CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Jean-Paul Sartre - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"48e6254f-76f2-475c-a491-cda58223724e","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Jean-Paul_Sartre","wgTitle":"Jean-Paul Sartre","wgCurRevisionId":1258503311,"wgRevisionId":1258503311,"wgArticleId":16340,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use dmy dates from December 2014","Articles containing French-language text","Biography with signature","Articles with hCards","Pages with French IPA","Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata","Nobelprize template using Wikidata property P8024","Articles with Internet Archive links", "Open Library ID same as Wikidata","Articles with Open Library links","Articles containing German-language text","Jean-Paul Sartre","1905 births","1980 deaths","20th-century atheists","20th-century French biographers","20th-century French dramatists and playwrights","20th-century French novelists","20th-century French philosophers","20th-century French screenwriters","Aphorists","Atheist philosophers","Blind activists","Blind scholars and academics","Blind writers","Burials at Montparnasse Cemetery","Contemporary philosophers","Continental philosophers","Critical theorists","Deaths from pulmonary edema","École Normale Supérieure alumni","Existentialists","Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences","Free love advocates","French anarchists","French anti-capitalists","French anti-fascists","French anti-war activists","French Army personnel of World War II","French atheists","French blind people","French communists","French dramatists and playwrights","French epistemologists", "French ethicists","French humanists","French literary critics","French magazine founders","French male dramatists and playwrights","French male screenwriters","French Marxist writers","French Marxists","French Nobel laureates","French people of German descent","French philosophers of art","French philosophers of culture","French philosophers of education","French philosophers of history","French philosophers of science","French political philosophers","French prisoners of war in World War II","French Resistance members","French scientists with disabilities","French critics of religions","French socialists","French sociologists","French Zionists","French writers with disabilities","Legion of Honour refusals","Libertarian Marxists","Libertarian socialists","Lycée Condorcet teachers","Lycée Henri-IV alumni","Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni","French male biographers","Marxist humanists","Metaphysicians","Nobel laureates in Literature","Ontologists","Phenomenologists", "Philosophers of death","Philosophers of literature","Philosophers of mind","Philosophers of nihilism","Philosophers of sexuality","Philosophers of social science","Philosophy writers","Scholars of antisemitism","Theorists on Western civilization","World War II prisoners of war held by Germany","Writers from Paris","Writers on antisemitism"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Jean-Paul_Sartre","wgRelevantArticleId":16340,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false, "nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":90000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q9364","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready", "ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Sartre_1967_crop.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sartre_1967_crop.jpg/800px-Sartre_1967_crop.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sartre_1967_crop.jpg/640px-Sartre_1967_crop.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Jean-Paul Sartre - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Paul_Sartre&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Jean-Paul_Sartre rootpage-Jean-Paul_Sartre skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Jean-Paul+Sartre" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Jean-Paul+Sartre" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Jean-Paul+Sartre" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Jean-Paul+Sartre" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Biography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Biography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Biography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Biography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Early life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold_War_politics_and_anticolonialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_War_politics_and_anticolonialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Cold War politics and anticolonialism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold_War_politics_and_anticolonialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_life_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_life_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Late life and death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_life_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thought" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thought"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Thought </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thought-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Career_as_public_intellectual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Career_as_public_intellectual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Career as public intellectual </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Career_as_public_intellectual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allegations_of_sexual_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allegations_of_sexual_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Allegations of sexual abuse </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allegations_of_sexual_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Works </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Works subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Novels_and_Short_Story_Collection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novels_and_Short_Story_Collection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Novels and Short Story Collection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novels_and_Short_Story_Collection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Roads_to_Freedom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Roads_to_Freedom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 The Roads to Freedom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Roads_to_Freedom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Plays </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Screenplays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Screenplays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Screenplays </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Screenplays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autobiographical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autobiographical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Autobiographical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autobiographical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophic_essays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophic_essays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Philosophic essays </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophic_essays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_Sartre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_Sartre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 By Sartre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_Sartre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_Sartre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_Sartre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 On Sartre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_Sartre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Jean-Paul Sartre</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 144 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-144" aria-hidden="true" > 144 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A5%E1%8A%95-%E1%8D%96%E1%88%8D_%E1%88%B3%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB" title="ዥን-ፖል ሳትራ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዥን-ፖል ሳትራ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="جان بول سارتر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جان بول سارتر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87" title="জ্যা পল ছাট্টে – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জ্যা পল ছাট্টে" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Pol_Sartr" title="Jan Pol Sartr – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Jan Pol Sartr" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="ژان پول سارتر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ژان پول سارتر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%81-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="জঁ-পল সার্ত্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জঁ-পল সার্ত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80" title="Жан-Поль Сартр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Жан-Поль Сартр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80" title="Жан-Поль Сартр – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жан-Поль Сартр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80" title="Жан-Поль Сартр – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Жан-Поль Сартр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Жан-Пол Сартър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Жан-Пол Сартър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80" title="Жан-Поль Сартр – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Жан-Поль Сартр" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Сартр Жан-Поль – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сартр Жан-Поль" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CE%B1%CE%BD-%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB_%CE%A3%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%84%CF%81" title="Ζαν-Πολ Σαρτρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζαν-Πολ Σαρτρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%BE%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="ژان-پل سارتر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژان-پل سارتر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%A4%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="ژان پؤل سارتر – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="ژان پؤل سارتر" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%A5_%ED%8F%B4_%EC%82%AC%EB%A5%B4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A5%B4" title="장 폴 사르트르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="장 폴 사르트르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%8A%D5%B8%D5%AC_%D5%8D%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D6%80" title="Ժան Պոլ Սարտր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ժան Պոլ Սարտր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="ज्यां-पाल सार्त्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ज्यां-पाल सार्त्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%27%D7%90%D7%9F-%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%A8" title="ז'אן-פול סארטר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ז'אן-פול סארטר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%86" title="ಜೀನ್ ಪಾಲ್ ಸರ್ಟೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜೀನ್ ಪಾಲ್ ಸರ್ಟೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C-%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ჟან-პოლ სარტრი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჟან-პოლ სარტრი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80" title="Жан-Поль Сартр – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жан-Поль Сартр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80" title="Жан-Поль Сартр – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жан-Поль Сартр" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannes_Paulus_Sartre" title="Ioannes Paulus Sartre – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ioannes Paulus Sartre" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDans_Pols_Sartrs" title="Žans Pols Sartrs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Žans Pols Sartrs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80" title="Жан Пол Сартр – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Жан Пол Сартр" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BA-%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BE_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D" title="ഷാൺ-പോൾ സാർത്ര് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഷാൺ-പോൾ സാർത്ര്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="ज्याँ-पॉल सार्त्र – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ज्याँ-पॉल सार्त्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C-%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ჟან-პოლ სარტრი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჟან-პოლ სარტრი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="جان بول سارتر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جان بول سارتر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="ژان پل سارتر – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ژان پل سارتر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80" title="Жан-Поль Сартр – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Жан-Поль Сартр" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80" title="Жан Пол Сартр – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Жан Пол Сартр" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="ယန်းပေါလ်ဆတ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ယန်းပေါလ်ဆတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87" title="जां-पल सारत्रे – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जां-पल सारत्रे" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%EF%BC%9D%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B5%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB" title="ジャン＝ポール・サルトル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジャン＝ポール・サルトル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80,_%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Сартр, Жан-Поль – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Сартр, Жан-Поль" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0" title="ਯਾਂ ਪਾਲ ਸਾਰਤਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯਾਂ ਪਾਲ ਸਾਰਤਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%A7%DA%BA_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="ژاں پال سارتر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ژاں پال سارتر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="ژان-پال سارتر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ژان-پال سارتر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80" title="Жан-Пол Сартр – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Жан-Пол Сартр" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80,_%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Сартр, Жан-Поль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сартр, Жан-Поль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AE,_%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B8_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%9E" title="ᱥᱟᱛᱨᱮ, ᱡᱮᱸ ᱯᱳᱞ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱟᱛᱨᱮ, ᱡᱮᱸ ᱯᱳᱞ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="سارتر – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سارتر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%DB%86%DA%B5_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="ژان پۆڵ سارتر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ژان پۆڵ سارتر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80" title="Жан-Пол Сартр – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Жан-Пол Сартр" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0" title="இழான் பவுல் சார்த்ர – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இழான் பவுல் சார்த்ர" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80" title="Жан-Поль Сартр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Жан-Поль Сартр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8C%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87-%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5_%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ฌ็อง-ปอล ซาทร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฌ็อง-ปอล ซาทร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80" title="Жан-Поль Сартр – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Жан-Поль Сартр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%A7%DA%BA_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="ژاں پال سارتر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ژاں پال سارتر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%86%D9%89%DA%AD_%D9%85%DB%95%DB%8B%D8%AC%DB%87%D8%AF%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95%D8%AA%DA%86%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89%D9%83%D9%89" title="سارتېرىنىڭ مەۋجۇدىيەتچىلىكى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="سارتېرىنىڭ مەۋجۇدىيەتچىلىكى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sartr_%C5%BDan-Pol%27" title="Sartr Žan-Pol' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Sartr Žan-Pol'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AE%A9-%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E8%90%A8%E7%89%B9" title="让-保罗·萨特 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="让-保罗·萨特" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%9F-%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A2" title="זשאן-פאל סארטרע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="זשאן-פאל סארטרע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A1%91-%E4%BF%9D%E7%BE%85%C2%B7%E8%96%A9%E7%89%B9" title="桑-保羅·薩特 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="桑-保羅·薩特" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDans_Polis_Sartros" title="Žans Polis Sartros – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Žans Polis Sartros" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AE%A9-%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E8%90%A8%E7%89%B9" title="让-保罗·萨特 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="让-保罗·萨特" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9364#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Jean-Paul_Sartre" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Paul_Sartre&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Paul_Sartre&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Paul_Sartre&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Paul_Sartre&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Jean-Paul_Sartre" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Paul_Sartre&oldid=1258503311" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Paul_Sartre&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Jean-Paul_Sartre&id=1258503311&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJean-Paul_Sartre">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJean-Paul_Sartre">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Jean-Paul_Sartre&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Paul_Sartre&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9364" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French existentialist philosopher (1905–1980)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sartre" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sartre_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sartre (disambiguation)">Sartre (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Jean-Paul Sartre</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Sartre_1967_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sartre_1967_crop.jpg/220px-Sartre_1967_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sartre_1967_crop.jpg/330px-Sartre_1967_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sartre_1967_crop.jpg/440px-Sartre_1967_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="873" data-file-height="873" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Sartre in 1967</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre</div> (1905-06-21)21 June 1905 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">15 April 1980(1980-04-15) (aged 74) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Paris, France</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)" title="École normale supérieure (Paris)">École normale supérieure</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Partner</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a> (1929–1980)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize for Literature</a> (1964, declined)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/20th-century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="20th-century philosophy">20th-century philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">existentialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">phenomenology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Existential_phenomenology" title="Existential phenomenology">existential phenomenology</a>,<a href="#cite_note-SEP-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">hermeneutics</a>,<a href="#cite_note-SEP-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western Marxism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-pacifism" title="Anarcho-pacifism">anarcho-pacifism</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-consciousness" title="Self-consciousness">self-consciousness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontology</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bad_faith_(existentialism)" title="Bad faith (existentialism)">Bad faith</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Existence_precedes_essence" title="Existence precedes essence">existence precedes essence</a>", <a href="/wiki/Nothing#Existentialists" title="Nothing">nothingness</a>, "Hell is other people", <a href="/wiki/Situation_(Sartre)" title="Situation (Sartre)">situation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pre-reflective_self-consciousness" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-reflective self-consciousness">transcendence of the ego</a> ("every positional consciousness of an object is a non-positional consciousness of itself"),<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sartrean_terminology" class="mw-redirect" title="Sartrean terminology">Sartrean terminology</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Paul_Sartre_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Jean-Paul_Sartre_signature.svg/100px-Jean-Paul_Sartre_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Jean-Paul_Sartre_signature.svg/150px-Jean-Paul_Sartre_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Jean-Paul_Sartre_signature.svg/200px-Jean-Paul_Sartre_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="331" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Simone_de_Beauvoir_%26_Jean-Paul_Sartre_in_Beijing_1955.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Simone_de_Beauvoir_%26_Jean-Paul_Sartre_in_Beijing_1955.jpg/220px-Simone_de_Beauvoir_%26_Jean-Paul_Sartre_in_Beijing_1955.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Simone_de_Beauvoir_%26_Jean-Paul_Sartre_in_Beijing_1955.jpg/330px-Simone_de_Beauvoir_%26_Jean-Paul_Sartre_in_Beijing_1955.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Simone_de_Beauvoir_%26_Jean-Paul_Sartre_in_Beijing_1955.jpg/440px-Simone_de_Beauvoir_%26_Jean-Paul_Sartre_in_Beijing_1955.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1199" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a> and Jean-Paul Sartre in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, 1955</figcaption></figure> Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈsɑːrtrə/</a>, US also <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈsɑːrt/</a>;<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>French: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[saʁtʁ]</a>; 21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980) was a French philosopher, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">literary critic</a>, considered a leading figure in <a href="/wiki/20th-century_French_philosophy" title="20th-century French philosophy">20th-century French philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>. Sartre was one of the key figures in the philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">existentialism</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">phenomenology</a>). His work has influenced sociology, <a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">critical theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post-colonial_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-colonial theory">post-colonial theory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Literary_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary studies">literary studies</a>. He was awarded the <a href="/wiki/1964_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1964 Nobel Prize in Literature">1964 Nobel Prize in Literature</a> despite attempting to refuse it, saying that he always declined official honors and that "a writer should not allow himself to be turned into an institution."<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Sartre held an <a href="/wiki/Open_relationship" title="Open relationship">open relationship</a> with prominent <a href="/wiki/Feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist">feminist</a> and fellow existentialist philosopher <a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a>. Together, Sartre and de Beauvoir challenged the <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultural</a> and <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">social</a> assumptions and expectations of their upbringings, which they considered <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois">bourgeois</a>, in both lifestyles and thought. The conflict between oppressive, spiritually destructive <a href="/wiki/Conformity_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conformity (psychology)">conformity</a> (mauvaise foi, literally, '<a href="/wiki/Bad_faith_(existentialism)" title="Bad faith (existentialism)">bad faith</a>') and an "<a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">authentic</a>" way of "<a href="/wiki/Being" class="mw-redirect" title="Being">being</a>" became the dominant theme of Sartre's early work, a theme embodied in his principal philosophical work <a href="/wiki/Being_and_Nothingness" title="Being and Nothingness">Being and Nothingness</a> (L'Être et le Néant, 1943).<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Sartre's introduction to his philosophy is his work <a href="/wiki/Existentialism_Is_a_Humanism" title="Existentialism Is a Humanism">Existentialism Is a Humanism</a> (L'existentialisme est un humanisme, 1946), originally presented as a lecture. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Paul_Sartre&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Paul_Sartre&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> Jean-Paul Sartre was born on 21 June 1905 in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> as the only child of Jean-Baptiste Sartre, an officer of the <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a>, and Anne-Marie (Schweitzer).<a href="#cite_note-Baird1999-8">[8]</a> When Sartre was two years old, his father died of an illness, which he most likely contracted in <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">Indochina</a>. Anne-Marie moved back to her parents' house in <a href="/wiki/Meudon" title="Meudon">Meudon</a>, where she raised Sartre with help from her father Charles Schweitzer, a <a href="/wiki/Teacher" title="Teacher">teacher</a> of <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> who taught Sartre mathematics and introduced him to <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">classical literature</a> at a very early age.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> When he was twelve, Sartre's mother remarried, and the family moved to <a href="/wiki/La_Rochelle" title="La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a>, where he was frequently bullied, in part due to the wandering of his blind right eye (sensory <a href="/wiki/Exotropia" title="Exotropia">exotropia</a>).<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> As a teenager in the 1920s, Sartre became attracted to philosophy upon reading <a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a>'s essay <a href="/wiki/Time_and_Free_Will:_An_Essay_on_the_Immediate_Data_of_Consciousness" class="mw-redirect" title="Time and Free Will: An Essay on the Immediate Data of Consciousness">Time and Free Will: An Essay on the Immediate Data of Consciousness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> He attended the <a href="/wiki/Cours_Hattemer" title="Cours Hattemer">Cours Hattemer</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Independent_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent school">private school</a> in Paris.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> He studied and earned certificates in psychology, history of philosophy, logic, general philosophy, ethics and sociology, and physics, as well as his <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dipl%C3%B4me_d%27%C3%A9tudes_sup%C3%A9rieures&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diplôme d'études supérieures (page does not exist)">diplôme d'études supérieures</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/dipl%C3%B4me_d%27%C3%A9tudes_sup%C3%A9rieures" class="extiw" title="fr:diplôme d'études supérieures">fr</a>] (roughly equivalent to an <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a> thesis) in Paris at the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)" title="École normale supérieure (Paris)">École Normale Supérieure</a> (ENS), an institution of higher education that was the alma mater for several prominent French thinkers and intellectuals.<a href="#cite_note-Schrift-13">[13]</a> (His 1928 MA thesis under the title "L'Image dans la vie psychologique: rôle et nature" ["Image in Psychological Life: Role and Nature"] was supervised by <a href="/wiki/Henri_Delacroix" title="Henri Delacroix">Henri Delacroix</a>.)<a href="#cite_note-Schrift-13">[13]</a> It was at ENS that Sartre began his lifelong, sometimes fractious, friendship with <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Raymond Aron</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Perhaps the most decisive influence on Sartre's philosophical development was his weekly attendance at <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Koj%C3%A8ve" title="Alexandre Kojève">Alexandre Kojève</a>'s seminars, which continued for a number of years.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> From his first years in the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École normale supérieure">École normale</a>, Sartre was one of its fiercest <a href="/wiki/Prank" class="mw-redirect" title="Prank">pranksters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen-Solal198761–62-17">[17]</a> In 1927, his <a href="/wiki/Antimilitarist" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimilitarist">antimilitarist</a> <a href="/wiki/Satirical" class="mw-redirect" title="Satirical">satirical</a> cartoon in the revue of the school, coauthored with <a href="/wiki/Georges_Canguilhem" title="Georges Canguilhem">Georges Canguilhem</a>, particularly upset the director <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Lanson" title="Gustave Lanson">Gustave Lanson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gerassi89p76-18">[18]</a> In the same year, with his comrades Nizan, Larroutis, Baillou and Herland,<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> he organized a <a href="/wiki/Media_prank" title="Media prank">media prank</a> following <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a>'s successful New York City–Paris flight; Sartre & Co. called newspapers and informed them that Lindbergh was going to be awarded an honorary École degree. Many newspapers, including <a href="/wiki/Le_Petit_Parisien" title="Le Petit Parisien">Le Petit Parisien</a>, announced the event on 25 May. Thousands, including journalists and curious spectators, showed up, unaware that what they were witnessing was a stunt involving a Lindbergh <a href="/wiki/Look-alike" title="Look-alike">look-alike</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gerassi89p76-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The scandal led Lanson to resign.<a href="#cite_note-Gerassi89p76-18">[18]</a> In 1929 at the École normale, he met <a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a>, who studied at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">Sorbonne</a> and later went on to become a noted philosopher, writer, and feminist. The two became inseparable and lifelong companions, initiating a romantic relationship,<a href="#cite_note-seattletimes.nwsource.com-22">[22]</a> though they were not <a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">monogamous</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The first time Sartre took the <a href="/wiki/Agr%C3%A9gation" title="Agrégation">agrégation</a>, he failed. He took it a second time and virtually tied for first place with Beauvoir, although Sartre was eventually awarded first place, with Beauvoir second.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> From 1931 until 1945, Sartre taught at various <a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycée">lycées</a> of <a href="/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a> (at the Lycée de Le Havre, the present-day <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyc%C3%A9e_Fran%C3%A7ois-Ier_(Le_Havre)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lycée François-Ier (Le Havre) (page does not exist)">Lycée François-Ier (Le Havre)</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Fran%C3%A7ois-Ier_(Le_Havre)" class="extiw" title="fr:Lycée François-Ier (Le Havre)">fr</a>], 1931–1936), <a href="/wiki/Laon" title="Laon">Laon</a> (at the Lycée de Laon, 1936–37), and, finally, Paris (at the <a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Pasteur_(Neuilly-sur-Seine)" title="Lycée Pasteur (Neuilly-sur-Seine)">Lycée Pasteur</a>, 1937–1939, and at the <a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Condorcet" title="Lycée Condorcet">Lycée Condorcet</a>, 1941–1944;<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> see <a href="#World_War_II">below</a>). In 1932, Sartre read <a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_End_of_the_Night" title="Journey to the End of the Night">Voyage au bout de la nuit</a> by <a href="/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline">Louis-Ferdinand Céline</a>, a book that had a remarkable influence on him.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In 1933–34, he succeeded Raymond Aron at the <a href="/wiki/Institut_Fran%C3%A7ais" title="Institut Français">Institut français d'Allemagne</a> in Berlin where he studied <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a>'s phenomenological philosophy. Aron had already advised him in 1930 to read <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas">Emmanuel Levinas</a>'s Théorie de l'intuition dans la phénoménologie de Husserl (The Theory of Intuition in Husserl's Phenomenology).<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Neo-Hegelianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Hegelianism">neo-Hegelian</a> revival led by <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Koj%C3%A8ve" title="Alexandre Kojève">Alexandre Kojève</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Hyppolite" title="Jean Hyppolite">Jean Hyppolite</a> in the 1930s inspired a whole generation of French thinkers, including Sartre, to discover Hegel's <a href="/wiki/The_Phenomenology_of_Spirit" title="The Phenomenology of Spirit">Phenomenology of Spirit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Paul_Sartre&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: World War II">edit</a>]</div> In 1939, Sartre was drafted into the <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a>, where he served as a <a href="/wiki/Meteorologist" title="Meteorologist">meteorologist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulton19997-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> He was captured by German troops in 1940 in <a href="/wiki/Padoux" title="Padoux">Padoux</a>,<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> and he spent nine months as a <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoner of war</a>—in <a href="/wiki/Nancy,_France" title="Nancy, France">Nancy</a> and finally in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stalag_XII-D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stalag XII-D (page does not exist)">Stalag XII-D</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalag_XII-D" class="extiw" title="fr:Stalag XII-D">fr</a>], <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a>, where he wrote his first <a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">theatrical</a> piece, Barionà, fils du tonnerre, a drama concerning Christmas. It was during this period of confinement that Sartre read <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sein_und_Zeit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sein und Zeit">Sein und Zeit</a>, later to become a major influence on his own essay on <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">phenomenological</a> <a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontology</a>. Because of poor health (he claimed that his poor eyesight and <a href="/wiki/Exotropia" title="Exotropia">exotropia</a> affected his balance), Sartre was released in April 1941. According to other sources, he escaped after a medical visit to the ophthalmologist.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Given civilian status, he recovered his teaching position at Lycée Pasteur near Paris and settled at the Hotel Mistral. In October 1941, he was given a position, previously held by a Jewish teacher who had been forbidden to teach by <a href="/wiki/Vichy_anti-Jewish_legislation" title="Vichy anti-Jewish legislation">Vichy law</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Condorcet" title="Lycée Condorcet">Lycée Condorcet</a> in Paris. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_George_C._Marshall_de_visite_de_journalistes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Le_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_George_C._Marshall_de_visite_de_journalistes.jpg/220px-Le_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_George_C._Marshall_de_visite_de_journalistes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Le_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_George_C._Marshall_de_visite_de_journalistes.jpg/330px-Le_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_George_C._Marshall_de_visite_de_journalistes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Le_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_George_C._Marshall_de_visite_de_journalistes.jpg/440px-Le_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_George_C._Marshall_de_visite_de_journalistes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>Sartre (third from left) and other French journalists visit General <a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a> in the Pentagon, 1945.</figcaption></figure> After coming back to Paris in May 1941, he participated in the founding of the underground group Socialisme et Liberté ("Socialism and Liberty") with other writers <a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Maurice Merleau-Ponty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Toussaint_Desanti" title="Jean-Toussaint Desanti">Jean-Toussaint Desanti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Desanti" title="Dominique Desanti">Dominique Desanti</a>, Jean Kanapa, and École Normale students. In spring of 1941, Sartre suggested with "cheerful ferocity" at a meeting that the Socialisme et Liberté assassinate prominent war collaborators like <a href="/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Marcel Déat</a>, but de Beauvoir noted his idea was rejected as "none of us felt qualified to make bombs or hurl grenades".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusby2000218-34">[34]</a> The British historian <a href="/wiki/Ian_Ousby" title="Ian Ousby">Ian Ousby</a> observed that the French always had far more hatred for collaborators than they did for the Germans, noting it was French people like Déat that Sartre wanted to assassinate rather than the military governor of France, General <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_St%C3%BClpnagel" title="Otto von Stülpnagel">Otto von Stülpnagel</a>, and the popular slogan always was "Death to <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Laval</a>!" rather than "Death to <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a>!".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusby2000225-35">[35]</a> In August Sartre and de Beauvoir went to the <a href="/wiki/French_Riviera" title="French Riviera">French Riviera</a> seeking the support of <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide" title="André Gide">André Gide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Malraux" title="André Malraux">André Malraux</a>. However, both Gide and Malraux were undecided, and this may have been the cause of Sartre's disappointment and discouragement. Socialisme et liberté soon dissolved and Sartre decided to write instead of being involved in active resistance. He then wrote <a href="/wiki/Being_and_Nothingness" title="Being and Nothingness">Being and Nothingness</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Flies" title="The Flies">The Flies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/No_Exit" title="No Exit">No Exit</a>, none of which were censored by the Germans, and also contributed to both legal and illegal literary magazines. In his essay "Paris under the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of France">Occupation</a>", Sartre wrote that the "correct" behaviour of the Germans had entrapped too many Parisians into complicity with the occupation, accepting what was unnatural as natural: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The Germans did not stride, revolver in hand, through the streets. They did not force civilians to make way for them on the pavement. They would offer seats to old ladies on the Metro. They showed great fondness for children and would pat them on the cheek. They had been told to behave correctly and being well-disciplined, they tried shyly and conscientiously to do so. Some of them even displayed a naive kindness which could find no practical expression.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusby200054-36">[36]</a></blockquote> Sartre noted when <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> soldiers asked Parisians politely in their German-accented French for directions, people usually felt embarrassed and ashamed as they tried their best to help out the Wehrmacht which led Sartre to remark "We could not be natural".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusby200057-58-37">[37]</a> French was a language widely taught in German schools and most Germans could speak at least some French. Sartre himself always found it difficult when a Wehrmacht soldier asked him for directions, usually saying he did not know where it was that the soldier wanted to go, but still felt uncomfortable as the very act of speaking to the Wehrmacht meant he had been complicit in the Occupation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusby2000151-38">[38]</a> Ousby wrote: "But, in however humble a fashion, everyone still had to decide how they were going to cope with life in a fragmenting society ... So Sartre's worries ... about how to react when a German soldier stopped him in the street and asked politely for directions were not as fussily inconsequential as they might sound at first. They were emblematic of how the dilemmas of the Occupation presented themselves in daily life".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusby2000151-38">[38]</a> Sartre wrote the very "correctness" of the Germans caused moral corruption in many people who used the "correct" behavior of the Germans as an excuse for passivity, and the very act of simply trying to live one's day-to-day existence without challenging the occupation aided the "<a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Nazism)" title="New Order (Nazism)">New Order</a> in Europe", which depended upon the passivity of ordinary people to accomplish its goals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusby200054-36">[36]</a> Throughout the occupation, it was German policy to plunder France, and food shortages were always a major problem as the majority of food from the French countryside went to Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusby200070-39">[39]</a> Sartre wrote about the "languid existence" of the Parisians as people waited obsessively for the one weekly arrival of trucks bringing food from the countryside that the Germans allowed, writing: "Paris would grow peaked and yawn with hunger under the empty sky. Cut off from the rest of the world, fed only through the pity or some ulterior motive, the town led a purely abstract and symbolic life".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusby200070-39">[39]</a> Sartre himself lived on a diet of rabbits sent to him by a friend of de Beauvoir living in <a href="/wiki/Anjou,_Is%C3%A8re" title="Anjou, Isère">Anjou</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusby2000127-40">[40]</a> The rabbits were usually in an advanced state of decay, full of maggots, and despite being hungry, Sartre once threw out one rabbit as uneatable, saying it had more maggots in it than meat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusby2000127-40">[40]</a> Sartre also remarked that conversations at the <a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_de_Flore" title="Café de Flore">Café de Flore</a> between intellectuals had changed, as the fear that one of them might be a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mouche" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:mouche">mouche</a> (informer) or a writer of the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/corbeau" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:corbeau">corbeau</a> (anonymous denunciatory letters) meant that no one really said what they meant anymore, imposing self-censorship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusby2000148-41">[41]</a> Sartre and his friends at the Café de Flore had reasons for their fear; by September 1940, the <a href="/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr">Abwehr</a> alone had already recruited 32,000 French people to work as mouches while by 1942 the Paris <a href="/wiki/Kommandantur" class="mw-redirect" title="Kommandantur">Kommandantur</a> was receiving an average of 1,500 letters per day sent by the corbeaux.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusby2000146-42">[42]</a> Sartre wrote under the occupation Paris had become a "sham", resembling the empty wine bottles displayed in shop windows as all of the wine had been exported to Germany, looking like the old Paris, but hollowed out, as what had made Paris special was gone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusby2000161-43">[43]</a> Paris had almost no cars on the streets during the occupation as the oil went to Germany while the Germans imposed a nightly curfew, which led Sartre to remark that Paris "was peopled by the absent".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusby2000172-44">[44]</a> Sartre also noted that people began to disappear under the occupation, writing: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">One day you might phone a friend and the phone would ring for a long time in an empty flat. You would go round and ring the doorbell, but no-one would answer it. If the concierge forced the door, you would find two chairs standing close together in the hall with the fag-ends of German cigarettes on the floor between their legs. If the wife or mother of the man who had vanished had been present at his arrest, she would tell you that he had been taken away by very polite Germans, like those who asked the way in the street. And when she went to ask what had happened to them at the <a href="/wiki/84_Avenue_Foch" title="84 Avenue Foch">offices in the Avenue Foch</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Rue_des_Saussaies" title="Rue des Saussaies">Rue des Saussaies</a> she would be politely received and sent away with comforting words" [No. 11 Rue des Saussaies was the headquarters of the Gestapo in Paris].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusby2000173-45">[45]</a></blockquote> Sartre wrote the feldgrau ("field grey") uniforms of the Wehrmacht and the green uniforms of the Order Police which had seemed so alien in 1940 had become accepted, as people were numbed into accepting what Sartre called "a pale, dull green, unobtrusive strain, which the eye almost expected to find among the dark clothes of the civilians".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusby2000170-46">[46]</a> Under the occupation, the French often called the Germans les autres ("the others"), which inspired Sartre's aphorism in his play Huis clos ("<a href="/wiki/No_Exit" title="No Exit">No Exit</a>") of "l'enfer, c'est les Autres" ("Hell is other people").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusby2000168-47">[47]</a> Sartre intended the line "l'enfer, c'est les Autres" at least in part to be a dig at the German occupiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusby2000168-47">[47]</a> Sartre was a very active contributor to <a href="/wiki/Combat_(newspaper)" title="Combat (newspaper)">Combat</a>, a newspaper created during the clandestine period by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a>, a philosopher and author who held similar beliefs. Sartre and de Beauvoir remained friends with Camus until 1951, with the publication of Camus's <a href="/wiki/The_Rebel_(book)" title="The Rebel (book)">The Rebel</a>. Sartre wrote extensively post-war about neglected minority groups, namely <a href="/wiki/French_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="French Jews">French Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_people_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Black people in France">black people</a>. In 1946, he published <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semite_and_Jew" title="Anti-Semite and Jew">Anti-Semite and Jew</a>, after having published the first part of the essay, "Portrait de l'antisémite", the year before in Les Temps modernes, No. 3. In the essay, in the course of explaining the <a href="/wiki/Etiology" title="Etiology">etiology</a> of "hate" as the hater's projective fantasies when reflecting on the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_question" title="Jewish question">Jewish question</a>, he attacks <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_France" title="Antisemitism in France">antisemitism in France</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> during a time when the Jews who came back from concentration camps were quickly abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In 1947, Sartre published several articles concerning the condition of African Americans in the United States—specifically the racism and discrimination against them in the country—in his second Situations collection. Then, in 1948, for the introduction of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Léopold Sédar Senghor</a>'s l'Anthologie de la nouvelle poésie nègre et malgache (Anthology of New Negro and Malagasy Poetry), he wrote "Black Orpheus" (re-published in Situations III), a critique of colonialism and racism in light of the philosophy Sartre developed in Being and Nothingness. Later, while Sartre was labeled by some authors as a resistant, the French philosopher and resistant <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Jankelevitch" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Jankelevitch">Vladimir Jankelevitch</a> criticized Sartre's lack of political commitment during the German occupation, and interpreted his further struggles for liberty as an attempt to redeem himself. According to Camus, Sartre was a writer who resisted; not a resister who wrote. In 1945, after the war ended, Sartre moved to an apartment on the <a href="/wiki/Rue_Bonaparte" title="Rue Bonaparte">rue Bonaparte</a>, where he was to produce most of his subsequent work and where he lived until 1962. It was from there that he helped establish a quarterly literary and political <a href="/wiki/Review" title="Review">review</a>, <a href="/wiki/Les_Temps_modernes" title="Les Temps modernes">Les Temps modernes</a> (Modern Times), in part to popularize his thought.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulton199912-50">[50]</a> He ceased teaching and devoted his time to writing and political activism. He would draw on his war experiences for his great trilogy of novels, Les Chemins de la Liberté (<a href="/wiki/The_Roads_to_Freedom" title="The Roads to Freedom">The Roads to Freedom</a>) (1945–1949). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_War_politics_and_anticolonialism">Cold War politics and anticolonialism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Paul_Sartre&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cold War politics and anticolonialism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beauvoir_Sartre_-_Che_Guevara_-1960_-_Cuba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Beauvoir_Sartre_-_Che_Guevara_-1960_-_Cuba.jpg/220px-Beauvoir_Sartre_-_Che_Guevara_-1960_-_Cuba.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Beauvoir_Sartre_-_Che_Guevara_-1960_-_Cuba.jpg/330px-Beauvoir_Sartre_-_Che_Guevara_-1960_-_Cuba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Beauvoir_Sartre_-_Che_Guevara_-1960_-_Cuba.jpg/440px-Beauvoir_Sartre_-_Che_Guevara_-1960_-_Cuba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="272" /></a><figcaption>Jean-Paul Sartre (middle) and <a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a> (left) meeting with <a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a> (right) in Cuba, 1960</figcaption></figure> The first period of Sartre's career, defined in large part by Being and Nothingness (1943), gave way to a second period—when the world was perceived as split into communist and capitalist blocs—of highly publicized political involvement. Sartre tended to glorify the <a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">Resistance</a> after the war as the uncompromising expression of morality in action, and recalled that the résistants were a "band of brothers" who had enjoyed "real freedom" in a way that did not exist before nor after the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBondy196726-51">[51]</a> Sartre was "merciless" in attacking anyone who had collaborated or remained passive during the German occupation; for instance, criticizing Camus for signing an appeal to spare the collaborationist writer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Brasillach" title="Robert Brasillach">Robert Brasillach</a> from being executed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBondy196726-51">[51]</a> His 1948 play Les mains sales (<a href="/wiki/Dirty_Hands" title="Dirty Hands">Dirty Hands</a>) in particular explored the problem of being a politically "engaged" intellectual. He embraced <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> but did not join the <a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">Communist Party</a>. For a time in the late 1940s, Sartre described French nationalism as "provincial" and in a 1949 essay called for a "United States of Europe".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBondy196729-52">[52]</a> In an essay published in the June 1949 edition of the journal <a href="/wiki/Politique_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8re" title="Politique étrangère">Politique étrangère</a>, Sartre wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">If we want French civilization to survive, it must be fitted into the framework of a great European civilization. Why? I have said that civilization is the reflection on a shared situation. In Italy, in France, in Benelux, in Sweden, in Norway, in Germany, in Greece, in Austria, everywhere we find the same problems and the same dangers ... But this cultural polity has prospects only as elements of a policy which defends Europe's cultural autonomy vis-à-vis America and the Soviet Union, but also its political and economic autonomy, with the aim of making Europe a single force between the blocs, not a third bloc, but an autonomous force which will refuse to allow itself to be torn into shreds between American optimism and Russian scientificism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBondy196729–30-53">[53]</a></blockquote> About the Korean War, Sartre wrote: "I have no doubt that the South Korean feudalists and the American imperialists have promoted this war. But I do not doubt either that it was begun by the North Koreans".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBondy196734-54">[54]</a> In July 1950, Sartre wrote in Les Temps Modernes about his and de Beauvoir's attitude to the Soviet Union: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">As we were neither members of the [Communist] party nor its avowed sympathizers, it was not our duty to write about Soviet labor camps; we were free to remain aloof from the quarrel over the nature of this system, provided that no events of sociological significance had occurred.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBondy196725-55">[55]</a></blockquote> Sartre held that the Soviet Union was a "revolutionary" state working for the betterment of humanity and could be criticized only for failing to live up to its own ideals, but that critics had to take in mind that the Soviet state needed to defend itself against a hostile world; by contrast Sartre held that the failures of "bourgeois" states were due to their innate shortcomings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBondy196726-51">[51]</a> The Swiss journalist <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bondy" title="François Bondy">François Bondy</a> wrote that, based on a reading of Sartre's numerous essays, speeches and interviews "a simple basic pattern never fails to emerge: social change must be comprehensive and revolutionary" and the parties that promote the revolutionary charges "may be criticized, but only by those who completely identify themselves with its purpose, its struggle and its road to power", deeming Sartre's position to be "existentialist".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBondy196726-51">[51]</a> Sartre believed at this time in the moral superiority of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>, arguing that this belief was necessary "to keep hope alive"<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> and opposed any criticism of Soviet Union<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> to the extent that <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Maurice Merleau-Ponty</a> called him an "ultra-Bolshevik".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBondy196733-58">[58]</a> Sartre's expression "workers of Billancourt must not be deprived of their hopes"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBondy196733-58">[58]</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">Fr</a>. "il ne faut pas désespérer Billancourt"), became a <a href="/wiki/Catchphrase" title="Catchphrase">catchphrase</a> meaning communist activists should not tell the whole truth to the workers in order to avoid decline in their revolutionary enthusiasm.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> In 1954, just after Stalin's death, Sartre <a href="/wiki/Potemkin_village" title="Potemkin village">visited</a> the Soviet Union, which he stated he found a "complete freedom of criticism" while condemning the United States for sinking into "prefascism".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBondy196728-60">[60]</a> Sartre wrote about those Soviet writers expelled from the Soviet Writers' Union "still had the opportunity of rehabilitating themselves by writing better books".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBondy196741-61">[61]</a> Sartre's comments on <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian revolution of 1956</a> are quite representative to his frequently contradictory and changing views. On one hand, Sartre saw in Hungary a true reunification between intellectuals and workers<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> only to criticize it for "losing socialist base".<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> In 1964 Sartre attacked <a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">Khrushchev's "Secret Speech"</a> which condemned the <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinist</a> repressions and <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">purges</a>. Sartre argued that "the masses were not ready to receive the truth".<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> In 1969 Sartre, along with other fifteen prominent French writers, including <a href="/wiki/Louis_Aragon" title="Louis Aragon">Louis Aragon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michel_Butor" title="Michel Butor">Michel Butor</a>, signed the letter of protest against the expulsion of "the writer most representative of the great Russian tradition, <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a> – already a victim of Stalinist repression", from the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Soviet_Writers" title="Union of Soviet Writers">Union of Soviet Writers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> In 1973 he argued that "revolutionary authority always needs to get rid of some people that threaten it, and their death is the only way".<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> A number of people, starting from <a href="/wiki/Frank_Gibney" title="Frank Gibney">Frank Gibney</a> in 1961, classified Sartre as a "<a href="/wiki/Useful_idiot" title="Useful idiot">useful idiot</a>" due to his uncritical position.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Sartre came to admire the Polish leader <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Gomu%C5%82ka" title="Władysław Gomułka">Władysław Gomułka</a>, a man who favored a "Polish road to socialism" and wanted more independence for Poland, but was loyal to the Soviet Union because of the Oder-Neisse line issue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBondy196738-69">[69]</a> Sartre's newspaper Les Temps Modernes devoted a number of special issues in 1957 and 1958 to Poland under Gomułka, praising him for his reforms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBondy196738-69">[69]</a> Bondy wrote of the notable contradiction between Sartre's "ultra Bolshevism" as he expressed admiration for the Chinese leader <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> as the man who led the oppressed masses of the Third World into revolution while also praising more moderate Communist leaders like Gomułka.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBondy196738-69">[69]</a> As an anti-colonialist, Sartre took a prominent role in the struggle against French rule in Algeria, and the use of torture and concentration camps by the French in Algeria. He became an eminent supporter of the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Algeria)" title="National Liberation Front (Algeria)">FLN</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a> and was one of the signatories of the <a href="/wiki/Manifeste_des_121" class="mw-redirect" title="Manifeste des 121">Manifeste des 121</a>. Consequently, Sartre became a domestic target of the paramilitary <a href="/wiki/Organisation_arm%C3%A9e_secr%C3%A8te" title="Organisation armée secrète">Organisation armée secrète</a> (OAS), escaping two bomb attacks in the early '60s.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> He later argued in 1959 that each French person was responsible for the collective crimes during the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian War of Independence">Algerian War of Independence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> (He had an Algerian mistress, <a href="/wiki/Arlette_Elka%C3%AFm-Sartre" title="Arlette Elkaïm-Sartre">Arlette Elkaïm</a>, who became his adopted daughter in 1965.) He opposed U.S. involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> and, along with <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> and others, organized a <a href="/wiki/Tribunal" title="Tribunal">tribunal</a> intended to expose U.S. <a href="/wiki/War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">war crimes</a>, which became known as the <a href="/wiki/Russell_Tribunal" title="Russell Tribunal">Russell Tribunal</a> in 1967. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Paul_Sartre_by_Gray.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Jean_Paul_Sartre_by_Gray.jpg/180px-Jean_Paul_Sartre_by_Gray.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Jean_Paul_Sartre_by_Gray.jpg/270px-Jean_Paul_Sartre_by_Gray.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Jean_Paul_Sartre_by_Gray.jpg 2x" data-file-width="355" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption>Sketch of Sartre for <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> by <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Gray_(artist)" title="Reginald Gray (artist)">Reginald Gray</a>, 1965</figcaption></figure> His work after Stalin's death, the Critique de la raison dialectique (<a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Dialectical_Reason" title="Critique of Dialectical Reason">Critique of Dialectical Reason</a>), appeared in 1960 (a second volume appearing posthumously). In the Critique Sartre set out to give Marxism a more vigorous intellectual defense than it had received until then; he ended by concluding that Marx's notion of "class" as an objective entity was fallacious. Sartre's emphasis on the humanist values in the early works of Marx led to a dispute with a leading leftist intellectual in France in the 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Louis Althusser</a>, who claimed that the ideas of the <a href="/wiki/Young_Marx" title="Young Marx">young Marx</a> were decisively superseded by the "scientific" system of the later Marx. In the late 1950s, Sartre began to argue that the European working classes were too apolitical to carry out the revolution predicated by Marx, and influenced by <a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Frantz Fanon</a> started to argue it was the impoverished masses of the Third World, the "real damned of the earth", who would carry out the revolution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBondy196727-28-72">[72]</a> A major theme of Sartre's political essays in the 1960s was of his disgust with the "Americanization" of the French working class who would much rather watch American TV shows dubbed into French than agitate for a revolution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBondy196726-51">[51]</a> Sartre went to <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> in the 1960s to meet <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a> and spoke with <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_%22Che%22_Guevara" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernesto "Che" Guevara">Ernesto "Che" Guevara</a>. After Guevara's death, Sartre would declare him to be "not only an intellectual but also the most complete human being of our age"<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> and the "era's most perfect man".<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Sartre would also compliment Guevara by professing that "he lived his words, spoke his own actions and his story and the story of the world ran parallel".<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> However he stood against the persecution of gays by Castro's government, which he compared to Nazi persecution of the Jews, and said: "In Cuba there are no Jews, but there are homosexuals".<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> During a collective hunger strike in 1974, Sartre visited <a href="/wiki/Red_Army_Faction" title="Red Army Faction">Red Army Faction</a> member <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Baader" title="Andreas Baader">Andreas Baader</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stammheim_Prison" title="Stammheim Prison">Stammheim Prison</a> and criticized the harsh conditions of imprisonment.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Towards the end of his life, Sartre began to describe himself as a "special kind" of anarchist.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_life_and_death">Late life and death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Paul_Sartre&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Late life and death">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2010.05.30.113308_Haus_H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_de_Beauvoir_Goxwiller_FR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/2010.05.30.113308_Haus_H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_de_Beauvoir_Goxwiller_FR.jpg/220px-2010.05.30.113308_Haus_H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_de_Beauvoir_Goxwiller_FR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/2010.05.30.113308_Haus_H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_de_Beauvoir_Goxwiller_FR.jpg/330px-2010.05.30.113308_Haus_H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_de_Beauvoir_Goxwiller_FR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/2010.05.30.113308_Haus_H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_de_Beauvoir_Goxwiller_FR.jpg/440px-2010.05.30.113308_Haus_H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_de_Beauvoir_Goxwiller_FR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_de_Beauvoir" title="Hélène de Beauvoir">Hélène de Beauvoir</a>'s house in <a href="/wiki/Goxwiller" title="Goxwiller">Goxwiller</a>, where Sartre tried to hide from the media after being awarded the Nobel Prize</figcaption></figure> In 1964 Sartre renounced literature in a witty and sardonic account of the first ten years of his life, Les Mots (<a href="/wiki/The_Words_(book)" title="The Words (book)">The Words</a>). The book is an ironic counterblast to <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Marcel Proust</a>, whose reputation had unexpectedly eclipsed that of <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide" title="André Gide">André Gide</a> (who had provided the model of littérature engagée for Sartre's generation). Literature, Sartre concluded, functioned ultimately as a bourgeois substitute for real commitment in the world. In October 1964, Sartre was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> but he declined it. He was the first Nobel laureate to voluntarily decline the prize,<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> and remains one of only two laureates to do so.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Lars_Gyllensten" title="Lars Gyllensten">Lars Gyllensten</a>, in the book Minnen, bara minnen ("Memories, Only Memories") published in 2000, Sartre himself or someone close to him got in touch with the Swedish Academy in 1975 with a request for the prize money, but was refused.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> In 1945, he had refused the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Légion d'honneur">Légion d'honneur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The Nobel prize was announced on 22 October 1964; on 14 October, Sartre had written a letter to the Nobel Institute, asking to be removed from the list of nominees, and warning that he would not accept the prize if awarded, but the letter went unread;<a href="#cite_note-letter-83">[83]</a> on 23 October, <a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a> published a statement by Sartre explaining his refusal. He said he did not wish to be "transformed" by such an award, and did not want to take sides in an East vs. West cultural struggle by accepting an award from a prominent Western cultural institution.<a href="#cite_note-letter-83">[83]</a> Nevertheless, he was that year's prizewinner.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Paul_Sartre_1967.1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Jean_Paul_Sartre_1967.1.jpg/220px-Jean_Paul_Sartre_1967.1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Jean_Paul_Sartre_1967.1.jpg/330px-Jean_Paul_Sartre_1967.1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Jean_Paul_Sartre_1967.1.jpg/440px-Jean_Paul_Sartre_1967.1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>Jean-Paul Sartre in Venice in 1967</figcaption></figure> Though his name was then a household word (as was "existentialism" during the tumultuous 1960s), Sartre remained a simple man with few possessions, actively committed to causes until the end of his life, such as the <a href="/wiki/May_1968_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="May 1968 in France">May 1968 strikes</a> in Paris during the summer of 1968 during which he was arrested for <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a>. President <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> intervened and pardoned him, commenting that "you don't arrest <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>".<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sartre_and_Simone_de_Beauvoir_grave,_Montparnasse,_Paris,_France-16June2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Sartre_and_Simone_de_Beauvoir_grave%2C_Montparnasse%2C_Paris%2C_France-16June2009.jpg/220px-Sartre_and_Simone_de_Beauvoir_grave%2C_Montparnasse%2C_Paris%2C_France-16June2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Sartre_and_Simone_de_Beauvoir_grave%2C_Montparnasse%2C_Paris%2C_France-16June2009.jpg/330px-Sartre_and_Simone_de_Beauvoir_grave%2C_Montparnasse%2C_Paris%2C_France-16June2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Sartre_and_Simone_de_Beauvoir_grave%2C_Montparnasse%2C_Paris%2C_France-16June2009.jpg/440px-Sartre_and_Simone_de_Beauvoir_grave%2C_Montparnasse%2C_Paris%2C_France-16June2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Sartre's and de Beauvoir's grave in the <a href="/wiki/Montparnasse_Cemetery" title="Montparnasse Cemetery">cimetière du Montparnasse</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grave_of_Jean-Paul_Sartre_and_Simone_de_Beauvoir_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Grave_of_Jean-Paul_Sartre_and_Simone_de_Beauvoir_2016.jpg/220px-Grave_of_Jean-Paul_Sartre_and_Simone_de_Beauvoir_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Grave_of_Jean-Paul_Sartre_and_Simone_de_Beauvoir_2016.jpg/330px-Grave_of_Jean-Paul_Sartre_and_Simone_de_Beauvoir_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Grave_of_Jean-Paul_Sartre_and_Simone_de_Beauvoir_2016.jpg/440px-Grave_of_Jean-Paul_Sartre_and_Simone_de_Beauvoir_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Sartre's and de Beauvoir's grave in 2016, with a new gravestone. Note the Metro tickets left by visitors.</figcaption></figure> In 1975, when asked how he would like to be remembered, Sartre replied: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I would like [people] to remember Nausea, [my plays] No Exit and The Devil and the Good Lord, and then my two philosophical works, more particularly the second one, <a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Dialectical_Reason" title="Critique of Dialectical Reason">Critique of Dialectical Reason</a>. Then my essay on <a href="/wiki/Jean_Genet" title="Jean Genet">Genet</a>, Saint Genet. ... If these are remembered, that would be quite an achievement, and I don't ask for more. As a man, if a certain Jean-Paul Sartre is remembered, I would like people to remember the milieu or historical situation in which I lived, ... how I lived in it, in terms of all the aspirations which I tried to gather up within myself.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></blockquote> Sartre's physical condition deteriorated, partially because of the merciless pace of work (and the use of <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a>)<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> he put himself through during the writing of the Critique and a massive analytical biography of <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert">Gustave Flaubert</a> (The Family Idiot), both of which remained unfinished. He had hypertension,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayman1992464-88">[88]</a> and became almost completely blind in 1973. Sartre was a notorious <a href="/wiki/Chain_smoker" class="mw-redirect" title="Chain smoker">chain smoker</a>, which could also have contributed to the deterioration of his health.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Sartre died on 15 April 1980 in Paris from <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_edema" title="Pulmonary edema">pulmonary edema</a>. He had not wanted to be buried at <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re-Lachaise_Cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Père-Lachaise Cemetery">Père-Lachaise Cemetery</a> between his mother and stepfather, so it was arranged that he be buried at <a href="/wiki/Montparnasse_Cemetery" title="Montparnasse Cemetery">Montparnasse Cemetery</a>. At his funeral on Saturday, 19 April, 50,000 Parisians descended onto <a href="/wiki/Boulevard_du_Montparnasse" title="Boulevard du Montparnasse">boulevard du Montparnasse</a> to accompany Sartre's cortege.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nat-2000-Singer-91">[91]</a> The funeral started at "the hospital at 2:00 p.m., then filed through the fourteenth arrondissement, past all Sartre's haunts, and entered the cemetery through the gate on the Boulevard Edgar Quinet". Sartre was initially buried in a temporary grave to the left of the cemetery gate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen-Solal1987523-92">[92]</a> Four days later the body was disinterred for cremation at Père-Lachaise Cemetery, and his ashes were reburied at the permanent site in Montparnasse Cemetery, to the right of the cemetery gate.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Thought">Thought</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Paul_Sartre&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Thought">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Being_and_Nothingness" title="Being and Nothingness">Being and Nothingness</a></div>Sartre's primary idea is that people, as humans, are "condemned to be free".<a href="#cite_note-Existentialism_and_Humanism-94">[94]</a> He explained, "This may seem paradoxical because condemnation is normally an external judgment which constitutes the conclusion of a judgment. Here, it is not the human who has chosen to be like this. There is a contingency of human existence. It is a condemnation of their being. Their being is not determined, so it is up to everyone to create their own existence, for which they are then responsible. They cannot not be free, there is a form of necessity for freedom, which can never be given up."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalinge2021-95">[95]</a> This theory relies upon his position that there is no creator, and is illustrated using the example of the <a href="/wiki/Paper_cutter" title="Paper cutter">paper cutter</a>. Sartre says that if one considered a paper cutter, one would assume that the creator would have had a plan for it: an essence. Sartre said that human beings have no essence before their existence because there is no Creator. Thus: "existence precedes essence".<a href="#cite_note-Existentialism_and_Humanism-94">[94]</a> This forms the basis for his assertion that because one cannot explain one's own actions and behavior by referring to any specific human nature, they are necessarily fully responsible for those actions. "We are left alone, without excuse." "We can act without being determined by our past which is always separated from us."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalinge2013-96">[96]</a> Sartre maintained that the concepts of authenticity and individuality have to be earned but not learned. We need to experience "death consciousness" so as to wake up ourselves as to what is really important; the authentic in our lives which is life experience, not knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Death draws the final point when we as beings cease to live for ourselves and permanently become objects that exist only for the outside world.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> In this way death emphasizes the burden of our free, individual existence. "We can oppose authenticity to an inauthentic way of being. Authenticity consists in experiencing the indeterminate character of existence in anguish. It is also to know how to face it by giving meaning to our actions and by recognizing ourselves as the author of this meaning. On the other hand, an inauthentic way of being consists in running away, in lying to oneself in order to escape this anguish and the responsibility for one's own existence."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalinge2021-95">[95]</a> While Sartre had been influenced by Heidegger, the publication of Being and Nothingness did mark a split in their perspectives, with Heidegger remarking in <a href="/wiki/Letter_on_Humanism" title="Letter on Humanism">Letter on Humanism</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Existentialism says existence precedes essence. In this statement he is taking existentia and essentia according to their metaphysical meaning, which, from Plato's time on, has said that essentia precedes existentia. Sartre reverses this statement. But the reversal of a metaphysical statement remains a metaphysical statement. With it, he stays with metaphysics, in oblivion of the truth of Being.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Herbert Marcuse</a> also had issues with Sartre's metaphysical interpretation of human existence in <a href="/wiki/Being_and_Nothingness" title="Being and Nothingness">Being and Nothingness</a> and suggested the work projected anxiety and meaninglessness onto the nature of existence itself: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Insofar as Existentialism is a philosophical doctrine, it remains an idealistic doctrine: it <a href="/wiki/Reification_(fallacy)" title="Reification (fallacy)">hypostatizes</a> specific historical conditions of human existence into ontological and metaphysical characteristics. Existentialism thus becomes part of the very ideology which it attacks, and its radicalism is illusory.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> </blockquote> Sartre also took inspiration from phenomenological epistemology, explained by Franz Adler in this way: "Man chooses and makes himself by acting. Any action implies the judgment that he is right under the circumstances not only for the actor, but also for everybody else in similar circumstances."<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Also important is Sartre's analysis of psychological concepts, including his suggestion that consciousness exists as something other than itself, and that the conscious awareness of things is not limited to their knowledge: for Sartre intentionality applies to the emotions as well as to cognitions, to desires as well as to perceptions.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> "When an external object is perceived, consciousness is also conscious of itself, even if consciousness is not its own object: it is a non-positional consciousness of itself."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalinge2016-103">[103]</a> However his critique of psychoanalysis, particularly of Freud has faced some counter-critique. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wollheim" title="Richard Wollheim">Richard Wollheim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Baldwin_(philosopher)" title="Thomas Baldwin (philosopher)">Thomas Baldwin</a> argued that Sartre's attempt to show that <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>'s theory of the unconscious is mistaken was based on a misinterpretation of Freud.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career_as_public_intellectual">Career as public intellectual</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Paul_Sartre&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Career as public intellectual">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sartre_and_de_Beauvoir_at_Balzac_Memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Sartre_and_de_Beauvoir_at_Balzac_Memorial.jpg/170px-Sartre_and_de_Beauvoir_at_Balzac_Memorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Sartre_and_de_Beauvoir_at_Balzac_Memorial.jpg/255px-Sartre_and_de_Beauvoir_at_Balzac_Memorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Sartre_and_de_Beauvoir_at_Balzac_Memorial.jpg/340px-Sartre_and_de_Beauvoir_at_Balzac_Memorial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1355" data-file-height="2127" /></a><figcaption>Jean-Paul Sartre and <a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac">Balzac</a> Memorial</figcaption></figure> While the broad focus of Sartre's life revolved around the notion of human freedom, he began a sustained intellectual participation in more public matters towards the end of the Second World War, around 1944–1945.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaert2015-106">[106]</a> Before World War II, he was content with the role of an apolitical liberal intellectual: "Now teaching at a lycée in Laon ... Sartre made his headquarters the Dome café at the crossing of Montparnasse and Raspail boulevards. He attended plays, read novels, and dined [with] women. He wrote. And he was published."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerassi1989134-107">[107]</a> Sartre and his lifelong companion, de Beauvoir, existed, in her words, where "the world about us was a mere backdrop against which our private lives were played out".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAronson198021-108">[108]</a> The war opened Sartre's eyes to a political reality he had not yet understood until forced into continual engagement with it: "the world itself destroyed Sartre's illusions about isolated self-determining individuals and made clear his own personal stake in the events of the time."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAronson1980108-109">[109]</a> Returning to Paris in 1941, he formed the "Socialisme et Liberté" resistance group. In 1943, after the group disbanded, Sartre joined a writers' Resistance group,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAronson200430-110">[110]</a> in which he remained an active participant until the end of the war. He continued to write ferociously, and it was due to this "crucial experience of war and captivity that Sartre began to try to build up a positive moral system and to express it through literature".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThody196421-111">[111]</a> The symbolic initiation of this new phase in Sartre's work is packaged in the introduction he wrote for a new journal, <a href="/wiki/Les_Temps_modernes" title="Les Temps modernes">Les Temps modernes</a>, in October 1945. Here he aligned the journal, and thus himself, with the Left and called for writers to express their political commitment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAronson198010-112">[112]</a> Yet, this alignment was indefinite, directed more to the concept of the Left than a specific party of the Left. During the trial of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Brasillach" title="Robert Brasillach">Robert Brasillach</a> Sartre was among a small number of prominent intellectuals advocating for his execution for 'intellectual crimes'.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Sartre's philosophy lent itself to his being a <a href="/wiki/Public_intellectual" class="mw-redirect" title="Public intellectual">public intellectual</a>. He envisaged culture as a very fluid concept; neither pre-determined, nor definitely finished; instead, in true <a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">existential</a> fashion, "culture was always conceived as a process of continual invention and re-invention." This marks Sartre, the intellectual, as a <a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">pragmatist</a>, willing to move and shift stance along with events. He did not dogmatically follow a cause other than the belief in <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">human freedom</a>, preferring to retain a pacifist's objectivity. It is this overarching theme of freedom that means his work "subverts the bases for distinctions among the disciplines".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirsner200313-114">[114]</a> Therefore, he was able to hold knowledge across a vast array of subjects: "the international world order, the political and economic organisation of contemporary society, especially France, the institutional and legal frameworks that regulate the lives of ordinary citizens, the educational system, the media networks that control and disseminate information. Sartre systematically refused to keep quiet about what he saw as inequalities and injustices in the world."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScriven1999xii-115">[115]</a> Sartre always sympathized with the Left, and supported the <a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">French Communist Party</a> (PCF) until the 1956 Soviet invasion of Hungary. Following the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">Liberation</a> the PCF were infuriated by Sartre's philosophy, which appeared to lure young French men and women away from the ideology of communism and into Sartre's own existentialism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScriven199913-116">[116]</a> From 1956 onwards Sartre rejected the claims of the PCF to represent the French working classes, objecting to its "authoritarian tendencies". In the late 1960s Sartre supported the <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoists</a>, a movement that rejected the authority of established communist parties.<a href="#cite_note-SEP-1">[1]</a> However, despite aligning with the Maoists, Sartre said after the May events: "If one rereads all my books, one will realize that I have not changed profoundly, and that I have always remained an anarchist."<a href="#cite_note-nybooks4-117">[117]</a> He would later explicitly allow himself to be called an anarchist.<a href="#cite_note-raforum1-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated21-119">[119]</a> In the aftermath of a war that had for the first time properly engaged Sartre in political matters, he set forth a body of work which "reflected on virtually every important theme of his early thought and began to explore alternative solutions to the problems posed there".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAronson1980121-120">[120]</a> The greatest difficulties that he and all public intellectuals of the time faced were the increasing technological aspects of the world that were outdating the printed word as a form of expression. In Sartre's opinion, the "traditional bourgeois literary forms remain innately superior", but there is "a recognition that the new technological 'mass media' forms must be embraced" if Sartre's ethical and political goals as an authentic, committed intellectual are to be achieved: the demystification of <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois">bourgeois</a> political practices and the raising of the consciousness, both political and cultural, of the working class.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScriven19938-121">[121]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Nasser-Sagan-Sartre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/President_Nasser-Sagan-Sartre.jpg/220px-President_Nasser-Sagan-Sartre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/President_Nasser-Sagan-Sartre.jpg/330px-President_Nasser-Sagan-Sartre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/President_Nasser-Sagan-Sartre.jpg/440px-President_Nasser-Sagan-Sartre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1170" data-file-height="1260" /></a><figcaption>Sartre, <a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Claude_Lanzmann" title="Claude Lanzmann">Claude Lanzmann</a> meeting President <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> at his home in Cairo, February 1967</figcaption></figure> The struggle for Sartre was against the monopolising moguls who were beginning to take over the media and destroy the role of the intellectual. His attempts to reach a public were mediated by these powers, and it was often these powers he had to campaign against. He was skilled enough, however, to circumvent some of these issues by his interactive approach to the various forms of media, advertising his radio interviews in a newspaper column for example, and vice versa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScriven199322-122">[122]</a> Sartre's role as a public intellectual occasionally put him in physical danger, such as in June 1961, when a plastic bomb exploded in the entrance of his apartment building. His public support of Algerian <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> at the time had led Sartre to become a target of the campaign of terror that mounted as the colonists' position deteriorated. A similar occurrence took place the next year and he had begun to receive threatening letters from <a href="/wiki/Oran" title="Oran">Oran</a>, Algeria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAronson1980157-123">[123]</a> Sartre's role in this conflict included his comments in his preface to <a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Frantz Fanon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Wretched_of_the_Earth" title="The Wretched of the Earth">The Wretched of the Earth</a> that, "To shoot down a European is to kill two birds with one stone, to destroy an oppressor and the man he oppresses at the same time: there remains a dead man and a free man". This comment led to some criticisms from the right, such as by Brian C. Anderson and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Michael Walzer</a>. Writing for <a href="/wiki/Dissent" title="Dissent">Dissent</a>, Walzer suggested that Sartre, a European, was a hypocrite for not volunteering to be killed.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> However Sartre's stances regarding post-colonial conflict have not been entirely without controversy on the left; Sartre's preface is omitted from some editions of The Wretched of the Earth printed after 1967. The reason for this is for his public support for Israel in the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a>. Fanon's widow, Josie considered Sartre's pro-Israel stance as inconsistent with the anti-colonialist position of the book, from which his preface was eventually omitted.<a href="#cite_note-frantzfanonspeaks.wordpress.com-126">[126]</a> When interviewed at <a href="/wiki/Howard_University" title="Howard University">Howard University</a> in 1978, she explained "when Israel declared war on the Arab countries [during the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a>], there was a great pro-Zionist movement in favor of Israel among western (French) intellectuals. Sartre took part in this movement. He signed petitions favoring Israel. I felt that his pro-Zionist attitudes were incompatible with Fanon's work".<a href="#cite_note-frantzfanonspeaks.wordpress.com-126">[126]</a> Recent reprints of Fanon's book have generally included Sartre's preface. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Paul_Sartre&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> Sartre wrote successfully in a number of literary modes and made major contributions to literary criticism and literary biography. His plays are richly symbolic and serve as a means of conveying his philosophy. The best-known, Huis-clos (<a href="/wiki/No_Exit" title="No Exit">No Exit</a>), contains the famous line "L'enfer, c'est les autres", usually translated as "Hell is other people."<a href="#cite_note-rickontheater-127">[127]</a> Aside from the impact of Nausea, Sartre's major work of fiction was <a href="/wiki/The_Roads_to_Freedom" title="The Roads to Freedom">The Roads to Freedom</a> trilogy which charts the progression of how World War II affected Sartre's ideas. In this way, Roads to Freedom presents a less theoretical and more practical approach to <a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">existentialism</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Huston" title="John Huston">John Huston</a> got Sartre to script his film <a href="/wiki/Freud:_The_Secret_Passion" title="Freud: The Secret Passion">Freud: The Secret Passion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Huston-128">[128]</a> However it was too long and Sartre withdrew his name from the film's credits.<a href="#cite_note-Roudinesco-129">[129]</a> Nevertheless, many key elements from Sartre's script survive in the finished film.<a href="#cite_note-Huston-128">[128]</a> Despite their similarities as polemicists, novelists, adapters, and playwrights, Sartre's literary work has been counterposed, often pejoratively, to that of Camus in the popular imagination. In 1948 the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> placed Sartre's œuvre on the <a href="/wiki/Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum" title="Index Librorum Prohibitorum">Index Librorum Prohibitorum (List of Prohibited Books)</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Allegations_of_sexual_abuse">Allegations of sexual abuse</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Paul_Sartre&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Allegations of sexual abuse">edit</a>]</div> In 1993, French author <a href="/wiki/Bianca_Lamblin" title="Bianca Lamblin">Bianca Lamblin</a> (originally Bianca Bienenfeld) wrote in her book Mémoires d'une jeune fille dérangée (Memoirs of a deranged girl, published in English under the title A Disgraceful Affair) of her sexual exploitation by Sartre and Beauvoir.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Lamblin claims that, while a student at Lycée Molière, she was sexually exploited by her teacher Beauvoir, who introduced her to Sartre a year later. Bianca wrote her Mémoires in response to the posthumous 1990 publication of Jean-Paul Sartre's Lettres au Castor et à quelques autres: 1926–1963 (Letters to Castor and other friends), in which she noted that she was referred to by the pseudonym Louise Védrine.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Sartre and Beauvoir frequently followed this pattern, in which Beauvoir would seduce female students and then pass them on to Sartre.<a href="#cite_note-Lise1-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Paul_Sartre&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Works">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novels_and_Short_Story_Collection">Novels and Short Story Collection</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Paul_Sartre&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Novels and Short Story Collection">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nausea_(novel)" title="Nausea (novel)">Nausea</a> / La nausée (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_(Sartre_short_story_collection)" title="The Wall (Sartre short story collection)">The Wall</a> / Le mur (1939) – collection of 5 short stories</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Roads_to_Freedom"><a href="/wiki/The_Roads_to_Freedom" title="The Roads to Freedom">The Roads to Freedom</a></h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Paul_Sartre&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The Roads to Freedom">edit</a>]</div> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Reason_(Sartre)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Age of Reason (Sartre)">The Age of Reason</a> / L'âge de raison (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Reprieve" title="The Reprieve">The Reprieve</a> / Le sursis (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troubled_Sleep" title="Troubled Sleep">Troubled Sleep</a> (London ed. (Hamilton) has title: Iron in the Soul) / La mort dans l'âme (1949)</li> <li>The Last Chance (1949 and 1981) – unfinished</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plays">Plays</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Paul_Sartre&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Plays">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Bariona / Bariona, ou le fils du tonnerre (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Flies" title="The Flies">The Flies</a> / Les mouches (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Exit" title="No Exit">No Exit</a> / Huis clos (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Respectful_Prostitute" title="The Respectful Prostitute">The Respectful Prostitute</a> / La putain respectueuse (1946)</li> <li>The Victors (Men Without Shadows) / Morts sans sépulture (1946)</li> <li>In the Mesh / L'engrénage (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_Hands" title="Dirty Hands">Dirty Hands</a> (Crime Passionnel, The Assassin, Red Gloves ) / Les mains sales (1948)</li> <li>Intimacy (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Devil_and_the_Good_Lord" title="The Devil and the Good Lord">The Devil and the Good Lord</a> (Lucifer and the Lord) / Le diable et le bon dieu (1951)</li> <li>Kean (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekrassov" title="Nekrassov">Nekrassov</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Condemned_of_Altona" title="The Condemned of Altona">The Condemned of Altona</a> / Les séquestrés d'Altona (1959)</li> <li>Hurricane over Cuba, written and printed in 1961 in Brazil, along with <a href="/wiki/Rubem_Braga" title="Rubem Braga">Rubem Braga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Sabino" title="Fernando Sabino">Fernando Sabino</a> (1961)</li> <li>The Trojan Women / Les Troyennes (1965)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Screenplays">Screenplays</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Paul_Sartre&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Screenplays">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Typhus, wr. 1944, pub. 2007; adapted as <a href="/wiki/The_Proud_and_the_Beautiful" title="The Proud and the Beautiful">The Proud and the Beautiful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Chips_Are_Down_(screenplay)" title="The Chips Are Down (screenplay)">The Chips Are Down</a> / <a href="/wiki/Les_jeux_sont_faits_(film)" title="Les jeux sont faits (film)">Les jeux sont faits</a> (screenplay, dir. <a href="/wiki/Jean_Delannoy" title="Jean Delannoy">Jean Delannoy</a>; 1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Crucible_(1957_film)" title="The Crucible (1957 film)">The Crucible</a> (screenplay, 1957; dir. <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Rouleau" title="Raymond Rouleau">Raymond Rouleau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freud:_The_Secret_Passion" title="Freud: The Secret Passion">Freud: The Secret Passion</a> (screenplay, 1962; dir. <a href="/wiki/John_Huston" title="John Huston">John Huston</a>; Sartre had his name removed from the film)</li> <li>The Freud Scenario / Le scénario Freud (1984)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autobiographical">Autobiographical</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Paul_Sartre&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Autobiographical">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Sartre By Himself / Sartre par lui-mème (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Words_(book)" title="The Words (book)">The Words</a> / Les Mots (1964)<a href="#cite_note-nobel-136">[136]</a></li> <li>Witness to My Life & Quiet Moments in a War / Lettres au Castor et à quelques autres (1983)</li> <li>War Diaries: Notebooks from a Phony War / Les carnets de la drole de guerre (1984)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophic_essays">Philosophic essays</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Paul_Sartre&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Philosophic essays">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Transcendence_of_the_Ego" title="The Transcendence of the Ego">The Transcendence of the Ego</a> / La transcendance de l'égo (1936)</li> <li>Imagination: A Psychological Critique / L'imagination (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sketch_for_a_Theory_of_the_Emotions" title="Sketch for a Theory of the Emotions">Sketch for a Theory of the Emotions</a> / Esquisse d'une théorie des émotions (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Imaginary_(Sartre)" title="The Imaginary (Sartre)">The Imaginary</a> / L'imaginaire (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Being_and_Nothingness" title="Being and Nothingness">Being and Nothingness</a> / L'être et le néant (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism_Is_a_Humanism" title="Existentialism Is a Humanism">Existentialism Is a Humanism</a> / L'existentialisme est un humanisme (1946)</li> <li>Existentialism and Human Emotions / Existentialisme et émotions humaines (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_for_a_Method" title="Search for a Method">Search for a Method</a> / Question de méthode (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Dialectical_Reason" title="Critique of Dialectical Reason">Critique of Dialectical Reason</a> / Critique de la raison dialectique (1960, 1985)</li> <li>Notebooks for an Ethics / Cahiers pour une morale (1983)</li> <li>Truth and Existence / Vérité et existence (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Semite_and_Jew" title="Anti-Semite and Jew">Anti-Semite and Jew</a> / Réflexions sur la question juive (wr. 1944, pub. 1946)</li> <li>Baudelaire (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situations_(essay_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Situations (essay series)">Situations</a> I: Literary Critiques / Critiques littéraires (1947)<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situations_(essay_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Situations (essay series)">Situations</a> II: <a href="/wiki/What_Is_Literature%3F" title="What Is Literature?">What Is Literature?</a> / Qu'est-ce que la littérature ? (1947)</li> <li>"Black Orpheus" / "Orphée noir" (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situations_(essay_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Situations (essay series)">Situations</a> III (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Genet" title="Saint Genet">Saint Genet</a>, Actor and Martyr / S.G., comédien et martyr (1952)<a href="#cite_note-nobel-136">[136]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Henri_Martin_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="The Henri Martin Affair">The Henri Martin Affair</a> / L'affaire Henri Martin (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situations_(essay_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Situations (essay series)">Situations</a> IV: Portraits (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situations_(essay_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Situations (essay series)">Situations</a> V: <a href="/wiki/Colonialism_and_Neocolonialism" title="Colonialism and Neocolonialism">Colonialism and Neocolonialism</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situations_(essay_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Situations (essay series)">Situations</a> VI: Problems of Marxism, Part 1 (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situations_(essay_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Situations (essay series)">Situations</a> VII: Problems of Marxism, Part 2 (1967)</li> <li>The Family Idiot / L'idiot de la famille (1971–72)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situations_(essay_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Situations (essay series)">Situations</a> VIII: Autour de 1968 (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situations_(essay_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Situations (essay series)">Situations</a> IX: Mélanges (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situations_(essay_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Situations (essay series)">Situations</a> X: Life/Situations: Essays Written and Spoken / Politique et Autobiographie (1976)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Paul_Sartre&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/48px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/64px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/28px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/42px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/56px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="456" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Anarchism" title="Portal:Anarchism">Anarchism portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/28px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/42px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/56px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/48px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/64px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Sartre's <a href="/wiki/Roads_to_Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Roads to Freedom">Roads to Freedom</a> Trilogy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situation_(Sartre)" title="Situation (Sartre)">Situation (Sartre)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_Jean-Paul-Sartre-et-Simone-de-Beauvoir" title="Place Jean-Paul-Sartre-et-Simone-de-Beauvoir">Place Jean-Paul-Sartre-et-Simone-de-Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1964 Nobel Prize in Literature">1964 Nobel Prize in Literature</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Paul_Sartre&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SEP-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SEP_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEP_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEP_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/sartre/">"Jean-Paul Sartre"</a>. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111006084245/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/sartre/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jean-Paul+Sartre&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fsartre%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Critique of Dialectal Reason [1967] </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Sartre, J.-P. 2004 [1937]. The Transcendence of the Ego. Trans. Andrew Brown. Routledge, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Siewert, Charles, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2011/entries/consciousness-intentionality/">"Consciousness and Intentionality"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202061313/http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2011/entries/consciousness-intentionality/">Archived</a> 2 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2011 Edition), <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Edward N. Zalta</a> (ed.). </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/sartre">"Dictionary.com | Meanings & Definitions of English Words"</a>. Dictionary.com. Retrieved 18 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=Dictionary.com+%7C+Meanings+%26+Definitions+of+English+Words&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fsartre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> "Minnen, bara minnen" (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-0-057140-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-0-057140-5">978-91-0-057140-5</a>) from year 2000 by Lars Gyllensten. Address by Anders Österling, Member of the Swedish Academy. Retrieved 4 February 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCloskey2006" class="citation book cs1">McCloskey, Deirdre N. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bourgeoisvirtues00mccl">The Bourgeois Virtues: Ethics for an Age of Commerce</a>. University of Chicago Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bourgeoisvirtues00mccl/page/n315">297</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-55663-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-55663-5"><bdi>978-0-226-55663-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bourgeois+Virtues%3A+Ethics+for+an+Age+of+Commerce&rft.pages=297&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-226-55663-5&rft.aulast=McCloskey&rft.aufirst=Deirdre+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbourgeoisvirtues00mccl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baird1999-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Baird1999_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForrest_E._Baird1999" class="citation book cs1">Forrest E. Baird (22 July 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E5IbAQAAMAAJ">Twentieth Century Philosophy</a>. Prentice Hall. p. 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-021534-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-021534-5"><bdi>978-0-13-021534-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319080528/https://books.google.com/books?id=E5IbAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twentieth+Century+Philosophy&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1999-07-22&rft.isbn=978-0-13-021534-5&rft.au=Forrest+E.+Baird&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE5IbAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrabazon1975" class="citation book cs1">Brabazon, James (1975). Albert Schweitzer: A Biography. Putnam. p. 28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albert+Schweitzer%3A+A+Biography&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Putnam&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Brabazon&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Leak, Andrew N. (2006), Jean-Paul Sartre, London: Reaktion Books, pp. 16–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean-PaulArlette_Elkaïm-Sartre,_Jonathan_Webber2004" class="citation book cs1">Jean-Paul, Sartre; <a href="/wiki/Arlette_Elka%C3%AFm-Sartre" title="Arlette Elkaïm-Sartre">Arlette Elkaïm-Sartre</a>, Jonathan Webber (2004) [1940]. The Imaginary: A Phenomenological Psychology of the Imagination. Routledge. pp. viii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28755-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28755-5"><bdi>978-0-415-28755-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Imaginary%3A+A+Phenomenological+Psychology+of+the+Imagination&rft.pages=viii&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-28755-5&rft.aulast=Jean-Paul&rft.aufirst=Sartre&rft.au=Arlette+Elka%C3%AFm-Sartre%2C+Jonathan+Webber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuelques_Anciens_Celebres_–_Hattemar" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150618133955/http://www.hattemer.fr/fr/l-ecole/association-des-anciens-eleves/">"Quelques Anciens Celebres"</a>. Hattemer. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hattemer.fr/fr/l-ecole/association-des-anciens-eleves/">the original</a> on 18 June 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quelques+Anciens+Celebres&rft.pub=Hattemer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hattemer.fr%2Ffr%2Fl-ecole%2Fassociation-des-anciens-eleves%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schrift-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schrift_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schrift_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchrift2006" class="citation book cs1">Schrift, Alan D. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/twentiethcentury00schr">Twentieth-century French Philosophy: Key Themes and Thinkers</a>. Blackwell Publishing. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/twentiethcentury00schr/page/n196">174–175</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3217-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3217-6"><bdi>978-1-4051-3217-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twentieth-century+French+Philosophy%3A+Key+Themes+and+Thinkers&rft.pages=174-175&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-3217-6&rft.aulast=Schrift&rft.aufirst=Alan+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftwentiethcentury00schr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Memoirs: Fifty Years of Political Reflection, Raymond Aron (1990). </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Auffret, D. (2002), Alexandre Kojeve. La philosophie, l'Etat, la fin de l'histoire, Paris: B. Grasset. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoulé2005" class="citation book cs1">Boulé, Jean-Pierre (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wlukeHj_TKEC&pg=PA53">Sartre, Self-formation, and Masculinities</a>. Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-742-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-742-6"><bdi>978-1-57181-742-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sartre%2C+Self-formation%2C+and+Masculinities&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-57181-742-6&rft.aulast=Boul%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwlukeHj_TKEC%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen-Solal198761–62-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen-Solal198761–62_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCohen-Solal1987">Cohen-Solal 1987</a>, pp. 61–62 "During his first years at the Ecole, Sartre was the fearsome instigator of all the revues, all the jokes, all the scandals." </li> <li id="cite_note-Gerassi89p76-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gerassi89p76_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gerassi89p76_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gerassi89p76_18-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerassi1989">Gerassi 1989</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XStvJEokm7gC&pg=PA76">76–77</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodo2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Godo, Emmanuel (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oT9lAAAAMAAJ">Sartre en diable</a> (in French). Cerf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-204-07041-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-204-07041-6"><bdi>978-2-204-07041-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sartre+en+diable&rft.pub=Cerf&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-2-204-07041-6&rft.aulast=Godo&rft.aufirst=Emmanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoT9lAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayman1987" class="citation book cs1">Hayman, Ronald (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eCpBAQAAIAAJ">Sartre: A Life</a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-45442-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-45442-5"><bdi>978-0-671-45442-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sartre%3A+A+Life&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-671-45442-5&rft.aulast=Hayman&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeCpBAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tameri.com/csw/exist/sartre.shtml">"Jean-Paul Sartre Philosopher, Social Advocate"</a>. Tameri.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111028044523/http://www.tameri.com/csw/exist/sartre.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jean-Paul+Sartre+Philosopher%2C+Social+Advocate&rft.pub=Tameri.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tameri.com%2Fcsw%2Fexist%2Fsartre.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-seattletimes.nwsource.com-22"><a href="#cite_ref-seattletimes.nwsource.com_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphrey2005" class="citation news cs1">Humphrey, Clark (28 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071231192609/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/living/2002648627_teteatete28.html">"The People Magazine approach to a literary supercouple"</a>. The Seattle Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/living/2002648627_teteatete28.html">the original</a> on 31 December 2007. Retrieved 20 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Seattle+Times&rft.atitle=The+People+Magazine+approach+to+a+literary+supercouple&rft.date=2005-11-28&rft.aulast=Humphrey&rft.aufirst=Clark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseattletimes.nwsource.com%2Fhtml%2Fliving%2F2002648627_teteatete28.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegel1990" class="citation book cs1">Siegel, Liliane (1990). In the Shadow of Sartre. Collins (London). p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-215336-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-215336-2"><bdi>978-0-00-215336-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Shadow+of+Sartre&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Collins+%28London%29&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-00-215336-2&rft.aulast=Siegel&rft.aufirst=Liliane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Desan, Wilfred, The Tragic Finale: An Essay on the Philosophy of Jean-Paul Sartre (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1960) xiv. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Bair, Deirdre, Simone de Beauvoir: A Biography (New York: Touchstone Book, 1990), pp. 145–146. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Harold Bloom</a> (ed.), Jean-Paul Sartre, Infobase Publishing, 2009, p. 200. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a>, La Force de l'âge, Gallimard, 1960, p. 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Sartre, Jean-Paul (1964), "Merleau-Ponty vivant", in Situations, IV: Portraits, Paris: Gallimard, p. 192. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Tidd, Ursula (2004), Simone de Beauvoir, Psychology Press, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulton19997-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulton19997_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFulton1999">Fulton 1999</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_den_HovenAndrew_N._Leak2005" class="citation book cs1">Van den Hoven, Adrian; Andrew N. Leak (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sartretodaycente00hove">Sartre Today: A Centenary Celebration</a>. Andrew N. Leak. Berghahn Books. pp. viii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-166-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-166-0"><bdi>978-1-84545-166-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sartre+Today%3A+A+Centenary+Celebration&rft.pages=viii&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84545-166-0&rft.aulast=Van+den+Hoven&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft.au=Andrew+N.+Leak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsartretodaycente00hove&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoulé2005" class="citation book cs1">Boulé, Jean-Pierre (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sartreselfformat0000boul/page/114">Sartre, Self-formation, and Masculinities</a>. Berghahn Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sartreselfformat0000boul/page/114">114</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-742-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-742-6"><bdi>978-1-57181-742-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sartre%2C+Self-formation%2C+and+Masculinities&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-57181-742-6&rft.aulast=Boul%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsartreselfformat0000boul%2Fpage%2F114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakewell2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Bakewell" title="Sarah Bakewell">Bakewell, Sarah</a> (2016). At the Existentialist Café. Chatto&Windus. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4735-4532-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4735-4532-8"><bdi>978-1-4735-4532-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=At+the+Existentialist+Caf%C3%A9&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Chatto%26Windus&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4735-4532-8&rft.aulast=Bakewell&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusby2000218-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOusby2000218_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOusby2000">Ousby 2000</a>, p. 218. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusby2000225-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOusby2000225_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOusby2000">Ousby 2000</a>, p. 225. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusby200054-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOusby200054_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOusby200054_36-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFOusby2000">Ousby 2000</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusby200057-58-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOusby200057-58_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOusby2000">Ousby 2000</a>, p. 57-58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusby2000151-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOusby2000151_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOusby2000151_38-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFOusby2000">Ousby 2000</a>, p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusby200070-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOusby200070_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOusby200070_39-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFOusby2000">Ousby 2000</a>, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusby2000127-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOusby2000127_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOusby2000127_40-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFOusby2000">Ousby 2000</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusby2000148-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOusby2000148_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOusby2000">Ousby 2000</a>, p. 148. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusby2000146-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOusby2000146_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOusby2000">Ousby 2000</a>, p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusby2000161-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOusby2000161_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOusby2000">Ousby 2000</a>, p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusby2000172-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOusby2000172_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOusby2000">Ousby 2000</a>, p. 172. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusby2000173-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOusby2000173_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOusby2000">Ousby 2000</a>, p. 173. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusby2000170-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOusby2000170_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOusby2000">Ousby 2000</a>, p. 170. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusby2000168-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOusby2000168_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOusby2000168_47-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFOusby2000">Ousby 2000</a>, p. 168. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen-SolalCabanelSimon-NahumJaduken2013" class="citation web cs1">Cohen-Solal, Annie; Cabanel, Patrick; Simon-Nahum, Perrine; Jaduken, Jonathen; Melinge, Yoann (7 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://savoirs.ens.fr//expose.php?id=1245">"Table ronde autour de "Sartre, le judaïsme et le protestantisme" : Sartre et ses contemporains" (à l'occasion de la Nuite Sartre 2013 à l'ENS)"</a>. savoirs.ens.fr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031141553/http://www.savoirs.ens.fr/expose.php?id=1245">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=savoirs.ens.fr&rft.atitle=Table+ronde+autour+de+%22Sartre%2C+le+juda%C3%AFsme+et+le+protestantisme%22+%3A+Sartre+et+ses+contemporains%22+%28%C3%A0+l%27occasion+de+la+Nuite+Sartre+2013+%C3%A0+l%27ENS%29&rft.date=2013-06-07&rft.aulast=Cohen-Solal&rft.aufirst=Annie&rft.au=Cabanel%2C+Patrick&rft.au=Simon-Nahum%2C+Perrine&rft.au=Jaduken%2C+Jonathen&rft.au=Melinge%2C+Yoann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsavoirs.ens.fr%2F%2Fexpose.php%3Fid%3D1245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWieviorka1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wieviorka, Annette (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-RNWAAAAYAAJ">Déportation et génocide: entre la mémoire et l'oubli</a> (in French). Hachette. pp. 168–173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-01-278737-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-01-278737-7"><bdi>978-2-01-278737-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819210529/https://books.google.com/books?id=-RNWAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D%C3%A9portation+et+g%C3%A9nocide%3A+entre+la+m%C3%A9moire+et+l%27oubli&rft.pages=168-173&rft.pub=Hachette&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-2-01-278737-7&rft.aulast=Wieviorka&rft.aufirst=Annette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-RNWAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulton199912-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulton199912_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFulton1999">Fulton 1999</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBondy196726-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBondy196726_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBondy196726_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBondy196726_51-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBondy196726_51-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBondy196726_51-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFBondy1967">Bondy 1967</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBondy196729-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBondy196729_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBondy1967">Bondy 1967</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBondy196729–30-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBondy196729–30_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBondy1967">Bondy 1967</a>, pp. 29–30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBondy196734-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBondy196734_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBondy1967">Bondy 1967</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBondy196725-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBondy196725_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBondy1967">Bondy 1967</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBondy1967">Bondy 1967</a>, p. 28: "To keep hope alive one must, in spite of all mistakes, horrors, and crimes, recognize the obvious superiority of the socialist camp." </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBondy1967">Bondy 1967</a>, p. 38: "In Stalin's day this seemed a private refinement and what was of particular importance then was Sartre's strong resistance to any form of opposition to the communist bloc." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBondy196733-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBondy196733_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBondy196733_58-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBondy1967">Bondy 1967</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/blog/correcteurs/2007/12/21/desesperer-billancourt/">"désespérer Billancourt"</a>. Langue sauce piquante (in French). 21 December 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630022309/https://www.lemonde.fr/blog/correcteurs/2007/12/21/desesperer-billancourt/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Langue+sauce+piquante&rft.atitle=d%C3%A9sesp%C3%A9rer+Billancourt&rft.date=2007-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fblog%2Fcorrecteurs%2F2007%2F12%2F21%2Fdesesperer-billancourt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBondy196728-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBondy196728_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBondy1967">Bondy 1967</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBondy196741-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBondy196741_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBondy1967">Bondy 1967</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBondy1967">Bondy 1967</a>, p. 37: "In 1956 Sartre saw in Hungary the kind of revolution of which he had dreamed: a contact between intellectual circles and broadly based mass movements, an activism shared by intellectuals and workers, revolution as an explosion of spontaneity. Reading Sartre's reply to Camus after fourteen years, we are struck by the mixture of dishonesty and bubbling verve with which Sartre indulges in misquotation in order to ridicule his opponents with the quick wit of the experience playwright." </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journal.lutte-ouvriere.org/2006/11/01/du-cote-des-intellectuels-sartre-et-la-hongrie_14080.html">"Du côté des intellectuels : Sartre et la Hongrie"</a>. Lutte Ouvrière : Le Journal (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200811123336/https://journal.lutte-ouvriere.org/2006/11/01/du-cote-des-intellectuels-sartre-et-la-hongrie_14080.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lutte+Ouvri%C3%A8re+%3A+Le+Journal&rft.atitle=Du+c%C3%B4t%C3%A9+des+intellectuels+%3A+Sartre+et+la+Hongrie.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.lutte-ouvriere.org%2F2006%2F11%2F01%2Fdu-cote-des-intellectuels-sartre-et-la-hongrie_14080.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSartre1964" class="citation news cs1">Sartre, Jean-Paul (19 November 1964). "Nouvel Observateur". <q>La faute la plus énorme a probablement été le rapport de Khrouchtchev, car la dénonciation publique et solennelle, l'exposition détaillée de tous les crimes d'un personnage sacré qui a représenté si longtemps le régime est une folie quand une telle franchise n'est pas rendue possible par une élévation préalable et considérable du niveau de vie de la population... Le résultat a été de découvrir la vérité à des masses qui n'étaient pas prêtes à la recevoir.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nouvel+Observateur&rft.date=1964-11-19&rft.aulast=Sartre&rft.aufirst=Jean-Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lgPwzq0M9lkC">Solzhenitsyn: A Soul in Exile</a>. Ignatius Press. January 2011. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58617-496-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58617-496-5"><bdi>978-1-58617-496-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Solzhenitsyn%3A+A+Soul+in+Exile&rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&rft.date=2011-01&rft.isbn=978-1-58617-496-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlgPwzq0M9lkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mFMfAAAAMAAJ">Solzhenitsyn: A Documentary Record</a>. Harper & Row. 17 April 1971. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-012487-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-012487-8"><bdi>978-0-06-012487-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Solzhenitsyn%3A+A+Documentary+Record&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1971-04-17&rft.isbn=978-0-06-012487-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmFMfAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudt2011" class="citation book cs1">Judt, Tony (2011). <a href="/wiki/Past_Imperfect:_French_Intellectuals,_1944%E2%80%931956" title="Past Imperfect: French Intellectuals, 1944–1956">Past Imperfect: French Intellectuals, 1944–1956</a>. New York University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Past+Imperfect%3A+French+Intellectuals%2C+1944%E2%80%931956&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Judt&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibney1961" class="citation book cs1">Gibney, Frank (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=re1oAAAAMAAJ">The Khrushchev Pattern</a>. Duell, Sloan and Pearce. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126200046/https://books.google.com/books?id=re1oAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Khrushchev+Pattern&rft.pub=Duell%2C+Sloan+and+Pearce&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Gibney&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dre1oAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBondy196738-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBondy196738_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBondy196738_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBondy196738_69-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBondy1967">Bondy 1967</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIstván_Mészáros2012" class="citation book cs1">István Mészáros (2012). The Work of Sartre: Search for Freedom and the Challenge of History (rev. ed.). New York: Monthly Review. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58367-293-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58367-293-8"><bdi>978-1-58367-293-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Work+of+Sartre%3A+Search+for+Freedom+and+the+Challenge+of+History&rft.pages=16&rft.edition=rev.&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Monthly+Review&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-58367-293-8&rft.au=Istv%C3%A1n+M%C3%A9sz%C3%A1ros&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_SueurPierre_Bourdieu2005" class="citation book cs1">Le Sueur, James D.; Pierre Bourdieu (2005) [2005]. Uncivil War: Intellectuals and Identity Politics During the Decolonization of Algeria. University of Nebraska Press. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-8028-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-8028-1"><bdi>978-0-8032-8028-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uncivil+War%3A+Intellectuals+and+Identity+Politics+During+the+Decolonization+of+Algeria&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-8028-1&rft.aulast=Le+Sueur&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rft.au=Pierre+Bourdieu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBondy196727-28-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBondy196727-28_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBondy1967">Bondy 1967</a>, p. 27-28. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhwaja_Masud2006" class="citation web cs1">Khwaja Masud (9 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112210219/http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=27548&Cat=9&dt=10%2F9%2F2006">"Remembering Che Guevara"</a>. The News International. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=27548&Cat=9&dt=10/9/2006">the original</a> on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 27 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+News+International&rft.atitle=Remembering+Che+Guevara&rft.date=2006-10-09&rft.au=Khwaja+Masud&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.com.pk%2FTodaysPrintDetail.aspx%3FID%3D27548%26Cat%3D9%26dt%3D10%2F9%2F2006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/boliviandiary00guev">Amazon Review of: 'The Bolivian Diary: Authorized Edition'</a>. Ocean Press. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-920888-24-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-920888-24-4"><bdi>978-1-920888-24-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amazon+Review+of%3A+%27The+Bolivian+Diary%3A+Authorized+Edition%27&rft.pub=Ocean+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-920888-24-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fboliviandiary00guev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080103202831/http://www.heyche.org/peopleaboutche.html">"People about Che Guevara"</a>. HeyChe.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heyche.org/peopleaboutche.html">the original</a> on 3 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HeyChe.org&rft.atitle=People+about+Che+Guevara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heyche.org%2Fpeopleaboutche.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Directed by <a href="/wiki/Nestor_Almendros" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestor Almendros">Néstor Almendros</a> and Orlando Jiménez Leal (1984). Conducta Impropria.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conducta+Impropria&rft.date=1984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> [<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Guido Vitiello (5 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIQB5cI9b4A">Conducta Impropria – Improper Conduct (Part 8)</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/iIQB5cI9b4A">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2018 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conducta+Impropria+%E2%80%93+Improper+Conduct+%28Part+8%29&rft.date=2010-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DiIQB5cI9b4A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988">] </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean-Paul_Sartre1974" class="citation web cs1">Jean-Paul Sartre (7 December 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/sartre/1974/baader.htm">"The Slow Death of Andreas Baader"</a>. Marxists.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081204090049/http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/sartre/1974/baader.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 2 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Slow+Death+of+Andreas+Baader&rft.pub=Marxists.org&rft.date=1974-12-07&rft.au=Jean-Paul+Sartre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Freference%2Farchive%2Fsartre%2F1974%2Fbaader.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110930090518/http://raforum.info/spip.php?article92">"R.A. Forum > Sartre par lui-même (Sartre by Himself)"</a>. 30 September 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://raforum.info/spip.php?article92">the original</a> on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 19 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=R.A.+Forum+%3E+Sartre+par+lui-m%C3%AAme+%28Sartre+by+Himself%29&rft.date=2011-09-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fraforum.info%2Fspip.php%3Farticle92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060711182837/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1964/press.html">"Nobel Prize in Literature 1964"</a>. Nobelprize.org (Press release). The Nobel Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1964/press.html">the original</a> on 11 July 2006. Retrieved 11 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nobel+Prize+in+Literature+1964&rft.pub=The+Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fliterature%2Flaureates%2F1964%2Fpress.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/facts/">"Nobel Prize facts"</a>. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Media AB. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180815021423/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/facts/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NobelPrize.org&rft.atitle=Nobel+Prize+facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Ffacts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchueler2015" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schueler, Kaj (2 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.svd.se/sartres-brev-kom-forsent-till-akademien">"Sartres brev kom försent till Akademien"</a> [Sartre's letter arrived too late to the Academy]. <a href="/wiki/Svenska_Dagbladet" title="Svenska Dagbladet">Svenska Dagbladet</a> (in Swedish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161201210738/http://www.svd.se/sartres-brev-kom-forsent-till-akademien">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Svenska+Dagbladet&rft.atitle=Sartres+brev+kom+f%C3%B6rsent+till+Akademien&rft.date=2015-01-02&rft.aulast=Schueler&rft.aufirst=Kaj&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.svd.se%2Fsartres-brev-kom-forsent-till-akademien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lefigaro.fr/culture/2013/01/02/03004-20130102ARTFIG00533-ces-personnalites-qui-ont-refuse-la-legion-d-honneur.php">"Ces personnalités qui ont refusé la Légion d'honneur"</a>. FIGARO. 2 January 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141005065948/http://www.lefigaro.fr/culture/2013/01/02/03004-20130102ARTFIG00533-ces-personnalites-qui-ont-refuse-la-legion-d-honneur.php">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2014. Retrieved 17 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FIGARO&rft.atitle=Ces+personnalit%C3%A9s+qui+ont+refus%C3%A9+la+L%C3%A9gion+d%27honneur&rft.date=2013-01-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lefigaro.fr%2Fculture%2F2013%2F01%2F02%2F03004-20130102ARTFIG00533-ces-personnalites-qui-ont-refuse-la-legion-d-honneur.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-letter-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-letter_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-letter_83-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fondation-la-poste.com/article.php3?id_article=251">Histoire de lettres Jean-Paul Sartre refuse le Prix Nobel en 1964</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090203054609/http://fondation-la-poste.com/article.php3?id_article=251">Archived</a> 3 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Elodie Bessé. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/all/index.html">"All Nobel Prizes"</a>. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Media AB. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180406045423/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/all/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NobelPrize.org&rft.atitle=All+Nobel+Prizes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Flists%2Fall%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Bishop, Tom (7 June 1987), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE4DF1538F934A35755C0A961948260">"Superstar of the Mind"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090204191847/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE4DF1538F934A35755C0A961948260">Archived</a> 4 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharlesworth1976" class="citation book cs1">Charlesworth, Max (1976). The Existentialists and Jean-Paul Sartre. University of Queensland Press. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7022-1150-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7022-1150-8"><bdi>978-0-7022-1150-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Existentialists+and+Jean-Paul+Sartre&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=University+of+Queensland+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-7022-1150-8&rft.aulast=Charlesworth&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newcriterion.com/issues/1982/9/the-last-days-of-jean-paul-sartre">"The last days of Jean-Paul Sartre"</a>. www.newcriterion.com. September 1982. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190823155851/https://www.newcriterion.com/issues/1982/9/the-last-days-of-jean-paul-sartre">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newcriterion.com&rft.atitle=The+last+days+of+Jean-Paul+Sartre&rft.date=1982-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newcriterion.com%2Fissues%2F1982%2F9%2Fthe-last-days-of-jean-paul-sartre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayman1992464-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayman1992464_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHayman1992">Hayman 1992</a>, p. 464. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel2005" class="citation news cs1">Samuel, Henry (10 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/1485353/Hell-is-other-people-removing-your-cigarette.html">"Hell is other people removing your cigarette"</a>. The Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/1485353/Hell-is-other-people-removing-your-cigarette.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Hell+is+other+people+removing+your+cigarette&rft.date=2005-03-10&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Ffrance%2F1485353%2FHell-is-other-people-removing-your-cigarette.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.histoiredumonde.net/">"Histoire du monde.net"</a>. histoiredumonde.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220206233640/https://www.histoiredumonde.net/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2022. Retrieved 17 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=histoiredumonde.net&rft.atitle=Histoire+du+monde.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.histoiredumonde.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nat-2000-Singer-91"><a href="#cite_ref-Nat-2000-Singer_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger2000" class="citation web cs1">Singer, Daniel (5 June 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20080602061137/http://www.thenation.com/doc/20000605/singer/single">"Sartre's Roads to Freedom"</a>. The Nation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenation.com/doc/20000605/singer/single">the original</a> on 2 June 2008. Retrieved 9 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Sartre%27s+Roads+to+Freedom&rft.date=2000-06-05&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Fdoc%2F20000605%2Fsinger%2Fsingle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen-Solal1987523-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen-Solal1987523_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCohen-Solal1987">Cohen-Solal 1987</a>, p. 523. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCohen-Solal1987">Cohen-Solal 1987</a>, p. 523; <a href="#CITEREFHayman1992">Hayman 1992</a>, p. 473; <a href="#CITEREFde_Beauvoir1984">de Beauvoir 1984</a>, "The Farewell Ceremony". </li> <li id="cite_note-Existentialism_and_Humanism-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Existentialism_and_Humanism_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Existentialism_and_Humanism_94-1">b</a> Existentialism and Humanism, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalinge2021-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalinge2021_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalinge2021_95-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalinge2021">Malinge 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalinge2013-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalinge2013_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalinge2013">Malinge 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Sartre (1943) Being and Nothingness, p. 246. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Death. (1999). Gordon Hayim (Ed.) Dictionary of Existentialism (p. 105). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeidegger1978" class="citation book cs1">Heidegger, Martin (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kVc9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA208">Basic Writings from 'Being and Time' (1927) to 'The Task of Thinking' (1964)</a>. Routledge & Kegan Paul. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-8646-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-8646-4"><bdi>978-0-7100-8646-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+Writings+from+%27Being+and+Time%27+%281927%29+to+%27The+Task+of+Thinking%27+%281964%29&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-7100-8646-4&rft.aulast=Heidegger&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkVc9AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Marcuse, Herbert. "Sartre's Existentialism". Printed in Studies in Critical Philosophy. Translated by Joris De Bres. London: NLB, 1972. p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdler1949" class="citation journal cs1">Adler, Franz (1949). "The Social Thought of Jean-Paul Sartre". American Journal of Sociology. 55 (3): 284–294. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F220538">10.1086/220538</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144247304">144247304</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=The+Social+Thought+of+Jean-Paul+Sartre&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=284-294&rft.date=1949&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F220538&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144247304%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Franz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Farina, Gabriella (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crossingdialogues.com/Ms-A14-07.pdf">Some reflections on the phenomenological method</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190214204516/http://www.crossingdialogues.com/Ms-A14-07.pdf">Archived</a> 14 February 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Dialogues in Philosophy, Mental and Neuro Sciences, 7(2):50–62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalinge2016-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalinge2016_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalinge2016">Malinge 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldwin1995" class="citation book cs1">Baldwin, Thomas (1995). Ted Honderich (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00hond/page/792">The Oxford Companion to Philosophy</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00hond/page/792">792</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866132-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866132-0"><bdi>978-0-19-866132-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Philosophy&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=792&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-866132-0&rft.aulast=Baldwin&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont00hond%2Fpage%2F792&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Wollheim, Richard. Freud. London, Fontana Press, pp. 157–176. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaert2015-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaert2015_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaert2015">Baert 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerassi1989134-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerassi1989134_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerassi1989">Gerassi 1989</a>, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAronson198021-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAronson198021_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAronson1980">Aronson 1980</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAronson1980108-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAronson1980108_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAronson1980">Aronson 1980</a>, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAronson200430-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAronson200430_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAronson2004">Aronson 2004</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThody196421-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThody196421_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThody1964">Thody 1964</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAronson198010-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAronson198010_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAronson1980">Aronson 1980</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> David Newcastle, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tikhanovlibrary.com/the-rise-and-fall-of-pierre-drieu-la-rochelle/">The Rise and Fall of Pierre Drieu la Rochlle</a>, Gilles, Tikhanov Library, 2024, preface </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirsner200313-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirsner200313_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKirsner2003">Kirsner 2003</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScriven1999xii-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScriven1999xii_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScriven1999">Scriven 1999</a>, p. xii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScriven199913-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScriven199913_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScriven1999">Scriven 1999</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-nybooks4-117"><a href="#cite_ref-nybooks4_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavisAusterContatSartre1975" class="citation magazine cs1">Davis, Lydia; Auster, Paul; Contat, Michel; Sartre, Jean-Paul (7 August 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1975/aug/07/sartre-at-seventy-an-interview/?page=4">"Sartre at Seventy: An Interview by Jean-Paul Sartre and Michel Contat"</a>. The New York Review of Books. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110703210530/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1975/aug/07/sartre-at-seventy-an-interview/?page=4">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Sartre+at+Seventy%3A+An+Interview+by+Jean-Paul+Sartre+and+Michel+Contat&rft.date=1975-08-07&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Lydia&rft.au=Auster%2C+Paul&rft.au=Contat%2C+Michel&rft.au=Sartre%2C+Jean-Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2Farchives%2F1975%2Faug%2F07%2Fsartre-at-seventy-an-interview%2F%3Fpage%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-raforum1-118"><a href="#cite_ref-raforum1_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110930090518/http://raforum.info/spip.php?article92">"Sartre par lui-même (Sartre by Himself)"</a>. Raforum.info. 28 September 1966. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://raforum.info/spip.php?article92">the original</a> on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sartre+par+lui-m%C3%AAme+%28Sartre+by+Himself%29&rft.pub=Raforum.info&rft.date=1966-09-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fraforum.info%2Fspip.php%3Farticle92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated21-119"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated21_119-0">^</a> "Interview with Jean-Paul Sartre" in The Philosophy of Jean-Paul Sartre, ed. P. A. Schilpp, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAronson1980121-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAronson1980121_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAronson1980">Aronson 1980</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScriven19938-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScriven19938_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScriven1993">Scriven 1993</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScriven199322-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScriven199322_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScriven1993">Scriven 1993</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAronson1980157-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAronson1980157_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAronson1980">Aronson 1980</a>, p. 157. </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson-124"><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_C._Anderson2004" class="citation web cs1">Brian C. Anderson (1 February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111113013345/http://www.hoover.org/publications/policy-review/article/6476">"The Absolute Intellectual"</a>. Hoover Institution. Stanford University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hoover.org/publications/policy-review/article/6476">the original</a> on 13 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hoover+Institution&rft.atitle=The+Absolute+Intellectual&rft.date=2004-02-01&rft.au=Brian+C.+Anderson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hoover.org%2Fpublications%2Fpolicy-review%2Farticle%2F6476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Walzer2002" class="citation web cs1">Michael Walzer (Spring 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111118221640/http://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/?article=598">"Can There Be a Decent Left?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dissent_(American_magazine)" title="Dissent (American magazine)">Dissent</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/?article=598">the original</a> on 18 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dissent&rft.atitle=Can+There+Be+a+Decent+Left%3F&rft.ssn=spring&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Michael+Walzer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dissentmagazine.org%2Farticle%2F%3Farticle%3D598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-frantzfanonspeaks.wordpress.com-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frantzfanonspeaks.wordpress.com_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-frantzfanonspeaks.wordpress.com_126-1">b</a> Christian Filostrat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://frantzfanonspeaks.wordpress.com/2011/04/26/frantz-fanons-widow-speaks/">"Frantz Fanon's Widow Speaks: Interview with Frantz Fanon's Widow Josie Fanon"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605221955/https://frantzfanonspeaks.wordpress.com/2011/04/26/frantz-fanons-widow-speaks/">Archived</a> 5 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Negritude Agonistes. Accessed 05 June 2021. </li> <li id="cite_note-rickontheater-127"><a href="#cite_ref-rickontheater_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodward2010" class="citation web cs1">Woodward, Kirk (9 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rickontheater.blogspot.com/2010/07/most-famous-thing-jean-paul-sartre.html">"The Most Famous Thing Jean-Paul Sartre Never Said"</a>. Rick on Theater. Blogger (Google: blogspot.com). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708061843/http://rickontheater.blogspot.com/2010/07/most-famous-thing-jean-paul-sartre.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 8 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rick+on+Theater&rft.atitle=The+Most+Famous+Thing+Jean-Paul+Sartre+Never+Said&rft.date=2010-07-09&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=Kirk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frickontheater.blogspot.com%2F2010%2F07%2Fmost-famous-thing-jean-paul-sartre.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huston-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Huston_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huston_128-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland" class="citation web cs1">Holland, Norman N. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asharperfocus.com/Freud.html">"John Huston, Freud, 1962"</a>. A Sharper Focus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180723133820/http://www.asharperfocus.com/Freud.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Sharper+Focus&rft.atitle=John+Huston%2C+Freud%2C+1962&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asharperfocus.com%2FFreud.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roudinesco-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Roudinesco_129-0">^</a> Roudinesco, Elisabeth. Jacques Lacan & Co: A History of Psychoanalysis in France, 1925–1985. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990, p. 166 </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Mémoires d'une jeune fille dérangée (1994, LGF – Livre de Poche; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-253-13593-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-253-13593-7">978-2-253-13593-7</a>/2006, Balland; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7158-0994-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7158-0994-9">978-2-7158-0994-9</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gala.fr/l_actu/news_de_stars/jean-paul-sartresimonedebeauvoirbiancaleurjouetsexuel_346146">"Jean-Paul Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir: Bianca, leur jouet sexuel"</a> [Sartre, Beauvoir: Bianca, their sexual toy]. <a href="/wiki/Gala_(magazine)" title="Gala (magazine)">Gala</a> (in French). 14 July 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gala&rft.atitle=Jean-Paul+Sartre%2C+Simone+de+Beauvoir%3A+Bianca%2C+leur+jouet+sexuel&rft.date=2023-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gala.fr%2Fl_actu%2Fnews_de_stars%2Fjean-paul-sartresimonedebeauvoirbiancaleurjouetsexuel_346146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lise1-132"><a href="#cite_ref-Lise1_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodgersThompson2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Rodgers" title="Nigel Rodgers">Rodgers</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mel_Thompson_(writer)" title="Mel Thompson (writer)">Thompson</a> (2004). Philosophers Behaving Badly. London: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Owen_Publishers" title="Peter Owen Publishers">Peter Owen Publishers</a>. pp. 186–187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/072061368X" title="Special:BookSources/072061368X"><bdi>072061368X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophers+Behaving+Badly&rft.pages=186-187&rft.pub=London%3A+Peter+Owen+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=072061368X&rft.au=Rodgers&rft.au=Thompson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2013" class="citation web cs1">Martin, Andy (19 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/05/19/savile-beauvoir-and-the-charms-of-the-nymph/">"The Persistence of the 'Lolita Syndrome'"</a>. New York Times. Retrieved 28 February 2024. <q>It is well established that she and Jean-Paul Sartre developed a pattern, which they called the "trio," in which Beauvoir would seduce her students and then pass them on to Sartre.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Persistence+of+the+%27Lolita+Syndrome%27&rft.date=2013-05-19&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nytimes.com%2Fopinionator.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F05%2F19%2Fsavile-beauvoir-and-the-charms-of-the-nymph%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaBreck2020" class="citation web cs1">LaBreck, Abby (16 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hir.harvard.edu/matz-enough-french-literature-and-culture-in-the-age-of-metoo/">"Moi Aussi: French Literature and Culture in the Age of #MeToo"</a>. Harvard International Review. Retrieved 28 February 2024. <q>During his time as a teacher, Sartre developed an obsessive passion for one 17-year-old pupil, before engaging romantically with her younger sister. De Beauvoir even aided Sartre in his relations with minors—grooming and teaching young girls before introducing them to him.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harvard+International+Review&rft.atitle=Moi+Aussi%3A+French+Literature+and+Culture+in+the+Age+of+%23MeToo&rft.date=2020-05-16&rft.aulast=LaBreck&rft.aufirst=Abby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhir.harvard.edu%2Fmatz-enough-french-literature-and-culture-in-the-age-of-metoo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenand2005" class="citation web cs1">Menand, Louis (18 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2005/09/26/stand-by-your-man">"Stand By Your Man"</a>. New Yorker. Retrieved 28 February 2024. <q>Sartre and Beauvoir liked to refer to their entourage as "the Family," and the recurring feature of their affairs is a kind of play incest. Their customary method was to adopt a very young woman as a protégée—to take her to movies and cafés, travel with her, help her with her education and career, support her financially.... The ideal form for a Sartre and Beauvoir ménage was the triangle.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Stand+By+Your+Man&rft.date=2005-09-18&rft.aulast=Menand&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2005%2F09%2F26%2Fstand-by-your-man&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nobel_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobel_136-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1964/sartre-bio.html">"Jean-Paul Sartre – Biographical"</a>. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Media AB. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100109134457/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1964/sartre-bio.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2010. Retrieved 26 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NobelPrize.org&rft.atitle=Jean-Paul+Sartre+%E2%80%93+Biographical&rft.date=2019&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fliterature%2Flaureates%2F1964%2Fsartre-bio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.brandeis.edu/~teuber/sartrebio.html">"Jean-Paul Sartre Biography"</a>. People.brandeis.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111101193620/http://people.brandeis.edu/~teuber/sartrebio.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jean-Paul+Sartre+Biography&rft.pub=People.brandeis.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.brandeis.edu%2F~teuber%2Fsartrebio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Paul_Sartre&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAronson1980" class="citation book cs1">Aronson, Ronald (1980). Jean-Paul Sartre – Philosophy in the World. London: NLB.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jean-Paul+Sartre+%E2%80%93+Philosophy+in+the+World&rft.place=London&rft.pub=NLB&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Aronson&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAronson2004" class="citation book cs1">Aronson, Ronald (2004). Camus & Sartre: The Story of a Friendship and the Quarrel That Ended It. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-02796-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-02796-8"><bdi>978-0-226-02796-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Camus+%26+Sartre%3A+The+Story+of+a+Friendship+and+the+Quarrel+That+Ended+It&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-226-02796-8&rft.aulast=Aronson&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaert2015" class="citation book cs1">Baert, Patrick (2015). The Existentialist Moment: The Rise of Sartre as a Public Intellectual. Cambridge: Polity Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Existentialist+Moment%3A+The+Rise+of+Sartre+as+a+Public+Intellectual&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Baert&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBondy1967" class="citation journal cs1">Bondy, Francois (April 1967). "Jean-Paul Sartre and Politics". The Journal of Contemporary History. 2 (2): 25–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200946700200204">10.1177/002200946700200204</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150438929">150438929</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=Jean-Paul+Sartre+and+Politics&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=25-48&rft.date=1967-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002200946700200204&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150438929%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bondy&rft.aufirst=Francois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen-Solal1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Annie_Cohen-Solal" title="Annie Cohen-Solal">Cohen-Solal, Annie</a> (1987). Narman MacAfee (ed.). Sartre: A Life. Translated by Anna Cancogni. New York: Pantheon Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-52525-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-52525-9"><bdi>978-0-394-52525-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sartre%3A+A+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-394-52525-9&rft.aulast=Cohen-Solal&rft.aufirst=Annie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Beauvoir1984" class="citation book cs1">de Beauvoir, Simone (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/adieuxfarewellto00beaurich">Adieux: A Farewell to Sartre</a>. Translated by Patrick O'Brian. New York: Pantheon Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780394530352" title="Special:BookSources/9780394530352"><bdi>9780394530352</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adieux%3A+A+Farewell+to+Sartre&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780394530352&rft.aulast=de+Beauvoir&rft.aufirst=Simone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fadieuxfarewellto00beaurich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFulton1999" class="citation book cs1">Fulton, Ann (1999). Apostles of Sartre: Existentialism in America, 1945–1963. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apostles+of+Sartre%3A+Existentialism+in+America%2C+1945%E2%80%931963&rft.place=Evanston%2C+IL&rft.pub=Northwestern+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Fulton&rft.aufirst=Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerassi1989" class="citation book cs1">Gerassi, John (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jeanpaulsartreha00gera">Jean-Paul Sartre: Hated Conscience of His Century. Volume 1: Protestant or Protester?</a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-28797-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-28797-3"><bdi>978-0-226-28797-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jean-Paul+Sartre%3A+Hated+Conscience+of+His+Century.+Volume+1%3A+Protestant+or+Protester%3F&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-226-28797-3&rft.aulast=Gerassi&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjeanpaulsartreha00gera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayman1992" class="citation book cs1">Hayman, Ronald (1992). Sartre: A Biography. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-881-84875-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-881-84875-5"><bdi>978-0-881-84875-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sartre%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Carroll+%26+Graf+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-881-84875-5&rft.aulast=Hayman&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"> (Detailed chronology of Sartre's life on pages 485–510.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirsner2003" class="citation book cs1">Kirsner, Douglas (2003). The Schizoid World of Jean-Paul Sartre and R.D. Laing. New York: Karnac.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Schizoid+World+of+Jean-Paul+Sartre+and+R.D.+Laing&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Karnac&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Kirsner&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalinge2013" class="citation news cs1">Malinge, Yoann (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/8181406">"Does our past have a motivational effect? Our reasons for acting: Sartre's philosophy of action"</a>. Vol. 4, no. 2. Ethics in Progress. pp. 46–53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Does+our+past+have+a+motivational+effect%3F+Our+reasons+for+acting%3A+Sartre%27s+philosophy+of+action.&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=46-53&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Malinge&rft.aufirst=Yoann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F8181406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalinge2016" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Malinge, Yoann (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/31648622">"Sartre, " The Transcendance of the Ego ""</a>. The Literary Encyclopedia. Retrieved 25 May 2019 – via Academia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sartre%2C+%22+The+Transcendance+of+the+Ego+%22&rft.btitle=The+Literary+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Malinge&rft.aufirst=Yoann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F31648622&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalinge2021" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Malinge, Yoann (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/48864465">"Sartre, "Existentialism is a humanism""</a>. The Literary Encyclopedia. Retrieved 12 May 2021 – via Academia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sartre%2C+%22Existentialism+is+a+humanism%22&rft.btitle=The+Literary+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Malinge&rft.aufirst=Yoann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F48864465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOusby2000" class="citation book cs1">Ousby, Ian (2000). Occupation: The Ordeal of France, 1940–1944. New York: Cooper Square Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Occupation%3A+The+Ordeal+of+France%2C+1940%E2%80%931944&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cooper+Square+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Ousby&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScriven1993" class="citation book cs1">Scriven, Michael (1993). Sartre and the Media. London: MacMillan Press Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sartre+and+the+Media&rft.place=London&rft.pub=MacMillan+Press+Ltd&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Scriven&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScriven1999" class="citation book cs1">Scriven, Michael (1999). Jean-Paul Sartre: Politics and Culture in Postwar France. London: MacMillan Press Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jean-Paul+Sartre%3A+Politics+and+Culture+in+Postwar+France&rft.place=London&rft.pub=MacMillan+Press+Ltd&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Scriven&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThody1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Thody" title="Philip Thody">Thody, Philip</a> (1964). Jean-Paul Sartre. London: Hamish Hamilton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jean-Paul+Sartre&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hamish+Hamilton&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Thody&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Paul_Sartre&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Allen, James Sloan, "Condemned to Be Free", Worldly Wisdom: Great Books and the Meanings of Life, Savannah: Frederic C. Beil, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-929490-35-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-929490-35-6">978-1-929490-35-6</a>.</li> <li>Catalano, Joseph S., A Commentary on Jean-Paul Sartre's Critique of Dialectical Reason, University of Chicago Press, 1987. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-09701-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-09701-5">978-0-226-09701-5</a>.</li> <li>Churchill, Steven and Reynolds, Jack (eds.), Jean-Paul Sartre: Key Concepts, London/New York: Routledge, 2014.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Desan" title="Wilfrid Desan">Desan, Wilfrid</a>, The Tragic Finale: An Essay on the philosophy of Jean-Paul Sartre (1954).</li> <li>Doran, Robert, "Sartre's Critique of Dialectical Reason and the Debate with Lévi-Strauss", Yale French Studies 123 (2013): 41–62.</li> <li>Flynn, Thomas, Sartre and Marxist Existentialism: The Test Case of Collective Responsibility, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayim1980" class="citation book cs1">Hayim, Gila J. (1980). The Existential Sociology of Jean-Paul Sartre. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870232985" title="Special:BookSources/9780870232985"><bdi>9780870232985</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Existential+Sociology+of+Jean-Paul+Sartre&rft.place=Amherst%2C+MA&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9780870232985&rft.aulast=Hayim&rft.aufirst=Gila+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Paul+Sartre" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Judaken, Jonathan, (2006) Jean-Paul Sartre and the Jewish Question: Anti-antisemitism and the Politics of the French Intellectual. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._D._Laing" title="R. D. Laing"> Laing, R. D.</a> and Cooper, D. G., Reason and Violence: A Decade of Sartre's Philosophy, 1950–1960, New York: Pantheon, 1971.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Lilar" title="Suzanne Lilar">Lilar, Suzanne</a>, A propos de Sartre et de l'amour, Paris: Grasset, 1967.</li> <li>Madsen, Axel, Hearts and Minds: The Common Journey of Simone de Beauvoir and Jean-Paul Sartre, William Morrow & Co, 1977.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Roudinesco" title="Élisabeth Roudinesco">Roudinesco, Élisabeth</a>, Philosophy in Turbulent Times: <a href="/wiki/Canguilhem" class="mw-redirect" title="Canguilhem">Canguilhem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sartre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sartre">Sartre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a>, <a href="/wiki/Althusser" class="mw-redirect" title="Althusser">Althusser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deleuze" class="mw-redirect" title="Deleuze">Deleuze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derrida" class="mw-redirect" title="Derrida">Derrida</a>, New York: Columbia University Press, 2008.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said"> Said, Edward</a>, 2000: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v22/n11/edward-said/diary">My Encounter with Sartre</a>, London Review of Books</li> <li>Sartre, Jean-Paul and Levy, Benny, Hope Now: The 1980 Interviews, translated by Adrian van den Hoven, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.</li> <li>Siegler, Marcel, Needful Structures. The Dialectics of Action, Technology, and Society in Sartre's Later Philosophy, Bielefeld: transcript, 2023. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8376-6282-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8376-6282-5">978-3-8376-6282-5</a>.</li> <li>Spade, P. V. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pvspade.com/Sartre/pdf/sartre1.pdf">Class Lecture Notes on Jean-Paul Sartre's Being and Nothingness</a>. 1996.</li> <li>Vagnarelli, Gianluca, La democrazia tumultuaria. Sulla filosofia politica di Jean-Paul Sartre, Macerata, EUM, 2010.</li> <li>Webber, Jonathan, The Existentialism of Jean-Paul Sartre, London: Routledge, 2009.</li> <li>Wittmann, H., Sartre und die Kunst. Die Porträtstudien von Tintoretto bis Flaubert, Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag, 1996.</li> <li>Wittmann, H., L'esthétique de Sartre. Artistes et intellectuels, translated from German by N. Weitemeier and J. Yacar, Éditions L'Harmattan (Collection L'ouverture philosophique), Paris, 2001.</li> <li>Wittmann, H., Sartre and Camus in Aesthetics. The Challenge of Freedom, edited by Dirk Hoeges. Dialoghi/Dialogues. Literatur und Kultur Italiens und Frankreichs, vol. 13, Frankfurt/M: Peter Lang, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-631-58693-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-631-58693-8">978-3-631-58693-8</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Paul_Sartre&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Jean-Paul Sartre at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" class="extiw" title="c:Jean-Paul Sartre">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" class="extiw" title="q:Jean-Paul Sartre">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9364" class="extiw" title="d:Q9364">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/637">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> on Nobelprize.org <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9364#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_Sartre">By Sartre</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Paul_Sartre&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: By Sartre">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Sartre%2C%20Jean-Paul%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Jean-Paul%20Sartre%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Sartre%2C%20Jean-Paul%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Jean-Paul%20Sartre%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Sartre%2C%20J%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Jean-Paul%20Sartre%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Sartre%2C%20Jean-Paul%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Jean-Paul%20Sartre%22%29%20OR%20%28%221905-1980%22%20AND%20Sartre%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Jean-Paul Sartre</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/americans-and-their-myths/">"Americans and Their Myths"</a>—Sartre's essay in <a href="/wiki/The_Nation_(U.S._periodical)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Nation (U.S. periodical)">The Nation</a> (18 October 1947 issue)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110408111752/http://www.philosophyarchive.com/index.php?title=Sartre">Sartre Texts</a> on Philosophy Archive</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/sartre/index.htm">Sartre Internet Archive</a> on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/">Marxists.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL117592A">Works by Jean-Paul Sartre</a> at <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a></li> <li><a href="https://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/beinecke.bauer" class="extiw" title="hdl:10079/fa/beinecke.bauer">George H. Bauer Jean Paul Sartre Manuscript Collection.</a> General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_Sartre">On Sartre</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Paul_Sartre&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: On Sartre">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150730033039/http://www.sartreuk.org/">UK Sartre Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ges-sartre.fr/">Groupe d'études sartriennes</a>, Paris</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/015376">Newspaper clippings about Jean-Paul Sartre</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jean-Paul_Sartre" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Template:Jean-Paul Sartre"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Template talk:Jean-Paul Sartre"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jean-Paul Sartre"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jean-Paul_Sartre" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jean-Paul Sartre</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels and short stories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nausea_(novel)" title="Nausea (novel)">Nausea</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_(Sartre_short_story_collection)" title="The Wall (Sartre short story collection)">The Wall</a> (1939) including</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Childhood_of_a_Leader_(Sartre)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Childhood of a Leader (Sartre)">The Childhood of a Leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Roads_to_Freedom" title="The Roads to Freedom">The Roads to Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Reason_(novel)" title="The Age of Reason (novel)">The Age of Reason</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Reprieve" title="The Reprieve">The Reprieve</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troubled_Sleep" title="Troubled Sleep">Troubled Sleep</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_the_Mesh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="In the Mesh (page does not exist)">In the Mesh</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intimacy_(Sarte_novel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intimacy (Sarte novel) (page does not exist)">Intimacy</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_over_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hurricane over Cuba (page does not exist)">Hurricane over Cuba</a> (1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays and screenplays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bariona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bariona (page does not exist)">Bariona</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Flies" title="The Flies">The Flies</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Exit" title="No Exit">No Exit</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morts_sans_s%C3%A9pulture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morts sans sépulture (page does not exist)">Morts sans sépulture</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Respectful_Prostitute" title="The Respectful Prostitute">The Respectful Prostitute</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Chips_Are_Down_(screenplay)" title="The Chips Are Down (screenplay)">The Chips Are Down</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_Hands" title="Dirty Hands">Dirty Hands</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Devil_and_the_Good_Lord" title="The Devil and the Good Lord">The Devil and the Good Lord</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kean_(play)" title="Kean (play)">Kean</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekrassov" title="Nekrassov">Nekrassov</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Condemned_of_Altona" title="The Condemned of Altona">The Condemned of Altona</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Trojan_Woman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Trojan Woman (page does not exist)">The Trojan Woman</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Freud_Scenario&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Freud Scenario (page does not exist)">The Freud Scenario</a> (1984)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophical essays and books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imagination:_A_Psychological_Critique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imagination: A Psychological Critique (page does not exist)">Imagination: A Psychological Critique</a>" (1936)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Transcendence_of_the_Ego" title="The Transcendence of the Ego">The Transcendence of the Ego</a>" (1936)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Sketch_for_a_Theory_of_the_Emotions" title="Sketch for a Theory of the Emotions">Sketch for a Theory of the Emotions</a>" (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Imaginary_(Sartre)" title="The Imaginary (Sartre)">The Imaginary</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Being_and_Nothingness" title="Being and Nothingness">Being and Nothingness</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism_Is_a_Humanism" title="Existentialism Is a Humanism">Existentialism Is a Humanism</a> (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Search_for_a_Method" title="Search for a Method">Search for a Method</a>" (1957)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Dialectical_Reason" title="Critique of Dialectical Reason">Critique of Dialectical Reason</a>" (1960, 1985)</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Notebooks_for_an_Ethics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Notebooks for an Ethics (page does not exist)">Notebooks for an Ethics</a>" (1983)</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Truth_and_Existence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Truth and Existence (page does not exist)">Truth and Existence</a>" (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Critical essays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Anti-Semite_and_Jew" title="Anti-Semite and Jew">Anti-Semite and Jew</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Situations_(essay_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Situations (essay series)">Situations I–X</a> (1947–1976)</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Orpheus_(essay)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Black Orpheus (essay) (page does not exist)">Black Orpheus</a>" (1948)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Saint_Genet" title="Saint Genet">Saint Genet, Actor and Martyr</a>" (1952)</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Henri_Martin_Affair_(essay)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Henri Martin Affair (essay) (page does not exist)">The Henri Martin Affair</a>" (1953)</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Family_Idiot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Family Idiot (page does not exist)">The Family Idiot</a>" (1971–72)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autobiographical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sartre_by_Himself&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sartre by Himself (page does not exist)">Sartre by Himself</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Words_(book)" title="The Words (book)">The Words</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witness_to_My_Life_%26_Quiet_Moments_in_a_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Witness to My Life & Quiet Moments in a War (page does not exist)">Witness to My Life & Quiet Moments in a War</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_Diaries:_Notebooks_from_a_Phony_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="War Diaries: Notebooks from a Phony War (page does not exist)">War Diaries: Notebooks from a Phony War</a> (1984)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">Authenticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bad_faith_(existentialism)" title="Bad faith (existentialism)">Bad faith (mauvaise foi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence_precedes_essence" title="Existence precedes essence">Existence precedes essence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Temps_modernes" title="Les Temps modernes">Les Temps modernes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madah-Sartre" title="Madah-Sartre">Madah-Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlette_Elka%C3%AFm-Sartre" title="Arlette Elkaïm-Sartre">Arlette Elkaïm-Sartre</a> (adopted daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situation_(Sartre)" title="Situation (Sartre)">Situation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_Jean-Paul-Sartre-et-Simone-de-Beauvoir" title="Place Jean-Paul-Sartre-et-Simone-de-Beauvoir">Place Jean-Paul-Sartre-et-Simone-de-Beauvoir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Simone_de_Beauvoir" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Template:Simone de Beauvoir"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Template talk:Simone de Beauvoir"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Simone de Beauvoir"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Simone_de_Beauvoir" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/When_Things_of_the_Spirit_Come_First" title="When Things of the Spirit Come First">When Things of the Spirit Come First</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/She_Came_to_Stay" title="She Came to Stay">She Came to Stay</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blood_of_Others" title="The Blood of Others">The Blood of Others</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Men_Are_Mortal" title="All Men Are Mortal">All Men Are Mortal</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mandarins" title="The Mandarins">The Mandarins</a> (1954)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_and_Cineas" title="Pyrrhus and Cineas">Pyrrhus and Cineas</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Ambiguity" title="The Ethics of Ambiguity">The Ethics of Ambiguity</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_Day_by_Day" title="America Day by Day">America Day by Day</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Sex" title="The Second Sex">The Second Sex</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Coming_of_Age_(book)" title="The Coming of Age (book)">The Coming of Age</a> (1970)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_de_Beauvoir" title="Hélène de Beauvoir">Hélène de Beauvoir</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvie_Le_Bon-de_Beauvoir" title="Sylvie Le Bon-de Beauvoir">Sylvie Le Bon-de Beauvoir</a> (adopted daughter)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jean-Paul Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_Jean-Paul-Sartre-et-Simone-de-Beauvoir" title="Place Jean-Paul-Sartre-et-Simone-de-Beauvoir">Place Jean-Paul-Sartre-et-Simone-de-Beauvoir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Jean-Paul_Sartre" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Jean-Paul_Sartre" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Jean-Paul Sartre</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Continental_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Continental_philosophy" title="Template:Continental philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Continental_philosophy" title="Template talk:Continental philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Continental_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Continental philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Continental_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Althusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Bachelard" title="Gaston Bachelard">Bachelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Barthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bataille" title="Georges Bataille">Bataille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Bergson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blanchot" title="Maurice Blanchot">Blanchot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Bourdieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Buber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Castoriadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Cioran" title="Emil Cioran">Cioran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Cixous" title="Hélène Cixous">Cixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Derrida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Dilthey" title="Wilhelm Dilthey">Dilthey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Eagleton" title="Terry Eagleton">Eagleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Gadamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Husserl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Ingarden" title="Roman Ingarden">Ingarden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Jameson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Jaspers" title="Karl Jaspers">Jaspers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Koj%C3%A8ve" title="Alexandre Kojève">Kojève</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Koyr%C3%A9" title="Alexandre Koyré">Koyré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva">Kristeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Lacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Latour" title="Bruno Latour">Latour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Lefebvre" title="Henri Lefebvre">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Lévi-Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas">Levinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Luhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Lyotard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ric%C5%93ur" title="Paul Ricœur">Ricœur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Said</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Serres" title="Michel Serres">Serres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sloterdijk" title="Peter Sloterdijk">Sloterdijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absurdism" title="Absurdism">Absurdism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegelianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelianism">Hegelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudo-Marxism" title="Freudo-Marxism">Freudo-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantianism" title="Neo-Kantianism">Neo-Kantianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-philosophy" title="Non-philosophy">Non-philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-representational_theory" title="Non-representational theory">Non-representational theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_philosophy" title="Postmodern philosophy">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalytic theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_realism" title="Speculative realism">Speculative realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alterity" title="Alterity">Alterity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Always_already" title="Always already">Always already</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">Angst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonian_and_Dionysian" title="Apollonian and Dionysian">Apollonian and Dionysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">Authenticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Being_in_itself" title="Being in itself">Being in itself</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_oppositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary oppositions">Binary oppositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boredom" title="Boredom">Boredom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique" title="Critique">Critique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immanent_critique" title="Immanent critique">Immanent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_criticism" title="Ideological criticism">Ideological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcritique" title="Postcritique">Postcritique</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasein" title="Dasein">Dasein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of God">Death of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_drive" title="Death drive">Death drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diff%C3%A9rance" title="Différance">Différance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difference_(philosophy)" title="Difference (philosophy)">Difference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence_precedes_essence" title="Existence precedes essence">Existence precedes essence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_crisis" title="Existential crisis">Existential crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facticity" title="Facticity">Facticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaze" title="Gaze">Gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_(philosophy)" title="Genealogy (philosophy)">Genealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitus_(sociology)" title="Habitus (sociology)">Habitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauntology" title="Hauntology">Hauntology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">Historical materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpellation_(philosophy)" title="Interpellation (philosophy)">Interpellation (philosophy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersubjectivity" title="Intersubjectivity">Intersubjectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_of_faith" title="Leap of faith">Leap of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master%E2%80%93slave_dialectic" class="mw-redirect" title="Master–slave dialectic">Master–slave dialectic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master%E2%80%93slave_morality" title="Master–slave morality">Master–slave morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oedipus_complex" title="Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontic">Ontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontopoetics" title="Ontopoetics">Ontopoetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_(philosophy)" title="Other (philosophy)">Other</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-deception" title="Self-deception">Self-deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_(deconstruction)" title="Trace (deconstruction)">Trace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaluation_of_values" title="Transvaluation of values">Transvaluation of values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence#Philosophical_perspectives" title="Violence">Violence § Philosophical perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wertkritik" class="mw-redirect" title="Wertkritik">Wertkritik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_to_power" title="Will to power">Will to power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics_of_suspicion" title="Hermeneutics of suspicion">Hermeneutics of suspicion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse" title="Discourse">Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic theory">Linguistic theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_determinism" title="Linguistic determinism">Linguistic determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">Semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">Semiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_theory" title="Film theory">Film theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_turn" title="Linguistic turn">Linguistic turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonialism" title="Postcolonialism">Postcolonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Continental_philosophy" title="Category:Continental philosophy">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_continental_philosophy_articles" title="Index of continental philosophy articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Existentialism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Existentialism" title="Template:Existentialism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Existentialism" title="Template talk:Existentialism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Existentialism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Existentialism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Existentialism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheistic_existentialism" title="Atheistic existentialism">Atheistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_existentialism" title="Jewish existentialism">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendent_theosophy" title="Transcendent theosophy">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_nihilism" title="Existential nihilism">Nihilist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_phenomenology" title="Existential phenomenology">Phenomenological</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abandonment_(existentialism)" title="Abandonment (existentialism)">Abandonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absurdism" title="Absurdism">Absurdism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">Angst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">Authenticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bad_faith_(existentialism)" title="Bad faith (existentialism)">Bad faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Being_in_itself" title="Being in itself">Being in itself</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasein" title="Dasein">Dasein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence_precedes_essence" title="Existence precedes essence">Existence precedes essence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_crisis" title="Existential crisis">Existential crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facticity" title="Facticity">Facticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_of_faith" title="Leap of faith">Leap of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_(existential)" title="Meaning (existential)">Meaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_(philosophy)" title="Other (philosophy)">Other</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrownness" title="Thrownness">Thrownness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dino_Buzzati" title="Dino Buzzati">Buzzati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Cioran" title="Emil Cioran">Cioran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Ellison" title="Ralph Ellison">Ellison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Fondane" title="Benjamin Fondane">Fondane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Giacometti" title="Alberto Giacometti">Giacometti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco">Ionesco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Kafka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naguib_Mahfouz" title="Naguib Mahfouz">Mahfouz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Marcel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Unamuno" title="Miguel de Unamuno">Unamuno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Wilson" title="Colin Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wright_(author)" title="Richard Wright (author)">Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Abbagnano" title="Nicola Abbagnano">Abbagnano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Berdyaev" title="Nikolai Berdyaev">Berdyaev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Buber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann" title="Rudolf Bultmann">Bultmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Cioran" title="Emil Cioran">Cioran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vil%C3%A9m_Flusser" title="Vilém Flusser">Flusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Fondane" title="Benjamin Fondane">Fondane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Husserl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Jaspers" title="Karl Jaspers">Jaspers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_(philosopher)" title="Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)">Kaufmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas">Levinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollo_May" title="Rollo May">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Rosenzweig" title="Franz Rosenzweig">Rosenzweig</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Shestov" title="Lev Shestov">Shestov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Soloveitchik" title="Joseph B. Soloveitchik">Soloveitchik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Tillich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Unamuno" title="Miguel de Unamuno">Unamuno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Wilson" title="Colin Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wright_(author)" title="Richard Wright (author)">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Wessel_Zapffe" title="Peter Wessel Zapffe">Zapffe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_humanism" title="Marxist humanism">Marxist humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western Marxism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metaphysics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Metaphysics" title="Template:Metaphysics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Metaphysics" title="Template talk:Metaphysics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Metaphysics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Metaphysics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metaphysics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_object_theory" title="Abstract object theory">Abstract object theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_theory_(philosophy)" title="Action theory (philosophy)">Action theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-realism" title="Anti-realism">Anti-realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enactivism" title="Enactivism">Enactivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essentialism" title="Essentialism">Essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)" title="Libertarianism (metaphysics)">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_of_life" title="Meaning of life">Meaning of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenalism" title="Phenomenalism">Phenomenalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_realism" title="Scientific realism">Scientific realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solipsism" title="Solipsism">Solipsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(philosophy)" title="Spiritualism (philosophy)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjectivism" title="Subjectivism">Subjectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_theory" title="Substance theory">Substance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_forms" title="Theory of forms">Theory of forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truthmaker_theory" title="Truthmaker theory">Truthmaker theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_theory" title="Type theory">Type theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_and_concrete" title="Abstract and concrete">Abstract object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anima_mundi" title="Anima mundi">Anima mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category_of_being" class="mw-redirect" title="Category of being">Category of being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">Causality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causal_closure" title="Causal closure">Causal closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cogito,_ergo_sum" title="Cogito, ergo sum">Cogito, ergo sum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embodied_cognition" title="Embodied cognition">Embodied cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entity" title="Entity">Entity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">Essence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">Existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experience" title="Experience">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_abstraction" title="Hypostatic abstraction">Hypostatic abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idea" title="Idea">Idea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(philosophy)" title="Identity (philosophy)">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">Information</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">Data</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insight" title="Insight">Insight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intention" title="Intention">Intention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_modality" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic modality">Linguistic modality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_matter" title="Philosophy of matter">Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_(existential)" title="Meaning (existential)">Meaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_representation" title="Mental representation">Mental representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion" title="Motion">Motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)" title="Nature (philosophy)">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_necessity" title="Metaphysical necessity">Necessity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Object (philosophy)">Object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattern" title="Pattern">Pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_object" title="Physical object">Physical object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle" title="Principle">Principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_(philosophy)" title="Property (philosophy)">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_(philosophy)" title="Quality (philosophy)">Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Relations (philosophy)">Relation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self" title="Self">Self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subject_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject (philosophy)">Subject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantial_form" title="Substantial form">Substantial form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thought" title="Thought">Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type%E2%80%93token_distinction" title="Type–token distinction">Type–token distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_(metaphysics)" title="Universal (metaphysics)">Universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unobservable" title="Unobservable">Unobservable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics)">Value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_metaphysics_articles" title="Index of metaphysics articles">more ...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_metaphysicians" title="List of metaphysicians">Metaphysicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclus" title="Proclus">Proclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(philosopher)" title="Christian Wolff (philosopher)">Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reid" title="Thomas Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bolzano" title="Bernard Bolzano">Bolzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Lotze" title="Hermann Lotze">Lotze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Peirce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexius_Meinong" title="Alexius Meinong">Meinong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Bergson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Whitehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap" title="Rudolf Carnap">Carnap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Ryle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">Quine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davidson_(philosopher)" title="Donald Davidson (philosopher)">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._F._Strawson" title="P. F. Strawson">Strawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dummett" title="Michael Dummett">Dummett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Malet_Armstrong" title="David Malet Armstrong">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Plantinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Kripke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(philosopher)" title="David Lewis (philosopher)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Parfit" title="Derek Parfit">Parfit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metaphysicians" title="List of metaphysicians">more ...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sophist_(dialogue)" title="Sophist (dialogue)">Sophist</a> (c. 350 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus</a> (c. 350 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a> (c. 200 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_rerum_natura" title="De rerum natura">De rerum natura</a> (c. 80 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics_(Aristotle)" title="Metaphysics (Aristotle)">Metaphysics</a> (c. 50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enneads" title="Enneads">Enneads</a> (c. 270)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daneshnameh-ye_Alai" class="mw-redirect" title="Daneshnameh-ye Alai">Daneshnameh-ye Alai</a> (c. 1000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditations_on_First_Philosophy" title="Meditations on First Philosophy">Meditations on First Philosophy</a> (1641)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_(Spinoza_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethics (Spinoza book)">Ethics</a> (1677)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Treatise_Concerning_the_Principles_of_Human_Knowledge" title="A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge">A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge</a> (1710)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monadology" title="Monadology">Monadology</a> (1714)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Pure_Reason" title="Critique of Pure Reason">Critique of Pure Reason</a> (1781)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolegomena_to_Any_Future_Metaphysics" title="Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics">Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics</a> (1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Phenomenology_of_Spirit" title="The Phenomenology of Spirit">The Phenomenology of Spirit</a> (1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_World_as_Will_and_Representation" title="The World as Will and Representation">The World as Will and Representation</a> (1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concluding_Unscientific_Postscript_to_Philosophical_Fragments" title="Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments">Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments</a> (1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Being_and_Time" title="Being and Time">Being and Time</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Being_and_Nothingness" title="Being and Nothingness">Being and Nothingness</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulacra_and_Simulation" title="Simulacra and Simulation">Simulacra and Simulation</a> (1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_metaphysics" title="Feminist metaphysics">Feminist metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics" title="Interpretations of quantum mechanics">Interpretations of quantum mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mereology" title="Mereology">Mereology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta_(prefix)" title="Meta (prefix)">Meta-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Philosophy of mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology" title="Philosophy of psychology">Philosophy of psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_self" title="Philosophy of self">Philosophy of self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Philosophy of space and time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleology" title="Teleology">Teleology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Metaphysics" title="Category:Metaphysics">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/27px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/36px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_philosophy" title="Template talk:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)" title="Agency (philosophy)">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">Anomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Inter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identity_formation" title="Identity formation">Formation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_character" title="National character">National character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">Reification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Sittlichkeit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">Social alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Social norms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksgeist" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksgeist">Volksgeist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_School" title="Budapest School">Budapest School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Avempace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byung-Chul_Han" title="Byung-Chul Han">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Niebuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Officiis" title="De Officiis">De Officiis</a> (44 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oration_on_the_Dignity_of_Man" title="Oration on the Dignity of Man">Oration on the Dignity of Man</a> (1486)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Society" title="A Vindication of Natural Society">A Vindication of Natural Society</a> (1756)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilization_and_Its_Discontents" title="Civilization and Its Discontents">Civilization and Its Discontents</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Sex" title="The Second Sex">The Second Sex</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Sexuality" title="The History of Sexuality">The History of Sexuality</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Narcissism" title="The Culture of Narcissism">The Culture of Narcissism</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_Trouble" title="Gender Trouble">Gender Trouble</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Malaise_of_Modernity" title="The Malaise of Modernity">The Malaise of Modernity</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectuals_and_Society" title="Intellectuals and Society">Intellectuals and Society</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnotology" title="Agnotology">Agnotology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">Cultural criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_culture" title="Philosophy of culture">Philosophy of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy of education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">Philosophy of history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_criticism" title="Social criticism">Social criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">Social theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_philosophy" title="Category:Social philosophy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Template:Nobel Prize in Literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature" title="List of Nobel laureates in Literature">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1920</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1901_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1901 Nobel Prize in Literature">1901</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sully_Prudhomme" title="Sully Prudhomme">Sully Prudhomme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1902_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1902 Nobel Prize in Literature">1902</a>: <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Theodor Mommsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1903 Nobel Prize in Literature">1903</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne_Bj%C3%B8rnson" title="Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson">Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1904 Nobel Prize in Literature">1904</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Mistral" title="Frédéric Mistral">Frédéric Mistral</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Echegaray" title="José Echegaray">José Echegaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1905_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1905 Nobel Prize in Literature">1905</a>: <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Sienkiewicz" title="Henryk Sienkiewicz">Henryk Sienkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1906 Nobel Prize in Literature">1906</a>: <a href="/wiki/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci" title="Giosuè Carducci">Giosuè Carducci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1907 Nobel Prize in Literature">1907</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1908 Nobel Prize in Literature">1908</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken">Rudolf Eucken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1909 Nobel Prize in Literature">1909</a>: <a href="/wiki/Selma_Lagerl%C3%B6f" title="Selma Lagerlöf">Selma Lagerlöf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1910_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1910 Nobel Prize in Literature">1910</a>: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Heyse" title="Paul Heyse">Paul Heyse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1911 Nobel Prize in Literature">1911</a>: <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Maeterlinck" title="Maurice Maeterlinck">Maurice Maeterlinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1912 Nobel Prize in Literature">1912</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gerhart_Hauptmann" title="Gerhart Hauptmann">Gerhart Hauptmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1913 Nobel Prize in Literature">1913</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1914 Nobel Prize in Literature">1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1915 Nobel Prize in Literature">1915</a>: <a href="/wiki/Romain_Rolland" title="Romain Rolland">Romain Rolland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1916 Nobel Prize in Literature">1916</a>: <a href="/wiki/Verner_von_Heidenstam" title="Verner von Heidenstam">Verner von Heidenstam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1917 Nobel Prize in Literature">1917</a>: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Adolph_Gjellerup" title="Karl Adolph Gjellerup">Karl Gjellerup</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Pontoppidan" title="Henrik Pontoppidan">Henrik Pontoppidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1918 Nobel Prize in Literature">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1919 Nobel Prize in Literature">1919</a>: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Spitteler" title="Carl Spitteler">Carl Spitteler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1920 Nobel Prize in Literature">1920</a>: <a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun" title="Knut Hamsun">Knut Hamsun</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1921–1940</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1921_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1921 Nobel Prize in Literature">1921</a>: <a href="/wiki/Anatole_France" title="Anatole France">Anatole France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1922 Nobel Prize in Literature">1922</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jacinto_Benavente" title="Jacinto Benavente">Jacinto Benavente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1923 Nobel Prize in Literature">1923</a>: <a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">W. B. Yeats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1923 Nobel Prize in Literature">1924</a>: <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Reymont" title="Władysław Reymont">Władysław Reymont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1925 Nobel Prize in Literature">1925</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1926 Nobel Prize in Literature">1926</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grazia_Deledda" title="Grazia Deledda">Grazia Deledda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1927_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1927 Nobel Prize in Literature">1927</a>: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1928 Nobel Prize in Literature">1928</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sigrid_Undset" title="Sigrid Undset">Sigrid Undset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1929_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1929 Nobel Prize in Literature">1929</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1930 Nobel Prize in Literature">1930</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Lewis" title="Sinclair Lewis">Sinclair Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1931 Nobel Prize in Literature">1931</a>: <a href="/wiki/Erik_Axel_Karlfeldt" title="Erik Axel Karlfeldt">Erik Axel Karlfeldt</a> (posthumously)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1932 Nobel Prize in Literature">1932</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Galsworthy" title="John Galsworthy">John Galsworthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1933 Nobel Prize in Literature">1933</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Bunin" title="Ivan Bunin">Ivan Bunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1934 Nobel Prize in Literature">1934</a>: <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello">Luigi Pirandello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1935 Nobel Prize in Literature">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1936 Nobel Prize in Literature">1936</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">Eugene O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1937 Nobel Prize in Literature">1937</a>: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Martin_du_Gard" title="Roger Martin du Gard">Roger Martin du Gard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1938 Nobel Prize in Literature">1938</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pearl_S._Buck" title="Pearl S. Buck">Pearl S. Buck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1939 Nobel Prize in Literature">1939</a>: <a href="/wiki/Frans_Eemil_Sillanp%C3%A4%C3%A4" title="Frans Eemil Sillanpää">Frans Eemil Sillanpää</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1940 Nobel Prize in Literature">1940</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1941–1960</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1941_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1941 Nobel Prize in Literature">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1942 Nobel Prize in Literature">1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1943 Nobel Prize in Literature">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1944 Nobel Prize in Literature">1944</a>: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_V._Jensen" title="Johannes V. Jensen">Johannes V. Jensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1945 Nobel Prize in Literature">1945</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gabriela_Mistral" title="Gabriela Mistral">Gabriela Mistral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1946 Nobel Prize in Literature">1946</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hermann Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1947 Nobel Prize in Literature">1947</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide" title="André Gide">André Gide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1948 Nobel Prize in Literature">1948</a>: <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1949 Nobel Prize in Literature">1949</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1950 Nobel Prize in Literature">1950</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1951 Nobel Prize in Literature">1951</a>: <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4r_Lagerkvist" title="Pär Lagerkvist">Pär Lagerkvist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1952 Nobel Prize in Literature">1952</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mauriac" title="François Mauriac">François Mauriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1953 Nobel Prize in Literature">1953</a>: <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1954 Nobel Prize in Literature">1954</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1955 Nobel Prize in Literature">1955</a>: <a href="/wiki/Halld%C3%B3r_Laxness" title="Halldór Laxness">Halldór Laxness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1956 Nobel Prize in Literature">1956</a>: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ram%C3%B3n_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Juan Ramón Jiménez">Juan Ramón Jiménez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1957 Nobel Prize in Literature">1957</a>: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1958 Nobel Prize in Literature">1958</a>: <a href="/wiki/Boris_Pasternak" title="Boris Pasternak">Boris Pasternak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1959 Nobel Prize in Literature">1959</a>: <a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Quasimodo" title="Salvatore Quasimodo">Salvatore Quasimodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1960 Nobel Prize in Literature">1960</a>: <a href="/wiki/Saint-John_Perse" title="Saint-John Perse">Saint-John Perse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1961–1980</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1961_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1961 Nobel Prize in Literature">1961</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ivo_Andri%C4%87" title="Ivo Andrić">Ivo Andrić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1962 Nobel Prize in Literature">1962</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Steinbeck" title="John Steinbeck">John Steinbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1963 Nobel Prize in Literature">1963</a>: <a href="/wiki/Giorgos_Seferis" title="Giorgos Seferis">Giorgos Seferis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1964 Nobel Prize in Literature">1964</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> (declined award)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1965 Nobel Prize in Literature">1965</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Sholokhov" title="Mikhail Sholokhov">Mikhail Sholokhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1966 Nobel Prize in Literature">1966</a>: <a href="/wiki/Shmuel_Yosef_Agnon" title="Shmuel Yosef Agnon">Shmuel Yosef Agnon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nelly_Sachs" title="Nelly Sachs">Nelly Sachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1967 Nobel Prize in Literature">1967</a>: <a href="/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Asturias" title="Miguel Ángel Asturias">Miguel Ángel Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1968 Nobel Prize in Literature">1968</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yasunari_Kawabata" title="Yasunari Kawabata">Yasunari Kawabata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1969 Nobel Prize in Literature">1969</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1970 Nobel Prize in Literature">1970</a>: <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1971 Nobel Prize in Literature">1971</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Neruda" title="Pablo Neruda">Pablo Neruda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1972 Nobel Prize in Literature">1972</a>: <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_B%C3%B6ll" title="Heinrich Böll">Heinrich Böll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1973 Nobel Prize in Literature">1973</a>: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_White" title="Patrick White">Patrick White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1974 Nobel Prize in Literature">1974</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eyvind_Johnson" title="Eyvind Johnson">Eyvind Johnson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harry_Martinson" title="Harry Martinson">Harry Martinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1975 Nobel Prize in Literature">1975</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Montale" title="Eugenio Montale">Eugenio Montale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1976 Nobel Prize in Literature">1976</a>: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Saul Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1977 Nobel Prize in Literature">1977</a>: <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Aleixandre" title="Vicente Aleixandre">Vicente Aleixandre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1978 Nobel Prize in Literature">1978</a>: <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Bashevis_Singer" title="Isaac Bashevis Singer">Isaac Bashevis Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1979 Nobel Prize in Literature">1979</a>: <a href="/wiki/Odysseas_Elytis" title="Odysseas Elytis">Odysseas Elytis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1980 Nobel Prize in Literature">1980</a>: <a href="/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Mi%C5%82osz" title="Czesław Miłosz">Czesław Miłosz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1981_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1981 Nobel Prize in Literature">1981</a>: <a href="/wiki/Elias_Canetti" title="Elias Canetti">Elias Canetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1982 Nobel Prize in Literature">1982</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Gabriel García Márquez">Gabriel García Márquez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1983 Nobel Prize in Literature">1983</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Golding" title="William Golding">William Golding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1984 Nobel Prize in Literature">1984</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Seifert" title="Jaroslav Seifert">Jaroslav Seifert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1985 Nobel Prize in Literature">1985</a>: <a href="/wiki/Claude_Simon" title="Claude Simon">Claude Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1986 Nobel Prize in Literature">1986</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wole_Soyinka" title="Wole Soyinka">Wole Soyinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1987 Nobel Prize in Literature">1987</a>: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky">Joseph Brodsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1988 Nobel Prize in Literature">1988</a>: <a href="/wiki/Naguib_Mahfouz" title="Naguib Mahfouz">Naguib Mahfouz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1989 Nobel Prize in Literature">1989</a>: <a href="/wiki/Camilo_Jos%C3%A9_Cela" title="Camilo José Cela">Camilo José Cela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1990 Nobel Prize in Literature">1990</a>: <a href="/wiki/Octavio_Paz" title="Octavio Paz">Octavio Paz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1991 Nobel Prize in Literature">1991</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nadine_Gordimer" title="Nadine Gordimer">Nadine Gordimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1992 Nobel Prize in Literature">1992</a>: <a href="/wiki/Derek_Walcott" title="Derek Walcott">Derek Walcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1993 Nobel Prize in Literature">1993</a>: <a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1994 Nobel Prize in Literature">1994</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kenzabur%C5%8D_%C5%8Ce" title="Kenzaburō Ōe">Kenzaburō Ōe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1995 Nobel Prize in Literature">1995</a>: <a href="/wiki/Seamus_Heaney" title="Seamus Heaney">Seamus Heaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1996 Nobel Prize in Literature">1996</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wis%C5%82awa_Szymborska" title="Wisława Szymborska">Wisława Szymborska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1997 Nobel Prize in Literature">1997</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dario_Fo" title="Dario Fo">Dario Fo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1998 Nobel Prize in Literature">1998</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Saramago" title="José Saramago">José Saramago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1999 Nobel Prize in Literature">1999</a>: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2000 Nobel Prize in Literature">2000</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian">Gao Xingjian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2001 Nobel Prize in Literature">2001</a>: <a href="/wiki/V._S._Naipaul" title="V. S. Naipaul">V. S. Naipaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2002 Nobel Prize in Literature">2002</a>: <a href="/wiki/Imre_Kert%C3%A9sz" title="Imre Kertész">Imre Kertész</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2003 Nobel Prize in Literature">2003</a>: <a href="/wiki/J._M._Coetzee" title="J. M. Coetzee">J. M. Coetzee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2004 Nobel Prize in Literature">2004</a>: <a href="/wiki/Elfriede_Jelinek" title="Elfriede Jelinek">Elfriede Jelinek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2005 Nobel Prize in Literature">2005</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Pinter" title="Harold Pinter">Harold Pinter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2006 Nobel Prize in Literature">2006</a>: <a href="/wiki/Orhan_Pamuk" title="Orhan Pamuk">Orhan Pamuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2007 Nobel Prize in Literature">2007</a>: <a href="/wiki/Doris_Lessing" title="Doris Lessing">Doris Lessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2008 Nobel Prize in Literature">2008</a>: <a href="/wiki/J._M._G._Le_Cl%C3%A9zio" title="J. M. G. Le Clézio">J. M. G. Le Clézio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2009 Nobel Prize in Literature">2009</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herta_M%C3%BCller" title="Herta Müller">Herta Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2010 Nobel Prize in Literature">2010</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2011 Nobel Prize in Literature">2011</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tomas_Transtr%C3%B6mer" title="Tomas Tranströmer">Tomas Tranströmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2012 Nobel Prize in Literature">2012</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mo_Yan" title="Mo Yan">Mo Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2013 Nobel Prize in Literature">2013</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alice_Munro" title="Alice Munro">Alice Munro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2014 Nobel Prize in Literature">2014</a>: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Modiano" title="Patrick Modiano">Patrick Modiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2015 Nobel Prize in Literature">2015</a>: <a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Alexievich" title="Svetlana Alexievich">Svetlana Alexievich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2016 Nobel Prize in Literature">2016</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2017 Nobel Prize in Literature">2017</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kazuo_Ishiguro" title="Kazuo Ishiguro">Kazuo Ishiguro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2018 Nobel Prize in Literature">2018</a>: <a href="/wiki/Olga_Tokarczuk" title="Olga Tokarczuk">Olga Tokarczuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2019 Nobel Prize in Literature">2019</a>: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Handke" title="Peter Handke">Peter Handke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2020 Nobel Prize in Literature">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/Louise_Gl%C3%BCck" title="Louise Glück">Louise Glück</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2021 Nobel Prize in Literature">2021</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abdulrazak_Gurnah" title="Abdulrazak Gurnah">Abdulrazak Gurnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2022 Nobel Prize in Literature">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/Annie_Ernaux" title="Annie Ernaux">Annie Ernaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2023 Nobel Prize in Literature">2023</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jon_Fosse" title="Jon Fosse">Jon Fosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2024 Nobel Prize in Literature">2024</a>: <a href="/wiki/Han_Kang" title="Han Kang">Han Kang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1964_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1964_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1964 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1964_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:1964 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1964_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1964 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1964_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1964 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hodgkin" title="Dorothy Hodgkin">Dorothy Hodgkin</a> (Great Britain)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1964_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1964 Nobel Prize in Literature">1964</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> (France)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a> (<a href="/wiki/1964_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1964 Nobel Peace Prize">1964</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Charles Hard Townes</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Basov" title="Nikolay Basov">Nikolay Basov</a> (Soviet Union)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov" title="Alexander Prokhorov">Alexander Prokhorov</a> (Soviet Union)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Emil_Bloch" title="Konrad Emil Bloch">Konrad Emil Bloch</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_Lynen" title="Feodor Lynen">Feodor Felix Konrad Lynen</a> (Germany)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1959_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1959 Nobel Prize winners">1959</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1960_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1960 Nobel Prize winners">1960</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1961_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1961 Nobel Prize winners">1961</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1962_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1962 Nobel Prize winners">1962</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1963_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1963 Nobel Prize winners">1963</a></dd> <dd>1964 </dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1965_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1965 Nobel Prize winners">1965</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1966_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1966 Nobel Prize winners">1966</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1967_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1967 Nobel Prize winners">1967</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1968_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1968 Nobel Prize winners">1968</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1969_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1969 Nobel Prize winners">1969</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Communism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communism" title="Template:Communism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communism" title="Template talk:Communism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Communism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">Class consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">Communist party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_revolution" title="Communist revolution">Communist revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">Communist society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/From_each_according_to_his_ability,_to_each_according_to_his_needs" title="From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs">"From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_abolitionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market abolitionism">Market abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">Social revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_communism" title="World communism">World communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">World revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">Planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization_(Marxism)" title="Socialization (Marxism)">Socialization (Marxism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_value" title="Use value">Use value</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_ideologies" title="List of communist ideologies">Variants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxism">Libertarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Marxist_communism" title="Pre-Marxist communism">Pre-Marxist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_communism" title="Primitive communism">Primitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_communism" title="Religious communism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism" title="History of communism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_League" title="Communist League">Communist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">First International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_International" title="Second International">Second International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Third International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_International" title="Fourth International">Fourth International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_parties" title="List of communist parties">Communist Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Council" title="World Peace Council">WPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">WFTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth" title="World Federation of Democratic Youth">WFDY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Students" title="International Union of Students">IUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_Democratic_Federation" title="Women's International Democratic Federation">WIDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Scientific_Workers" title="World Federation of Scientific Workers">WFSW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organisation_of_Journalists" class="mw-redirect" title="International Organisation of Journalists">IOR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Communists" title="Category:Communists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Meslier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Babeuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai">Kollontai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Th%C3%A4lmann" title="Ernst Thälmann">Thälmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Togliatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Khrushchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Padmore" title="George Padmore">Padmore</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Nkrumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Hobsbawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Althusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Freire" title="Paulo Freire">Freire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pier_Paolo_Pasolini" title="Pier Paolo Pasolini">Pasolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel">Mandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Raja" title="D. Raja">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Berger" title="John Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Berlinguer" title="Enrico Berlinguer">Berlinguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abimael_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Abimael Guzmán">Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Maria_Sison" title="Jose Maria Sison">Sison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Holloway_(sociologist)" title="John Holloway (sociologist)">Holloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_Zizek" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavoj Zizek">Zizek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Sankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Öcalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_S%C3%A1nchez_Gordillo" title="Juan Manuel Sánchez Gordillo">Gordillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Wilson_Gilmore" title="Ruth Wilson Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcomandante_Marcos" title="Subcomandante Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hardt" title="Michael Hardt">Hardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodi_Dean" title="Jodi Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Lordon" title="Frédéric Lordon">Lordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Kelley" title="Robin Kelley">Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijay_Prashad" title="Vijay Prashad">Prashad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zyuganov" title="Gennady Zyuganov">Zyuganov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Hatherley" title="Owen Hatherley">Hatherley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Moufawad-Paul" title="J. Moufawad-Paul">Moufawad-Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohei_Saito" title="Kohei Saito">Saito</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Far-left politics in the United Kingdom">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Colombia" title="Communism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_France" title="Communism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_India" title="Communism in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Kerala" title="Communism in Kerala">Kerala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Korea" title="Communism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Nepal" title="Communism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Peru" title="Communism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_the_Philippines" title="Communism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Poland" title="Communism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of communism in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Sumatra" title="Communism in Sumatra">Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Vietnam" title="Communism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communist_symbolism" title="Communist symbolism">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle">Hammer and sickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_flag_(politics)" title="Red flag (politics)">Red flag (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_star" title="Red star">Red star</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Workers_of_the_world,_unite!" title="Workers of the world, unite!">Workers of the world, unite!</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Criticism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_propaganda" title="Communist propaganda">Communist propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_communist_party_rule" title="Criticism of communist party rule">Criticism of communist party rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Marxism" title="Criticism of Marxism">Criticism of Marxism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_communist_theorists" title="21st-century communist theorists">21st-century communist theorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti_anti-communism" title="Anti anti-communism">Anti anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_mass_killings" title="Anti-communist mass killings">Anti-communist mass killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killings_under_communist_regimes" title="Mass killings under communist regimes">Mass killings under communist regimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Left" title="Old Left">Old Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_and_LGBTQ_rights" title="Communism and LGBTQ rights">LGBTQ rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx's theory of alienation">Marx's theory of alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">National communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_communism_in_Romania" title="National communism in Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_communism" title="War communism">War communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">Worker cooperative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/32px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/24px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9364#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9364#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9364#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000012321080X">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/76322562">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/42642/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqKcy7C4mhXBGj3BKxRrq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11860564X">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79106134">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11923735k">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11923735k">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00455343">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV000663">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35476373">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990007359&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000083846&CON_LNG=ENG">Russia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX883713">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/15126">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068415680">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90059715">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000007643&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000100953&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000036142">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=61123">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000023998">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199624126">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/fcrtvnwz11lv92q">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810602797205606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/369092">Vatican</a><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/88751">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007267548805171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058521818906706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14142074">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00163763?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500278350">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/dfab8dec-17bc-48dc-9764-f849a3cb4236">MusicBrainz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/966804">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11860564X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11860564X">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027123227">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w64t6k6b">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/41022793">RISM</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Paul_Sartre&oldid=1258503311">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Paul_Sartre&oldid=1258503311</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Category:Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1905_births" title="Category:1905 births">1905 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1980_deaths" title="Category:1980 deaths">1980 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_atheists" title="Category:20th-century atheists">20th-century atheists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_French_biographers" title="Category:20th-century French biographers">20th-century French biographers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_French_dramatists_and_playwrights" title="Category:20th-century French dramatists and playwrights">20th-century French dramatists and playwrights</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_French_novelists" title="Category:20th-century French novelists">20th-century French novelists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_French_philosophers" title="Category:20th-century French philosophers">20th-century French philosophers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_French_screenwriters" title="Category:20th-century French screenwriters">20th-century French screenwriters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aphorists" title="Category:Aphorists">Aphorists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Atheist_philosophers" title="Category:Atheist philosophers">Atheist philosophers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Blind_activists" title="Category:Blind activists">Blind activists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Blind_scholars_and_academics" title="Category:Blind scholars and academics">Blind scholars and academics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Blind_writers" title="Category:Blind writers">Blind writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_at_Montparnasse_Cemetery" title="Category:Burials at Montparnasse Cemetery">Burials at Montparnasse Cemetery</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Contemporary_philosophers" title="Category:Contemporary philosophers">Contemporary philosophers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Continental_philosophers" title="Category:Continental philosophers">Continental philosophers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Critical_theorists" title="Category:Critical theorists">Critical theorists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deaths_from_pulmonary_edema" title="Category:Deaths from pulmonary edema">Deaths from pulmonary edema</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure_alumni" title="Category:École Normale Supérieure alumni">École Normale Supérieure alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Existentialists" title="Category:Existentialists">Existentialists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fellows_of_the_American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences">Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Free_love_advocates" title="Category:Free love advocates">Free love advocates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_anarchists" title="Category:French anarchists">French anarchists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_anti-capitalists" title="Category:French anti-capitalists">French anti-capitalists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_anti-fascists" title="Category:French anti-fascists">French anti-fascists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_anti-war_activists" title="Category:French anti-war activists">French anti-war activists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_Army_personnel_of_World_War_II" title="Category:French Army personnel of World War II">French Army personnel of World War II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_atheists" title="Category:French atheists">French atheists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_blind_people" title="Category:French blind people">French blind people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_communists" title="Category:French communists">French communists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_dramatists_and_playwrights" title="Category:French dramatists and playwrights">French dramatists and playwrights</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_epistemologists" title="Category:French epistemologists">French epistemologists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_ethicists" title="Category:French ethicists">French ethicists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_humanists" title="Category:French humanists">French humanists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_literary_critics" title="Category:French literary critics">French literary critics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_magazine_founders" title="Category:French magazine founders">French magazine founders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_male_dramatists_and_playwrights" title="Category:French male dramatists and playwrights">French male dramatists and playwrights</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_male_screenwriters" title="Category:French male screenwriters">French male screenwriters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_Marxist_writers" title="Category:French Marxist writers">French Marxist writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_Marxists" title="Category:French Marxists">French Marxists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_Nobel_laureates" title="Category:French Nobel laureates">French Nobel laureates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_people_of_German_descent" title="Category:French people of German descent">French people of German descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_philosophers_of_art" title="Category:French philosophers of art">French philosophers of art</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_philosophers_of_culture" title="Category:French philosophers of culture">French philosophers of culture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_philosophers_of_education" title="Category:French philosophers of education">French philosophers of education</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_philosophers_of_history" title="Category:French philosophers of history">French philosophers of history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_philosophers_of_science" title="Category:French philosophers of science">French philosophers of science</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_political_philosophers" title="Category:French political philosophers">French political philosophers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Category:French prisoners of war in World War II">French prisoners of war in World War II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_Resistance_members" title="Category:French Resistance members">French Resistance members</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_scientists_with_disabilities" title="Category:French scientists with disabilities">French scientists with disabilities</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_critics_of_religions" title="Category:French critics of religions">French critics of religions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_socialists" title="Category:French socialists">French socialists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_sociologists" title="Category:French sociologists">French sociologists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_Zionists" title="Category:French Zionists">French Zionists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_writers_with_disabilities" title="Category:French writers with disabilities">French writers with disabilities</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Legion_of_Honour_refusals" title="Category:Legion of Honour refusals">Legion of Honour refusals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Libertarian_Marxists" title="Category:Libertarian Marxists">Libertarian Marxists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Libertarian_socialists" title="Category:Libertarian socialists">Libertarian socialists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lyc%C3%A9e_Condorcet_teachers" title="Category:Lycée Condorcet teachers">Lycée Condorcet teachers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lyc%C3%A9e_Henri-IV_alumni" title="Category:Lycée Henri-IV alumni">Lycée Henri-IV alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lyc%C3%A9e_Louis-le-Grand_alumni" title="Category:Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni">Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_male_biographers" title="Category:French male biographers">French male biographers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Marxist_humanists" title="Category:Marxist humanists">Marxist humanists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Metaphysicians" title="Category:Metaphysicians">Metaphysicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nobel_laureates_in_Literature" title="Category:Nobel laureates in Literature">Nobel laureates in Literature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ontologists" title="Category:Ontologists">Ontologists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Phenomenologists" title="Category:Phenomenologists">Phenomenologists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_death" title="Category:Philosophers of death">Philosophers of death</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_literature" title="Category:Philosophers of literature">Philosophers of literature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_mind" title="Category:Philosophers of mind">Philosophers of mind</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_nihilism" title="Category:Philosophers of nihilism">Philosophers of nihilism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_sexuality" title="Category:Philosophers of sexuality">Philosophers of sexuality</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_social_science" title="Category:Philosophers of social science">Philosophers of social science</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_writers" title="Category:Philosophy writers">Philosophy writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scholars_of_antisemitism" title="Category:Scholars of antisemitism">Scholars of antisemitism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Theorists_on_Western_civilization" title="Category:Theorists on Western civilization">Theorists on Western civilization</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II_prisoners_of_war_held_by_Germany" title="Category:World War II prisoners of war held by Germany">World War II prisoners of war held by Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Writers_from_Paris" title="Category:Writers from Paris">Writers from Paris</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Writers_on_antisemitism" title="Category:Writers on antisemitism">Writers on antisemitism</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Swedish-language_sources_(sv)" title="Category:CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)">CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_December_2014" title="Category:Use dmy dates from December 2014">Use dmy dates from December 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biography_with_signature" title="Category:Biography with signature">Biography with signature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_French_IPA" title="Category:Pages with French IPA">Pages with French IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata">Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nobelprize_template_using_Wikidata_property_P8024" title="Category:Nobelprize template using Wikidata property P8024">Nobelprize template using Wikidata property P8024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Internet_Archive_links" title="Category:Articles with Internet Archive links">Articles with Internet Archive links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Open_Library_ID_same_as_Wikidata" title="Category:Open Library ID same as Wikidata">Open Library ID same as Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Open_Library_links" title="Category:Articles with Open Library links">Articles with Open Library links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 November 2024, at 02:54 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Paul_Sartre&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-pqfbt","wgBackendResponseTime":192,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.787","walltime":"2.275","ppvisitednodes":{"value":14898,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":528752,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":130105,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":20,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":405093,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1811.409 1 -total"," 25.10% 454.749 1 Template:Reflist"," 19.47% 352.719 1 Template:Infobox_philosopher"," 10.42% 188.824 59 Template:Sfn"," 9.54% 172.775 38 Template:Cite_book"," 8.83% 159.905 10 Template:Navbox"," 8.54% 154.745 1 Template:Jean-Paul_Sartre"," 6.41% 116.058 6 Template:Lang"," 5.99% 108.487 1 Template:Navboxes"," 5.96% 108.008 26 Template:Cite_web"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.064","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21440261,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAdler1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAronson1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAronson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaert2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBakewell2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaldwin1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBondy1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoulé2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBrabazon1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrian_C._Anderson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharlesworth1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen-Solal1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen-SolalCabanelSimon-NahumJaduken2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavisAusterContatSartre1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForrest_E._Baird1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFulton1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerassi1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibney1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGodo2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayim1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayman1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayman1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeidegger1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolland\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHumphrey2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIstván_Mészáros2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJean-PaulArlette_Elkaïm-Sartre,_Jonathan_Webber2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJean-Paul_Sartre1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJudt2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhwaja_Masud2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirsner2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaBreck2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLe_SueurPierre_Bourdieu2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalinge2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalinge2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalinge2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCloskey2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMenand2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_Walzer2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOusby2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuelques_Anciens_Celebres_–_Hattemar\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodgersThompson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamuel2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSartre1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchrift2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchueler2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScriven1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScriven1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiegel1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinger2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThody1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_den_HovenAndrew_N._Leak2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWieviorka1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodward2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Beauvoir1984\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"1964 Nobel Prize winners\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 7,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 38,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 26,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Communism\"] = 1,\n [\"Continental philosophy\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Sartre, Jean-Paul\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Existentialism\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 7,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 7,\n [\"Infobox philosopher\"] = 1,\n [\"Interlanguage link\"] = 3,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 1,\n [\"Jean-Paul Sartre\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Metaphysics\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobel Prize in Literature Laureates 1951-1975\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobelprize\"] = 1,\n [\"OL author\"] = 1,\n [\"PM20\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"R\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 59,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Simone de Beauvoir\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Social and political philosophy\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 5,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","200","15.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","160","12.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","100","7.9"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","7.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","100","7.9"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","6.3"],["type","40","3.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::setTTL","40","3.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","40","3.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::newTitle","40","3.2"],["[others]","360","28.6"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-vthpd","timestamp":"20241125052516","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Jean-Paul Sartre","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Paul_Sartre","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q9364","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q9364","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-14T18:13:48Z","dateModified":"2024-11-20T02:54:22Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/ef\/Sartre_1967_crop.jpg","headline":"French existentialist philosopher (1905\u20131980)"}</script> </body> </html>