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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Nynorsk_studies_and_dictionaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Nynorsk_studies_and_dictionaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early Nynorsk studies and dictionaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Nynorsk_studies_and_dictionaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ivar_Aasen's_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ivar_Aasen's_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ivar Aasen's work</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ivar_Aasen's_work-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ivar Aasen's work subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ivar_Aasen's_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Conflict</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographical_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographical_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Geographical distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographical_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status_of_the_language_form" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status_of_the_language_form"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Status of the language form</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status_of_the_language_form-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spoken_Nynorsk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spoken_Nynorsk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Spoken Nynorsk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spoken_Nynorsk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genitive_of_nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genitive_of_nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Genitive of nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genitive_of_nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compound_words" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compound_words"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Compound words</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compound_words-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inflection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inflection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Inflection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inflection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adjectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.1</span> <span>Adjectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comparison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.1.1</span> <span>Comparison</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Participles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Participles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.2</span> <span>Participles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Participles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definiteness_inflection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definiteness_inflection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.3</span> <span>Definiteness inflection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definiteness_inflection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Determiners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Determiners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.4</span> <span>Determiners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Determiners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verb_conjugation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verb_conjugation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Verb conjugation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verb_conjugation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ergative_verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ergative_verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.1</span> <span>Ergative verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ergative_verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Passive_construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Passive_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.2</span> <span>Passive construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Passive_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reflexive_verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reflexive_verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.3</span> <span>Reflexive verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reflexive_verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-T_as_final_sound" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#T_as_final_sound"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.4</span> <span><i>T</i> as final sound</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-T_as_final_sound-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ordering_of_possessive_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ordering_of_possessive_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5.1</span> <span>Ordering of possessive pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ordering_of_possessive_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adverbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adverbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Adverbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adverbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Syntax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Word_forms_compared_with_Bokmål_Norwegian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Word_forms_compared_with_Bokmål_Norwegian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Word forms compared with Bokmål Norwegian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Word_forms_compared_with_Bokmål_Norwegian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nynorsk</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 83 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">83 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nynorsk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%83" title="نينوشك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نينوشك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Nynorsk" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nynorsk" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyunorsk" title="Nyunorsk – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nyunorsk" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Нованарвежская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нованарвежская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Нованарвэская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нованарвэская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA" title="Нюношк – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нюношк" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Nynorsk" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nynorsk" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nynorsk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Nynorsk" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nynorsk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C4%91%C4%91ad%C3%A1rogiella" title="Ođđadárogiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Ođđadárogiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nynorsk" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uusnorra_keel" title="Uusnorra keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Uusnorra keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B2%CE%B7%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC" title="Νεονορβηγικά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νεονορβηγικά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nynorsk" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nynorsk" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nynorsk" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%88" title="نروژی نو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نروژی نو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nynorsk" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Nynorsk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Nynorsk" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nynorsk" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AEn_N%C3%B2-v%C3%AE-ng%C3%AE" title="Sîn Nò-vî-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sîn Nò-vî-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%89%98%EB%85%B8%EB%A5%B4%EC%8A%A4%ED%81%AC" title="뉘노르스크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="뉘노르스크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BD%D5%AF" title="Նյունորսկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նյունորսկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nynorsk" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Nynorsk" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nynorsk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Нюнорск – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Нюнорск" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BDnorska" title="Nýnorska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nýnorska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nynorsk" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%97%D7%93%D7%A9%D7%94" title="נורווגית חדשה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נורווגית חדשה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ნიუნორსკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნიუნორსკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Нюнорск – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Нюнорск" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_nynorsk" title="Zimanê nynorsk – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê nynorsk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaunnorv%C4%93%C4%A3u_valoda" title="Jaunnorvēģu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jaunnorvēģu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naujoji_norveg%C5%B3_kalba" title="Naujoji norvegų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Naujoji norvegų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Nynorsk" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Nynorsk" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorsk_nyelv" title="Nynorsk nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nynorsk nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ნიუნორსკი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნიუნორსკი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%DA%A9" title="نینورسک – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="نینورسک" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nynorsk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%8B%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F_%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%9B_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯅꯣꯔꯋꯦꯖꯤꯌꯥꯟ ꯅꯤꯅꯣꯔ꯭ꯁꯛ ꯂꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯅꯣꯔꯋꯦꯖꯤꯌꯥꯟ ꯅꯤꯅꯣꯔ꯭ꯁꯛ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C_(%D0%BD%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA)" title="Норвегонь кяль (нюнорск) – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Норвегонь кяль (нюнорск)" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nynorsk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Nynorsk" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8E%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%82%AF" title="ニーノシュク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニーノシュク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nynorsk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nynorsk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%DA%A9" title="نائنورسک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نائنورسک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%DB%90_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%90%DA%98%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="نوې ناروېژي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نوې ناروېژي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_norveg%C3%A8isa_(Nynorsk)" title="Lenga norvegèisa (Nynorsk) – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga norvegèisa (Nynorsk)" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Nynorsk" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nynorsk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_nova_norueguesa" title="Língua nova norueguesa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua nova norueguesa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nynorsk" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Новонорвежский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Новонорвежский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A0" title="ᱱᱟᱭᱱᱳᱨᱥᱠ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱱᱟᱭᱱᱳᱨᱥᱠ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Nynorsk" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Nynorsk" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Nynorsk" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A" title="නීනෝර්ස්ක් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නීනෝර්ස්ක්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nynorsk" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nynorsk" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Новонорвешки језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Новонорвешки језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nynorsk" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uusnorja" title="Uusnorja – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Uusnorja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorska" title="Nynorska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nynorska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="நீநொர்ஸ்க் மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நீநொர்ஸ்க் மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Нүнорск – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Нүнорск" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nynorsk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA" title="Нюношк – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нюношк" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B4%DA%A9" title="نینوشک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نینوشک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%DB%90%DA%AD%D9%89_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8B%DB%90%DA%AF%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="يېڭى نورۋېگىيە تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" 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language</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">One of two official written standards for the Norwegian language</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Norwegian Nynorsk</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><i>nynorsk</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/nj/: 'n' in 'new'">nj</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>-/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">NEW</span>-norsk, <span style="font-size:90%">NEE</span>-</i></a><br /><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/nj/: 'n' in 'new'">nj</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span></span>-/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">new-<span style="font-size:90%">NORSK</span>, nee-</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Urban East Norwegian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="no-NO-03-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Norwegian" title="Help:IPA/Norwegian">[ˈnỳːnɔʂk]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/be\/Nynorsk_%28Pronuncation%29.ogg\/Nynorsk_%28Pronuncation%29.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nynorsk (Pronuncation).ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/Nynorsk_%28Pronuncation%29.ogg/Nynorsk_%28Pronuncation%29.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Nynorsk_(Pronuncation).ogg" title="File:Nynorsk (Pronuncation).ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i>None</i><br />(written only)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Scandinavian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="West Scandinavian languages">West Scandinavian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><i><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_dialects" title="Norwegian dialects">Norwegian dialects</a></i><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Norwegian Nynorsk</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Old_West_Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Old West Norse">Old West Norse</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norwegian" title="Old Norwegian">Old Norwegian</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Norwegian" title="Middle Norwegian">Middle Norwegian</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><i><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_dialects" title="Norwegian dialects">Norwegian dialects</a></i> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B8gnorsk" title="Høgnorsk">Landsmål</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Standard forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Nynorsk (official)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B8gnorsk" title="Høgnorsk">Høgnorsk</a> (unofficial)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Norwegian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian alphabet">Norwegian alphabet</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Nordic_Council.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_the_Nordic_Council.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Nordic_Council.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_the_Nordic_Council.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Nordic_Council.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_the_Nordic_Council.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Nordic_Council.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Language_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Language Council">Norwegian Language Council</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=nn">nn</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=327">nno</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/nno" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:nno">nno</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/norw1262">norw1262</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=52-AAA-ba">to -be 52-AAA-ba to -be</a></code></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Nynorsk</b> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Urban East Norwegian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="no-NO-03-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Norwegian" title="Help:IPA/Norwegian">[ˈnỳːnɔʂk]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/be\/Nynorsk_%28Pronuncation%29.ogg\/Nynorsk_%28Pronuncation%29.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nynorsk (Pronuncation).ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/Nynorsk_%28Pronuncation%29.ogg/Nynorsk_%28Pronuncation%29.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Nynorsk_(Pronuncation).ogg" title="File:Nynorsk (Pronuncation).ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">New Norwegian</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-språkråd_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-språkråd-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is one of the two official written standards of the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian language</a>, the other being <a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a>. From 12 May 1885, it became the state-sanctioned version of <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Aasen" title="Ivar Aasen">Ivar Aasen</a>'s standard Norwegian language (<i>Landsmål</i>), parallel to the <a href="/wiki/Dano-Norwegian" title="Dano-Norwegian">Dano-Norwegian</a> written standard known as <a href="/wiki/Riksm%C3%A5l" title="Riksmål">Riksmål</a>. The name Nynorsk was introduced in 1929. After a series of reforms, it is still the written standard closer to <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">Landsmål</i></span>, whereas Bokmål is closer to Riksmål and Danish. </p><p>Between 10 and 15 percent of Norwegians (primarily in the west around the city of <a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a>) have Nynorsk as their official language form, estimated by the number of students attending secondary schools.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nynorsk is also taught as a mandatory subject in both high school and middle school for all Norwegians who do not have it as their own language form.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nynorsk&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Norway had its own written and oral language—<a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Norwegian</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a>, Norway became a <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">less important part of Denmark</a>. At that time, <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> was declared the written language of Norway until 1814, and Danish with Norwegian intonation and pronunciation was on occasion spoken in the cities (see <a href="/wiki/Dano-Norwegian" title="Dano-Norwegian">Dano-Norwegian</a>). With the independence of Norway from Denmark, Danish became a foreign language and thus lost much of its prestige, and a conservative, written form of Norwegian, Landsmål, had been developed by 1850. By this time, however, the Danish language had been gradually reformed into the written language Riksmål, and no agreement was reached on which of the two forms to use. In 1885, the parliament declared the two forms official and equal. </p><p>Efforts were made to fuse the two written forms into one language. A result was that Landsmål and Riksmål lost their official status in 1929, and were replaced by the written forms Nynorsk and Bokmål, which were intended to be temporary intermediary stages before their final fusion into one hypothesised official Norwegian language known at the time as Samnorsk. This project was later abandoned<sup id="cite_ref-språkråd_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-språkråd-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jahr_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jahr-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Nynorsk and Bokmål remain the two officially sanctioned standards of what is today called the Norwegian language. </p><p>Both written languages are in reality fusions between the Norwegian and Danish languages as they were spoken and written around 1850, with Nynorsk closer to Norwegian and Bokmål closer to Danish. The official standard of Nynorsk has been significantly altered during the process to create the common language form Samnorsk. A minor purist fraction of the Nynorsk population has stayed firm with the historical Aasen norm where these alterations of Nynorsk were rejected, which is known as <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B8gnorsk" title="Høgnorsk">Høgnorsk</a> (English: <span lang="en">High Norwegian</span>, analogous to <a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German</a>). <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Aasen-sambandet" title="Ivar Aasen-sambandet">Ivar Aasen-sambandet</a> is an umbrella organization of associations and individuals promoting the use of Høgnorsk, whereas <a href="/wiki/Noregs_M%C3%A5llag" title="Noregs Mållag">Noregs Mållag</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norsk_M%C3%A5lungdom" title="Norsk Målungdom">Norsk Målungdom</a> advocate the use of Nynorsk in general. </p><p>The Landsmål (Landsmaal) language standard was constructed by the Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguist</a> <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Aasen" title="Ivar Aasen">Ivar Aasen</a> during the mid-19th century, to provide a Norwegian-based alternative to <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, which was commonly written, and to some extent spoken, in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> at the time. </p><p>The word <i>Nynorsk</i> also has another meaning. In addition to being the name of the present, official written language standard, Nynorsk can also refer to the Norwegian language in use after <a href="/wiki/Old_Norwegian" title="Old Norwegian">Old Norwegian</a>, 11th to 14th centuries, and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Norwegian" title="Middle Norwegian">Middle Norwegian</a>, 1350 to about 1550.<sup id="cite_ref-OldNyn_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OldNyn-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The written Norwegian that was used until the period of Danish rule (1536-1814), closely resembles Nynorsk (New Norwegian).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A major source of old written material is <a href="/wiki/Diplomatarium_Norvegicum" title="Diplomatarium Norvegicum">Diplomatarium Norvegicum</a> in 22 printed volumes. </p><p>In 2023 <a href="/wiki/Jon_Fosse" title="Jon Fosse">Jon Fosse</a> received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a>. He was the first person awarded this prize to write in Nynorsk.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_Nynorsk_studies_and_dictionaries">Early Nynorsk studies and dictionaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nynorsk&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early Nynorsk studies and dictionaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olav_Rusti-Ivar_Aasen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Olav_Rusti-Ivar_Aasen.jpg/200px-Olav_Rusti-Ivar_Aasen.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Olav_Rusti-Ivar_Aasen.jpg/300px-Olav_Rusti-Ivar_Aasen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Olav_Rusti-Ivar_Aasen.jpg/400px-Olav_Rusti-Ivar_Aasen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2028" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ivar_Aasen" title="Ivar Aasen">Ivar Aasen</a> (drawing by Olav Rusti)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adolph_Tidemand_%26_Hans_Gude_-_Bridal_Procession_on_the_Hardangerfjord_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Adolph_Tidemand_%26_Hans_Gude_-_Bridal_Procession_on_the_Hardangerfjord_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/200px-Adolph_Tidemand_%26_Hans_Gude_-_Bridal_Procession_on_the_Hardangerfjord_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Adolph_Tidemand_%26_Hans_Gude_-_Bridal_Procession_on_the_Hardangerfjord_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/300px-Adolph_Tidemand_%26_Hans_Gude_-_Bridal_Procession_on_the_Hardangerfjord_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Adolph_Tidemand_%26_Hans_Gude_-_Bridal_Procession_on_the_Hardangerfjord_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/400px-Adolph_Tidemand_%26_Hans_Gude_-_Bridal_Procession_on_the_Hardangerfjord_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7783" data-file-height="5565" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_romantic_nationalism" title="Norwegian romantic nationalism">Norwegian romantic nationalism</a> movement sought to identify and celebrate the genuinely Norwegian.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the transition from Middle Norwegian to New Norwegian/Nynorsk (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1525</span>), several studies of the language were assembled. The oldest of these is a language overview and collection of proverbs from the early 1600s Vest-Agder. Later in the century, a dictionary from Robyggjelaget was written. Neither of these works were printed until more recently. In 1646, however, Christen Jensøn (1610-1653), born in Askvoll, Norway, released a dictionary which documented the Nynorsk language in Sunnfjord.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1749, <a href="/wiki/Erik_Pontoppidan" title="Erik Pontoppidan">Erik Pontoppidan</a> released a dictionary of Norwegian words that were incomprehensible to Danish people, <i>Glossarium Norvagicum Eller Forsøg paa en Samling Af saadanne rare Norske Ord Som gemeenlig ikke forstaaes af Danske Folk, Tilligemed en Fortegnelse paa Norske Mænds og Qvinders Navne</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-runeberg_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-runeberg-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pontoppidan's dictionary was criticised by <a href="/wiki/Torleiv_Hannaas" title="Torleiv Hannaas">Torleiv Hannaas</a> for being a somewhat haphazard collection of rarities, and for being written by someone who was not proficient in Nynorsk, in contrast with Jensøn's dictionary. It is agreed, and also admitted by Pontoppidan himself, that the scope of Pontoppidan's work was not to provide a complete or rigid study of Nynorsk, but to make an attempt to further the understanding of the language.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ivar_Aasen's_work"><span id="Ivar_Aasen.27s_work"></span>Ivar Aasen's work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nynorsk&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ivar Aasen's work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A systematic study of the Norwegian language was made by <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Aasen" title="Ivar Aasen">Ivar Aasen</a> in the mid 19th century. After the dissolution of <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a> and the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway" title="Union between Sweden and Norway">union between Sweden and Norway</a> in 1814, Norwegians considered that neither Danish, by now a foreign language, nor by any means Swedish, were suitable written norms for Norwegian affairs. The linguist <a href="/wiki/Knud_Knudsen_(linguist)" title="Knud Knudsen (linguist)">Knud Knudsen</a> proposed a gradual Norwegianisation of Danish. Ivar Aasen, however, favoured a more radical approach, based on the principle that the spoken language of people living in the Norwegian countryside, who made up the vast majority of the population, should be regarded as more Norwegian than that of upper-middle class city-dwellers, who for centuries had been substantially influenced by the Danish language and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-språkråd_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-språkråd-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jahr_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jahr-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This idea was not unique to Aasen, and can be seen in the wider context of <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_romantic_nationalism" title="Norwegian romantic nationalism">Norwegian romantic nationalism</a>. In the 1840s, Aasen traveled across rural Norway and studied its dialects. He preferred the rural dialects of <a href="/wiki/Vestlandet" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestlandet">Vestlandet</a> and inland <a href="/wiki/%C3%98stlandet" class="mw-redirect" title="Østlandet">Østlandet</a>, whilst avoiding the city dialects and focusing less on the dialects of southern Østlandet and southern coast of <a href="/wiki/Skagerrak" title="Skagerrak">Skagerrak</a>, which he considered to be too much corrupted by Danish. In 1848 and 1850, he published the first Norwegian grammar and dictionary, respectively, which described a standard that Aasen called Landsmål. New versions detailing the written standard were published in 1864 and 1873, and in the 20th century by <a href="/wiki/Olav_Beito" title="Olav Beito">Olav Beito</a> in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the same period, <a href="/wiki/Venceslaus_Ulricus_Hammershaimb" title="Venceslaus Ulricus Hammershaimb">Venceslaus Ulricus Hammershaimb</a> standardised the orthography of the <a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese language</a>. Spoken Faroese is closely related to Landsmål and dialects in Norway proper, and <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Debes" title="Lucas Debes">Lucas Debes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peder_Hansen_Resen" title="Peder Hansen Resen">Peder Hansen Resen</a> classified the Faroese tongue as Norwegian in the late 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Faroese is now regarded as a separate language. </p><p>Aasen's work is based on the idea that Norwegian dialects had a common structure that made them a separate language alongside Danish and Swedish. The central point for Aasen therefore became to find and show the structural dependencies between the dialects. In order to abstract this structure from the variety of dialects, he developed some basic criteria, which he called <i>the most perfect form</i>. He defined this form as the one that best showed the connection to related words, with similar words, and with the forms in <a href="/wiki/Old_Norwegian" title="Old Norwegian">Old Norwegian</a>. No single dialect had all the "perfect forms"; each dialect had preserved different aspects and parts of the language. Through such a systematic approach, Aasen believed one could arrive at a uniting expression for all Norwegian dialects, what he called <i>the fundamental dialect</i>; <a href="/wiki/Einar_Haugen" title="Einar Haugen">Einar Haugen</a> called it <i>Proto-Norwegian</i>. </p><p>The idea that the study should end up in a new written language marked Aasen's work from the beginning. A fundamental idea for him was that the fundamental dialect should be <a href="/wiki/Modern_Norwegian" title="Modern Norwegian">Modern Norwegian</a>, not <a href="/wiki/Old_Norwegian" title="Old Norwegian">Old Norwegian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a>. Therefore, he did not include grammatical categories which were extinct in all dialects. At the same time, the categories that were inherited from the old language and were still present in some dialects should be represented in the written standard. Haugen has used the word <i>reconstruction</i> rather than <i>construction</i> about this work. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflict">Conflict</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nynorsk&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Conflict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language_conflict" title="Norwegian language conflict">Norwegian language conflict</a></div> <p>From the outset, Nynorsk was met with resistance among those who believed that the <a href="/wiki/Dano-Norwegian" title="Dano-Norwegian">Dano-Norwegian</a> then in use was sufficient. With the advent and growth of mass media, exposure to the standard languages increased, and Bokmål's position is dominant in many situations. This may explain why negative attitudes toward Nynorsk persist, as is seen with many <a href="/wiki/Minority_language" title="Minority language">minority languages</a>. This is especially prominent among students, who are required to learn both of the official written languages. There are however many individual reasons for both positive and negative attitudes towards Nynorsk. Many claim that obligatory learning of both language forms is unnecessary, and that students would be better off spending their time on learning a foreign language, or simply focusing on one of the language forms.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some critics of obligatory Nynorsk and Bokmål as school subjects have been very outspoken about their opposition. For instance, during the 2005 election, the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Young_Conservatives" title="Norwegian Young Conservatives">Norwegian Young Conservatives</a> made an advertisement where a candidate for parliament threw a copy of the Nynorsk dictionary into a barrel of flames. After strong reactions to this <a href="/wiki/Book_burning" title="Book burning">book burning</a>, they apologized and chose not to use the video.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographical_distribution">Geographical distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nynorsk&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Geographical distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%A5lformer_i_Norge.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/M%C3%A5lformer_i_Norge.svg/200px-M%C3%A5lformer_i_Norge.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/M%C3%A5lformer_i_Norge.svg/300px-M%C3%A5lformer_i_Norge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/M%C3%A5lformer_i_Norge.svg/400px-M%C3%A5lformer_i_Norge.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2105" data-file-height="2980" /></a><figcaption>Map of the official language forms of Norwegian municipalities as of 2007, with Nynorsk in cyan, Bokmål in orange, and neutral in grey</figcaption></figure> <p>Bokmål has a much larger basis in the cities and generally outside of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Norway" title="Western Norway">western part</a> of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Kristoffersen_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kristoffersen-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Norwegians do not speak either Nynorsk or Bokmål as written, but a Norwegian dialect that identifies their origins. Nynorsk shares many of the problems that minority languages face. </p><p>In Norway, each <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of Norway">municipality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Norway" title="Counties of Norway">county</a> can choose to declare either of the two language standards as the official language or remain "standard-neutral". As of 2020, 90 municipalities had declared Nynorsk the official standard, while 118 had chosen Bokmål; another 148 were "neutral" between the two,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> numbers that have been stable since the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-tunet_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tunet-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As for counties, three have declared Nynorsk as their official standard: <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B8re_og_Romsdal" title="Møre og Romsdal">Møre og Romsdal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telemark" title="Telemark">Telemark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vestland" title="Vestland">Vestland</a>. Most municipalities in <a href="/wiki/Rogaland" title="Rogaland">Rogaland</a> and few in the "standard-neutral" counties have declared Nynorsk as their official standard. <a href="/wiki/%C3%85lesund" title="Ålesund">Ålesund</a> was the largest municipality with Nynorsk as its official language form,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until the area of <a href="/wiki/Haram,_Norway" title="Haram, Norway">Haram, Norway</a> (a Nynorsk-majority area) was separated from the rest of the municipality from 1 January 2024, and the remaining Ålesund municipality opted for "standard-neutrality".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main standard used in primary schools is decided by referendum within the local school district. The number of school districts and pupils using primarily Nynorsk has decreased from its height in the 1940s, even in Nynorsk municipalities. Nynorsk is also part of the school curriculum in high school and elementary school for all students in Norway, where students are taught to write it. </p><p>The prevailing regions for Nynorsk are the rural areas of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Norway" title="Western Norway">western counties</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rogaland" title="Rogaland">Rogaland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vestland" title="Vestland">Vestland</a> and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B8re_og_Romsdal" title="Møre og Romsdal">Møre og Romsdal</a>, where an estimated 90% of the <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">population</a> writes Nynorsk. Some of the rural parts of <a href="/wiki/Innlandet" title="Innlandet">Innlandet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buskerud" title="Buskerud">Buskerud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telemark" title="Telemark">Telemark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agder" title="Agder">Agder</a> also write primarily in Nynorsk. In the <a href="/wiki/Sunnm%C3%B8re" title="Sunnmøre">Sunnmøre</a> region of Møre og Romsdal, all municipalities (except the Bokmål-majority Ålesund) have stated Nynorsk as the official standard. In Vestland, almost all municipalities have declared Nynorsk as the official standard – the city of <a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a> being one of only two exceptions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status_of_the_language_form">Status of the language form</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nynorsk&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Status of the language form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Written Nynorsk is found in all the same types of places and for the same uses (<a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspapers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commercial_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial product">commercial products</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">computer programs</a>, etc.) as other written languages. Most of the biggest newspapers in Norway have certain articles written in Nynorsk, like <a href="/wiki/VG_(Newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="VG (Newspaper)"><i>VG</i></a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Aftenposten" title="Aftenposten">Aftenposten</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but are mainly Bokmål. There are also nationwide newspapers where Nynorsk is the only Norwegian-language form of publication, among them are <i><a href="/wiki/Dag_og_Tid" title="Dag og Tid">Dag & Tid</a></i> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Framtida.no&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Framtida.no (page does not exist)">Framtida.no</a></i>. Many local newspapers have also chosen Nynorsk as the only language form of publication, like <i><a href="/wiki/Firdaposten" title="Firdaposten">Firdaposten</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hallingd%C3%B8len" title="Hallingdølen">Hallingdølen</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hordaland_(newspaper)" title="Hordaland (newspaper)">Hordaland</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B8_blad" title="Bø blad">Bø blad</a></i>. Many newspapers are also officially neutral, conforming to either Nynorsk or Bokmål in an article as they see fit, like <i><a href="/wiki/Klassekampen" title="Klassekampen">Klassekampen</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Bergens_Tidende" title="Bergens Tidende">Bergens Tidende</a></i>. Commercial products produced in the Nynorsk areas of Norway are also often distributed with Nynorsk text, like types of <a href="/wiki/Gamalost" title="Gamalost">Gamalost</a>. Many computer programs and apps that serve the whole country often present a choice between Bokmål and Nynorsk, especially those produced by the Norwegian government. </p><p>There are also requirements by law that many Norwegian institutions have to follow. These laws are in order to keep Nynorsk and Bokmål as equals, which has been seen as an important case since the creation of the language forms. For instance the State-owned broadcaster <a href="/wiki/NRK" title="NRK">NRK</a> is required by law to have at least 25% of their content in Nynorsk. This means that at least one quarter of their content on broadcast and online media has to be in Nynorsk.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a requirement for state organs and universities to have content written in Nynorsk.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every student in the country should be presented the opportunity to take their exam in either Nynorsk or Bokmål. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spoken_Nynorsk">Spoken Nynorsk</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nynorsk&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Spoken Nynorsk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nynorsk is first and foremost a written language form but it does appear as a spoken language. Spoken Nynorsk is often referred to as normed Nynorsk speech.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bokmål speech in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Norway" title="Eastern Norway">Eastern Norway</a> often conforms to <a href="/wiki/Urban_East_Norwegian" title="Urban East Norwegian">Urban East Norwegian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas Bokmål speech in <a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trondheim" title="Trondheim">Trondheim</a> is called <i>pen-bergensk</i> (lit. fine Bergenish) and <i>pen-trøndersk</i> (lit. fine Trondheimish), respectively. Normed Nynorsk speech is mostly used in scripted contexts, like news broadcasts from television stations, such as <a href="/wiki/NRK" title="NRK">NRK</a> and <a href="/wiki/TV_2_(Norway)" class="mw-redirect" title="TV 2 (Norway)">TV2</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It's also widely used in theaters, like <a href="/wiki/Det_Norske_Teatret" title="Det Norske Teatret">Det Norske Teatret</a> and by teachers. Since the 1970s, the motto of the Nynorsk movement has largely been "speak dialect, write Nynorsk", which has marginalized the use of normed Nynorsk speech to mainly scripted contexts. This is in contrast to the normed Bokmål speech which many speakers use in all social settings. Outside of scripts, it is quite common to rather speak a Norwegian dialect. Compared to many other countries, dialects have a higher social status in Norway and are often used even in official contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, it is not uncommon for dialect speakers to use a register closer to the Nynorsk writing standard when deemed suitable, especially in formal contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nynorsk&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a grammatical comparison between Bokmål and Nynorsk, see <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language#Morphology" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian language § Morphology</a>.</div> <p>Nynorsk is a <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="North Germanic language">North Germanic language</a>, close in form to both Icelandic and the other form of written Norwegian (<a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a>). Nynorsk grammar is closer in grammar to Old West Norse than Bokmål is, as the latter was influenced by Danish. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nynorsk&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Grammatical genders are inherent properties of <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">nouns</a>, and each gender has its own forms of inflection. </p><p>Standard Nynorsk and all <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> dialects, with the notable exception of the <a href="/wiki/Bergensk" title="Bergensk">Bergen dialect</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical genders</a>: <a href="/wiki/Masculine" class="mw-redirect" title="Masculine">masculine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feminine" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminine">feminine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">neuter</a>. The situation is slightly more complicated in Bokmål, which has inherited the Danish two-gender system. Written Danish retains only the neuter and the common gender. Though the common gender took what used to be the feminine inflections in Danish, it matches the masculine inflections in Norwegian. The Norwegianization in the 20th century brought the three-gender system into Bokmål, but the process was never completed. In Nynorsk these are important distinctions, in contrast to Bokmål, in which all feminine nouns may also become masculine (due to the incomplete transition to a three-gender system) and inflect using its forms, and indeed a feminine word may be seen in both forms, for example <span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">boka</i></span> or <span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">boken</i></span> ("the book") in Bokmål. This means that <span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">e<b>n</b> lit<b>en</b> stjerne – stjern<b>en</b></i></span> ("a small star – the star", only masculine forms) and <span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">e<b>i</b> lit<b>a</b> stjerne – stjern<b>a</b></i></span> (only feminine forms) both are correct Bokmål, as well as every possible combination: <span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">e<b>n</b> lit<b>en</b> stjerne – stjern<b>a</b></i></span>, <span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">e<b>i</b> lit<b>en</b> stjerne – stjern<b>a</b></i></span> or even <span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">e<b>i</b> lit<b>a</b> stjerne – stjern<b>en</b></i></span>. Choosing either two or three genders throughout the whole text is not a requirement either, so one may choose to write <span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">tida</i></span> ("the time" <abbr title="feminine"><i>f</i></abbr>) and <span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">boken</i></span> ("the book" <abbr title="masculine"><i>m</i></abbr>) in the same work in Bokmål. This is not allowed in Nynorsk, where the feminine forms have to be used wherever they exist. </p><p>In Nynorsk, unlike Bokmål, masculine and feminine nouns are differentiated not only in the singular form but also in the plural forms. For example: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Examples of nouns, Nynorsk </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">Singular </th> <th colspan="2">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>Indefinite </th> <th>Definite </th> <th>Indefinite </th> <th>Definite </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">masculine </th> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">ein bil</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">bilen</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">bilar</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">bilane</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>a car </td> <td>the car </td> <td>cars </td> <td>the cars </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">feminine </th> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">ei seng</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">senga</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">senger</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">sengene</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>a bed </td> <td>the bed </td> <td>beds </td> <td>the beds </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">neuter </th> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">eit hus</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">huset</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">hus</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">husa</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>a house </td> <td>the house </td> <td>houses </td> <td>the houses </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>That is, nouns generally follow these patterns,<sup id="cite_ref-Språkrådet_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Språkrådet-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where all definite articles/plural indefinite articles are suffixes: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Noun inflections in Nynorsk </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">Singular </th> <th colspan="2">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>Indefinite </th> <th>Definite </th> <th>Indefinite </th> <th>Definite </th></tr> <tr> <th>masculine </th> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">ein</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">-en</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">-ar</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">-ane</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>feminine </th> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">ei</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">-a</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">-er</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">-ene</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>neuter </th> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">eit</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">-et</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><span lang="nn">-</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">-a</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The gender of each noun normally follows certain patterns. For instance will all nouns ending in <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">-nad</i></span> be masculine, like the word <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">jobbsøknad</i></span> (job application). Almost all nouns ending in <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">-ing</i></span> will be feminine, like the word <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">forventning</i></span> (expectation). The <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">-ing</i></span> nouns also get an irregular inflection pattern, with <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">-ar</i></span> and <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">-ane</i></span> in the plural indefinite and plural definite (just like the masculine) but inflected like a feminine noun in every other way.<sup id="cite_ref-Språkrådet_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Språkrådet-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are a few other common nouns that have an irregular inflection too, like <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">mann</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which means man and is a masculine word, but for plural it gets an <a href="/wiki/Umlaut_(linguistics)" title="Umlaut (linguistics)">umlaut</a> (just like English): <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">menn</i></span> (men) and it gets a plural definite that follows the inflection pattern of a feminine word: <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">mennene</i></span> (the men). The word <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">son</i></span> which means son is another word that is inflected just like a masculine word except for the plural, where it is inflected like a feminine noun with an <a href="/wiki/Umlaut_(linguistics)" title="Umlaut (linguistics)">umlaut</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">søner</i></span> (sons), <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">sønene</i></span> (the sons). </p><p>Here is a short list of irregular nouns, many of which are irregular in Bokmål too and some of which even follow the same irregular inflection as in Bokmål (like the word in the first row: <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">ting</i></span>): </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>A few common irregular nouns<sup id="cite_ref-Språkrådet_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Språkrådet-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Singular </th> <th colspan="2">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th width="25%">Indefinite </th> <th width="25%">Definite </th> <th width="25%">Indefinite </th> <th width="25%">Definite </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">ein ting</i></span> (a thing) </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">tingen</i></span> (the thing) </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">ting</i></span> (things) </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">tinga</i></span> (the things) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">ein far</i></span> (a dad) </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">faren</i></span> (the dad) </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">fedrar</i></span> (dads) </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">fedrane</i></span> (the dads) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">ein bror</i></span> (a brother) </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">broren</i></span> (the brother) </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">brør</i></span> (brothers) </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">brørne</i></span> (the brothers) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">eit museum</i></span> (a museum) </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">museet</i></span> (the museum) </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">museum</i></span> (museums) </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">musea</i></span> (the museums) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Genitive_of_nouns">Genitive of nouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nynorsk&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Genitive of nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language#Genitive_of_nouns" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian language § Genitive of nouns</a></div> <p>Expressing ownership of a noun (like "the girl's car") is very similar to how it is in Bokmål, but the use of the reflexive possessive pronouns <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">sin</i></span>, <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">si</i></span>, <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">sitt</i></span>, <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">sine</i></span> are more extensive than in Bokmål due to the preservation of historical grammatical case expressions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compound_words">Compound words</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nynorsk&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Compound words"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language#Compound_words" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian language § Compound words</a></div> <p>Compound words are constructed in exactly the same way as Bokmål. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inflection">Inflection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nynorsk&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Inflection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A grammatical gender is not characterized by <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a> <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflection</a> alone; each gender can have further inflectional forms. That is, gender can determine the inflection of other parts of speech which agree grammatically with a noun. This concerns <a href="/wiki/Determiner_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Determiner (linguistics)">determiners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Past_participles" class="mw-redirect" title="Past participles">past participles</a>. </p><p>The inflection patterns and words are quite similar to those of Bokmål, but unlike Bokmål the feminine forms are not optional, they have to be used. As for adjectives and determiners, the list of words with a feminine inflection form are quite few compared to those for the masculine and neuter after the 2012 language revision. All the past participles for strong verbs are for instance no longer inflected for the feminine (with an inflection ending <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">-i</i></span>) and there is just a handful of adjectives left with a feminine form, one of which is the adjective <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">liten</i></span> as is shown in the inflection table below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adjectives">Adjectives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nynorsk&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Adjectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">Adjectives</a> have to <a href="/wiki/Agreement_(linguistics)" title="Agreement (linguistics)">agree</a> with the noun in both gender and number just like Bokmål.<sup id="cite_ref-elevrom.sprakradet.no_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elevrom.sprakradet.no-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike Bokmål, Nynorsk has a more completed system of adjective agreement comparable to that of the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish language</a> (see <a href="#Participles">Nynorsk past participles</a>). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> <a href="/wiki/Adjective#Predicative_adjective" title="Adjective">Predicative agreement</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Norwegian </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">Bilen er <b>liten</b></i></span> </td> <td>The car (masculine) is <b>small</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">Linja er <b>lita</b></i></span> </td> <td>The line (feminine) is <b>small</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">Huset er <b>lite</b></i></span> </td> <td>The house (neuter) is <b>small</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Just like in Bokmål, adjectives have to agree after certain <a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">copula</a> verbs, like in this case the verb for "to be": <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">vere</i></span> (<span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">er</i></span> is its present tense). Other important copula verbs where predicative agreement happens are <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">verte</i></span> and <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">bli</i></span> (both mean "become"). Other copula verbs are also <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">ser ut</i></span> (looks like) and <a href="#Reflexive_verbs">the reflexive verbs in Nynorsk</a>. When verbs are used other than these copula verbs, the adjectives like in the example above will no longer be adjectives but an adverb. The adverb form of an adjective is the same as the neuter form of the adjective, just like in Bokmål.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">Han gjør lite</i></span> (he does little). Adverbs are not inflected, like most European languages. The system of agreement after copula verbs in the Scandinavian languages is a remnant of the grammatical case system. The verbs where the subject and predicate of the verb had the same case are known as copula verbs. The system of grammatical case disappeared but there was still specific gender forms that was left. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Adjective#Predicative_adjective" title="Adjective">Attributive agreement</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Norwegian </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">Ein <b>liten</b> bil</i></span> </td> <td>A <b>small</b> car (masculine) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">Ei <b>lita</b> linje</i></span> </td> <td>A <b>small</b> line (feminine) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">Eit <b>lite</b> hus</i></span> </td> <td>A <b>small</b> house (neuter) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Most adjectives will follow this pattern of inflection for adjectives, which is the same as in Bokmål:<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>The most common inflection </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Masculine/feminine </th> <th>neuter </th> <th>Plural/definite </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><span lang="nn">—</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">-t</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">-e</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Examples of adjectives that follow this pattern are adjectives like fin<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (nice), klar<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (ready/clear), rar<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (weird). </p><p>Adjectives/perfect participles that end in a <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a> (like the word <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">grei</i></span>, which means straightforward/fine) will follow this inflection pattern:<sup id="cite_ref-elevrom.sprakradet.no_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elevrom.sprakradet.no-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Inflection for adjectives ending on diphthong </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Masculine/feminine </th> <th>neuter </th> <th>Plural/definite </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><span lang="nn">—</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">-tt</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">-e</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Examples, adjective inflections </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Norwegian </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">Hagen er <b>fin</b></i></span> </td> <td>The garden (masculine) is <b>nice</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">Løypa er <b>fin</b></i></span> </td> <td>The trail (feminine) is <b>nice</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">Været var <b>fint</b></i></span> </td> <td>The weather (neuter) was <b>nice</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">Løypa er nokså <b>grei</b></i></span> </td> <td>The trail (feminine) is pretty <b>straightforward</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">Det er <b>greitt</b></i></span> </td> <td>It (neuter) is <b>fine</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Comparison"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_(grammar)" title="Comparison (grammar)">Comparison</a></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nynorsk&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Comparison"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All <a href="/wiki/Comparison_(grammar)" title="Comparison (grammar)">adjective comparison</a> follow this pattern: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Verb comparison </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Positive </th> <th>Comparative </th> <th>Superlative </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><span lang="nn">—</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">-are</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">-ast</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Example, verb comparison </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Positive </th> <th>Comparative </th> <th>Superlative </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">fin</i></span> (nice) </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">fin<b>are</b></i></span> (nicer) </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">fin<b>ast</b></i></span> (nicest) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Participles">Participles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nynorsk&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Participles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">Past participles</a> of verbs, which are when the verb functions as an adjective, are inflected just like an adjective.<sup id="cite_ref-elevrom.sprakradet.no_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elevrom.sprakradet.no-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is very similar to the system of agreement in <a href="/wiki/Swedish_grammar" title="Swedish grammar">the Swedish language</a>, where all participles have an inflection for gender, number and definiteness. In contrast, participles in Bokmål are only in general inflected for number and definiteness and shares many of the inflections it got from the Danish language. The inflections of these participles are inferred from the verb conjugation class they pertain to, described in the verb section. In Nynorsk, the verb <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">skrive</i></span> (to write, strong verb) has the following forms:<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Skrive (to write, strong verb) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Masculine/feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th> <th>Plural and definite </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">skriv<b>en</b></i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">skriv<b>e</b></i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">skriv<b>ne</b></i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table><p>In fact, all strong verbs are conjugated in this pattern:<sup id="cite_ref-elevrom.sprakradet.no_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elevrom.sprakradet.no-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><table class="wikitable"> <caption>Strong verbs </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Masculine/feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th> <th>Plural and definite </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">-en</i></span></b> </td> <td><b><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">-e</i></span></b> </td> <td><b><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">-ne</i></span></b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Strong verbs had an optional feminine form <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">-i</i></span> prior to the 2012 language revision that still are used among some users. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Examples, strong verbs </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Norwegian </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">Protokollen er skriv<b>en</b></i></span> </td> <td>The protocol (masculine) is written </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">Boka er skriv<b>en</b></i></span> </td> <td>The book (feminine) is written </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">Brevet er skriv<b>e</b></i></span> </td> <td>The letter (neuter) is written </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">Bøkene er skriv<b>ne</b></i></span> </td> <td>The books are written </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">Ein skriv<b>en</b> protokoll</i></span> </td> <td>A written protocol (masculine) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">Ei skriv<b>en</b> bok</i></span> </td> <td>A written book (feminine) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">Eit skriv<b>e</b> brev</i></span> </td> <td>A written letter (neuter) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">To skriv<b>ne</b> brev</i></span> </td> <td>Two written letters </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some of the weak verbs have to agree in only number (just like in Bokmål), while many have to agree in both gender and number (like in Swedish). The weak verbs are inflected according to their conjugation class<sup id="cite_ref-elevrom.sprakradet.no_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elevrom.sprakradet.no-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see <a href="#Verb_conjugation">Nynorsk verb conjugation</a>). </p><p>All <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">a</i></span>-verbs get the following inflections:<sup id="cite_ref-elevrom.sprakradet.no_35-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elevrom.sprakradet.no-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">a</i></span>-verbs </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Masculine/feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th> <th>Plural and definite </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn"><b>-a</b></i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>All <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">e</i></span>-verbs (with <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">-de</i></span> in preterite) and <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">j</i></span>-verbs get the following inflections:<sup id="cite_ref-elevrom.sprakradet.no_35-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elevrom.sprakradet.no-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">e</i></span>-verbs (<span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">-de</i></span> in preterite), <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">j</i></span>-verbs </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Masculine/feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th> <th>Plural and definite </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn"><b>-d</b></i></span> </td> <td><b><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">-t</i></span></b> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn"><b>-de</b></i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>All other <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">e</i></span>-verbs (those with <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">-te</i></span> in preterite) get the following inflections:<sup id="cite_ref-elevrom.sprakradet.no_35-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elevrom.sprakradet.no-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">e</i></span>-verbs (<span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">-te</i></span> in preterite) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Masculine/feminine/neuter </th> <th>Plural and definite </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">-t</i></span></b> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn"><b>-te</b></i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>All short verbs get the following inflections:<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Short verbs </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Masculine/feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th> <th>Plural and definite </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn"><b>-dd</b></i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn"><b>-dd</b>/<b>-tt</b></i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn"><b>-dde</b></i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Examples, weak verbs </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Norwegian </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">Boka er sel<b>d</b></i></span> </td> <td>The book (feminine) has been sold </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">Bordet er sel<b>t</b></i></span> </td> <td>The table (neuter) has been sold </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">Ein val<b>d</b> president</i></span> </td> <td>An elected president (masculine) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">Eit utval<b>t</b> barn</i></span> </td> <td>A chosen child (neuter) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">Målet er oppnå<b>tt</b></i></span> </td> <td>The goal (neuter) has been achieved </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">Grensa er nå<b>dd</b></i></span> </td> <td>The limit (female) has been reached </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Present_participle" class="mw-redirect" title="Present participle">Present participles</a> are like all other living Scandinavian languages not inflected in Nynorsk. In general, they are formed with the suffix <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">-ande</i></span> on the verb stem; <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">Ein skrivande student</i></span> (a writing student). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Definiteness_inflection">Definiteness inflection</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nynorsk&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Definiteness inflection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As can be seen from the inflection tables for <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">past participles</a>, they all have their own inflection for definiteness. Just like Bokmål, when adjectives and past participles are accompanied by the articles in the following table below, the adjective/past participle gets the definite inflection and the following noun also gets the definite inflection - a form of double definiteness.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nynorsk requires the use of double definiteness, where as in Bokmål this is not required due to its Danish origins, but the usage in Bokmål depends on the formality of the text. That is, in Bokmål it is perfectly fine to write <i>I første avsnitt</i> (which means; "in the first paragraph"), while the same sentence in Nynorsk would be <i>I det første avsnittet</i> which is also the most common way to construct the sentence in the Norwegian dialects<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is also legal Bokmål. </p><p>Like most Scandinavian languages, when the noun is definite and is described by an adjective like the phrase "the beautiful mountains", there is a separate definite article dependent on the gender/number of the noun. In Nynorsk these articles are: <i>den</i>/<i>det</i>/<i>dei</i>. The following noun and adjective both gets a definite inflection. When there is no adjective and the articles <i>den</i>/<i>det</i>/<i>dei</i> are used in front of the noun (like <i>dei fjella</i>, English; "those mountains"), the articles are inferred as the demonstrative "that"/"those" depending on if the noun is plural or not. The difference between the demonstrative "that" and the article "the" is in general inferred from context when there is an adjective involved. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">Articles</a>: "this/that/these/the" </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Masculine/feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>den</i> (that/the) </td> <td><i>det</i> (that/the) </td> <td><i>dei</i> (those/the) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>denne</i> (this) </td> <td><i>dette</i> (this) </td> <td><i>desse</i> (these) </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Examples: definiteness </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Masculine/feminine </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>Den fin<b>e</b> bil<b>en</b></i> </td> <td>That/the nice car </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Den bil<b>en</b></i> </td> <td>That car </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Det rar<b>e</b> kjøleskap<b>et</b></i> </td> <td>That/the weird fridge </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Dei storsleg<b>ne</b> fjord<b>ane</b></i> </td> <td>Those/the magnificent fjords </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Dei nydeleg<b>e</b> fjell<b>a</b></i> </td> <td>Those/the beautiful mountains </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Denne fin<b>e</b> jent<b>a</b></i> </td> <td>This nice girl </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Dette stor<b>e</b> fjell<b>et</b></i> </td> <td>This big mountain </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Desse rar<b>e</b> jent<b>ene</b></i> </td> <td>These weird girls </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Determiners">Determiners</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nynorsk&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Determiners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Determiner" title="Determiner">determinatives</a> have inflection patterns quite similar to Bokmål, the only difference being that the masculine form is often used for the feminine in Bokmål. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessives</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>English</th> <th>Masculine</th> <th>Feminine</th> <th>Neuter</th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>my/mine </th> <td><i>min</i></td> <td><i>mi</i></td> <td><i>mitt</i></td> <td><i>mine</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>your/yours (singular) </th> <td><i>din</i></td> <td><i>di</i></td> <td><i>ditt</i></td> <td><i>dine</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>his </th> <td colspan="4"><i>hans</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>her/hers </th> <td colspan="4"><i>hennar</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>its </th> <td colspan="4"><i>dess</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>his/her/its (<a href="/wiki/Reflexive_pronoun" title="Reflexive pronoun">reflexive</a>) </th> <td><i>sin</i></td> <td><i>si</i></td> <td><i>sitt</i></td> <td><i>sine</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>our/ours </th> <td colspan="2"><i>vår</i></td> <td><i>vårt</i></td> <td><i>våre</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>your/yours (plural) </th> <td colspan="4"><i>dykkar</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>their/theirs </th> <td colspan="4"><i>deira</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>English: "own"<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (determinative) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Masculine </th> <th>Feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th> <th>Plural/definite </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>eigen</i> </td> <td><i>eiga</i> </td> <td><i>eige</i> </td> <td><i>eigne</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Examples: </p> <ul><li><i>Min <b>eigen</b> bil</i> (My own car)</li> <li><i>Mi <b>eiga</b> hytte</i> (My own cabin)</li> <li><i>Mitt <b>eige</b> hus</i> (My own house)</li> <li><i>Mine <b>eigne</b> bilar</i> (My own cars)</li></ul> <p><i>Bil</i> (car) is a masculine noun, <i>hytte</i> (cabin) is a feminine noun and <i>hus</i> (house) is a neuter noun. They all have to agree with the determinatives <i>min</i> and <i>eigen</i> in gender and number. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>English: "no"<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (determinative) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Masculine </th> <th>Feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>ingen</i> </td> <td><i>inga</i> </td> <td><i>inkje</i> </td> <td><i>ingen</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Examples: </p> <ul><li><i>Eg har <b>ingen</b> bil</i> (I have no car)</li> <li><i>Eg har <b>inga</b> hytte</i> (I have no cabin)</li> <li><i>Eg har <b>inkje</b> hus</i> (I have no house)</li> <li><i>Eg har <b>ingen</b> hytter</i> (I have no cabins)</li></ul> <p><i>Bil</i> (car) is a masculine noun, <i>hytte</i> (cabin) is a feminine noun and <i>hus</i> (house) is a neuter noun. They all have to agree with the determinative <i>ingen</i> in gender and number. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>English: "someone/something/some/any"<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>(determinative) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Masculine </th> <th>Feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>nokon</i> </td> <td><i>noka</i> </td> <td><i>noko</i> </td> <td><i>nokre/nokon</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>These words are used in a variety of contexts, as in Bokmål. </p><p><i>Nokon/noka</i> means someone/any, while <i>noko</i> means something and <i>nokre/nokon</i> means some (plural). </p><p>Examples: </p> <ul><li><i>Eg har ikkje sett <b>nokon</b> bil</i> (I have not seen any car)</li> <li><i>Eg har ikkje sett <b>noka</b> hytte</i> (I have not seen any cabin)</li> <li><i>Eg har ikkje sett <b>noko</b> hus</i> (I have not seen any house)</li> <li><i>Eg har ikkje sett <b>nokre</b>/<b>nokon</b> bilar</i> (I have not seen any cars)</li></ul> <p><i>Bil</i> (car) is a masculine noun, <i>hytte</i> (cabin) is a feminine noun and <i>hus</i> (house) is a neuter noun. They all have to agree with the determinative <i>nokon</i> in gender and number. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verb_conjugation">Verb conjugation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nynorsk&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Verb conjugation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As in other continental <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">Scandinavian languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verb_conjugation" class="mw-redirect" title="Verb conjugation">verb conjugation</a> in Nynorsk is quite simple as verbs are not conjugated by person, unlike <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and other Indo-European languages. Verbs are divided into two conjugation classes: strong and weak verbs. The weak verbs are further divided into different categories: <i>a</i>-verbs, <i>j</i>-verbs, short verbs and <i>e</i>-verbs (some <i>e</i>-verbs with <i>-de</i> in the preterite tense and some with <i>-te</i> in the preterite tense). The conjugation class decides what inflection the verb will get for the different tenses and what kind of past participle inflection it gets. <i>E</i>-verbs with <i>-de</i> in the preterite will for instance be inflected in both gender and number for the past participles; while those with <i>-te</i> will be inflected only in number, as described in the past participle section. Unlike Bokmål, Nynorsk has a more marked difference between strong and weak verbs—a common pattern in dialects across Norway. The system resembles the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_grammar" title="Swedish grammar">Swedish verb conjugation system</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Weak verbs<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">Infinitive</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">Imperative</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">present</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Preterite" title="Preterite">preterite</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Present_perfect" title="Present perfect">present perfect</a> </th> <th>Verb category </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>å kaste</i> (to throw) </td> <td><i>kast</i> </td> <td><i>kastar</i> </td> <td><i>kasta</i> </td> <td><i>har kasta</i> </td> <td><i>a</i>-verb </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>å kjøpe</i> (to buy) </td> <td><i>kjøp</i> </td> <td><i>kjøper</i> </td> <td><i>kjøpte</i> </td> <td><i>har kjøpt</i> </td> <td><i>e</i>-verb (<i>-te</i> preterite) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>å byggje</i> (to build) </td> <td><i>bygg</i> </td> <td><i>byggjer</i> </td> <td><i>bygde</i> </td> <td><i>har bygt</i> </td> <td><i>e</i>-verb (<i>-de</i> preterite) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>å krevje</i> (to demand) </td> <td><i>krev</i> </td> <td><i>krev</i> </td> <td><i>kravde</i> </td> <td><i>har kravt</i> </td> <td><i>j</i>-verb </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>å bu</i> (to live) </td> <td><i>bu</i> </td> <td><i>bur</i> </td> <td><i>budde</i> </td> <td><i>har budd/butt</i> </td> <td>short verb </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>To identify what conjugation class a verb pertains to; <i>j</i>-verbs will have <i>-je</i> or <i>-ja</i> in the infinitive, <i>e</i>-verbs have <i>-er</i> in the present tense, <i>a</i>-verbs have <i>-ar</i> in the present tense and <i>-a</i> in the preterite. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Strong verbs<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">Infinitive</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">Imperative</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">present</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Preterite" title="Preterite">preterite</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Present_perfect" title="Present perfect">present perfect</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>å skrive</i> (to write) </td> <td><i>skriv</i> </td> <td><i>skriv</i> </td> <td><i>skreiv</i> </td> <td><i>har skrive</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>å drepe</i> (to kill) </td> <td><i>drep</i> </td> <td><i>drep</i> </td> <td><i>drap</i> </td> <td><i>har drepe</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>å lese</i> (to read) </td> <td><i>les</i> </td> <td><i>les</i> </td> <td><i>las</i> </td> <td><i>har lese</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>å tillate</i> (to allow) </td> <td><i>tillat</i> </td> <td><i>tillèt</i> </td> <td><i>tillét</i> </td> <td><i>har tillate</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Strong verbs have no ending in their present and preterite forms. The only difference between these forms is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ablaut_(linguistics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ablaut (linguistics) (page does not exist)">ablaut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Comparison with English, strong verb <i>drikke</i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Language </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">Infinitive</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">Imperative</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">present</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Preterite" title="Preterite">preterite</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Present_perfect" title="Present perfect">present perfect</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Nynorsk: </td> <td><i>å drikke</i> </td> <td><i>drikk</i> </td> <td><i>drikk</i> </td> <td><i>drakk</i> </td> <td><i>har drukke</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>English: </td> <td>to drink </td> <td>drink </td> <td>drink/drinking </td> <td>drank/was drinking </td> <td>have drunk/have been drinking </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Just like in Bokmål and in most other Germanic languages, there is no difference between the simple tenses and the continuous tenses in Nynorsk. This means for instance that <i>drikk</i> will cover both of the English present forms "drink" and "drinking". </p><p>All users can choose to follow a system of either an <i>-e</i> or an <i>-a</i> ending on the infinitives of verbs.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That is, one can for instance choose to write either <i>å skrive</i> or <i>å skriva</i> (the latter is common in west Norwegian dialects). There is also a system where one can use both <i>-a</i> endings and <i>-e</i> endings at certain verbs, this system is known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kl%C3%B8yvd_infinitiv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kløyvd infinitiv (page does not exist)">kløyvd infinitiv</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As can be shown from the conjugation tables, the removal of the vocal ending of the infinitive creates the <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a> form of the verb <i>kjøp deg ei ny datamaskin!</i> (buy yourself a new computer!). This is true for all weak and strong verbs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ergative_verbs">Ergative verbs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nynorsk&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ergative verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are <a href="/wiki/Ergative_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergative verb">ergative verbs</a> in both Bokmål and Nynorsk. A verb in Norwegian that is ergative has two different conjugations, either weak or strong. The two different conjugation patterns, though similar, have two different meanings.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A verb with a weak conjugation as in the section above, will have an object, that is, the weak conjugated verb is <a href="/wiki/Transitive_verb" title="Transitive verb">transitive</a>. The verb with strong conjugation will not have an object. The strongly conjugated verbs are <a href="/wiki/Intransitive_verb" title="Intransitive verb">intransitive</a>. The system of ergative verbs is more pronounced in Nynorsk than in Bokmål. An ergative verb in Bokmål will have two different conjugations only for the <a href="/wiki/Preterite" title="Preterite">preterite</a> tense for strong verbs due to the influence of Danish that did not have strong ergative verbs, while all ergative verbs in Nynorsk have two different conjugations for all tenses like Swedish. Ergative verbs are also very common in Norwegian dialects, like in the following example. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Ergative verb <i>brenne</i> (to burn) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">Infinitive</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">present</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Preterite" title="Preterite">preterite</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Present_perfect" title="Present perfect">present perfect</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">perfect participle</a>, masc/fem </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">perfect participle</a>, neuter </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><i>å brenne</i> </td> <td><i>brenn</i> </td> <td><i>brann</i> </td> <td><i>har brunne</i> </td> <td><i>brunnen</i> </td> <td><i>brunne</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>brenner</i> </td> <td><i>brende</i> </td> <td><i>har brent</i> </td> <td><i>brend</i> </td> <td><i>brent</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Example, ergative verb brenne<i></i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Norwegian </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>Låven <b>brenn</b></i> </td> <td>The barn is burning (intransitive) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Hytta <b>brann</b></i> </td> <td>The cabin was burning (intransitive) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Eg <b>brenner</b> ned huset</i> </td> <td>I'm burning down the house (transitive) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Eg <b>brende</b> ned treet</i> </td> <td>I burned down the tree (transitive) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Other verbs that are ergative are often j-verbs; <i>liggje</i> (to lie down), <i>leggje</i> (to lay down). These are differentiated for all tenses, just like Bokmål. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Passive_construction">Passive construction</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nynorsk&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Passive construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Just like the other Scandinavian languages and Bokmål, there is <a href="/wiki/Passive_voice" title="Passive voice">passive construction</a> of verbs. In general, the passive is created by taking the verb stem and adding the suffix <i>-ast</i>. For instance the verb <i>hente</i> (English: fetch) has the passive form <i>hentast</i>. This suffix was inherited from <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> and is the same suffix that exists in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a>. In fact, all the verb forms <i>berast</i>, <i>reddast</i>, <i>opnast</i>, <i>seljast</i> in the table below are Icelandic verb forms too. </p><p>In contrast to Bokmål, the passive forms of verbs are only used after <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">auxiliary verbs</a> in Nynorsk, and never without them. Without an auxiliary verb there would rather be a passive construction by the use of the verbs <i>vere</i>/<i>bli</i>/<i>verte</i> (to be/to become) and then the <a href="#Participles">past participle verb</a> form. For instance, the following sentence is not a valid sentence in Nynorsk:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Pakka hentast i dag</i> (the package will be fetched today), there would rather be a construction like <i>Pakka vert henta i dag</i>. This is due to the reduction of sentences that are ambiguous in meaning and due to the historic legacy of <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a>. Bokmål and certain languages like Swedish and Danish have evolved another passive construction where the passive is not reflexive. In the general case, this can lead to confusion as to <i>han slåast</i> means that "he is fighting"» or that "he is being hit", a reflexive or a non reflexive meaning. Nynorsk has two different forms that separate this meaning for the verb <i>slå</i> (<i>slåast</i> and <i>slåst</i>), but in the general case it does not. Nynorsk solves this general ambiguity by mainly allowing a reflexive meaning, which is also the construction that has the most historical legacy behind it. This was also the only allowed construction in Old Norse. </p><p>There are reflexive verbs in Nynorsk just like the other Scandinavian languages, and these are not the same as passives.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples are <i>synast</i> (think, looks like), <i>kjennast</i> (feels), etc. The reflexive verbs have their own conjugation for all tenses, which passives do not. A <a href="/wiki/Dictionary" title="Dictionary">dictionary</a> will usually show an inflection table if the verb is reflexive, and if it is passive the only allowed form is the word alone with an <i>-ast</i> suffix. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Examples of passives </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Norwegian </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>Eska skal <b>berast</b></i> </td> <td>The box shall be carried </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Barna må <b>reddast</b></i> </td> <td>The children must be saved </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Døra vil <b>opnast</b></i> </td> <td>The door will be opened </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Sykkelen burde <b>seljast</b></i> </td> <td>The bike should be sold </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reflexive_verbs">Reflexive verbs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nynorsk&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Reflexive verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Reflexive_verb" title="Reflexive verb">Reflexive verbs</a> like <i>å kjennast</i><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (to feel) are conjugated this way </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><i>å kjennast</i>, English: "feel" </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">Infinitive</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">present</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Preterite" title="Preterite">preterite</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Present_perfect" title="Present perfect">present perfect</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>å kjenn<b>ast</b></i> </td> <td><i>kjenn<b>est</b></i> </td> <td><i>kjen<b>test</b></i> </td> <td><i>har kjen<b>st</b></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In general, all reflexive verbs are conjugated by this pattern. These have a reflexive meaning, see the examples below. Every reflexive verb is also a copula verb, so they have <a href="#Adjectives">adjective agreement</a> with adjectives like <i>kald</i> (cold), just like in Bokmål and the other Scandinavian languages. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Examples, reflexive verb: «å kjennast» </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Norwegian </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>Dyna byrjar å kjenn<b>ast</b> varm</i> </td> <td>The blanket (feminine) is starting to feel warm </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Maten kjenn<b>est</b> kald</i> </td> <td>The food (masculine) feels cold </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Bollene kjen<b>test</b> kald<b>e</b></i> </td> <td>The buns (plural) felt cold </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Det har kjen<b>st</b> god<b>t</b></i> </td> <td>It has felt good </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Det kan kjenn<b>ast</b> kald<b>t</b></i> </td> <td>It can feel cold </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="T_as_final_sound"><i>T</i> as final sound</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nynorsk&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: T as final sound"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/past_participle" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:past participle">past participle</a> and the preterite verb ending in Bokmål is <i>-et</i>. Aasen originally included these <i>t</i>s in his Landsmål norms, but since these are silent in the dialects, it was struck out in the first officially issued specification of Nynorsk of 1901. </p><p>Examples may compare the Bokmål forms <i>skrevet</i> ('written', past participle) and <i>hoppet</i> ('jumped', both past tense and past participle), which in written Nynorsk are <i>skrive</i> (Landsmål <i>skrivet</i>) and <i>hoppa</i> (Landsmål <i>hoppat</i>). The form <i>hoppa</i> is also permitted in Bokmål. </p><p>Other examples from other classes of words include the neuter singular form <i>anna</i> of <i>annan</i> ('different', with more meanings) which was spelled <i>annat</i> in Landsmål, and the neuter singular form <i>ope</i> of <i>open</i> ('open') which originally was spelled <i>opet</i>. Bokmål, in comparison, still retains these <i>t</i>s through the equivalent forms <i>annet</i> and <i>åpent</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nynorsk&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Personal_pronoun" title="Personal pronoun">personal pronouns</a> in Nynorsk are the only <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">case</a> inflected class in Nynorsk, just like English. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Pronouns<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">Subject form</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">Object form</a> </th> <th>Possessive </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>eg</i> (I) </td> <td><i>meg</i> (me) </td> <td><i>min</i>, <i>mi</i>, <i>mitt</i> (mine) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>du</i> (you) </td> <td><i>deg</i> (you) </td> <td><i>din, di, ditt</i> (yours) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>han</i> (he/it)<br /> <p><i>ho</i> (she/it)<br /> <i>det</i> (it/that) </p> </td> <td><i>han</i> (him/it)<br /> <p><i>henne/ho</i> (her/it)<br /> <i>det</i> (it/that) </p> </td> <td><i>hans</i> (his)<br /> <p><i>hennar</i> (hers)<br /> <i>dess</i> (its) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>vi/me</i> (we) </td> <td><i>oss</i> (us) </td> <td><i>vår</i>, <i>vårt</i> (ours) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>de/dokker</i> (you, plural) </td> <td><i>dykk/dokker</i> (you, plural) </td> <td><i>dykkar/dokkar</i> (yours, plural) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>dei</i> (they) </td> <td><i>dei</i> (them) </td> <td><i>deira</i> (theirs) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As can be seen from the inflection table, the words for "mine", "yours" etc. have to agree in gender with the object as described in the <a href="#Determiners">determiners</a> section. </p><p>Like in <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> (and unlike Bokmål, <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>), nouns are referred to by <i>han</i>, <i>ho</i>, <i>det</i> <sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (he, she, it) based on the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a>, like the following: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Examples of the use of the pronoun <i>it</i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Nynorsk </th> <th>Bokmål </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>Kor er boka mi? <b>Ho</b> er her</i> </td> <td><i>Hvor er boka mi? <b>Den</b> er her</i> </td> <td>Where is my book (feminine)? <b>It</b> is here </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Kor er bilen min? <b>Han</b> er her</i> </td> <td><i>Hvor er bilen min? <b>Den</b> er her</i> </td> <td>Where is my car (masculine)? <b>It</b> is here </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Kor er brevet mitt? <b>Det</b> er her</i> </td> <td><i>Hvor er brevet mitt? <b>Det</b> er her</i> </td> <td>Where is my letter (neuter)? <b>It</b> is here </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ordering_of_possessive_pronouns">Ordering of possessive pronouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nynorsk&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ordering of possessive pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language#Ordering_of_possessive_pronouns" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian language § Ordering of possessive pronouns</a></div> <p>The main ordering of possessive pronouns is where the possessive pronoun is placed after the noun, while the noun has the definite article, just like in the example from the table above; <i>boka mi</i> (my book). If one wishes to emphasize ownership, the possessive pronoun may come first; <i><b>mi</b> bok</i> (<b>my'</b> book). If there is an adjective involved, the possessive pronoun also may come first, especially if the pronoun or adjective is emphasized; <i>mi eiga hytte</i> (my own cabin), <i>mi første bok</i> or <i>den første boka mi</i> (my first book). In all other cases the main ordering will be used. This is in contrast to other continental Scandinavian languages, like Danish and Swedish, where the possessive comes first regardless, just like English. This system of ordering possessive pronouns in Nynorsk is more similar to how it is in the Icelandic language today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adverbs">Adverbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nynorsk&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Adverbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language#Adverbs" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian language § Adverbs</a></div> <p>Adverbs are in general formed the same way as in Bokmål and other Scandinavian languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syntax">Syntax</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nynorsk&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language#Syntax" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian language § Syntax</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a> of Nynorsk is mainly the same as in Bokmål. They are for instance both <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">SVO</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Word_forms_compared_with_Bokmål_Norwegian"><span id="Word_forms_compared_with_Bokm.C3.A5l_Norwegian"></span>Word forms compared with Bokmål Norwegian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nynorsk&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Word forms compared with Bokmål Norwegian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many words in Nynorsk are similar to their equivalents in Bokmål, with differing form, for example: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="15%">Nynorsk </th> <th width="25%">Bokmål </th> <th width="50%">other dialect forms </th> <th width="10%">English </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>eg</i> </td> <td><i>jeg</i> </td> <td><i>eg</i>, <i>æg</i>, <i>e</i>, <i>æ</i>, <i>ei</i>, <i>i</i>, <i>je</i>, <i>jæ</i> </td> <td>I </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ikkje</i> </td> <td><i>ikke</i> </td> <td><i>ikkje</i>, <i>inte</i>, <i>ente</i>, <i>itte</i>, <i>itj</i>, <i>ikkji</i> </td> <td>not </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The distinction between Bokmål and Nynorsk is that while Bokmål has for the most part derived its forms from the written Danish language or the common Danish-Norwegian speech, Nynorsk has its orthographical standards from Aasen's reconstructed "base dialect", which are intended to represent the distinctive dialectical forms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nynorsk&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Language" title="Portal:Language">Language portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_dialects" title="Norwegian dialects">Norwegian dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Norwegian" title="Modern Norwegian">Modern Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spynorsk_mordliste" title="Spynorsk mordliste">Spynorsk mordliste</a>, a term used by opponents to mock Nynorsk</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nynorsk&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="Reference-AHD-Nynorsk" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Nynorsk">"Nynorsk"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a></i> (5th ed.). HarperCollins<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.atitle=Nynorsk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3DNynorsk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANynorsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/nynorsk">"Nynorsk"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Nynorsk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fnynorsk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANynorsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190501110558/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Nynorsk">"Nynorsk"</a> (US) and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182505/https://www.lexico.com/definition/nynorsk">"Nynorsk"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=META-NORD&rft.atitle=Languages+in+the+European+Information+Society&rft.aulast=De+Smedt&rft.aufirst=Koenraad&rft.au=Lyse%2C+Gunn+Inger&rft.au=Gjesdal%2C+Anje+M%C3%BCller&rft.au=Losnegaard%2C+Gyri+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeta-nord.w.uib.no%2Ffiles%2F2012%2F01%2Fbokmaal-main_v10kds.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANynorsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firda.no/sportsanker-fekk-mediemalpris/s/5-15-54261">"Sportsanker fekk mediemålpris"</a>. <i>www.firda.no</i> (in Norwegian). 2015-04-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.firda.no&rft.atitle=Sportsanker+fekk+mediem%C3%A5lpris&rft.date=2015-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firda.no%2Fsportsanker-fekk-mediemalpris%2Fs%2F5-15-54261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANynorsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'LearyAndresen2016" class="citation book cs1">O'Leary, Margaret Hayford; Andresen, Torunn (2016-05-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NJgECwAAQBAJ&q=high+status+norwegian+dialects&pg=PR15"><i>Colloquial Norwegian: The Complete Course for Beginners</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317582601" title="Special:BookSources/9781317582601"><bdi>9781317582601</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colloquial+Norwegian%3A+The+Complete+Course+for+Beginners&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016-05-20&rft.isbn=9781317582601&rft.aulast=O%27Leary&rft.aufirst=Margaret+Hayford&rft.au=Andresen%2C+Torunn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNJgECwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dhigh%2Bstatus%2Bnorwegian%2Bdialects%26pg%3DPR15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANynorsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sprakradet.no/svardatabase/sporsmal-og-svar/nynorsk-som-talemal/">"Nynorsk som talemål"</a>. <i>Språkrådet</i> (in Norwegian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spr%C3%A5kr%C3%A5det&rft.atitle=Nynorsk+som+talem%C3%A5l&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sprakradet.no%2Fsvardatabase%2Fsporsmal-og-svar%2Fnynorsk-som-talemal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANynorsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkjekkeland2016" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Skjekkeland, Martin (2016-09-16), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://snl.no/dialekter_i_Bergen">"dialekter i Bergen"</a>, <i>Store norske leksikon</i> (in Norwegian)<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-14</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Store+norske+leksikon&rft.atitle=dialekter+i+Bergen&rft.date=2016-09-16&rft.aulast=Skjekkeland&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsnl.no%2Fdialekter_i_Bergen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANynorsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Språkrådet-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Språkrådet_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Språkrådet_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Språkrådet_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elevrom.sprakradet.no/skolen/minigrammatikk/tema/hovudreglane_for_substantivboying">"Språkrådet"</a>. <i>elevrom.sprakradet.no</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=elevrom.sprakradet.no&rft.atitle=Spr%C3%A5kr%C3%A5det&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felevrom.sprakradet.no%2Fskolen%2Fminigrammatikk%2Ftema%2Fhovudreglane_for_substantivboying&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANynorsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ordbok.uib.no/perl/ordbok.cgi?OPP=mann&ant_bokmaal=5&ant_nynorsk=5&nynorsk=+&ordbok=begge">"Bokmålsordboka | Nynorskordboka"</a>. <i>ordbok.uib.no</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ordbok.uib.no&rft.atitle=Bokm%C3%A5lsordboka+%7C+Nynorskordboka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fordbok.uib.no%2Fperl%2Fordbok.cgi%3FOPP%3Dmann%26ant_bokmaal%3D5%26ant_nynorsk%3D5%26nynorsk%3D%2B%26ordbok%3Dbegge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANynorsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ordbok.uib.no/perl/ordbok.cgi?OPP=son&ant_bokmaal=5&ant_nynorsk=5&nynorsk=+&ordbok=begge">"Bokmålsordboka | Nynorskordboka"</a>. <i>ordbok.uib.no</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ordbok.uib.no&rft.atitle=Bokm%C3%A5lsordboka+%7C+Nynorskordboka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fordbok.uib.no%2Fperl%2Fordbok.cgi%3FOPP%3Dson%26ant_bokmaal%3D5%26ant_nynorsk%3D5%26nynorsk%3D%2B%26ordbok%3Dbegge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANynorsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-elevrom.sprakradet.no-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-elevrom.sprakradet.no_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-elevrom.sprakradet.no_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-elevrom.sprakradet.no_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-elevrom.sprakradet.no_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-elevrom.sprakradet.no_35-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-elevrom.sprakradet.no_35-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-elevrom.sprakradet.no_35-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-elevrom.sprakradet.no_35-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elevrom.sprakradet.no/skolen/minigrammatikk/tema/samsvarsboying_adjektiv">"Språkrådet"</a>. <i>elevrom.sprakradet.no</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=elevrom.sprakradet.no&rft.atitle=Spr%C3%A5kr%C3%A5det&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felevrom.sprakradet.no%2Fskolen%2Fminigrammatikk%2Ftema%2Fsamsvarsboying_adjektiv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANynorsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.norsksidene.no/web/PageND.aspx?id=99110">"Adverb"</a>. <i>www.norsksidene.no</i> (in Norwegian Bokmål)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.norsksidene.no&rft.atitle=Adverb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.norsksidene.no%2Fweb%2FPageND.aspx%3Fid%3D99110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANynorsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elevrom.sprakradet.no/skolen/minigrammatikk/tema/samsvarsboying_adjektiv">"Språkrådet"</a>. <i>elevrom.sprakradet.no</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=elevrom.sprakradet.no&rft.atitle=Spr%C3%A5kr%C3%A5det&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felevrom.sprakradet.no%2Fskolen%2Fminigrammatikk%2Ftema%2Fsamsvarsboying_adjektiv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANynorsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ordbok.uib.no/perl/ordbok.cgi?OPP=fin&ant_bokmaal=5&ant_nynorsk=5&nynorsk=+&ordbok=begge">"Bokmålsordboka | Nynorskordboka"</a>. <i>ordbok.uib.no</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ordbok.uib.no&rft.atitle=Bokm%C3%A5lsordboka+%7C+Nynorskordboka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fordbok.uib.no%2Fperl%2Fordbok.cgi%3FOPP%3Dfin%26ant_bokmaal%3D5%26ant_nynorsk%3D5%26nynorsk%3D%2B%26ordbok%3Dbegge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANynorsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ordbok.uib.no/perl/ordbok.cgi?OPP=klar&ant_bokmaal=5&ant_nynorsk=5&nynorsk=+&ordbok=nynorsk">"Bokmålsordboka | Nynorskordboka"</a>. <i>ordbok.uib.no</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ordbok.uib.no&rft.atitle=Bokm%C3%A5lsordboka+%7C+Nynorskordboka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fordbok.uib.no%2Fperl%2Fordbok.cgi%3FOPP%3Dklar%26ant_bokmaal%3D5%26ant_nynorsk%3D5%26nynorsk%3D%2B%26ordbok%3Dnynorsk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANynorsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ordbok.uib.no/perl/ordbok.cgi?OPP=rar&ant_bokmaal=5&ant_nynorsk=5&nynorsk=+&ordbok=nynorsk">"Bokmålsordboka | Nynorskordboka"</a>. <i>ordbok.uib.no</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ordbok.uib.no&rft.atitle=Bokm%C3%A5lsordboka+%7C+Nynorskordboka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fordbok.uib.no%2Fperl%2Fordbok.cgi%3FOPP%3Drar%26ant_bokmaal%3D5%26ant_nynorsk%3D5%26nynorsk%3D%2B%26ordbok%3Dnynorsk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANynorsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ordbok.uib.no/perl/ordbok.cgi?OPP=skrive&ant_bokmaal=5&ant_nynorsk=5&nynorsk=+&ordbok=nynorsk">"Bokmålsordboka | Nynorskordboka"</a>. <i>ordbok.uib.no</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ordbok.uib.no&rft.atitle=Bokm%C3%A5lsordboka+%7C+Nynorskordboka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fordbok.uib.no%2Fperl%2Fordbok.cgi%3FOPP%3Dskrive%26ant_bokmaal%3D5%26ant_nynorsk%3D5%26nynorsk%3D%2B%26ordbok%3Dnynorsk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANynorsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elevrom.sprakradet.no/skolen/minigrammatikk/tema/svake_VERB">"Språkrådet"</a>. <i>elevrom.sprakradet.no</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ordbok.uib.no&rft.atitle=Bokm%C3%A5lsordboka+%7C+Nynorskordboka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fordbok.uib.no%2Fperl%2Fordbok.cgi%3FOPP%3Dingen%26ant_bokmaal%3D5%26ant_nynorsk%3D5%26nynorsk%3D%2B%26ordbok%3Dnynorsk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANynorsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ordbok.uib.no/perl/ordbok.cgi?OPP=noko&ant_bokmaal=5&ant_nynorsk=5&begge=+&ordbok=begge">"Bokmålsordboka | Nynorskordboka"</a>. <i>ordbok.uib.no</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=elevrom.sprakradet.no&rft.atitle=Spr%C3%A5kr%C3%A5det&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felevrom.sprakradet.no%2Fskolen%2Fminigrammatikk%2Ftema%2Fsterke-verb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANynorsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sprakradet.no/sprakhjelp/Skriverad/Nynorskhjelp/Rettleiing-om-konsekvent-nynorsk/">"Rettleiing om konsekvent nynorsk"</a>. <i>Språkrådet</i> (in Norwegian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spr%C3%A5kr%C3%A5det&rft.atitle=Rettleiing+om+konsekvent+nynorsk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sprakradet.no%2Fsprakhjelp%2FSkriverad%2FNynorskhjelp%2FRettleiing-om-konsekvent-nynorsk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANynorsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkjekkeland2017" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Skjekkeland, Martin (2017-12-14), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://snl.no/kl%C3%B8yvd_infinitiv">"kløyvd infinitiv"</a>, <i>Store norske leksikon</i> (in Norwegian)<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-14</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Store+norske+leksikon&rft.atitle=kl%C3%B8yvd+infinitiv&rft.date=2017-12-14&rft.aulast=Skjekkeland&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsnl.no%2Fkl%25C3%25B8yvd_infinitiv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANynorsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elevrom.sprakradet.no/skolen/minigrammatikk/tema/parverb">"Språkrådet"</a>. <i>elevrom.sprakradet.no</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=elevrom.sprakradet.no&rft.atitle=Spr%C3%A5kr%C3%A5det&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felevrom.sprakradet.no%2Fskolen%2Fminigrammatikk%2Ftema%2Fparverb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANynorsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFridtun2011" class="citation web cs1">Fridtun, Kristin (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ntnu.no/trykk/publikasjoner/nynorsk/files/assets/downloads/publication.pdf">"NTNU Nynorsk for studentar"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.ntnu.no</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ntnu.no&rft.atitle=NTNU+Nynorsk+for+studentar&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Fridtun&rft.aufirst=Kristin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntnu.no%2Ftrykk%2Fpublikasjoner%2Fnynorsk%2Ffiles%2Fassets%2Fdownloads%2Fpublication.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANynorsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ordbok.uib.no/perl/ordbok.cgi?OPP=kjennast&ant_bokmaal=5&ant_nynorsk=5&nynorsk=+&ordbok=begge">"Bokmålsordboka | Nynorskordboka"</a>. <i>ordbok.uib.no</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ordbok.uib.no&rft.atitle=Bokm%C3%A5lsordboka+%7C+Nynorskordboka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fordbok.uib.no%2Fperl%2Fordbok.cgi%3FOPP%3Dkjennast%26ant_bokmaal%3D5%26ant_nynorsk%3D5%26nynorsk%3D%2B%26ordbok%3Dbegge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANynorsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elevrom.sprakradet.no/skolen/minigrammatikk/tema/personlege_pronomen">"Språkrådet"</a>. <i>elevrom.sprakradet.no</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=elevrom.sprakradet.no&rft.atitle=Spr%C3%A5kr%C3%A5det&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felevrom.sprakradet.no%2Fskolen%2Fminigrammatikk%2Ftema%2Fpersonlege_pronomen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANynorsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nynorsk&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Haugen, Einar. <i>Norwegian</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sprakradet.no/Vi-og-vart/Om-oss/English-and-other-languages/English/Norwegian">online at Språkrådet</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nynorsk&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="nn:"> Norwegian Nynorsk edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nm.no/">Noregs Mållag</a> <a href="/wiki/Noregs_M%C3%A5llag" title="Noregs Mållag">Noregs Mållag</a> is the major organization promoting Nynorsk.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nynorsk.no/">Norsk Målungdom</a> <a href="/wiki/Norsk_M%C3%A5lungdom" title="Norsk Målungdom">Norsk Målungdom</a> is Noregs Mållag's youth organization.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nynorsk.no/aasentunet/#">Ivar Aasen-tunet</a> <i>The Ivar Aasen Centre</i> is a national centre for documenting and experiencing the Nynorsk written culture, and the only museum in the country devoted to Ivar Aasen's life and work.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724185743/http://www.utdanningsdirektoratet.no/upload/Rapporter/Sidemalsrapport.pdf">Sidemålsrapport</a> – 2005 report (in Bokmål) on the state of Nynorsk and Bokmål in Norwegian secondary schools.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Norwegian_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Norwegian_language" title="Template:Norwegian language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Norwegian_language" title="Template talk:Norwegian language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Norwegian_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Norwegian language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Norwegian_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian language</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_and_Norwegian_alphabet" title="Danish and Norwegian alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_orthography" title="Norwegian orthography">Orthography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86" title="Æ">Æ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%98" title="Ø">Ø</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85" title="Å">Å</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Braille" title="Scandinavian Braille">Scandinavian Braille</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_phonology" title="Norwegian phonology">Phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language_conflict" title="Norwegian language conflict">Norwegian language conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Written</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nynorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnorsk" title="Samnorsk">Samnorsk</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(discontinued)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Unofficial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B8gnorsk" title="Høgnorsk">Høgnorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riksm%C3%A5l" title="Riksmål">Riksmål</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_dialects" title="Norwegian dialects">Spoken</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vestlandsk" title="Vestlandsk">West and south</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arendalsk" title="Arendalsk">Arendalsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergensk" title="Bergensk">Bergensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandnes-m%C3%A5l" title="Sandnes-mål">Sandnesmål</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sognam%C3%A5l_dialect" title="Sognamål dialect">Sognamål</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stavangersk" title="Stavangersk">Stavangersk</a></li> <li>etc.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%98stnorsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Østnorsk">East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bohusm%C3%A5l&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bohusmål (page does not exist)">Bohusmål</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudbrandsdalsm%C3%A5l" title="Gudbrandsdalsmål">Gudbrandsdalsmål</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallingm%C3%A5l-Valdris" title="Hallingmål-Valdris">Hallingmål-Valdris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A4rna-Idrem%C3%A5l" class="mw-redirect" title="Särna-Idremål">Särna-Idremål</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_egentliga_dalm%C3%A5len" class="extiw" title="sv:De egentliga dalmålen">sv</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_East_Norwegian" title="Urban East Norwegian">Urban East Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikv%C3%A6rsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikværsk">Vikværsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oslo_dialect" title="Oslo dialect">Oslo dialect</a></li> <li>etc.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndersk" title="Trøndersk">Trøndersk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herjedalsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herjedalsk (page does not exist)">Herjedalsk</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4rjedalska" class="extiw" title="sv:Härjedalska">sv</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamtlandic_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamtlandic dialects">Jemtlansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meldal_dialect" title="Meldal dialect">Medalsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trondheimsk" title="Trondheimsk">Trondheimsk</a></li> <li>etc.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Nordnorsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordnorsk">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%B8nn%C3%B8y_dialect" title="Brønnøy dialect">Brønnøymål</a></li> <li>etc.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Non-dialectical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kebabnorsk" title="Kebabnorsk">Kebabnorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Norwegian" title="Modern Norwegian">Modern Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svorsk" title="Svorsk">Svorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Norwegian" title="American Norwegian">American Norwegian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Extinct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_West_Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Old West Norse">Old West Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norwegian" title="Old Norwegian">Old Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Norwegian" title="Middle Norwegian">Middle Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dano-Norwegian" title="Dano-Norwegian">Dano-Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russenorsk" title="Russenorsk">Russenorsk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Norwegian_Bokm%C3%A5l_and_Standard_Danish" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of Norwegian Bokmål and Standard Danish">Comparison of Norwegian Bokmål and Standard Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_exonyms" title="Norwegian exonyms">Exonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_literature" title="Norwegian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_profanity" title="Norwegian profanity">Profanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sign_Language" title="Norwegian Sign Language">Sign language</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kjell_(norwegian_letter).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kjell"><img alt="Kjell" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Kjell_%28norwegian_letter%29.svg/8px-Kjell_%28norwegian_letter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Kjell_%28norwegian_letter%29.svg/12px-Kjell_%28norwegian_letter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Kjell_%28norwegian_letter%29.svg/16px-Kjell_%28norwegian_letter%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="49" /></a></span> "<a href="/wiki/Kjell_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kjell (letter)">Kjell</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norvegia_transcription" title="Norvegia transcription">Norvegia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_Council_of_Norway" title="Language Council of Norway">Language Council of Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noregs_M%C3%A5llag" title="Noregs Mållag">Noregs Mållag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Academy" title="Norwegian Academy">Norwegian Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riksm%C3%A5l_Society" title="Riksmål Society">Riksmål Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Norway" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Norway" title="Template:Languages of Norway"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Norway" title="Template talk:Languages of Norway"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Norway" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Norway"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Norway" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Norway" title="Languages of Norway">Languages of Norway</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nynorsk</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_languages" title="Sámi languages">Sámi</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Southern Sámi">Southern</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lule_S%C3%A1mi" title="Lule Sámi">Lule</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Northern Sámi">Northern</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kven_language" title="Kven language">Kven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandoromani" title="Scandoromani">Scandoromani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sign_Language" title="Norwegian Sign Language">Norwegian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Germanic_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germanic_languages" title="Template:Germanic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germanic_languages" title="Template talk:Germanic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Germanic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>According to contemporary <a href="/wiki/Germanic_philology" title="Germanic philology">philology</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="West" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglic languages">Anglic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialects of English">dialects</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>Irish Middle English</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fingallian" title="Fingallian">Fingallian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kildare_Poems#Linguistic_features" title="Kildare Poems">Kildare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yola_dialect" title="Yola dialect">Yola</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_Scots" title="Early Scots">Early Scots</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Scots" title="Middle Scots">Middle Scots</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Frisian" title="Middle Frisian">Middle Frisian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_language" title="East Frisian language">East Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saterland_Frisian_language" title="Saterland Frisian language">Saterland Frisian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Weser</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wangerooge_Frisian" title="Wangerooge Frisian">Wangerooge Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wursten_Frisian" title="Wursten Frisian">Wursten Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harlingerland_Frisian" title="Harlingerland Frisian">Harlingerland Frisian</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Insular <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eiderstedt_Frisian" title="Eiderstedt Frisian">Eiderstedt</a></i></li> <li>Föhr–Amrum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6hr_North_Frisian" title="Föhr North Frisian">Föhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrum_North_Frisian" title="Amrum North Frisian">Amrum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland_Frisian" title="Heligoland Frisian">Heligolandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylt_North_Frisian" title="Sylt North Frisian">Sylt</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mainland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6kingharde_North_Frisian" title="Bökingharde North Frisian">Bökingharde</a> <ul><li>Mooring</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halligen_Frisian" title="Halligen Frisian">Halligen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goesharde_Frisian" title="Goesharde Frisian">Goesharde</a> <ul><li>Northern</li> <li>Central</li> <li><i>Southern</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karrharde_Frisian" title="Karrharde Frisian">Karrharde</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strand_Frisian" title="Strand Frisian">Strand</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiedingharde_Frisian" title="Wiedingharde Frisian">Wiedingharde</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_languages" title="West Frisian languages">West Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindeloopen_Frisian" title="Hindeloopen Frisian">Hindeloopen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiermonnikoog_Frisian" title="Schiermonnikoog Frisian">Schiermonnikoog</a></li> <li>Westlauwers–Terschellings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">Mainland West Frisian</a> <ul><li>Clay Frisian</li> <li>Wood Frisian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westereendersk" title="Westereendersk">Westereendersk</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terschelling_Frisian" title="Terschelling Frisian">Terschelling</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Low_German" title="Middle Low German">Middle Low German</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Low_German" class="mw-redirect" title="West Low German">West Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon" title="Dutch Low Saxon">Dutch Low Saxon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellingwarfs_dialect" title="Stellingwarfs dialect">Stellingwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tweants_dialect" title="Tweants dialect">Tweants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gronings_dialect" title="Gronings dialect">Gronings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A8ents_dialects" title="Drèents dialects">Drèents</a></li> <li>Gelders-Overijssels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achterhooks" title="Achterhooks">Achterhooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallaans_dialect" title="Sallaans dialect">Sallaans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urkers_dialect" title="Urkers dialect">Urkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veluws_dialect" title="Veluws dialect">Veluws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Low_Saxon" title="Northern Low Saxon">Northern Low Saxon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_Low_Saxon" title="East Frisian Low Saxon">East Frisian Low Saxon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastphalian_language" title="Eastphalian language">Eastphalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westphalian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian language">Westphalian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Low_German" title="East Low German">East Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch_dialect" title="Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch dialect">Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburgisch_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburgisch dialect">Brandenburgisch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Pomeranian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Pomeranian (page does not exist)">Central Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian" class="mw-redirect" title="East Pomeranian">East Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Prussian_dialect" title="Low Prussian dialect">Low Prussian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch" title="Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian" title="Low Franconian">Low Franconian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_language" title="Frankish language">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Dutch" title="Old Dutch">Old Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch">Middle Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">Standard variants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaaps" title="Kaaps">Kaaps</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West Low Franconian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Dutch_dialects" title="Central Dutch dialects">Central Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hollandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollandic dialect">Hollandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West Flemish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Flemish" title="French Flemish">French Flemish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeelandic" title="Zeelandic">Zeelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Flemish" title="East Flemish">East Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brabantian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brabantian dialect">Brabantian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleverlandish" title="Kleverlandish">Kleverlandish</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surinamese_Dutch" title="Surinamese Dutch">Surinamese Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Dutch_language" title="Jersey Dutch language">Jersey Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Dutch" title="Mohawk Dutch">Mohawk Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadsfries_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadsfries dialects">Stadsfries</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bildts" title="Bildts">Bildts</a>/<a href="/wiki/Amelands" title="Amelands">Amelands</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Midslands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Midslands (page does not exist)">Midslands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Low_Franconian" title="South Low Franconian">East Low Franconian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limburgish" title="Limburgish">Limburgish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cover groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergish_dialects" title="Bergish dialects">Bergish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse-Rhenish" title="Meuse-Rhenish">Meuse-Rhenish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_High_German" title="New High German">New High German</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_New_High_German" title="Early New High German">Early New High German</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Standard_German" title="German Standard German">German Standard German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_German" title="Austrian German">Austrian Standard German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">Swiss Standard German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-<a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard variants</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Namibian German">Namibian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_Black_German" title="Namibian Black German">Namibian Black German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_German" title="Berlin German">Berlinerisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unserdeutsch" title="Unserdeutsch">Unserdeutsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barossa_German" title="Barossa German">Barossa German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotwelsch" title="Rotwelsch">Rotwelsch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenish_language" title="Yenish language">Yenish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects#Eastern_Yiddish" title="Yiddish dialects">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects#Western_Yiddish" title="Yiddish dialects">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Scotland#"Scots-Yiddish"" title="History of the Jews in Scotland">Scots Yiddish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_German" title="Central German">Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Central_German" title="West Central German">West Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Franconian_languages" title="Central Franconian languages">Central Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colognian_dialect" title="Colognian dialect">Colognian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Limburgish_dialect" title="Southeast Limburgish dialect">Southeast Limburgish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Franconian_language" title="Moselle Franconian language">Moselle Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon_dialect" title="Transylvanian Saxon dialect">Transylvanian Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunsr%C3%BCckisch_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunsrückisch dialect">Hunsrückisch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunsrik" title="Hunsrik">Hunsrik</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhenish_Franconian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenish Franconian languages">Rhine Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Franconian" title="Lorraine Franconian">Lorraine Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatine_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine German language">Palatine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Germans#Language" title="Volga Germans">Volga German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessian_dialects" title="Hessian dialects">Hessian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Hessian" title="Central Hessian">Central Hessian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amana_German" title="Amana German">Amana German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Central_German" title="East Central German">East Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thuringian_dialect" title="Thuringian dialect">Thuringian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxon_German" title="Upper Saxon German">Upper Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzgebirgisch" title="Erzgebirgisch">Erzgebirgisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_dialects" title="Lusatian dialects">Lusatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_German" title="Silesian German">Silesian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Prussian_dialect" title="High Prussian dialect">High Prussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wymysorys_language" title="Wymysorys language">Wymysorys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alzenau_dialect" title="Alzenau dialect">Halcnovian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Upper_German" title="Upper German">Upper German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic</a> in the broad sense <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_Alemannic_German" title="Low Alemannic German">Low Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonia_Tovar_dialect" title="Colonia Tovar dialect">Coloniero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Alemannic_German" title="High Alemannic German">High Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highest_Alemannic_German" title="Highest Alemannic German">Highest Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walser_German" title="Walser German">Walser German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swabian_German" title="Swabian German">Swabian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Bavarian" title="Northern Bavarian">Northern Bavarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bavarian" title="Central Bavarian">Central Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viennese_German" title="Viennese German">Viennese German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bavarian" title="Southern Bavarian">Southern Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_dialect" title="South Tyrolean dialect">South Tyrolean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_language" title="Cimbrian language">Cimbrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B2cheno_language" title="Mòcheno language">Mòcheno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Hutterite German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottscheerish" title="Gottscheerish">Gottscheerish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Franconian_German" title="South Franconian German">South Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Franconian_German" title="East Franconian German">East Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vogtlandian" title="Vogtlandian">Vogtlandian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lombardic_language" title="Lombardic language">Langobardic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_and_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a></i> <ul><li><i>Old West Norse</i></li> <li><i>Old East Norse</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Gutnish" title="Old Gutnish">Old Gutnish</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergensk" title="Bergensk">Bergensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebabnorsk" title="Kebabnorsk">Kebabnorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sognam%C3%A5l_dialect" title="Sognamål dialect">Sognamål</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndersk" title="Trøndersk">Trøndersk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallingm%C3%A5l-Valdris" title="Hallingmål-Valdris">Valdris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestlandsk" title="Vestlandsk">Vestlandsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikv%C3%A6rsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikværsk">Vikværsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a> (written)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nynorsk</a> (written)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norwegian" title="Old Norwegian">Old Norwegian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Norwegian" title="Middle Norwegian">Middle Norwegian</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse#Old_Icelandic" title="Old Norse">Old Icelandic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Icelandic#Middle_Icelandic_(1350–1550)" title="History of Icelandic">Middle Icelandic</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Norse" title="Greenlandic Norse">Greenlandic Norse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Norn_language" title="Norn language">Norn</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_dialects" title="Swedish dialects">Swedish dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinkeby_Swedish" title="Rinkeby Swedish">Rinkebysvenska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_dialects" title="Danish dialects">Danish dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Danish" title="Insular Danish">Insular Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutlandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Jutlandic dialect">Jutlandic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Jutlandic" title="South Jutlandic">South Jutlandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Danish" title="East Danish">East Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bornholm_dialect" title="Bornholm dialect">Bornholmsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanian_dialect" title="Scanian dialect">Scanian</a> (historically)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Schleswig_Danish" title="Southern Schleswig Danish">Southern Schleswig Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B8tudanskt_accent" title="Gøtudanskt accent">Gøtudanskt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkerdansk" title="Perkerdansk">Perkerdansk</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Danish" title="History of Danish">Old Danish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Danish" title="History of Danish">Middle Danish</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalecarlian language">Dalecarlian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elfdalian" title="Elfdalian">Elfdalian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gutnish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gutnish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutnish language">Mainland Gutnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A5r%C3%B6m%C3%A5l_dialect" title="Fårömål dialect">Fårö Gutnish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Gothic" title="Crimean Gothic">Crimean Gothic</a></i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burgundians#Language" title="Burgundians">Burgundian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vandalic_language" title="Vandalic language">Vandalic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Philology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_philology" title="Germanic philology">Philology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Maurer_(linguist)" title="Friedrich Maurer (linguist)">Language subgroups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elbe_Germanic" title="Elbe Germanic">Elbe (Irminonic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weser-Rhine_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Weser-Rhine Germanic">Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic" title="North Sea Germanic">North Sea (Ingvaeonic)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Germanic" title="Northwest Germanic">Northwest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gotho-Nordic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotho-Nordic">Gotho-Nordic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/South_Germanic" title="South Germanic">South</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_grammar" title="Proto-Germanic grammar">Proto-Germanic grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" title="Germanic parent language">Germanic parent language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Belgian_language" title="Ancient Belgian language">Ancient Belgian language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diachronic features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimm%27s_law" title="Grimm's law">Grimm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verner%27s_law" title="Verner's law">Verner's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holtzmann%27s_law" title="Holtzmann's law">Holtzmann's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sievers%27s_law" title="Sievers's law">Sievers's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kluge%27s_law" title="Kluge's law">Kluge's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Germanic substrate hypothesis">Germanic substrate hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_gemination" title="West Germanic gemination">West Germanic gemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_German_consonant_shift" title="High German consonant shift">High German consonant shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_a-mutation" title="Germanic a-mutation">Germanic a-mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_umlaut" title="Germanic umlaut">Germanic umlaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_spirant_law" title="Germanic spirant law">Germanic spirant law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingvaeonic_nasal_spirant_law" title="Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law">Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift" title="Great Vowel Shift">Great Vowel Shift</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synchronic features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Germanic verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_strong_verb" title="Germanic strong verb">Germanic strong verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_weak_verb" title="Germanic weak verb">Germanic weak verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_verb#Preterite-presents" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Preterite-present verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatischer_Wechsel" title="Grammatischer Wechsel">Grammatischer Wechsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">Indo-European ablaut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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