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Jainismo - Wikipedia, entziklopedia askea.

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ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea." class=""><span>Sortu kontua</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&amp;returnto=Jainismo" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Hasi saioa</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Aukera gehiago" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tresna pertsonalak</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=eu"><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&amp;returnto=Jainismo" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Sortu kontua</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&amp;returnto=Jainismo" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. 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class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Edukiak" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sinesmenak_eta_filosofia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sinesmenak_eta_filosofia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Sinesmenak eta filosofia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sinesmenak_eta_filosofia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Sinesmenak eta filosofia azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sinesmenak_eta_filosofia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dravya_(Gertaera_ontologikoak)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dravya_(Gertaera_ontologikoak)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span><i>Dravya</i> (Gertaera ontologikoak)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dravya_(Gertaera_ontologikoak)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tattva_(Gertaera_soteriologikoak)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tattva_(Gertaera_soteriologikoak)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span><i>Tattva</i> (Gertaera soteriologikoak)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tattva_(Gertaera_soteriologikoak)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pramana_(Gertaera_epistemologikoak)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pramana_(Gertaera_epistemologikoak)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Pramana (Gertaera epistemologikoak)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pramana_(Gertaera_epistemologikoak)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arima_eta_karma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arima_eta_karma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Arima eta karma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arima_eta_karma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saṃsāra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saṃsāra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Saṃsāra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saṃsāra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kosmologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kosmologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Kosmologia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kosmologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jainkoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jainkoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Jainkoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jainkoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salbapena_eta_askapena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salbapena_eta_askapena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Salbapena eta askapena</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salbapena_eta_askapena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oinarrizko_printzipioak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oinarrizko_printzipioak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Oinarrizko printzipioak</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Oinarrizko_printzipioak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Oinarrizko printzipioak azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Oinarrizko_printzipioak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ez-biolentzia_(ahimsa)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ez-biolentzia_(ahimsa)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ez-biolentzia (<i>ahimsa</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ez-biolentzia_(ahimsa)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alde_askotako_errealitatea_(anekāntavāda)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alde_askotako_errealitatea_(anekāntavāda)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Alde askotako errealitatea (<i>anekāntavāda</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alde_askotako_errealitatea_(anekāntavāda)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ez_atxikitzea_(aparigraha)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ez_atxikitzea_(aparigraha)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Ez atxikitzea (<i>aparigraha</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ez_atxikitzea_(aparigraha)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jainismoaren_etika_eta_bost_botoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jainismoaren_etika_eta_bost_botoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Jainismoaren etika eta bost botoak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jainismoaren_etika_eta_bost_botoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Praktikak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Praktikak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Praktikak</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Praktikak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Praktikak azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Praktikak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aszetismoa_eta_monastikotasuna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aszetismoa_eta_monastikotasuna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Aszetismoa eta monastikotasuna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aszetismoa_eta_monastikotasuna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Janaria_eta_baraua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Janaria_eta_baraua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Janaria eta baraua</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Janaria_eta_baraua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meditazioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meditazioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Meditazioa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meditazioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erritualak_eta_gurtzak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erritualak_eta_gurtzak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Erritualak eta gurtzak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erritualak_eta_gurtzak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jaialdiak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jaialdiak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Jaialdiak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jaialdiak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tradizioak_eta_sektak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tradizioak_eta_sektak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Tradizioak eta sektak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tradizioak_eta_sektak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikus,_gainera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikus,_gainera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ikus, gainera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikus,_gainera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Jainismo</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 144 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-144" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">144 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djainisme" title="Djainisme – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Djainisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainismus" title="Jainismus – Suitzako alemana" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Jainismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Suitzako alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chainismo" title="Chainismo – aragoiera" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chainismo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="जैन धर्म – angikera" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="जैन धर्म" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angikera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الجاينية – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الجاينية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="جاينيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جاينيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE" title="জৈন ধৰ্ম – assamera" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জৈন ধৰ্ম" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xainismu" title="Xainismu – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xainismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caynizm" title="Caynizm – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Caynizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="جاینیزم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جاینیزم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Джайнизм – baxkirera" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Джайнизм" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baxkirera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEain%C4%97zmos" title="Džainėzmos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Džainėzmos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainismo" title="Hainismo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Hainismo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Джайнізм – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джайнізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Джайнізм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Джайнізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Джайнизъм – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джайнизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="जैन धर्म – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जैन धर्म" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%B1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F" title="စေင်းဘာႏသာႏ – Pa&#039;O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="စေင်းဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa&#039;O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE" title="জৈন ধর্ম – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জৈন ধর্ম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%85%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="གཅེར་བུ་བའི་ཆོས་ལུགས། – tibetera" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གཅེར་བུ་བའི་ཆོས་ལུགས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainegezh" title="Jainegezh – bretoiera" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Jainegezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEainizam" title="Džainizam – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Džainizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainisme" title="Jainisme – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Jainisme" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Джайнай шажан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Джайнай шажан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainisme" title="Jainisme – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jainisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Джайнизм – txetxenera" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Джайнизм" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="txetxenera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="جاینیزم – erdialdeko kurduera" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جاینیزم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="erdialdeko kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEinismus" title="Džinismus – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Džinismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainiaeth" title="Jainiaeth – galesa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Jainiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainisme" title="Jainisme – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jainisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainismus" title="Jainismus – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jainismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%96%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%A8%DE%92%DE%A6%DE%89%DE%B0" title="ޖައިނިޒަމް – dhivehia" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޖައިނިޒަމް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="dhivehia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Τζαϊνισμός – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζαϊνισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Jainism" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%9Cajnismo" title="Ĝajnismo – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĝajnismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainismo" title="Jainismo – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jainismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEainism" title="Džainism – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Džainism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86_(%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86)" title="جین (دین) – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جین (دین)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainalaisuus" title="Jainalaisuus – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jainalaisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEainism" title="Džainism – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Džainism" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainisma" title="Jainisma – faroera" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Jainisma" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="faroera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%C3%AFnisme" title="Jaïnisme – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jaïnisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C2%B7ayinismo" title="J·ayinismo – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="J·ayinismo" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainisim" title="Jainisim – friulera" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Jainisim" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friulera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%C3%AFnisme" title="Jaïnisme – mendebaldeko frisiera" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Jaïnisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="mendebaldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayinism" title="Jayinism – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Jayinism" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xainismo" title="Xainismo – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xainismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jain_Dharma" title="Jain Dharma – guaraniera" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Jain Dharma" data-language-autonym="Avañe&#039;ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%88%E0%AA%A8_%E0%AA%A7%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AE" title="જૈન ધર્મ – gujaratera" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જૈન ધર્મ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujaratera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainanci" title="Jainanci – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Jainanci" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="ג&#039;ייניזם – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג&#039;ייניזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="जैन धर्म – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जैन धर्म" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Jainism" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEainizam" title="Džainizam – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Džainizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzsainizmus" title="Dzsainizmus – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dzsainizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Ջայնիզմ – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջայնիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainisme" title="Jainisme – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jainisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainismo" title="Hainismo – ilocanoera" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Hainismo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocanoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%C3%ADnismi" title="Jaínismi – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jaínismi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giainismo" title="Giainismo – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giainismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%82%A4%E3%83%8A%E6%95%99" title="ジャイナ教 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジャイナ教" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainizim" title="Jainizim – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Jainizim" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/lijdrdjaina" title="lijdrdjaina – lojbana" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="lijdrdjaina" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojbana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainisme" title="Jainisme – javera" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Jainisme" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ჯაინიზმი – georgiera" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯაინიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Say%C9%A9n%C9%A9sm%C9%A9" title="Sayɩnɩsmɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Sayɩnɩsmɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Джайнизм – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Джайнизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%A8_%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE" title="ಜೈನ ಧರ್ಮ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜೈನ ಧರ್ಮ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%9D%B4%EB%82%98%EA%B5%90" title="자이나교 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자이나교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayn%C3%AEzm" title="Caynîzm – kurduera" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Caynîzm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Жайнычылык – kirgizera" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жайнычылык" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iainismus" title="Iainismus – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iainismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djainizmo" title="Djainizmo – ladinoa" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Djainizmo" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladinoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainismus" title="Jainismus – luxenburgera" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Jainismus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxenburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainisme" title="Jainisme – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Jainisme" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Jainism" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEainizmas" title="Džainizmas – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Džainizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEainisms" title="Džainisms – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džainisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="जैन धर्म – maithilia" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="जैन धर्म" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Джайнизмась – mokxera" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Джайнизмась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="mokxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainisma" title="Jainisma – malgaxea" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Jainisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Џаинизам – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Џаинизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="ജൈനമതം – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജൈനമതം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Жайнизм – mongoliera" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Жайнизм" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%87%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC" title="ဇိနဘာသာ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ဇိနဘာသာ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="जैन धर्म – marathera" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जैन धर्म" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainisme" title="Jainisme – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jainisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainismo" title="Jainismo – mirandesa" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Jainismo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC" title="ဂျိန်းဘာသာ – birmaniera" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျိန်းဘာသာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86" title="جین دین – mazandarandera" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جین دین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainismus" title="Jainismus – behe-alemana" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Jainismus" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="behe-alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="जैन धर्म – nepalera" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जैन धर्म" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="जैन धर्म – newarera" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जैन धर्म" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%C3%AFnisme" title="Jaïnisme – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jaïnisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djainismen" title="Djainismen – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Djainismen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainisme" title="Jainisme – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jainisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%C3%AFnisme" title="Jaïnisme – okzitaniera" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Jaïnisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okzitaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%88%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%A7%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AE" title="ଜୈନ ଧର୍ମ – oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଜୈନ ଧର୍ମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE" title="ਜੈਨ ਧਰਮ – punjabera" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੈਨ ਧਰਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Jainism" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BAinizm" title="Dźinizm – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dźinizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Jainism" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AA" title="جین مت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جین مت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85" title="جاينيزم – paxtunera" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جاينيزم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paxtunera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainismo" title="Jainismo – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jainismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jajinipen" title="Jajinipen – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Jajinipen" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Jainism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Джайнизм – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Джайнизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Джайнізм – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Джайнізм" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%83" title="जैनधर्मः – sanskritoa" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जैनधर्मः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskritoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Дьайнизм – sakhera" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Дьайнизм" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%B3_%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A2" title="ᱡᱳᱭᱱᱳ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ – santalera" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱳᱭᱱᱳ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism – eskoziera" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Jainism" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="eskoziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86_%DA%8C%D8%B1%D9%85" title="جين ڌرم – sindhia" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جين ڌرم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEainizam" title="Džainizam – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Džainizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%9E%E1%81%BC%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B5%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="သႃႇသၼႃႇၵျဵၼ်း – shanera" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="သႃႇသၼႃႇၵျဵၼ်း" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="shanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%9B%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%B8" title="ජෛනාගම – sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජෛනාගම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jainism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEinizmus" title="Džinizmus – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Džinizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEainizem" title="Džainizem – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Džainizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujaini" title="Ujaini – shonera" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ujaini" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainismi" title="Jainismi – somaliera" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Jainismi" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhainizmi" title="Xhainizmi – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Xhainizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Џаинизам – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џаинизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jainism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujain" title="Ujain – swahilia" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ujain" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சைனம் – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சைனம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%A8_%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE" title="ಜೈನ ಧರ್ಮ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಜೈನ ಧರ್ಮ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82" title="జైన మతం – telugua" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జైన మతం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99" title="ศาสนาเชน – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศาสนาเชน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainismo" title="Hainismo – tagaloa" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hainismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caynizm" title="Caynizm – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Caynizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%96%D3%99%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Җәйничелек – tatarera" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Җәйничелек" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Джайнізм – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джайнізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AA" title="جین مت – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جین مت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaynizm" title="Jaynizm – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Jaynizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E1%BB%B3_Na_gi%C3%A1o" title="Kỳ Na giáo – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kỳ Na giáo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainismo" title="Jainismo – warayera" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Jainismo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warayera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%86%E9%82%A3%E6%95%99" title="耆那教 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="耆那教" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ჯაინიზმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯაინიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="דזשייניזם – yiddisha" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דזשייניזם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddisha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%86%E9%82%A3%E6%95%99" title="耆那教 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="耆那教" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaina-k%C3%A0u" title="Jaina-kàu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jaina-kàu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%86%E9%82%A3%E6%95%99" title="耆那教 – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="耆那教" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9232#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Aldatu hizkuntzen arteko loturak" class="wbc-editpage">Aldatu loturak</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Izen-tarteak"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Jainismo" title="Eduki orrialdea ikusi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikulua</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eztabaida:Jainismo" rel="discussion" title="Artikuluari buruzko eztabaida [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aldatu hizkuntza aldaera" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">euskara</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div 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class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainismo&amp;action=history" title="Artikulu honen aurreko bertsioak. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Ikusi historia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresnak" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tresnak</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tresnak</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ekintzak </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Jainismo"><span>Irakurri</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainismo&amp;veaction=edit" title="Orri hau aldatu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Aldatu</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainismo&amp;action=edit" title="Idatzi orri honen iturburu kodea [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainismo&amp;action=history"><span>Ikusi historia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Orokorra </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:ZerkLotzenDuHona/Jainismo" title="Orri honetaranzko esteka duten wiki orri guztien zerrenda [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Honanzko esteka duten orriak</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:RecentChangesLinked/Jainismo" rel="nofollow" title="Orri honetatik esteka duten orrietako azken aldaketak [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Lotutako orrietako aldaketak</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=eu" title="Irudiak edo media fitxategiak igo [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Fitxategia igo</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:OrrialdeBereziak" title="Orri berezi guztien zerrenda [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Orri bereziak</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainismo&amp;oldid=9603913" title="Orriaren bertsio honetaranzko esteka iraunkorra"><span>Lotura iraunkorra</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainismo&amp;action=info" title="Orrialde honi buruzko informazio gehiago"><span>Orri honen datuak</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:CiteThisPage&amp;page=Jainismo&amp;id=9603913&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Orri honen aipua egiteko moduari buruzko informazioa"><span>Artikulu hau aipatu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Feu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJainismo"><span>URL laburra lortu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Feu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJainismo"><span>QR kodea jaitsi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Inprimatu/esportatu </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:Book&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=Jainismo"><span>Liburu bat sortu</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Jainismo&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>Deskargatu PDF formatuan</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainismo&amp;printable=yes" title="Orrialde honen bertsio inprimagarria [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Inprimatzeko bertsioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Beste proiektuetan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jainism" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9232" title="Datuen biltegi elementu batera lotuta [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata itema</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itxura"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header 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<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:JainismSymbol.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/JainismSymbol.PNG" decoding="async" width="266" height="278" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="266" data-file-height="278" /></a><figcaption>Jainismoaren ikurra.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Jainismoa</b> edo <i>Jain <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrito" title="Sanskrito">sanskritoz</a>: जैनधर्म; <a href="/wiki/Tamilera" title="Tamilera">tamileraz</a>: சமணம், <i>Samaṇam</i>) <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indiako</a> erlijio zahar bat da. Bere dotrinan izaki bizidun guztientzat bide ez-biolento bat aldarrikatzen du. Bere <a href="/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia">filosofia</a> eta praktika batez ere norbere esfortzuaren bitartez <a href="/wiki/Jainko" class="mw-disambig" title="Jainko">Jaungoikoarenganako</a> eskailera izpiritual bat igotzean datza. <a href="/wiki/Arima" title="Arima">Arima</a> batek lortu badu bere etsaiak garaitzea <i><a href="/wiki/Jina" title="Jina">jina</a></i> izena ematen zaio, hau da, <i>konkistatzailea</i> edo <i>garailea</i>. Jainismoaren hasieran 24 <a href="/wiki/Aszetismo" title="Aszetismo">aszetek</a> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirthankara&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tirthankara (sortu gabe)">tirthankara</a></i> izenekoak) paper garrantzitsua jokatu zuten, batez ere <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parsva&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Parsva (sortu gabe)">Parsva</a> (<a href="/wiki/K.a._IX._mendea" title="K.a. IX. mendea">K.a. IX. mendea</a>) eta <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a> (<a href="/wiki/K.a._VI._mendea" title="K.a. VI. mendea">K.a. VI. mendea</a>). Gaur egun 49 milioi jarraitzaile ditu Indian eta hainbat jarraitzaile ditu <a href="/wiki/Ipar_Amerika" title="Ipar Amerika">Ipar Amerikan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australian</a>. </p><p>Jainistek eragin handia izan dute beste erlijio batzuetan Indian, baita politikan eta ekonomian ere. Jainistak Indiako erlijioen artean <a href="/wiki/Analfabetismo" title="Analfabetismo">analfabetismo</a> tasa txikiena dutenak dira eta euren liburutegiak herrialdeko zaharrenak dira. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sinesmenak_eta_filosofia">Sinesmenak eta filosofia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainismo&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Sinesmenak eta filosofia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainismo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Sinesmenak eta filosofia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Ahimsa_Jainism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Ahimsa_Jainism.svg/170px-Ahimsa_Jainism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Ahimsa_Jainism.svg/255px-Ahimsa_Jainism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Ahimsa_Jainism.svg/340px-Ahimsa_Jainism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="1506" /></a><figcaption>Eskuak <i>Ahiṃsā</i> sinbolizatzen du, gurpilak <i>dharmachakra</i>, <i>saṃsāra</i> eskuratzeko gaitasuna (transmigrazioa).</figcaption></figure> <p>Jainismoa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transteismo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Transteismo (sortu gabe)">transteista</a> da eta adierazten du unibertsoa <a href="/wiki/Gogo-gorputz_dualismoa#Motak" title="Gogo-gorputz dualismoa">substantzien dualismoaren</a> legea erreparatuz garatzen dela.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Jainismoaren arabera, printzipio horren benetako errealizazioa paralelismoaren eta interakzionismoaren fenomenoen bidez garatzen da.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dravya_(Gertaera_ontologikoak)"><span id="Dravya_.28Gertaera_ontologikoak.29"></span><i>Dravya</i> (Gertaera ontologikoak)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainismo&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Dravya (Gertaera ontologikoak)»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainismo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Dravya (Gertaera ontologikoak)"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Dravya</i>k substantzia edo entitate esan nahi du <a href="/wiki/Sanskrito" title="Sanskrito">sanskritoz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Jainistek uste dute unibertsoa sei substantzia betierekoek osatzen dutela: izaki edo arima sentiberak (<i>jīva</i>), substantzia edo materia ez-sentikorra (<i>pudgala</i>), mugimenduaren printzipioa (<i>dharma</i>), atsedenaren printzipioa (<i>adharma</i>), espazioa (<i>Ākāśa</i>) eta denbora (<i>kāla</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Azken bostak ajibak dira (ez bizidunak). Jainistek substantzia bat gorputz konplexu edo gauza batetik bereizten dute, lehenengoa elementu suntsiezina dela aitortuz, eta bigarrena, berriz, desegin daitezkeen substantzia batez edo gehiagoz egindako konposatuaren izaera emanez.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tattva_(Gertaera_soteriologikoak)"><span id="Tattva_.28Gertaera_soteriologikoak.29"></span><i>Tattva</i> (Gertaera soteriologikoak)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainismo&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Tattva (Gertaera soteriologikoak)»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainismo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Tattva (Gertaera soteriologikoak)"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Tattva</i>k errealitatea edo egia adierazten du Jainismoaren filosofian, eta salbaziorako esparrua da. Digambara Jainisten arabera, zazpi <i>tattva</i> daude: sentikorra (<i>jīva</i> edo biziduna), ez-sentikorra (ajiva edo ez-biziduna), eragin karmikoa ariman (<i>Srava</i>, bizitzearen eta ez bizitzearen arteko nahasketa bat), partikula karmikoen menpekotasuna ariman (<i>Bandha</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-:10_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> iraganeko partikula karmikoen trabakuntza (<i>Saṃvara</i>), iraganeko partikula karmikoen garbiketa edo ezabaketa ((<i>Nirjarā</i>) eta askatzea (<i>Moksha</i>). Śvētāmbarasek bi <i>tattva</i> gehiago gehitzen ditu: karma ona (Punya) eta karma txarra (Paapa).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Filosofia jainistaren benetako ikuspegia "tattvetako fedean" oinarritzen da.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Jainismoan helburu espiritual gorena <i>moksha</i> aszetikoa lortzea da, baina jainista gehienentzat helburu nagusia da karma on bat metatzea, berpizkunde hobea lortzea eta askapenetik hurbilago dagoen urrats batera gerturatzea.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pramana_(Gertaera_epistemologikoak)"><span id="Pramana_.28Gertaera_epistemologikoak.29"></span>Pramana (Gertaera epistemologikoak)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainismo&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Pramana (Gertaera epistemologikoak)»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainismo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Pramana (Gertaera epistemologikoak)"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jainismoaren filosofiak hiru ezagutza-bide fidagarri (<i>pramana</i>) onartzen ditu. Ezagutza zuzena pertzepzioan (<i>pratyaksa</i>), inferentzian (<i>anumana</i>) eta lekukotzan (<i>sabda</i> edo eskrituren hitza) oinarritzen dela dio.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ideia horiek Jainismoaren testuetan lantzen dira, hala nola <i>Tattvarthasūtra</i>, <i>Parvacanasara</i>, <i>Nandi</i> eta <i>Anuyogadvarini</i> testuetan.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Jainismoaren testu batzuek analogia (<i>upamana</i>) eransten dute laugarren ezagutza-bide fidagarri gisa, Indiako beste erlijio batzuetan aurkitutako teoria epistemologikoen antzera.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jainismoan, <i>jnāna</i> (ezagutza) bost motakoa dela esaten da: <i>mati jñāna</i> (zentzumenen ezagutza), <i>śrutu jñāna</i> (idatzien ezagutza), <i>avadhi jñāna</i> (<a href="/wiki/Iragarmen" title="Iragarmen">iragarmena</a>), <i>manah prayāya Jñāna</i> (<a href="/wiki/Telepatia" title="Telepatia">telepatia</a>) eta <i>kevala jnana</i> (<a href="/wiki/Orojakintza" title="Orojakintza">orojakintza</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Jainismoaren <i>Tattvartha sūtra</i> testuaren arabera, lehenengo biak zeharkako ezagutzak dira eta gainerako hirurak zuzeneko ezagutzak.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arima_eta_karma">Arima eta karma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainismo&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Arima eta karma»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainismo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Arima eta karma"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jainismoaren arabera, "arima elkartua eta beti aldakorra" izatea egia autoagerikoa da, frogatu behar ez den axioma.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Arima asko daudela dio, baina horietako bakoitzak hiru ezaugarri ditu (<i>Guna</i>): kontzientzia (<i>chaitanya</i>, garrantzitsuena), zorion-jarioa (<i>sukha</i>) eta bibrazio-energia (<i>virya</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Horrez gain, bibrazioak partikula karmikoak arimara erakarri eta menpekotza sortzen du, baina hori arimari meritu edo demeritu moduan eransten zaio. Jainismoaren testuek diote arimak "gorputz materialez jantzita" daudela, eta gorputz osoa betetzen dutela.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Karmak, beste erlijio indiar batzuetan bezala, jainismoan kausaren eta efektuaren lege unibertsala da.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hala ere, arimarekin bat egin dezakeen substantzia material (materia sotil) gisa ulertzen da, arimarekin bat egiten duena eta arimarekin, <a href="/wiki/Berraragiztatze" class="mw-redirect" title="Berraragiztatze">berraragiztatzearen</a> bitartez, modu bateratuan bidaiatu dezakeena. Uste da karmak berezko natura eta arimaren ahalegina iluntzen eta oztopatzen dituela, baita hurrengo berpizpenetan duen potentzial espirituala ere.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saṃsāra"><span id="Sa.E1.B9.83s.C4.81ra"></span>Saṃsāra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainismo&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Saṃsāra»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainismo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Saṃsāra"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara">Saṃsāraren</a> doktrinaren esparru kontzeptuala jainismoaren eta beste erlijio indiar batzuen artean bereizten da. Arima (<i>jiva</i>) egia gisa onartzen dute, <a href="/wiki/Hinduismo" title="Hinduismo">hinduismoan</a> bezala, baina ez <a href="/wiki/Budismo" title="Budismo">budismoan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Berraragiztatze zikloak jainismoan definitutako hasiera eta amaiera ditu. Jainen teosofiak dioenez, arima bakoitza 8.400.000 jaiotza-egoeratatik igarotzen da, Saṃsāraren inguruan itzulbira egin artean, bost gorputz-motatatik pasatuz: lur-gorputzak, ur-gorputzak, su-gorputzak, aire-gorputzak eta landare-bizitzak. Etengabe txandakatzen dira giza eta ez giza jarduera guztiak, euritik arnasara.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edozein bizimodu kaltetzea jainismoan bekatua da, ondorio karmiko negatiboak dituena.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Jainismoak ezartzen du arimak egoera oinarrizkoan hasten direla, eta goragoko egoera batera eboluzionatzen dutela edo atzera egiten dutela beren karmak hartara gidatzen baditu. Hala, <i>abhavya</i> arimak (ezgaiak) ezin dute inoiz <i>moksha</i> lortu (askatzea). <i>Abhavya</i> egoeran intentzionala eta ikaragarri txarra den ekintza baten ondorioz erortzen da.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arimak onak edo txarrak izan daitezke jainismoan, hinduismo eta budismo forma ez-dualetan ez bezala. Jainismoaren arabera, <i>Siddha</i> bat (arima askatua) Saṃsāratik haratago doanean, gailurrean dago, orojakilea da eta bertan irauten du betiko.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kosmologia">Kosmologia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainismo&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kosmologia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainismo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Kosmologia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jainismoaren testuek proposatzen dute unibertsoa <i>loka</i> eternal askotan (existentzia-eremuak) oinarritzen dela. Budismoan eta hinduismoan bezala, bai denbora bai unibertsoa betierekoak dira, baina unibertsoa iragankorra da.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Unibertsoa, gorputza, materia eta denbora arimatik bereizita daudela jotzen da (<i>jiva</i>). Haien arteko interakzioak bizitza, bizimodua, heriotza eta birsortzea azaltzen ditu jainismoaren filosofian. Jainismoaren unibertso kosmikoak hiru zati ditu: goiko, erdiko eta beheko munduak (<i>urdhva loka</i>, <i>madhya loka</i> eta <i>adho loka</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-:9_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>Jainismoaren arabera <i>Kāla</i> (denbora), hasierarik gabe eta betierekoa da; denboraren gurpil kosmikoa, <i>kālachakra</i>, etenik gabea ari da mugitzen.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Unibertsoaren zati horretan, sei aldi daudela bi eonen (<i>ara</i>) barruan, eta lehenengo eonean unibertsoa sortu egiten da, eta hurrengoan, berriz, gain behera egiten du.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beraz, denboraren mundu-zikloa bi ziklotan banatzen du: <i>utsarpiṇī</i> (goranzkoa, pixkanakako oparotasun zoriontsua) eta <i>avasarpiṇī</i> (beheranzkoa, tristezia gero eta handiagoa eta moraltasun eza). Jainismoaren arabera, mundua gaur egun bosgarren avasarpiṇīan dago, tristeziaz eta dekadentzia erlijiosoz betea, non izaki bizidunen altuera murrizten den. Jainismoaren arabera, seigarren <i>ara</i>ren ondoren, unibertsoa ziklo berri batean esnatuko da.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:17_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jainkoa">Jainkoa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainismo&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Jainkoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainismo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Jainkoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Jain_24-Tirthankaras.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Jain_24-Tirthankaras.jpg/220px-Jain_24-Tirthankaras.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Jain_24-Tirthankaras.jpg/330px-Jain_24-Tirthankaras.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Jain_24-Tirthankaras.jpg/440px-Jain_24-Tirthankaras.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="805" /></a><figcaption>24 tirthankaren miniaturazko margo jainista, <a href="/wiki/Jaipur" title="Jaipur">Jaipur</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#8201;1850</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Jainismoa erlijio <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transteismo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Transteismo (sortu gabe)">transteista</a> da, esaten baitu unibertsoa sortu ez zela eta betiko existituko dela.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Independentea da, sortzailerik, gobernadorerik, epailerik edo suntsitzailerik ez baitu. Horretan, erlijio abrahamikoen eta hinduismoaren ildo teisten bestelakoa da, baina budismoaren antzekoa. Hala ere, jainismoak lurreko izaki gisa jaio, hil eta berreratzen diren izaki zerutiar eta infernuen munduan sinesten du. Zeruko baten gorputzean zoriontsu bizi diren arimak karma positiboagatik bizi dira hor. Gainera, esaten du gauza materialei buruzko ezagutza handiagoa dutela eta giza esparruetako gertaerak aurreikus ditzaketela. Hala ere, aintzineko merezimendu karmiko agortutakoan, arimak gizaki, animalia edo beste izaki batzuk bezala izatera itzultzen dira berriro. Gorputz batekin argiztatutako arima perfektuei <i>Arihants</i> (garaileak) deitzen zaie, eta gorputzik gabeko arima perfektuei <i>Siddha</i> (arima askatuak). Giza gorputza duen arima batek bakarrik lor ditzake argiztapena eta askapena. Izaki askatuak izaki gorenak dira, eta izaki guztiek gurtzen dituzte: zerutiarrak, lurrekoak eta infernukoak; haiek askatzea lortu nahi baitute.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salbapena_eta_askapena">Salbapena eta askapena</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainismo&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Salbapena eta askapena»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainismo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Salbapena eta askapena"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arimaren arazketa eta askapena hiru bitxiren bidez lor daiteke:<sup id="cite_ref-:18_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <i>Samyak Darśana</i> (Ikuspegi Zuzena), fedea, arimaren egiaren onarpena (<i>jγva</i>) esan nahi duena; <i>Samyak Gyana</i> (Ezagutza Zuzena), tattven ezagutza ukaezina; eta Samyak Charitra (Jokabide Zuzena), bost botoen araberako jokabidea. Jainismoaren testuek <i>samyak tapas</i> (Aszetismo Zuzena) eransten dute, laugarren bitxi gisa, eta praktika aszetikoak askatzeko bitarteko gisa (<i>moksha</i>) duen garrantzia azpimarratzen dute. Lau bitxiei <i>Moksha Marga</i> (askapenaren bidea) deitzen zaie.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oinarrizko_printzipioak">Oinarrizko printzipioak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainismo&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Oinarrizko printzipioak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainismo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Oinarrizko printzipioak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ez-biolentzia_(ahimsa)"><span id="Ez-biolentzia_.28ahimsa.29"></span>Ez-biolentzia (<i>ahimsa</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainismo&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ez-biolentzia (ahimsa)»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainismo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Ez-biolentzia (ahimsa)"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ahimsaren printzipioa (indarkeria eza edo lesio eza) jainismoaren funtsezko printzipioa da. Norberak indarkeriazko jarduera oro utzi behar duela dio, eta indarkeriarik ezarekin konpromiso hori hartu gabe, erlijio-portaera oro alferrikakoa dela.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Jainismoaren teologian, ez dio axola indarkeria bidezkoa den ala defentsarako erabiltzen den, batek ez du inoiz beste inor hil edo kaltetu behar, eta indarkeriarik eza erlijio-eginbeharrik handiena da.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Jainismoaren testuek diotenez, hala nola <i>Acaranga Sūtra</i> eta <i>Tattvarthasūtra</i> testuek, izaki bizidunen hilketa guztiari egin behar zaio uko, bai txikiak, bai handiak, bai higigarriak edo higiezinak.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bere teologiak erakusten du inork ez duela beste izaki bizidun bat hil behar, ez beste batek hiltzera behartu, ez eta zuzenean edo zeharka hilketarik onartu ere.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gainera, jainismoak izaki guztien aurkako indarkeriarik eza azpimarratzen du, ez bakarrik ekintzan, baita hizketan eta pentsamenduan ere. Jainismoak adierazten du, inoren aurkako gorrotoaren edo indarkeriaren ordez, "izaki bizidun guztiek elkarri lagundu behar diotela".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jainistek uste dute indarkeriak modu negatiboan eragiten duela eta arima suntsitzen duela, bereziki indarkeria intentzioz, gorrotoz edo axolagabekeriaz egiten denean, edo zeharka gizaki baten edo izaki baten heriotza eragin edo onartzen denean.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Doktrina hori <a href="/wiki/Hinduismo" title="Hinduismo">hinduismoan</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Budismo" title="Budismo">budismoan</a> existitzen da, baina jainismoan garatuago dago.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Indarkeriarik ezaren oinarri teologikoa, eginbehar erlijioso altuena den aldetik, zenbait ikerlarik interpretatu dute ez dela "beste izaki batzuei errukia edo errukia ematearen merituak bultzatua izatea, ez eta izaki guztiak erreskatatzeko betebehar gisa ere", baizik eta "autodiziplina jarraitu" baten emaitza gisa, hots, arimaren askapenak azken instantzian eragiten duen garapen espirituala. Jainistek uste dute edozein izakiri lesioak eragiteak karma txarra sortzen duela, eta horrek eragina duela <a href="/wiki/Berraragitze" class="mw-redirect" title="Berraragitze">berraragitzean</a>, etorkizuneko ongizatean eta sufrimenduan.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Erdi Aroko jainismoaren jakintsu berantiarrek Ahiṃsā doktrina berraztertu zuten kanpo-mehatxuari edo indarkeriari aurre egiten zaion kasuetan. Adibidez, monjeak babesteko monjeen indarkeria justifikatu zuten. Dundasen arabera, Jinadattasuri jainismoaren jakintsuak idatzi zuen, tenpluak suntsipen eta jazarpen garaian, "norbaiten aurka borrokatu eta hiltzera behartuta dagoen erlijioso orok ez zuela merezimendu espiritualik galduko, aldiz, askapena lortuko du".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hala ere, egoera jakin batzuetan borroka eta hilketa barkatzen dituzten testu jainisten adibideak nahiko eskasak dira.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alde_askotako_errealitatea_(anekāntavāda)"><span id="Alde_askotako_errealitatea_.28anek.C4.81ntav.C4.81da.29"></span>Alde askotako errealitatea (<i>anekāntavāda</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainismo&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Alde askotako errealitatea (anekāntavāda)»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainismo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Alde askotako errealitatea (anekāntavāda)"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Medieval_Jain_temple_Anekantavada_doctrine_artwork.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Medieval_Jain_temple_Anekantavada_doctrine_artwork.jpg/220px-Medieval_Jain_temple_Anekantavada_doctrine_artwork.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Medieval_Jain_temple_Anekantavada_doctrine_artwork.jpg/330px-Medieval_Jain_temple_Anekantavada_doctrine_artwork.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Medieval_Jain_temple_Anekantavada_doctrine_artwork.jpg/440px-Medieval_Jain_temple_Anekantavada_doctrine_artwork.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2463" data-file-height="1808" /></a><figcaption>Tenplu jainista bateko margoa <i>Anekantavada</i> azaltzen duena itsuen eta elefantearen bidez</figcaption></figure> <p>Jainismoaren bigarren printzipio nagusia <i>anekāntavāda</i> da,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> anekānta ("alde askotakoa") eta vada ("doktrina") hitz elkarketatik datorrena. Doktrinak ezartzen du egia eta errealitatea konplexuak direla eta biek beti alderdi asko dituztela. Gainera, errealitatea esperimentatu egin daitekeela dio, baina ezin dela hizkuntzarekin erabat adierazi. Aditzera ematen du komunikatzeko giza saiakerak <i>Naya</i> direla, "egiaren adierazpen partziala". Haren arabera, batek esperimentatu dezake egiaren zaporea, baina ezin du erabat adierazi zapore hori hizkuntzaren bidez. Doktrina honen arabera, esperientzia adierazteko saiakerak <i>syāt</i> edo "hein batean" baliozkoak dira, baina "perspektiba bakar bat, osatu gabeak" dira.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ondorioztatzen du, era berean, egia espiritualak esperimentatu egin daitezkeela, baina ez guztiz adierazi. Horrek iradokitzen du akats nagusia <i>ekānta</i>n sinestea dela (alde bakartasuna), egia erlatiboren bat absolututzat hartzen baita. Doktrina zaharra da, testu budistetan aurkitzen da, hala nola <i>Samaññaphala Sutta</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Agamas jainistek iradokitzen dute Mahvγren ikuspegia “bai kalifikatua” dela (<i>syāt</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Testu horiek diote <i>anekāntavāda</i> budismoarekiko funtsezko desberdintasuna dela. Budak <i>Bide Ertaina</i> erakutsi zuen, galdera metafisikoen "da" edo "ez da" erantzunen muturrak baztertuz. Mahvγak, aldiz, bere jarraitzaileei "da", "ez da", "beharbada", onartzen irakatsi zien, Errealitate Absolutua ulertzeko.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Etengabeko izaera <i>jiva</i> (arima) eta <i>ajiva</i> (materia) bezala kontzeptualizatzen da, <i>anekāntavāda</i>ren marko dualistaren barruan.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paul Dundasen arabera, aro garaikidean jainista batzuek <i>anekāntavāda</i> doktrina "tolerantzia erlijioso unibertsala", "pluraltasuna" eta "beste jarrera [etiko, erlijioso] batzuekiko jarrera ona" izateko asmo gisa interpretatu dute.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dundasek dio hori testu historikoen eta Mahvγren ikasketen irakurketa okerra dela. Haren arabera, Mahvγren "nozio asko, ikuspegi anitzak" irakasgaia errealitate absolutuaren eta giza izaerari dagokio. Esan du kontua ez dela animaliak janariz hiltzea bezalako jarduerak barkatzea, ez eta fedegabeen edo edo beste edozein izaki bizidun aurkako indarkeria "beharbada zuzena" izatea ere. Jainismoaren monje eta mojentzako bost botoak, adibidez, baldintza zorrotzak dira, eta ez dago haien gainean "agianik".<sup id="cite_ref-:11_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Era berean, Dundasen arabera, antzinatik jainismoa budismoarekin eta hinduismoarekin batera existitu zen, baina jainismoa ez zuen bat egiten, eremu zehatzetan behintzat, tradizio horien ezagutza-sistemekin eta sinesmenekin.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ez_atxikitzea_(aparigraha)"><span id="Ez_atxikitzea_.28aparigraha.29"></span>Ez atxikitzea (<i>aparigraha</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainismo&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ez atxikitzea (aparigraha)»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainismo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Ez atxikitzea (aparigraha)"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jainismoko hirugarren printzipio nagusia <i>aparigraha</i> da, eta horrek esan nahi du ez zaiola munduko jabetzei atxiki beharrik.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Monjeen eta mojen kasuan, jainismoak jabetza, harreman eta emozio ororen desatxikimendu erabateko botoa eskatzen du. Aszektikoa, Digambara tradizioan, eskale alderrai bat da, eta Śvētāmbara tradizioan, eskale egoiliar bat. Jainista laikoentzat, zintzoki irabazi diren ondasunen jabetza mugatua gomendatzen da, eta gehiegizko ondasunak karitatean ematea. Natubhai Shahen arabera, <i>aparigraha</i> materialari nahiz psikikoari aplikatzen zaio.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Jabetza materialak zenbait jabetza-motari dagozkio. Jabetza psikikoak emozio, gustu eta atsekabeei buruzkoak dira, edozein dela atxikimendu edo lotze modua. Esaten da ondasunak kontrolik gabe atxikitzeak kalte zuzenak eragiten dizkiola nortasunari.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jainismoaren_etika_eta_bost_botoak">Jainismoaren etika eta bost botoak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainismo&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Jainismoaren etika eta bost botoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainismo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Jainismoaren etika eta bost botoak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Nishidhi_stone_with_14th_century_Old_Kannada_inscription_from_Tavanandi_forest.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Nishidhi_stone_with_14th_century_Old_Kannada_inscription_from_Tavanandi_forest.JPG/170px-Nishidhi_stone_with_14th_century_Old_Kannada_inscription_from_Tavanandi_forest.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Nishidhi_stone_with_14th_century_Old_Kannada_inscription_from_Tavanandi_forest.JPG/255px-Nishidhi_stone_with_14th_century_Old_Kannada_inscription_from_Tavanandi_forest.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Nishidhi_stone_with_14th_century_Old_Kannada_inscription_from_Tavanandi_forest.JPG/340px-Nishidhi_stone_with_14th_century_Old_Kannada_inscription_from_Tavanandi_forest.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nishidhi_harria&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nishidhi harria (sortu gabe)">Nishidhi harria</a>, <i>sallekhana</i> botoak erakusten dituena, <a href="/wiki/XIV._mendea" title="XIV. mendea">XIV. mendean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnatakan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Jainismoak bost betebehar etiko erakusten ditu, <i>bost botoak</i> deiturikoa. Boto hauek <i>anuvratas</i> (boto txikiak) izena dute jainista laikoentzat, eta <i>mahavratas</i> (boto handiak) eskale jainistentzat. Bientzat Jainismoaren agindu moralek eskubidea ematen diote fededunari izateko <i><a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">guru</a></i> bat (maisua, kontseilaria), <i>deva</i> (Jina, jainkoa), doktrina, eta norbanakoa bost delitu hauetatik libre egoteko: fedeari buruzko zalantzak, Jainismoaren egiei buruzko zalantzatasuna, Jainen irakaskuntzetarako irrika zintzoa, ikaskide jainisten aintzatespena eta haren bilaketa espiritualengatik mirespena. Pertsona horrek Jainismoaren bost boto hauek ematen ditu:<sup id="cite_ref-:10_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><i>Ahiṃsā</i>, ez-indarkeria intentzionala" edo "lesiorik ez": jainistek hartzen duten lehen boto garrantzitsua da beste gizaki batzuei eta izaki bizidun guztiei (bereziki animaliei) kalterik ez eragitea da. Horixe da Jainismoaren betebehar etikorik handiena, eta norberaren ekintzetan ez ezik, diskurtsoan eta pentsamenduetan bortitza ez izatea eskatzen du.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Satya</i>, "egia": boto hau beti egia esan behar dela adierazten du. Ezin da gezurrik esan, ezta egia ez denari buruz hitz egin ere, eta ezin da besteak gezurretan aritzera animatu ezta onartu ere.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Asteya</i>, "ez lapurtu": jainista laiko batek ezin du bere borondatez ematen ez den ezer hartu. Are, jainista eskaleak zerbait emana zaionean ere baimena eskatu beharko du.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Brahmacharya</i>, "zelibato": Sexuaren eta plazer sentsualen abstinentzia monje eta moja jainistentzat agintzen da. Laikoentzat, botoak kastitatea esan nahi du, bikotearekiko fideltasuna.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Aparigraha</i>, "jabetza eza": horren barruan sartzen da ondasun material eta psikologikoekiko atxikimendurik ez izatea, gutizia eta diruzalekeria saihestuz. Monje eta moja jainistek erabat egiten diote uko jabetzari eta gizarte-harremanei, ez dute ezer eta ez daude inoren mende.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Jainismoak zazpi boto gehigarri preskribatzen ditu, hiru <i>guņa vratas</i> (meritu-botoak) eta lau <i>śikşā vratas</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <i>Sallekhana</i> (edo <i>Santhara</i>) botoa bizitzaren amaierako "heriotza erlijiosoaren" errituala da, historikoki monje eta mojek egiten zutena, baina oso gutxitan ematen dena aro modernoan.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Boto honetan, borondatez eta pixkanaka murrizten da elikagaiak eta likidoak hartzea, eta, ondorioz, bizitzarekin larritasunik gabe amaitzea hautatzen da.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Horrek arimaren etorkizuneko errenazimenduei eragiten dien karma negatiboa murrizten duela uste da.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Praktikak">Praktikak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainismo&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Praktikak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainismo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Praktikak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8009458/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:left;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption-center{text-align:center;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:267px;max-width:267px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:76px;max-width:76px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:111px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Ellora,_cave_33,_Digambar_Jain_guru_(9841591645).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ellora%2C_cave_33%2C_Digambar_Jain_guru_%289841591645%29.jpg/74px-Ellora%2C_cave_33%2C_Digambar_Jain_guru_%289841591645%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="74" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ellora%2C_cave_33%2C_Digambar_Jain_guru_%289841591645%29.jpg/111px-Ellora%2C_cave_33%2C_Digambar_Jain_guru_%289841591645%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ellora%2C_cave_33%2C_Digambar_Jain_guru_%289841591645%29.jpg/148px-Ellora%2C_cave_33%2C_Digambar_Jain_guru_%289841591645%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Digambara sadhu (monjea)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:97px;max-width:97px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:111px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Acharya_Vijayavallabhasuri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Acharya_Vijayavallabhasuri.jpg/95px-Acharya_Vijayavallabhasuri.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Acharya_Vijayavallabhasuri.jpg/143px-Acharya_Vijayavallabhasuri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Acharya_Vijayavallabhasuri.jpg/190px-Acharya_Vijayavallabhasuri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1477" data-file-height="1738" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Śvētāmbara-Deravasi sadhu (monjea)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:88px;max-width:88px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:111px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Jain_Sthanakvasi_monk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Jain_Sthanakvasi_monk.jpg/86px-Jain_Sthanakvasi_monk.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Jain_Sthanakvasi_monk.jpg/129px-Jain_Sthanakvasi_monk.jpg 1.5x, 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Jain_1.jpg/208px-Jain_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Śvētāmbara sadhviji (moja)(<a href="/wiki/XX._mendea" title="XX. mendea">XX. mendearen</a> hasiera)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:157px;max-width:157px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:183px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Viramati_Mataji.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Viramati_Mataji.jpg/155px-Viramati_Mataji.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Viramati_Mataji.jpg/233px-Viramati_Mataji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Viramati_Mataji.jpg/310px-Viramati_Mataji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1945" data-file-height="2314" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Digambara sadhviji (moja)</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aszetismoa_eta_monastikotasuna">Aszetismoa eta monastikotasuna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainismo&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Aszetismoa eta monastikotasuna»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainismo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Aszetismoa eta monastikotasuna"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Indiako erlijio nagusien artean, jainismoak tradizio aszetiko indartsuena izan du.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bizitza aszetikoaren barruan sartu daiteke biluztasuna, ezta arroparen jabetza ere adierazten duena, baraua, gorputzaren nekaldia eta penitentzia. Guzti honen helburua karma zaharra erretzea eta karma berria ekoizteari uztea da, biak ere <i>siddha</i> ("berraragitzeetatik askatzea") eta <i>moksha</i> ("salbazioa") lortzeko funtsezkotzat jotzen baitira.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jainen testuek, hala nola <i>Tattvartha Sūtra</i> eta Uttaradhyayana Sūtra, austeritatearen eta laztasunaren inguruan xehetasunez mintzatzen dira.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kanpoko sei praktika eta barneko sei praktika sarritan errepikatzen dira jainismoaren ondorengo testuetan. Kanpoko laztasunetan sartzen da <a href="/wiki/Barau" title="Barau">barau</a> osoa, kantitate mugatuak jatea, osagai jakin batzuk baino ez jatea, elikagai zaporetsuak ez jatea, haragiaren mortifikazioa eta haragia gordetzea (tentazio-iturri den edozer saihestuz). Barneko laztasunei dagokionez, barne hartzen ditu pekamena, aitortza, eskaleei errespetua eta laguntza ematea, ikastea, meditazioa eta gorputzetik alde egiteko asmoz desio gordeei kasurik ez egitea. Barneko eta kanpoko laztasunen zerrendak aldatu egiten dira testuen eta tradizioen arabera.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:15_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Aszetismoa desioak kontrolatzeko eta <i>jiva</i> (arima) garbitzeko bitarteko gisa ikusten da.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Antolaketa monastikoa, <i>sangh</i>, lau orden multzotan sailkatua dago: <i>sadhu</i> (gizon aszitikoak, <i>muni</i>), <i>sadhvi</i> (emakume aszetikoak, <i>aryika</i>), <i>śrāvaka</i> (gizon laikoak), śrāvikā (emakume laikoak). Azken bi horiek <i>gacch</i> edo <i>samuday</i> izeneko erakunde monastikoetan oinarritzen dira haien aszetismoa garatzeko, hau da, eskualde mailako kongregazio jainista autonomoetan. Jainismoaren arau monastikoek aho-estalkia erabiltzea sustatu dute, baita <i>Dandasan</i>a ere —artilezko hariak dituen makila luze bat—, bidean gerta daitezkeen inurriak eta intsektuak leunki baztertzeko.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Janaria_eta_baraua">Janaria eta baraua</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainismo&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Janaria eta baraua»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainismo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Janaria eta baraua"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Izaki bizidun guztienganako indarkeriarik ezaren eraginez, jainismoaren kultura <a href="/wiki/Begetarianismo" title="Begetarianismo">begetarianoa</a> izan da. Devout jainistak lakto-begetarianismoa praktikatzen dute, eta horrek esan nahi du ez dutela arrautzarik jaten, baina esnekiak onartzen dituzte ekoizpenean animalien aurkako indarkeriarik ez badago. <a href="/wiki/Beganismo" title="Beganismo">Beganismoa</a> sustatzen da baldin animalien ongizatea kaltetzen ez bada.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Jainen monjeek, mojek eta jarraitzaile batzuek <a href="/wiki/Sustrai_jangarri" title="Sustrai jangarri">sustrai barazkiak</a> saihesten dituzte, hala nola patatak, tipulak eta baratxuria, organismo txikiak lesionatu egiten baitira landarea ateratzen denean, eta erraboila edo <a href="/wiki/Tuberkulu" title="Tuberkulu">tuberkulu</a> batek ernatzeko duen gaitasuna izaki bizidun altuago baten ezaugarritzat hartzen baita.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Monjeek eta laiko jainista aurreratuek eguzkia sartu ondoren jatea saihesten dute, <i>ratri-bhojana-tyaga-vrata</i> botoaren bitartez. Monjeek boto are zorrotzagoa dute eta egunean behin baino ez dute jaten.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jainistek baraua bereziki jaialdietan egiten dute.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Praktika horri <i>upavasa</i>, <i>tapasya</i> or <i>vrata</i> deitzen zaio, eta norberaren gaitasunaren arabera egin daiteke.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Digambarek baraua egiten dute <i>Dasa-laksana-parvan</i>erako, egunean otordu bat edo bi bakarrik janda, hamar egunez ur irakina bakarrik edanda, edo jaialdiaren lehen eta azken egunetan erabateko baraua eginez, aldi horretan eskale jainisten praktikak imitatuz. Śvētāmbara jainistek gauza bera egiten dute <i>paryusana</i>ko zortzigarren egunean, <i>samvatsari-pratikramana</i> deritzonarekin. Ustea da praktika honek karma arimatik kentzen duela eta merezimendua ematen duela (<i>punya</i>). "Egun bateko" barauak 36 ordu inguru irauten du, ilunabarrean hasi eta hurrengo eguneko egunsentia baino 48 minutu lehenago arte. Laikoen artean, emakumeek zorrotzago jarraitzen dute baraua, izan ere, beren errukia eta garbitasun erlijiosoa erakustsiz, merezimendua eskuratzeaz gain, familiaren etorkizuneko ongizatea bermatzen laguntzen baitute. Erlijio-barau batzuk gizarte-talde batean eta emakume-talde batean gertatzen dira. Barau luzeak lagunek eta familiek ospatzen dituzte, zeremonia bereziekin.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meditazioa">Meditazioa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainismo&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=18" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Meditazioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainismo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Meditazioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8009458/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:322px;max-width:322px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:168px;max-width:168px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:111px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Jain_meditation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Jain_meditation.jpg/166px-Jain_meditation.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Jain_meditation.jpg/249px-Jain_meditation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Jain_meditation.jpg/332px-Jain_meditation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="471" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:150px;max-width:150px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:111px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Shravanabelagola_Bahubali_wideframe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Shravanabelagola_Bahubali_wideframe.jpg/148px-Shravanabelagola_Bahubali_wideframe.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Shravanabelagola_Bahubali_wideframe.jpg/222px-Shravanabelagola_Bahubali_wideframe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Shravanabelagola_Bahubali_wideframe.jpg/296px-Shravanabelagola_Bahubali_wideframe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4503" data-file-height="3376" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="thumbcaption" style="background-color:transparent">Ezkerrean: moja jainistak meditatzen. Eskuinean: X. mendeko Gommateshwara estatua meditazioaren Kayotsarga jarrera irudikatzen duena.</div></div></div></div> <p>Jainismoak beharrezkotzat jotzen du meditazioa (<i>dhyana</i>), baina haren helburuak budismoaren eta hinduismoaren oso bestelakoak dira.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Jainismoan, meditazioa kezkatuago dago atxikimendu karmikoak eta jarduera geldiaraztearekin, ez ordea, beste erlijio indiar batzuetan, eraldaketa ulertzeko edo autorrealizazio bitarteko gisa.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Padmanabh_Jaini&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Padmanabh Jaini (sortu gabe)">Padmanabh Jainiren</a> arabera, <i>Sāmāyika</i> "meditazio-aldi laburren" praktika da eta <i>siksavrata</i> (murrizketa erritu) parte da jainismoan.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <i>Sāmāyika</i>ren helburua oreka lortzea da eta hori <i>siksavrata</i>ren barruan dago. <i>Sāmāyika</i> errituala gutxienez egunean hiru aldiz egiten dute eskaleek; laikoek, berriz, beste erritu-praktika batzuekin batera egiten dute, hala nola <i>Puja</i> erritualean, Jain tenplu batean, eta karitate-lanak egitean.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Johnsonen arabera, jainista gisan, <i>sāmāyika</i>k meditazioa baino gehiago adierazten du, eta jainista batentzat "aldi baterako estatus aszetikoa bereganatzeko" borondatezko errituala da.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Erritualak_eta_gurtzak">Erritualak eta gurtzak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainismo&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=19" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erritualak eta gurtzak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainismo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Erritualak eta gurtzak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Shravanbelgola_Gomateshvara_feet_prayer1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Shravanbelgola_Gomateshvara_feet_prayer1.jpg/220px-Shravanbelgola_Gomateshvara_feet_prayer1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Shravanbelgola_Gomateshvara_feet_prayer1.jpg/330px-Shravanbelgola_Gomateshvara_feet_prayer1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Shravanbelgola_Gomateshvara_feet_prayer1.jpg/440px-Shravanbelgola_Gomateshvara_feet_prayer1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahubali&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahubali (sortu gabe)">Bahubali</a> estuaren oinean otoitz egiten</figcaption></figure> <p>Jainismoaren sektetan erritu asko daude. Dundasen arabera, Śvētāmbara jainisten artean erritual laikoak "balio aszektikoz erabat josia" dago. Erritual hauetan, tirthankarasen bizitza aszektikoa berreskuratu edo ospatzeaz gain, aszetimoaren bizitza psikologiko eta fisikoari gerturapena gertatzen da.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Azken erritua <i>sallekhana</i> izena du, elikagaiak eta edariak modu aszetikoan uztearen ondoriozko heriotza erlijiosoa.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Digambara jainistek gai berari jarraitzen diote, baina bizi-zikloa eta erlijio-errituak hinduismoaren liturgiatik hurbilago daude. Gainjartze hori batez ere bizi-zikloko erritualetan gertatzen da (<a href="/wiki/Iragate-ohikune" title="Iragate-ohikune">igarotze-errituak</a>), eta seguru asko, gizarte jainistak eta hinduistak elkarren ondoan bizi eta gainjarri egin zirelako garatu zen.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jainistek jainko ugari gurtzeko errituak erabiltzen dituzte.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bereziki <i>jinak</i> gurtzen dituzte. Jainismoan, <i>Jina</i> bat <i>deva</i> gisa ez da <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatar</a> bat (haragitzea), <i>tirthankara</i> aszetiko batek lortu zuen orojakintza egoerarik altuena baizik. 24 tirthankaretatik, jainistek lau hauek gurtzen dituzte batez ere: Mahāvīra, Parshvanatha, Neminatha eta Rishabhanatha.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Santuen ez tirthankara artean, Bahubali debozio-kultua ohikoa da Digambara jainisten artean.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <i>Panch Kalyanaka</i> erritualek tirthankara bizitzako bost gertakizunak gogorarazten dituzte, besteak beste, <i>Panch Kalyanaka Pratishtha Mahotsava</i>, <i>Panch Kalyanaka Puja</i> eta <i>Snatrapuja</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oinarrizko errituala <i>darsana</i> da (ikusi), eta hor sartzen dira Jina, beste <i>iaksak</i>, beste jainko eta jainkosa batzuk, hala nola Brahmadeva, Viras,Padmavati, Ambika eta 16 Vidyadevi (<a href="/wiki/Sarasvati" title="Sarasvati">Sarasvati</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a> barne).<sup id="cite_ref-:14_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Terapanthi Digambarasek tirthankaretara mugatzen dute beren erritu-gurtza.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Gurtze-erritualari <i>devapuja</i> deitzen zaio, eta jainismoaren azpitradizio guztietan agertzen da. Normalean, jainiar laikoak Derasarko santutegian (tenplu jainista) sartzen dira arropa soilekin eta oin biluzietan, eskaintzaz betetako plater batekin, irauli egiten da, <a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">namaskarra</a> esaten da, letania eta otoitzak osatzen dituzte, batzuetan tenpluko apaizak lagunduta, eskaintzak utzi eta gero irten egiten dira.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jainismoaren praktiketan irudien <i>abhisheka</i> (bainu zeremoniala) egitea sartzen da.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Jainismoaren sekta batzuek <i>pujari</i> bat erabiltzen dute (<i>upadhye</i> ere esaten zaio), hindua izan daitekeena, tenpluan apaizlanak egiteko.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kultu landuenak eskaintza hauek izan ohi ditu: arroza, fruta fresko eta lehorra, loreak, kokoa, gozokiak eta dirua. Batzuek <a href="/wiki/Kanfor" title="Kanfor">kanfordun</a> lanpara bat piztu eta <a href="/wiki/Sandalo" title="Sandalo">sandalo</a> pastarekin babes markak egin ditzakete. Debotoek jainismoaren testuak ere errezitatzen dituzte, batez ere tirthankarren bizitza-istorioak.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:14_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jainista tradizionalek, budistek eta hinduek bezala, <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantren</a> eraginkortasunean sinesten dute, eta uste dute soinu eta hitz batzuk berez babesgarriak, boteretsuak eta espiritualak direla.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Mantra ospetsuena, Jainismoaren hainbat sektetan erabat onartua, "bost omenaldien" mantra da (<i>panca namaskara</i>), betierekoa dela uste dena eta lehen tirthankararen garaitik existitzen dena. Erdi Aroko gurtze-praktiketan Rishi-mandalaren diagrama <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">tantrikoak</a> egiten ziren, tirthankarak barne.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Jainismoaren tradizio tantrikoek mantra eta errituak erabiltzen dituzte bizitza berrietan merezimendua metatzeko.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jaialdiak">Jaialdiak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainismo&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=20" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Jaialdiak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainismo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Jaialdiak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Das_Lakshana_(Paryusana)_celebrations,_New_York_City_Jain_temple_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Das_Lakshana_%28Paryusana%29_celebrations%2C_New_York_City_Jain_temple_2.JPG/220px-Das_Lakshana_%28Paryusana%29_celebrations%2C_New_York_City_Jain_temple_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Das_Lakshana_%28Paryusana%29_celebrations%2C_New_York_City_Jain_temple_2.JPG/330px-Das_Lakshana_%28Paryusana%29_celebrations%2C_New_York_City_Jain_temple_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Das_Lakshana_%28Paryusana%29_celebrations%2C_New_York_City_Jain_temple_2.JPG/440px-Das_Lakshana_%28Paryusana%29_celebrations%2C_New_York_City_Jain_temple_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption> as Lakshana (Paryushana) ospakizuna, Estatu Batuetako Jainismo Gunean, New Yorken</figcaption></figure> <p>Svetambarentzat urteko jaialdirik garrantzitsuena <i>Paryushana</i> da, Digambarek <i>Dasa lakshana parva</i>izenez ezagutzen dutena. Indiako egutegiaren Bhadrapada izenko hilabetearen 12. ilargiaren ondotik ospatzen da. Hori, normalean, egutegi gregorianoan, abuztuan edo irailean tokatzen da.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Zortzi egun irauten du Svetambarentzat eta hamar egun Digambarentzat. Laikoek laguntzen eta otoitz egiten duten unea da. Bost botoak nabarmendu egiten dira denbora horretan. Svetambarek <i>Kalpasūtrak</i> errezitatzen dituzte eta Digambarek beren testuak irakurtzen dituzte. Jaialdi honetan, jainistek ahalegin berezia egiten dute beste bizimodu batzuekiko ankerkeria ekiditeko, lotutako animaliak askatuz eta haien hiltzea saihestuz.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0.5em 0 0.8em 1.4em; padding: 6px; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-size: 88%; background-color: #FFDDBB;" class=""> <div style="position: relative; text-align: left;"> <div> <p><b>Barkamena</b> </p> <div class="poem"> <p>Izaki guztiak barkatzen ditut,<br /> barka nazatela haiek ni.<br /> Mundu honetan guztiak dira nire lagunak.<br /> Ez dut etsairik. </p> </div> </div> </div> <div style="text-align: left;">— <i>Jaialdi jainistetako azken eguneko otoitza</i><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></div> </div> <p>Azken egunean, <i>Samvatsari</i> izeneko otoitz- eta meditazio-saio fokatua egiten da. Jainistek pekamen-eguntzat hartzen dute, besteei barkamena eskaintzen diete, izaki bizidun guztiei barkamena bilatzen dute, barkamena eskatzen dute bai fisikoki eta bai buruz, eta mundu guztia lagun gisa tratatzea erabakitzen dute. Barkamena <i>Micchami Dukkadam</i> edo <i>Khamat khamna</i> esanez eskatzen da. Horrek zera esan nahi du: "Pentsamenduan, hitzean edo ekintzan modu kontziente edo inkontzientean mindu bazara, orduan zure barkamena bilatzen dut". <i>Paryushana</i>ren esanahi literala "tolerantzia" edo "elkartzea" da.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mahavir Janma Kalyanak jaialdian Mahāvīraren jaiotza ospatzen du. Indiako egutegi tradizionalaren Chaitra hilabetearen 13. egunean ospatzen da. Hori, normalean, egutegi gregoriarreko martxoan edo apirilean gertatzen da. Jain tenpluak bisitatzea, santutegietara erromesaldia egitea, jainismoaren taldearen testuak irakurtzea eta abar egiten da jaialdi honetan. <a href="/wiki/Bihar_(India)" title="Bihar (India)">Biharren</a> dagoen Kundagrameko jaioterri ospetsuan, Patnaren iparraldean, jainistek ospakizun bereziak egiten diztuzte. Dipawaliren biharamuna Mahāvīraren <i>moksha</i>ren lorpenaren urteurrentzat hartzen dute. <a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a> jaialdi hindua ere egun berean ospatzen da (<i>Kartika Amavasya</i>). Tenpluak, etxeak, bulegoak eta dendak <i>dijez</i> (olio lanpara txikiak) apaintzen dituzte. Argiak ezagutzaren edo ezjakintasuna ezabatzearen sinboloak dira. Gozokiak banatzen dira. Diwaliren goizean, Mahāvīraren alde otoitz egin ondoren, <i>Nirvan Ladoo</i>a eskaintzen da mundu osoko tenplu jainista guztietan. Jainismoan, urte berria Diwaliaren ondoren asten da. Jainistek antolatutako beste jaialdi batzuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akshaya_Tritiya&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Akshaya Tritiya (sortu gabe)">Akshaya Tritiya</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raksha_Bandhan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Raksha Bandhan (sortu gabe)">Raksha Bandhan</a> dira, komunitate hinduen antzekoak.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:17_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tradizioak_eta_sektak">Tradizioak eta sektak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainismo&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=21" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Tradizioak eta sektak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainismo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Tradizioak eta sektak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8009458/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:177px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Mahavir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mahavir.jpg/117px-Mahavir.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mahavir.jpg/176px-Mahavir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mahavir.jpg/234px-Mahavir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="834" data-file-height="1264" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Digambara <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81v%C4%ABra&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahāvīra (sortu gabe)">Mahāvīra</a> ikonografia</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:177px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Shri_Simandhar_Swami.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Shri_Simandhar_Swami.jpg/117px-Shri_Simandhar_Swami.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Shri_Simandhar_Swami.jpg/176px-Shri_Simandhar_Swami.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Shri_Simandhar_Swami.jpg 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="333" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Śvētāmbara <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simandhar_Swami&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Simandhar Swami (sortu gabe)">Simandhar Swami</a> ikonografia</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Jainismoa bi <a href="/wiki/Sinesbide" title="Sinesbide">sinesbide</a> handitan banatzen da: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digambara&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Digambara (sortu gabe)">Digambara</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Av%C4%93t%C4%81mbara&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Śvētāmbara (sortu gabe)">Śvētāmbara</a>. Digambarako tradizioko monjeek ez dute arroparik janzten. Digambarako sektako emakumeen monasterioek josturarik gabeko <a href="/wiki/Sari_(jantzia)" title="Sari (jantzia)">sari</a> zuriak janzten dituzte eta <i>aryika</i> izena ematen zaie emakume hauei. Śvētāmbara moja eta monjeek, aldiz, pieza bakarreko arropa zuria daramate.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chandragupta Mauryaren erregealdian, tradizio jainistak dio <i>Acharya</i> Bhadrabahuk 12 urteko gosete bat iragarri zuela eta Karnatakara joan zela bere jarraitzaileekin batera. Uste da Sthulabhadra, Acharya Bhadrabahuko ikasle bat, Magadhan egon zela.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Geroago, kondairaren arabera, Acharya Bhadrabahuren jarraitzaileak itzuli zirenean, ohartu ziren Magadhan egon zirenak arropa zuria erabiltzen hasi zirela, eta hori onartezina gertatu zen biluzik zeuden gainerakoentzat. Hala uste dute jainistek Digambararen eta Śvētāmbararen zizma gertatu zela, eta lehenengoak biluzik zihoazen artean, bigarrenak arropa zuriak janzten hasi zirenean.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Digambarek ikusi zuten hori guztia jainismoaren <i>aparigraha</i> tenetaren aurka zegoela, izatez, inongo jabetzarik ez izatearen printzipioak arropa bera ere barne hartzen baitu, eta hala, derrigorrezko erabateko biluztasuna behartzen du. IV. mendean, Valabhiko Kontzilioa Śvētāmbarek antolatu zuen, eta Digambarak ez ziren agertu. Kontzilioan, Śvētāmbarek euren testu kanokikoak aukeratu zituzte, ostean Digambarek errefusatu zituztenak. Uste da kontzilio horrek jainismoaren bi tradizio handi horien arteko zisma historikoa gauzatu zuela.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Digambarak eta Śvētāmbarak desberdintzen dira beren praktiketan eta janzkeran,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> irakaskuntzen interpretazioetan, eta jainismoaren historian, batez ere <i>tirthankarei</i> dagokion horretan.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Fraide-bizitzari buruzko arauak eta ikonografia desberdinak dira.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Śvētāmbarek emakumezko eskale gehiago izan dituzte gizonezkoak baino,<sup id="cite_ref-:12_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> eta Digambarek, aldiz, gizonezko monje gehiago izan dituzte uste baitute gizonezkoak arimaren askapenetik hurbilago daudela.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:19_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Śvētāmbarek uste dute emakumeek ere askapena lor dezaketela aszetismoaren bidez,<sup id="cite_ref-:19_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> eta diotenez, 19. tirthankara, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mallinatha&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mallinatha (sortu gabe)">Mallinatha</a>, emakumea zen,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Digambarek erabat ukatzen dutena.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainismo&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=22" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainismo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFYandell2002-01-22">Yandell,&#32;Keith E.. &#32;(2002-01-22).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=c6aHAgAAQBAJ&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Philosophy of Religion: A Contemporary Introduction. </i></a>&#32;Routledge&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-134-82723-7" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-134-82723-7">978-1-134-82723-7</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-15)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFSinha1986-11-30">Sinha,&#32;Jadunath. &#32;(1986-11-30).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=VCwmmWXJBqEC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Indian Psychology. </i></a>&#32;Motilal Banarsidass&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-81-208-0165-3" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-81-208-0165-3">978-81-208-0165-3</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-15)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGrimes1996">Grimes,&#32;John. &#32;(1996).&#32;<i>A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English. </i>&#32;SUNY Press&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-7914-3068-5" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-7914-3068-5">0-7914-3068-5</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:16-4">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:16_4-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_4-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFJain1917">Jain,&#32;Champat Rai. &#32;(1917).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=EscwAQAAMAAJ&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>The Practical Path. </i></a>&#32;Central Jaina Publishing House&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-15)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-5">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_5-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_5-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_5-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_5-3"><sup><b>d</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGlasenapp1999">Glasenapp,&#32;Helmuth von. &#32;(1999).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=WzEzXDk0v6sC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation. </i></a>&#32;Motilal Banarsidass Publ.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-81-208-1376-2" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-81-208-1376-2">978-81-208-1376-2</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-15)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFDonigerO&#39;Flaherty1980-01-01">Doniger,&#32;Wendy&#59;&#32;O'Flaherty,&#32;Wendy Doniger. &#32;(1980-01-01).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=4WZTj3M71y0C&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions. </i></a>&#32;University of California Press&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-520-03923-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-520-03923-0">978-0-520-03923-0</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-15)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-7">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGlasenapp1999">Glasenapp,&#32;Helmuth von. &#32;(1999).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=WzEzXDk0v6sC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation. </i></a>&#32;Motilal Banarsidass Publ.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-81-208-1376-2" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-81-208-1376-2">978-81-208-1376-2</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-15)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-8">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-3"><sup><b>d</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-4"><sup><b>e</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-5"><sup><b>f</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-6"><sup><b>g</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-7"><sup><b>h</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-8"><sup><b>i</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-9"><sup><b>j</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-10"><sup><b>k</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-11"><sup><b>l</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-12"><sup><b>m</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-13"><sup><b>n</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-14"><sup><b>o</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-15"><sup><b>p</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-16"><sup><b>q</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFJaini1998">Jaini,&#32;Padmanabh S.. &#32;(1998).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=wE6v6ahxHi8C&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>The Jaina Path of Purification. </i></a>&#32;Motilal Banarsidass Publishe&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-81-208-1578-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-81-208-1578-0">978-81-208-1578-0</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-15)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-9">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-3"><sup><b>d</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-4"><sup><b>e</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-5"><sup><b>f</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-6"><sup><b>g</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-7"><sup><b>h</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-8"><sup><b>i</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-9"><sup><b>j</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-10"><sup><b>k</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-11"><sup><b>l</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-12"><sup><b>m</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-13"><sup><b>n</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-14"><sup><b>o</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-15"><sup><b>p</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-16"><sup><b>q</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-17"><sup><b>r</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-18"><sup><b>s</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-19"><sup><b>t</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-20"><sup><b>u</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-21"><sup><b>v</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-22"><sup><b>w</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-23"><sup><b>x</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-24"><sup><b>y</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFDundas2003-09-02">Dundas,&#32;Paul. &#32;(2003-09-02).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=X8iAAgAAQBAJ&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>The Jains. </i></a>&#32;Routledge&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-134-50165-6" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-134-50165-6">978-1-134-50165-6</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-15)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBailey2014-05-31">Bailey,&#32;William. &#32;(2014-05-31).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=G7_GBgAAQBAJ&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>The Theological Universe. </i></a>&#32;Lulu.com&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-304-50042-7" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-304-50042-7">978-1-304-50042-7</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-15)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-11">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFS.A._JAIN1992">S.A. JAIN. &#32;(1992).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/Reality_JMT"><i>Reality. </i></a>&#32;Jwalamalini Trust&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-16)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFJain2011">Jain,&#32;Vijay K.. &#32;(2011).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=zLmx9bvtglkC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Acharya Umasvami’s Tattvarthsutra आचार्य उमास्वामी विरचित "तत्त्वार्थसूत्र": With Hindi and English Translation. </i></a>&#32;Vikalp Printers&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-81-903639-2-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-81-903639-2-1">978-81-903639-2-1</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-16)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-13">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_13-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_13-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFSethia2004">Sethia,&#32;Tara. &#32;(2004).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=QYdlKv8wBiYC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Ahiṃsā, Anekānta and Jainism. </i></a>&#32;Motilal Banarsidass Publ.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-81-208-2036-4" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-81-208-2036-4">978-81-208-2036-4</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-16)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-14">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_14-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_14-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLong2013">Long,&#32;Jeffery D.. &#32;(2013).&#32;<i>Jainism: An Introduction. </i>&#32;I.B. Tauris&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-85771-392-6" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-85771-392-6">978-0-85771-392-6</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-15">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_15-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_15-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_15-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_15-3"><sup><b>d</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_15-4"><sup><b>e</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_15-5"><sup><b>f</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFShah1998">Shah,&#32;Natubhai. &#32;(1998).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=g120RG8GkHAC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Jainism: The World of Conquerors. </i></a>&#32;Sussex Academic Press&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-898723-31-8" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-898723-31-8">978-1-898723-31-8</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-16)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFInc1999">Inc,&#32;Merriam-Webster. &#32;(1999).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=ZP_f9icf2roC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions. </i></a>&#32;Merriam-Webster&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0">978-0-87779-044-0</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-16)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFChampat_Rai_Jain1929">Champat Rai Jain. &#32;(1929).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/ThePracticalDharma"><i>The Practical Dharma. </i></a>&#32;THE INDIAN PRESS, LTD.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-16)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:17-18">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:17_18-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_18-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_18-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_18-3"><sup><b>d</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_18-4"><sup><b>e</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_18-5"><sup><b>f</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFDalal2010">Dalal,&#32;Roshen. &#32;(2010).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths. </i></a>&#32;Penguin Books India&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-14-341517-6" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-14-341517-6">978-0-14-341517-6</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-16)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFHeinrich_Zimmer1952">Heinrich Zimmer. &#32;(1952).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/Philosophy.of.India.by.Heinrich.Zimmer"><i>Philosophy of India by Heinrich Zimmer. </i></a>&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-16)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFRankinMardia2013-06-28">Rankin,&#32;Aidan D.&#59;&#32;Mardia,&#32;Kanti V.. &#32;(2013-06-28).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=bQxZAQAAQBAJ&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Living Jainism: An Ethical Science. </i></a>&#32;John Hunt Publishing&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-78099-911-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-78099-911-1">978-1-78099-911-1</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-16)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:18-21">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:18_21-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_21-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFFohr2015-01-29">Fohr,&#32;Sherry. &#32;(2015-01-29).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=HMXuBQAAQBAJ&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Jainism: A Guide for the Perplexed. </i></a>&#32;Bloomsbury Publishing&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-4742-2755-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-4742-2755-1">978-1-4742-2755-1</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-16)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-22">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_22-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_22-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_22-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_22-3"><sup><b>d</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_22-4"><sup><b>e</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_22-5"><sup><b>f</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_22-6"><sup><b>g</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFCort2001-03-22">Cort,&#32;John E.. &#32;(2001-03-22).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=PZk-4HOMzsoC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Jains in the World: Religious Values and Ideology in India. </i></a>&#32;Oxford University Press&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-19-803037-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-19-803037-9">978-0-19-803037-9</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-16)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-23">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_23-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_23-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMarkhamSapp2009-05-26">Markham,&#32;Ian S.&#59;&#32;Sapp,&#32;Christy Lohr. &#32;(2009-05-26).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=JdNNz1jcN9cC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>A World Religions Reader. </i></a>&#32;John Wiley &amp; Sons&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-4051-7109-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-4051-7109-0">978-1-4051-7109-0</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-17)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-24">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_24-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_24-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_24-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFPrice2010-02-17">Price,&#32;Joan. &#32;(2010-02-17).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=J0eycqQq9U4C&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Sacred Scriptures of the World Religions: An Introduction. </i></a>&#32;A&amp;C Black&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-8264-2354-2" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-8264-2354-2">978-0-8264-2354-2</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-17)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFSundararajanMukerji2003">Sundararajan,&#32;K. R.&#59;&#32;Mukerji,&#32;Bithika. &#32;(2003).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=UUWIEfAY-mMC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Hindu Spirituality: Postclassical and Modern. </i></a>&#32;Motilal Banarsidass Publ.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-81-208-1937-5" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-81-208-1937-5">978-81-208-1937-5</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-17)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFWinternitz1981">Winternitz,&#32;Moriz. &#32;(1981).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=Lgz1eMhu0JsC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>A History of Indian Literature. </i></a>&#32;Motilal Banarsidass Publishe&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-81-208-0265-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-81-208-0265-0">978-81-208-0265-0</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-17)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFTaylor2008-06-10">Taylor,&#32;Bron. &#32;(2008-06-10).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=i4mvAwAAQBAJ&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature. </i></a>&#32;A&amp;C Black&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-4411-2278-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-4411-2278-0">978-1-4411-2278-0</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-17)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFSethia2004">Sethia,&#32;Tara. &#32;(2004).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=QYdlKv8wBiYC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Ahiṃsā, Anekānta and Jainism. </i></a>&#32;Motilal Banarsidass Publ.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-81-208-2036-4" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-81-208-2036-4">978-81-208-2036-4</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-17)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation">&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/jain/"><i>Jain Philosophy | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. </i></a>&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-17)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation">&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rowman.com/ISBN/9781498563925/The-Metaphysics-of-Paradox-Jainism-Absolute-Relativity-and-Religious-Pluralism"><i>The Metaphysics of Paradox: Jainism, Absolute Relativity, and Religious Pluralism. </i></a>&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-17)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMatilal1990">Matilal,&#32;Bimal Krishna. &#32;(1990).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=V8SLH7ogB9oC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Logic, Language, and Reality: Indian Philosophy and Contemporary Issues. </i></a>&#32;Motilal Banarsidass&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-81-208-0008-3" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-81-208-0008-3">978-81-208-0008-3</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-17)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBalcerowicz2015-09-16">Balcerowicz,&#32;Piotr. &#32;(2015-09-16).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=nfOPCgAAQBAJ&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Early Asceticism in India: Ājīvikism and Jainism. </i></a>&#32;Routledge&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-317-53853-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-317-53853-0">978-1-317-53853-0</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-17)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMatilalGaneriTiwari1998-01-01">Matilal,&#32;Bimal Krishna&#59;&#32;Ganeri,&#32;Jonardon&#59;&#32;Tiwari,&#32;Heeraman. &#32;(1998-01-01).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=NzZRu12ngLAC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>The Character of Logic in India. </i></a>&#32;SUNY Press&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-7914-3739-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-7914-3739-1">978-0-7914-3739-1</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-17)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-34">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_34-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_34-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLong2013-03-22">Long,&#32;Jeffery D.. &#32;(2013-03-22).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=ajAEBAAAQBAJ&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Jainism: An Introduction. </i></a>&#32;I.B.Tauris&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-85773-656-7" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-85773-656-7">978-0-85773-656-7</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-17)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFShah2004">Shah,&#32;Natubhai. &#32;(2004).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=qLNQKGcDIhsC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Jainism: The World of Conquerors. </i></a>&#32;Motilal Banarsidass Publishe&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-81-208-1938-2" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-81-208-1938-2">978-81-208-1938-2</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-17)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFJain2012-01-01">Jain,&#32;Vijay K.. &#32;(2012-01-01).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=4iyUu4Fc2-YC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Acharya Amritchandra's Purushartha Siddhyupaya आचार्य अमृतचन्द्रसूरी विरचित "पुरुषार्थसिद्धयुपाय": Realization of the Pure Self, With Hindi and English Translation. </i></a>&#32;Vikalp Printers&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-81-903639-4-5" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-81-903639-4-5">978-81-903639-4-5</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-18)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFJustice_T.K._Tukol2000">Justice T.K. Tukol. &#32;(2000).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/SallekhanaIsNotSuicide"><i>Sallekhanā is not Suicide. </i></a>&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-18)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFWilliams1991">Williams,&#32;Robert. &#32;(1991).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=LLKcrIJ6oscC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Jaina Yoga: A Survey of the Mediaeval Śrāvakācāras. </i></a>&#32;Motilal Banarsidass Publ.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-81-208-0775-4" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-81-208-0775-4">978-81-208-0775-4</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-18)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-39">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_39-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_39-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_39-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFQvarnström2003">Qvarnström,&#32;Olle. &#32;(2003).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=5_EdL2FtIqQC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Jainism and Early Buddhism: Essays in Honor of Padmanabh S. Jaini. </i></a>&#32;Jain Publishing Company&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-89581-956-7" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-89581-956-7">978-0-89581-956-7</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-18)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBalcerowicz2015-09-16">Balcerowicz,&#32;Piotr. &#32;(2015-09-16).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=nfOPCgAAQBAJ&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Early Asceticism in India: Ājīvikism and Jainism. </i></a>&#32;Routledge&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-317-53853-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-317-53853-0">978-1-317-53853-0</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-18)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-41">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:15_41-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_41-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFJohnson1995">Johnson,&#32;W. J.. &#32;(1995).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=vw8OUSfQbV4C&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Harmless Souls: Karmic Bondage and Religious Change in Early Jainism with Special Reference to Umāsvāti and Kundakunda. </i></a>&#32;Motilal Banarsidass Publ.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-81-208-1309-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-81-208-1309-0">978-81-208-1309-0</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-18)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFJain2013-04-13">Jain,&#32;Vijay K.. &#32;(2013-04-13).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=g9CJ3jZpcqYC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Ācārya Nemichandra's Dravyasaṃgraha आचार्य नेमिचन्द्र विरचित "द्रव्यसंग्रह": With Authentic Explanatory Notes. </i></a>&#32;Vikalp Printers&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-81-903639-5-2" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-81-903639-5-2">978-81-903639-5-2</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-18)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFVoorst2014-01-01">Voorst,&#32;Robert E. Van. &#32;(2014-01-01).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=37TcBAAAQBAJ&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>RELG: World. </i></a>&#32;Cengage Learning&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-305-43702-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-305-43702-9">978-1-305-43702-9</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-18)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFSangave1980">Sangave,&#32;Vilas Adinath. &#32;(1980).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=FWdWrRGV_t8C&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Jaina Community: A Social Survey. </i></a>&#32;Popular Prakashan&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-317-12346-3" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-317-12346-3">978-0-317-12346-3</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-18)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-45">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:14_45-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_45-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_45-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_45-3"><sup><b>d</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_45-4"><sup><b>e</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFWiley2009-06-17">Wiley,&#32;Kristi L.. &#32;(2009-06-17).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=cIhCCwAAQBAJ&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>The A to Z of Jainism. </i></a>&#32;Scarecrow Press&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-8108-6337-8" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-8108-6337-8">978-0-8108-6337-8</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-18)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFSingh2008">Singh,&#32;Ram Bhushan Prasad. &#32;(2008).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=JtWGm4E4qZIC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Jainism in Early Medieval Karnataka: C. A.D. 500-1200. </i></a>&#32;Motilal Banarsidass Publishe&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-81-208-3323-4" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-81-208-3323-4">978-81-208-3323-4</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-18)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMishraRay2016-08-05">Mishra,&#32;Susan Verma&#59;&#32;Ray,&#32;Himanshu Prabha. &#32;(2016-08-05).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=CtDLDAAAQBAJ&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>The Archaeology of Sacred Spaces: The temple in western India, 2nd century BCE–8th century CE. </i></a>&#32;Routledge&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-317-19374-6" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-317-19374-6">978-1-317-19374-6</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-02-01)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFArtPal1986-01-01">Art,&#32;Los Angeles County Museum of&#59;&#32;Pal,&#32;Pratapaditya. &#32;(1986-01-01).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=clUmKaWRFTkC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Indian Sculpture: Circa 500 B.C.-A.D. 700. </i></a>&#32;University of California Press&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-520-05991-7" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-520-05991-7">978-0-520-05991-7</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-02-07)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFSalvadori1989">Salvadori,&#32;Cynthia. &#32;(1989).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=4xIRAQAAIAAJ&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Through Open Doors: A View of Asian Cultures in Kenya. </i></a>&#32;Kenway Publications&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-9966-848-05-5" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-9966-848-05-5">978-9966-848-05-5</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-02-07)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBabb1996-08-01">Babb,&#32;Lawrence A.. &#32;(1996-08-01).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=C8HcBvE8XJ4C&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Absent Lord: Ascetics and Kings in a Jain Ritual Culture. </i></a>&#32;University of California Press&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-520-91708-8" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-520-91708-8">978-0-520-91708-8</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-02-07)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170130065533/http://gsas.yale.edu/news/studying-jainism-and-its-tantric-ritual-diagrams-india">«Studying Jainism and Its Tantric Ritual Diagrams in India | Yale Graduate School of Arts &amp; Sciences»</a>&#32;<i>web.archive.org</i>&#32;2017-01-30&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-02-07)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMelton2011-09-13">Melton,&#32;J. Gordon. &#32;(2011-09-13).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=KDU30Ae4S4cC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations. </i></a>&#32;ABC-CLIO&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-59884-205-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-59884-205-0">978-1-59884-205-0</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-02-08)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFDalal2010">Dalal,&#32;Roshen. &#32;(2010).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths. </i></a>&#32;Penguin Books India&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-14-341517-6" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-14-341517-6">978-0-14-341517-6</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-16)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFPechilisRaj2013">Pechilis,&#32;Karen&#59;&#32;Raj,&#32;Selva J.. &#32;(2013).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today. </i></a>&#32;Routledge&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-415-44851-2" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-415-44851-2">978-0-415-44851-2</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-02-09)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFClarkeBeyer2009-05-07">Clarke,&#32;Peter B.&#59;&#32;Beyer,&#32;Peter. &#32;(2009-05-07).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=rBgn3xB75ZcC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>The World's Religions: Continuities and Transformations. </i></a>&#32;Taylor &amp; Francis&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-135-21100-4" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-135-21100-4">978-1-135-21100-4</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-02-19)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFJonesRyan2006">Jones,&#32;Constance&#59;&#32;Ryan,&#32;James D.. &#32;(2006).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Encyclopedia of Hinduism. </i></a>&#32;Infobase Publishing&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-8160-7564-5" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-8160-7564-5">978-0-8160-7564-5</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-02-22)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFShah1987">Shah,&#32;Umakant Premanand. &#32;(1987).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=m_y_P4duSXsC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Jaina-rūpa-maṇḍana. </i></a>&#32;Abhinav Publications&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-81-7017-208-6" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-81-7017-208-6">978-81-7017-208-6</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-02-22)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFJain1991">Jain,&#32;Kailash Chand. &#32;(1991).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=8-TxcO9dfrcC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Lord Mahāvīra and His Times. </i></a>&#32;Motilal Banarsidass Publ.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-81-208-0805-8" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-81-208-0805-8">978-81-208-0805-8</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-02-22)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFFlügel2006-02-01">Flügel,&#32;Peter. &#32;(2006-02-01).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=CIgqBgAAQBAJ&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Studies in Jaina History and Culture: Disputes and Dialogues. </i></a>&#32;Routledge&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-134-23552-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-134-23552-0">978-1-134-23552-0</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-02-22)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:19-60">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:19_60-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:19_60-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFHarvey2016-04-08">Harvey,&#32;Graham. &#32;(2016-04-08).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=wrTsCwAAQBAJ&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Religions in Focus: New Approaches to Tradition and Contemporary Practices. </i></a>&#32;Routledge&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-134-93690-8" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-134-93690-8">978-1-134-93690-8</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-02-22)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFVallely2002-01-01">Vallely,&#32;Anne. &#32;(2002-01-01).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=eI4PAY9rDmQC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Guardians of the Transcendent: An Ethnography of a Jain Ascetic Community. </i></a>&#32;University of Toronto Press&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-8020-8415-6" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-8020-8415-6">978-0-8020-8415-6</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-02-22)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFVyas1995">Vyas,&#32;R. T.. &#32;(1995).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fETebHcHKogC"><i>Studies in Jaina Art and Iconography and Allied Subjects in Honour of Dr. U.P. Shah. </i></a>&#32;Abhinav Publications&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-81-7017-316-8" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-81-7017-316-8">978-81-7017-316-8</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-02-22)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ikus,_gainera"><span id="Ikus.2C_gainera"></span>Ikus, gainera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainismo&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=23" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikus, gainera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainismo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Ikus, gainera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indarkeria_eza" title="Indarkeria eza">Indarkeria eza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begetarianismo" title="Begetarianismo">Begetarianismo</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainismo&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=24" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainismo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Kanpo estekak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="clear:both;"></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7786466">.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control{margin-top:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control 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alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9232" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q9232">Q9232</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jainism">Jainism</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&amp;search=%22Q9232%22">Q9232</a></span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11953383z">11953383z</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11953383z">(data)</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a 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class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=ph114384">ph114384</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Art_%26_Architecture_Thesaurus" title="Art &amp; Architecture Thesaurus">AAT</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/AATFullDisplay?find=&amp;logic=AND&amp;note=&amp;subjectid=300143540">300143540</a></span></li> <li><b>Hiztegiak eta entziklopediak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Britannica</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jainism">url</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="mw-mf-linked-projects hlist"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" 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