381-279-1">0-86381-279-1</a></li> <li>Richards, Alun John. 1995. <i>Slate Quarrying in Wales</i> Gwasg Carreg Gwalch. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86381-319-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-86381-319-4">0-86381-319-4</a></li> <li>Richards, Alun John. 1998. <i>The Slate Quarries of Pembrokeshire</i> Gwasg Carreg Gwalch. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86381-484-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-86381-484-0">0-86381-484-0</a></li> <li>Richards, Alun John. 1999. <i>The Slate Regions of North and Mid Wales and Their Railways</i> Gwasg Carreg Gwalch. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86381-552-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-86381-552-9">0-86381-552-9</a></li> <li>Williams, Merfyn. 1991. <i>The Slate Industry</i>. Shire Publications, Aylesbury. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7478-0124-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7478-0124-X">0-7478-0124-X</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slate_industry_in_Wales&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.penmorfa.com/Slate/">The slate industry of North and Mid Wales, by Dave Sallery</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.llechicymru.info/index.english.htm">Slatesite: a website about Welsh slate</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/slate/">Welsh Slate Museum website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mine-explorer.co.uk/">Mine Explorer – A mine exploration website</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Welsh_slate_quarries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #d1d1d1;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Welsh_Slate_Quarries" title="Template:Welsh Slate Quarries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Welsh_Slate_Quarries" title="Template talk:Welsh Slate Quarries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Welsh_Slate_Quarries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Welsh Slate Quarries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Welsh_slate_quarries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Welsh slate quarries</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #d1d1d1;"><a href="/wiki/Blaenau_Ffestiniog" title="Blaenau Ffestiniog">Blaenau Ffestiniog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croesor" title="Croesor">Croesor</a>,<br /> and <a href="/wiki/Cwm_Penmachno" title="Cwm Penmachno">Cwm Penmachno</a> areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaen_y_Cwm_quarry" title="Blaen y Cwm quarry">Blaen y Cwm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bwlch_y_Slaters_quarry" title="Bwlch y Slaters quarry">Bwlch y Slaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conglog_quarry" title="Conglog quarry">Conglog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croesor_quarry" title="Croesor quarry">Croesor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cwmorthin_quarry" title="Cwmorthin quarry">Cwmorthin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cwt_y_Bugail_quarry" title="Cwt y Bugail quarry">Cwt y Bugail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphwys_Casson_quarry" title="Diphwys Casson quarry">Diphwys Casson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fron-Boeth_and_Pant_Mawr_quarries" title="Fron-Boeth and Pant Mawr quarries">Fron-Boeth and Pant-Mawr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graig_Ddu_quarry" title="Graig Ddu quarry">Graig Ddu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llechwedd_quarry" title="Llechwedd quarry">Llechwedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maenofferen_quarry" title="Maenofferen quarry">Maenofferen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manod_quarry" class="mw-redirect" title="Manod quarry">Manod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moelwyn_quarry" title="Moelwyn quarry">Moelwyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyth-y-Gigfran_quarry" title="Nyth-y-Gigfran quarry">Nyth-y-Gigfran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakeley_quarry" title="Oakeley quarry">Oakeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_quarry" title="Parc quarry">Parc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penmachno_quarry" title="Penmachno quarry">Penmachno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhiwbach_quarry" title="Rhiwbach quarry">Rhiwbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhosydd_quarry" title="Rhosydd quarry">Rhosydd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Votty_%26_Bowydd_quarry" title="Votty & Bowydd quarry">Votty & Bowydd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrysgan_quarry" title="Wrysgan quarry">Wrysgan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #d1d1d1;"><a href="/wiki/Dinas_Mawddwy" title="Dinas Mawddwy">Dinas Mawddwy</a> and <br /> <a href="/wiki/Aberangell" title="Aberangell">Aberangell</a> areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cae-Abatty_quarry" class="mw-redirect" title="Cae-Abatty quarry">Cae Abatty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coed_y_Chwarel_quarry" class="mw-redirect" title="Coed y Chwarel quarry">Cwmllecoediog</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foel_Dinas_quarry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foel Dinas quarry (page does not exist)">Foel Dinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartheiniog_quarry" title="Gartheiniog quarry">Gartheiniog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendreddu_quarry" title="Hendreddu quarry">Hendreddu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maesygamfa_quarry" class="mw-redirect" title="Maesygamfa quarry">Maesygamfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minllyn_quarry" title="Minllyn quarry">Minllyn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tal_y_Mieryn_quarry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tal y Mieryn quarry (page does not exist)">Tal y Mieryn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #d1d1d1;"><a href="/wiki/Afon_Dulas" title="Afon Dulas">Dulas Valley</a> area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abercwmeiddaw_quarry" title="Abercwmeiddaw quarry">Abercwmeiddaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abercorris_quarry" title="Abercorris quarry">Abercorris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aberllefenni_quarries" title="Aberllefenni quarries">Aberllefenni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braichgoch_slate_mine" title="Braichgoch slate mine">Braichgoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambergi_quarry" title="Cambergi quarry">Cambergi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymerau_quarry" title="Cymerau quarry">Cymerau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_quarry" class="mw-redirect" title="Era quarry">Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaewern_quarry" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaewern quarry">Gaewern</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hengae_quarry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hengae quarry (page does not exist)">Hengae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llwyngwern_quarry" title="Llwyngwern quarry">Llwyngwern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratgoed_quarry" title="Ratgoed quarry">Ratgoed</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhiw%27r_Gwreiddyn_quarry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhiw'r Gwreiddyn quarry (page does not exist)">Rhiw'r Gwreiddyn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #d1d1d1;"><a href="/wiki/Bethesda,_Gwynedd" title="Bethesda, Gwynedd">Bethesda</a> area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bryn_Hafod-y-Wern_quarry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bryn Hafod-y-Wern quarry (page does not exist)">Bryn Hafod-y-Wern</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moel_Faban_quarry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moel Faban quarry (page does not exist)">Moel Faban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantdreiniog_quarry" title="Pantdreiniog quarry">Pantdreiniog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penrhyn_quarry" title="Penrhyn quarry">Penrhyn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tan-y-Bwlch_quarry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tan-y-Bwlch quarry (page does not exist)">Tan-y-Bwlch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #d1d1d1;"><a href="/wiki/Llanberis" title="Llanberis">Llanberis</a> area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cefn_Du_quarry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cefn Du quarry (page does not exist)">Cefn Du</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chwarel_Fawr_quarry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chwarel Fawr quarry (page does not exist)">Chwarel Fawr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinorwic_quarry" title="Dinorwic quarry">Dinorwic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glynrhonwy_quarries" title="Glynrhonwy quarries">Glyrhonwy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marchlyn_quarry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marchlyn quarry (page does not exist)">Marchlyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_quarry" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivian quarry">Vivian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #d1d1d1;"><a href="/wiki/Afon_Lledr" title="Afon Lledr">Lledr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conwy_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Conwy Valley">Conwy</a> <br /> valleys areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cedryn_quarry" class="mw-redirect" title="Cedryn quarry">Cedryn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chwarel_Ddu_quarry" title="Chwarel Ddu quarry">Chwarel Ddu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clogwyn_y_Fuwch_quarry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clogwyn y Fuwch quarry (page does not exist)">Clogwyn y Fuwch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cwm_Eigiau_quarry" class="mw-redirect" title="Cwm Eigiau quarry">Cwm Eigiau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foel_quarry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foel quarry (page does not exist)">Foel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hafod-Las_quarry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hafod-Las quarry (page does not exist)">Hafod-Las</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Llewellyn_quarry" title="Prince Llewellyn quarry">Prince Llewellyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhiw-goch_quarry,_Conwy" title="Rhiw-goch quarry, Conwy">Rhiw-goch (Conwy)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhos_quarry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhos quarry (page does not exist)">Rhos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ty%27n-y-bryn_quarry" title="Ty'n-y-bryn quarry">Ty'n-y-bryn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #d1d1d1;"><a href="/wiki/Slate_industry_in_the_Nantlle_Valley" title="Slate industry in the Nantlle Valley">Nantlle Valley</a> area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_quarry" title="Alexandra quarry">Alexandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilgwyn_quarry" title="Cilgwyn quarry">Cilgwyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_quarry" title="Dorothea quarry">Dorothea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moel_Tryfan_quarry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moel Tryfan quarry (page does not exist)">Moel Tryfan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nantlle_Vale_quarry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nantlle Vale quarry (page does not exist)">Nantlle Vale</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pen-y-Bryn_quarry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pen-y-Bryn quarry (page does not exist)">Pen-y-Bryn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen-yr-Orsedd_quarry" title="Pen-yr-Orsedd quarry">Pen-yr-Orsedd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tal-y-Sarn_quarry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tal-y-Sarn quarry (page does not exist)">Tal-y-Sarn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #d1d1d1;">Vale of <a href="/wiki/Llangollen" title="Llangollen">Llangollen</a> area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berwyn_quarry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berwyn quarry (page does not exist)">Berwyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_quarry" title="Cambrian quarry">Cambrian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clogau_quarry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clogau quarry (page does not exist)">Clogau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deeside_and_Moelfferna_quarries" title="Deeside and Moelfferna quarries">Deeside and Moelfferna</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moel_y_Faen_quarry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moel y Faen quarry (page does not exist)">Moel y Faen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penarth_quarry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penarth quarry (page does not exist)">Penarth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhiw-goch_quarry,_Denbighshire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhiw-goch quarry, Denbighshire (page does not exist)">Rhiw-goch (Denbighshire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wynne_quarry" class="mw-redirect" title="Wynne quarry">Wynne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #d1d1d1;"><a href="/wiki/Arthog" title="Arthog">Arthog</a> area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bryngwyn_quarry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bryngwyn quarry (page does not exist)">Bryngwyn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ty%27n-y-Coed_quarry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ty'n-y-Coed quarry (page does not exist)">Ty'n-y-coed</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyfannedd_Fawr_quarry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyfannedd Fawr quarry (page does not exist)">Cyfannedd Fawr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goleuwern_quarry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goleuwern quarry (page does not exist)">Goleuwern</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hen-Ddol_quarry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hen-Ddol quarry (page does not exist)">Hen-Ddol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tan-y-Dderwen_quarry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tan-y-Dderwen quarry (page does not exist)">Tan-y-dderwen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tyddyn-Sieffre_quarry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tyddyn-Sieffre quarry (page does not exist)">Tyddyn-Sieffre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #d1d1d1;"><a href="/wiki/Llangolman" title="Llangolman">Llangolman</a> Area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dandderwen_quarry" class="mw-redirect" title="Dandderwen quarry">Dandderwen quarry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilfach_quarry" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilfach quarry">Gilfach quarry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LLangolman_Farm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LLangolman Farm (page does not exist)">LLangolman Farm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #d1d1d1;">Outliers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bellstone_quarry" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellstone quarry">Bellstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryn_Eglwys_quarry" title="Bryn Eglwys quarry">Bryn Eglwys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cwm_Ebol_quarry" title="Cwm Ebol quarry">Cwm Ebol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darren_quarry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Darren quarry (page does not exist)">Darren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolgoch_quarry,_Gwynedd" title="Dolgoch quarry, Gwynedd">Dolgoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frongoch_quarry,_Aberdyfi" title="Frongoch quarry, Aberdyfi">Frongoch (Aberdyfi)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frongoch_quarry,_Bala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frongoch quarry, Bala (page does not exist)">Frongoch (Bala)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glogue_Quarry" class="mw-redirect" title="Glogue Quarry">Glogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llangolman#Industry" title="Llangolman">Gilfach</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glyn-Iago_quarry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glyn-Iago quarry (page does not exist)">Glyn-lago</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penrhyn-gwyn_quarry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penrhyn-gwyn quarry (page does not exist)">Penrhyn-gwyn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhydyronen_quarries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhydyronen quarries (page does not exist)">Rhyd-yr-Onen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosebush_quarry" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosebush quarry">Rosebush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llangolman#Industry" title="Llangolman">Whitland Abbey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/32px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/48px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/64px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wales" title="Portal:Wales">Wales portal</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom">World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a> <ul><li><small>as part of <a href="/wiki/Great_Spa_Towns_of_Europe" title="Great Spa Towns of Europe">Great Spa Towns of Europe</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blenheim_Palace" title="Blenheim Palace">Blenheim Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Augustine%27s_Abbey" title="St Augustine's Abbey">St Augustine's Abbey</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_Martin%27s_Church,_Canterbury" title="St Martin's Church, Canterbury">St Martin's Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall_and_West_Devon_Mining_Landscape" title="Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape">Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derwent_Valley_Mills" title="Derwent Valley Mills">Derwent Valley Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_Castle" title="Durham Castle">Durham Castle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Durham_Cathedral" title="Durham Cathedral">Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">Frontiers of the Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ironbridge_Gorge" title="Ironbridge Gorge">Ironbridge Gorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodrell_Bank_Observatory" title="Jodrell Bank Observatory">Jodrell Bank Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurassic_Coast" title="Jurassic Coast">Jurassic Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kew_Gardens" title="Kew Gardens">Kew Royal Botanic Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_District" title="Lake District">Lake District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwich" title="Greenwich">Maritime Greenwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> including <a href="/wiki/St_Margaret%27s,_Westminster" title="St Margaret's, Westminster">St Margaret's Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltaire" title="Saltaire">Saltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge,_Avebury_and_Associated_Sites" title="Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites">Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studley_Royal_Park" title="Studley Royal Park">Studley Royal Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fountains_Abbey" title="Fountains Abbey">Fountains Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Stonehenge-Green.jpg/100px-Stonehenge-Green.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Stonehenge-Green.jpg/150px-Stonehenge-Green.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Stonehenge-Green.jpg/200px-Stonehenge-Green.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="355" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Scotland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Town,_Edinburgh" title="Old Town, Edinburgh">Edinburgh Old Town</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Town,_Edinburgh" title="New Town, Edinburgh">New Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forth_Bridge" title="Forth Bridge">Forth Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">Frontiers of the Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Antonine_Wall" title="Antonine Wall">Antonine Wall</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Neolithic_Orkney" title="Heart of Neolithic Orkney">Heart of Neolithic Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Lanark" title="New Lanark">New Lanark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Kilda,_Scotland" title="St Kilda, Scotland">St Kilda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Wales" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Wales">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaenavon_Industrial_Landscape" title="Blaenavon Industrial Landscape">Blaenavon Industrial Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castles_and_Town_Walls_of_King_Edward_in_Gwynedd" title="Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd">Castles and Town Walls of King Edward I in Gwynedd</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Beaumaris_Castle" title="Beaumaris Castle">Beaumaris Castle</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Caernarfon_Castle" title="Caernarfon Castle">Caernarfon Castle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caernarfon_town_walls" title="Caernarfon town walls">Town Walls</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Conwy_Castle" title="Conwy Castle">Conwy Castle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conwy_town_walls" title="Conwy town walls">Town Walls</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Harlech_Castle" title="Harlech Castle">Harlech Castle</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontcysyllte_Aqueduct" title="Pontcysyllte Aqueduct">Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and Canal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Ireland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant%27s_Causeway" title="Giant's Causeway">Giant's Causeway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British Overseas Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorham%27s_Cave" title="Gorham's Cave">Gorham's Cave Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gough_Island" title="Gough Island">Gough Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inaccessible_Island" title="Inaccessible Island">Inaccessible Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henderson_Island_(Pitcairn_Islands)" title="Henderson Island (Pitcairn Islands)">Henderson Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._George%27s,_Bermuda" title="St. George's, Bermuda">Town of St George and Related Fortifications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Former_UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites" title="Former UNESCO World Heritage Sites">Former</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Maritime_Mercantile_City" title="Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City">Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Archaeology_of_Wales" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Archaeology_of_Wales" title="Template:Archaeology of Wales"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Archaeology_of_Wales" title="Template talk:Archaeology of Wales"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Archaeology_of_Wales" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Archaeology of Wales"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Archaeology_of_Wales" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Wales" title="Archaeology of Wales">Archaeology of Wales</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles" title="History of the British Isles">History of the British Isles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Britain" title="Prehistoric Britain">Prehistoric Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Wales" title="Prehistoric Wales">Prehistoric Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_museums_in_Wales" title="Category:Archaeological museums in Wales">Archaeological museums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_museums_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Archaeological museums in the United Kingdom">UK-wide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_sites_in_Wales" title="Category:Archaeological sites in Wales">Archaeological sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_field" title="Celtic field">Celtic field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dolmens_in_Wales" title="Category:Dolmens in Wales">Dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prehistoric_structures_in_Great_Britain" title="List of prehistoric structures in Great Britain">Prehistoric structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bronze_Age_sites_in_Wales" title="Category:Bronze Age sites in Wales">Bronze Age sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Iron_Age_sites_in_Wales" title="Category:Iron Age sites in Wales">Iron Age sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_sites_in_Great_Britain#Wales" title="Roman sites in Great Britain">Roman sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Industrial_archaeological_sites_in_Wales" title="Category:Industrial archaeological sites in Wales">Industrial sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Wales" title="List of castles in Wales">Castles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Iron" title="Ring of Iron">Ring of Iron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hillforts_in_Wales" title="List of hillforts in Wales">Hillforts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hillforts_in_Monmouthshire" title="List of hillforts in Monmouthshire">Monmouthshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringfort" title="Ringfort">Rounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_Hillforts_of_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Atlas of Hillforts of Britain and Ireland">Atlas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill-slope_enclosure" title="Hill-slope enclosure">Hill-slope enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_long_barrows_in_the_United_Kingdom#Wales" title="List of long barrows in the United Kingdom">Long barrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Protected_wrecks_of_Wales" title="Category:Protected wrecks of Wales">Protected wrecks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_scheduled_monuments_in_Wales" title="Lists of scheduled monuments in Wales">Scheduled monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circles_in_the_British_Isles_and_Brittany" title="Stone circles in the British Isles and Brittany">Stone circles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorsedd_stones" title="Gorsedd stones">Gorsedd stones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_cairn" title="Tor cairn">Tor cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treasure_troves_in_Wales" title="Category:Treasure troves in Wales">Treasure troves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tumps" title="List of tumps">Tumps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artefacts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banc_Tynddol_sun-disc" title="Banc Tynddol sun-disc">Banc Tynddol sun-disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryn_Gwyn_stones" title="Bryn Gwyn stones">Bryn Gwyn stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadfan_Stone" title="Cadfan Stone">Cadfan Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantiorix_Inscription" title="Cantiorix Inscription">Cantiorix Inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capel_Garmon_Firedog" title="Capel Garmon Firedog">Capel Garmon Firedog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carew_Cross" title="Carew Cross">Carew Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Neith" title="Cross of Neith">Cross of Neith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_Stone,_Mynydd_Varteg" title="Dog Stone, Mynydd Varteg">Dog Stone, Mynydd Varteg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendrick%27s_Cave_Decorated_Horse_Jaw" title="Kendrick's Cave Decorated Horse Jaw">Kendrick's Cave Decorated Horse Jaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llanllyfni_lunula" title="Llanllyfni lunula">Llanllyfni lunula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llyn_Cerrig_Bach_Plaque" title="Llyn Cerrig Bach Plaque">Llyn Cerrig Bach Plaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llywelyn%27s_coronet" title="Llywelyn's coronet">Llywelyn's coronet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maen_Achwyfan_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Maen Achwyfan Cross">Maen Achwyfan Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moel_Hebog_shield" title="Moel Hebog shield">Moel Hebog shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mold_gold_cape" title="Mold gold cape">Mold gold cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanteos_Cup" title="Nanteos Cup">Nanteos Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhos_Rydd_Shield" title="Rhos Rydd Shield">Rhos Rydd Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Brynach_Cross" title="St Brynach Cross">St Brynach Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_artefacts_in_museums_outside_Wales" title="Welsh artefacts in museums outside Wales">Welsh artefacts in museums outside Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadw" title="Cadw">Cadw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_Archaeological_Association" title="Cambrian Archaeological Association">Cambrian Archaeological Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heneb" class="mw-redirect" title="Heneb">Heneb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_Ancient_and_Historical_Monuments_of_Wales" title="Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales">Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Wales" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Wales">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heritage_register" class="mw-redirect" title="Heritage register">Heritage registers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadw/ICOMOS_Register_of_Parks_and_Gardens_of_Special_Historic_Interest_in_Wales" title="Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales">Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coflein" class="mw-redirect" title="Coflein">Coflein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register_of_Landscapes_of_Historic_Interest_in_Wales" title="Register of Landscapes of Historic Interest in Wales">Register of Landscapes of Historic Interest in Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Inventory_of_Historic_Pub_Interiors" title="National Inventory of Historic Pub Interiors">National Inventory of Historic Pub Interiors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Monuments_Record_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="National Monuments Record of Wales">National Monuments Record of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_scheduled_monuments_in_Wales" title="Lists of scheduled monuments in Wales">Scheduled monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sites_and_monuments_record" title="Sites and monuments record">Sites and monuments record</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Wales" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Wales">World Heritage Sites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaenavon_Industrial_Landscape" title="Blaenavon Industrial Landscape">Blaenavon Industrial Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castles_and_Town_Walls_of_King_Edward_in_Gwynedd" title="Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd">Castles and Town Walls of King Edward I in Gwynedd</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaumaris_Castle" title="Beaumaris Castle">Beaumaris Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caernarfon_Castle" title="Caernarfon Castle">Caernarfon Castle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caernarfon_town_walls" title="Caernarfon town walls">Town Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conwy_Castle" title="Conwy Castle">Conwy Castle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conwy_town_walls" title="Conwy town walls">Town Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlech_Castle" title="Harlech Castle">Harlech Castle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontcysyllte_Aqueduct" title="Pontcysyllte Aqueduct">Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and Canal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Monuments_and_Archaeological_Areas_Act_1979" title="Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979">Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeologia_Cambrensis" title="Archaeologia Cambrensis">Archaeologia Cambrensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_British_Archaeology" title="Council for British Archaeology">Council for British Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Archaeological_Managers_and_Employers" title="Federation of Archaeological Managers and Employers">Federation of Archaeological Managers and Employers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_of_British_Archaeology" title="Festival of British Archaeology">Festival of British Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician" title="Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician">Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_archaeology_in_the_British_Isles" title="Mining archaeology in the British Isles">Mining archaeology in the British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monmouth_in_the_Mesolithic_period" title="Monmouth in the Mesolithic period">Monmouth in the Mesolithic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_and_Bronze_Age_rock_art_in_the_British_Isles" title="Neolithic and Bronze Age rock art in the British Isles">Neolithic and Bronze Age rock art in the British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_Antiquities_Scheme" title="Portable Antiquities Scheme">Portable Antiquities Scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Archaeological_Institute" title="Royal Archaeological Institute">Royal Archaeological Institute</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Welsh_Archaeological_Trusts_(defunct)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Archaeological_Trusts" title="Welsh Archaeological Trusts">Welsh Archaeological Trusts</a> (defunct)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clwyd-Powys_Archaeological_Trust" title="Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust">Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyfed_Archaeological_Trust" title="Dyfed Archaeological Trust">Dyfed Archaeological Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glamorgan-Gwent_Archaeological_Trust" title="Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust">Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwynedd_Archaeological_Trust" title="Gwynedd Archaeological Trust">Gwynedd Archaeological Trust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeology_of_Wales" title="Category:Archaeology of Wales">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geography_of_Wales" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#AFD697;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geography_of_Wales" title="Template:Geography of Wales"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geography_of_Wales" title="Template talk:Geography of Wales"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geography_of_Wales" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geography of Wales"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geography_of_Wales" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Wales" title="Geography of Wales">Geography of Wales</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#AFD697;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geography of the United Kingdom">Geography of the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#AFD697;">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bays_of_Wales" title="List of bays of Wales">Bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_the_United_Kingdom#Wales" title="List of beaches in the United Kingdom">Beaches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Blue_Flag_Beaches_of_Wales" title="List of Blue Flag Beaches of Wales">Blue Flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England%E2%80%93Wales_border" title="England–Wales border">Border with England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offa%27s_Dyke" title="Offa's Dyke">Offa's Dyke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat%27s_Dyke" title="Wat's Dyke">Wat's Dyke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_the_United_Kingdom#Canals_in_Wales" title="List of canals in the United Kingdom">Canals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_canal_system" title="History of the British canal system">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_the_United_Kingdom#Wales" title="List of caves in the United Kingdom">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastline_of_Wales" title="Coastline of Wales">Coastline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coastal_paths_in_Wales" title="Category:Coastal paths in Wales">Coastal paths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_coast" title="Heritage coast">heritage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dams_and_reservoirs_in_the_United_Kingdom#Wales" title="List of dams and reservoirs in the United Kingdom">Dams and reservoirs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reservoirs_of_Wales" title="Reservoirs of Wales">Reservoir management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reservoirs_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of reservoirs in the United Kingdom">by volume</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Desert_of_Wales" title="Desert of Wales">Desert of Wales</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dune_systems_of_Wales" title="List of dune systems of Wales">Dune systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_estuaries_of_Wales" title="List of estuaries of Wales">Estuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Wales" title="Extreme points of Wales">Extreme points</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_points_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Centre points of the United Kingdom">centre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Wales" title="Forestry in Wales">Forests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_broadleaf_forests" title="Celtic broadleaf forests">Broadleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_rainforests_in_Wales" title="Celtic rainforests in Wales">Temperate rainforests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Wales" title="Geology of Wales">Geology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fossiliferous_stratigraphic_units_in_Wales" title="List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales">fossiliferous stratigraphic units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_geological_faults_of_Wales" title="List of geological faults of Wales">faults</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Wales" title="List of islands of Wales">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Wales" title="List of lakes of Wales">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Meadows_in_Wales" title="Category:Meadows in Wales">Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Moorlands_of_Wales" title="Category:Moorlands of Wales">Moorlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_British_Isles_by_height" title="List of mountains of the British Isles by height">Mountains and hills</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_3000s" title="Welsh 3000s">3000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_principal_areas_by_highest_point" title="List of Welsh principal areas by highest point">County tops</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_of_England_and_Wales_in_1964_by_highest_point" title="List of counties of England and Wales in 1964 by highest point">historic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Furth_mountains_in_the_British_Isles" title="List of Furth mountains in the British Isles">Furths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_British_Isles_by_height" title="List of mountains of the British Isles by height">by height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hewitt_mountains_in_England,_Wales_and_Ireland" title="List of Hewitt mountains in England, Wales and Ireland">Hewitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_mountains_in_Wales" title="List of highest mountains in Wales">highest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marilyns_in_the_British_Isles" title="List of Marilyns in the British Isles">Marilyns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nuttall_mountains_in_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nuttall mountains in Wales">Nuttall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_P600_mountains_in_the_British_Isles" title="List of P600 mountains in the British Isles">P600s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes_of_Wales" title="List of mountain passes of Wales">passes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_Wales" title="Category:Mountain ranges of Wales">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_rescue_in_Wales" title="Mountain rescue in Wales">rescue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peninsulas#Wales" title="List of peninsulas">Peninsulas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Wales" title="Protected areas of Wales">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Wales" title="National parks of Wales">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areas_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty_in_Wales" title="Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty in Wales">AONBs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Wales" title="List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Wales">SSSIs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_nature_reserves_in_Wales" title="National nature reserves in Wales">Nature reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_sites_in_Wales" title="List of Ramsar sites in Wales">Ramsar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Wales" title="List of rivers of Wales">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Springs_of_Wales" title="Category:Springs of Wales">Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vales_in_England_and_Wales" title="List of vales in England and Wales">Vales</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mach_Loop" title="Mach Loop">for military-use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_the_United_Kingdom#Wales" title="List of volcanoes in the United Kingdom">Extinct volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_in_Wales" title="List of waterfalls in Wales">Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wetlands_of_Wales" title="Category:Wetlands of Wales">Wetlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Zone_(Boundaries_and_Transfer_of_Functions)_Order_2010" title="Welsh Zone (Boundaries and Transfer of Functions) Order 2010">Adjacent waters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#AFD697;"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Environment of the United Kingdom">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Wales" title="Biodiversity of Wales">Biodiversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Wales" title="Fauna of Wales">Fauna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_breeds" title="List of Welsh breeds">Breeds</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Wales" title="Flora of Wales">Flora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_apples" title="Welsh apples">Apples</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Wales" title="Climate of Wales">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Special_Areas_of_Conservation_in_Wales" title="List of Special Areas of Conservation in Wales">Conservation areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Wales" title="Environmental issues in Wales">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_habitats_of_principal_importance_in_Wales" title="List of habitats of principal importance in Wales">Habitats of importance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Character_Area" title="Marine Character Area">Marine Character Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales_Precipitation" title="England and Wales Precipitation">Precipitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#AFD697;"><a href="/wiki/Land_use_in_Wales" title="Land use in Wales">Land use</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Wales" title="Agriculture in Wales">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resources_of_Wales" title="Natural resources of Wales">Natural resources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Wales" title="Mining in Wales">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_industry_in_Wales" title="Coal industry in Wales">Coal mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_tips_in_Wales" title="Coal tips in Wales">tips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Wales" title="Forestry in Wales">Forestry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Forest_for_Wales" title="National Forest for Wales">re-forestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_gold" title="Welsh gold">Gold</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Slate quarrying</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#AFD697;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Administrative geography of the United Kingdom">Administrative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#AFD697;"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Wales" title="Subdivisions of Wales">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Wales" title="Local government in Wales">Local government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_Wales" title="History of local government in Wales">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantref" title="Cantref">Cantref</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commote" title="Commote">Commote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Marches" title="Welsh Marches">Marches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcher_lord" title="Marcher lord">lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_law_(Anglo-Welsh_border)" title="March law (Anglo-Welsh border)">law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hundreds_of_Wales" title="List of hundreds of Wales">Hundreds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_Wales" title="Historic counties of Wales">Historic counties</a> <ul><li>by area <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_of_Wales_by_area_in_1831" title="List of counties of Wales by area in 1831">1831</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_counties_of_Wales_by_area_in_1891" title="List of historic counties of Wales by area in 1891">1891</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_county_exclaves_in_England_and_Wales_1844%E2%80%931974" title="List of county exclaves in England and Wales 1844–1974">1844–1974 exclaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_of_Wales_by_population_in_1971" title="List of counties of Wales by population in 1971">by population in 1971</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poor_law_unions_in_Wales" title="List of poor law unions in Wales">Poor law unions</a></li> <li>Local districts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_boards_formed_in_England_and_Wales_1848%E2%80%931894" title="Local boards formed in England and Wales 1848–1894">1848–1894</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_districts_formed_in_England_and_Wales_1894%E2%80%9395" title="List of urban districts formed in England and Wales 1894–95">1894–95</a></li> <li>1896–1974 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_districts_formed_in_England_and_Wales_1896%E2%80%931974" title="List of urban districts formed in England and Wales 1896–1974">UDs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rural_districts_formed_in_England_and_Wales_1894%E2%80%931974" title="List of rural districts formed in England and Wales 1894–1974">RDs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rural_and_urban_districts_in_Wales_in_1973" title="List of rural and urban districts in Wales in 1973">1973</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preserved_counties_of_Wales" title="Preserved counties of Wales">Preserved counties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Wales" title="Districts of Wales">districts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principal_areas_of_Wales" title="Principal areas of Wales">Principal areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_principal_areas" title="List of Welsh principal areas">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_(Wales)" title="Community (Wales)">Communities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communities_in_Wales" title="List of communities in Wales">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electoral_wards_in_Wales" title="List of electoral wards in Wales">Electoral wards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_built-up_areas_in_Wales_by_population" title="List of built-up areas in Wales by population">Built-up areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Wales" title="Regions of Wales">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_economy_in_Wales" title="Regional economy in Wales">for economy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#AFD697;">Settlements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_places_in_Wales" title="Lists of places in Wales">Places</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Wales" title="List of cities in Wales">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_of_Wales" title="Capital of Wales">capital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Wales" title="List of towns in Wales">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Wales" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Wales">Twin towns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_towns_twinned_with_a_Breton_town" title="List of Welsh towns twinned with a Breton town">with Brittany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_places_in_Wales" title="Category:Lists of places in Wales">by county</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#AFD697;"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_toponymy" title="Welsh toponymy">Toponymy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_generic_forms_in_place_names_in_Ireland_and_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of generic forms in place names in Ireland and the United Kingdom">General forms of place-names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caer" title="Caer">Caer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llan_(placename)" title="Llan (placename)">Llan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pil_(placename)" title="Pil (placename)">Pil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Place-Name_Society" title="Welsh Place-Name Society">Welsh Place-Name Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_place_names_in_other_countries" title="Welsh place names in other countries">In other countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Locations_in_the_United_States_with_a_Welsh_name" title="Locations in the United States with a Welsh name">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_standardised_Welsh_place-names" title="List of standardised Welsh place-names">Standardised Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#AFD697;">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_and_identity_in_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography and identity in Wales">Social geography and identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_divide_in_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="North–South divide in Wales">North–South divide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Wales" title="Demographics of Wales">Demography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Cardiff" title="Demographics of Cardiff">Cardiff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_relationship_between_the_Welsh_and_the_English" title="Cultural relationship between the Welsh and the English">Anglo–Welsh relations</a></li> <li><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/Y_Fro_Gymraeg" title="Y Fro Gymraeg">Y Fro Gymraeg</a></i></span> (Welsh-speaking areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landsker_Line" title="Landsker Line">Landsker Line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_England_beyond_Wales" title="Little England beyond Wales">Little England beyond Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#AFD697;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cardiff" title="Geography of Cardiff">Geography of Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_in_Merthyr_Tydfil" title="Sustainability in Merthyr Tydfil">Sustainability in Merthyr Tydfil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lammas_Ecovillage" title="Lammas Ecovillage">Lammas Ecovillage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" 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