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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Personal and family names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_and_family_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loanwords" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loanwords"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Loanwords</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loanwords-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Orthography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Gender</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Number" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Number</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Personal pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Possessive_Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possessive_Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>Possessive Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possessive_Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fering_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fering_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Fering literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fering_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Dialects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fering" title="Fering – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fering" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fering" title="Fering – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fering" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fering" title="Fering – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fering" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fris%C3%B3n_de_F%C3%B6hr" title="Frisón de Föhr – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Frisón de Föhr" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fering" title="Fering – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fering" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Frisia_F%C3%B6hr" title="Bahasa Frisia Föhr – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Frisia Föhr" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_fering" title="Dialetto fering – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dialetto fering" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Ферски дијалект – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ферски дијалект" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fering" title="Fering – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fering" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fering" title="Fering – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Fering" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fering_spriik" title="Fering spriik – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Fering spriik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_(%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82)" title="Феринг (диалект) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Феринг (диалект)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6hring" title="Föhring – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Föhring" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">North Frisian dialect of Föhr, Germany</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the North Frisian dialect. For the pharmaceutical company, see <a href="/wiki/Ferring_Pharmaceuticals" title="Ferring Pharmaceuticals">Ferring Pharmaceuticals</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Föhr Frisian</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><i>Fering</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6hr" title="Föhr">Föhr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nordfriesland" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordfriesland">Nordfriesland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1,500 (2004 estimate)<sup id="cite_ref-bohn_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bohn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic" title="North Sea Germanic">North Sea Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Insular<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Föhr–<a href="/wiki/Amrum_North_Frisian" title="Amrum North Frisian">Amrum</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Föhr Frisian</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ferr1240">ferr1240</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">2-ACA-dbb to 2-ACA-dbd<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:NordfriesischeDialekte.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/NordfriesischeDialekte.png/320px-NordfriesischeDialekte.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/NordfriesischeDialekte.png/480px-NordfriesischeDialekte.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/NordfriesischeDialekte.png/640px-NordfriesischeDialekte.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1226" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">North Frisian dialects</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Föhr Frisian</b>, or <i><b>Fering</b></i>, is the <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialect</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a> spoken on the island of <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6hr" title="Föhr">Föhr</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> region of <a href="/wiki/North_Frisia" title="North Frisia">North Frisia</a>. <i>Fering</i> refers to the <i>Fering</i> Frisian name of Föhr, <i>Feer</i>. Together with the <a href="/wiki/%C3%96%C3%B6mrang" class="mw-redirect" title="Öömrang">Öömrang</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6l%27ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Söl'ring">Söl'ring</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heligolandic" class="mw-redirect" title="Heligolandic">Heligolandic</a> dialects, it forms part of the insular group of North Frisian dialects and it is very similar to Öömrang. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status">Status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%B6hr_North_Frisian&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Around 3,000 of Föhr's 8,700 people speak <i>Fering</i> (1,500 of them being native speakers<sup id="cite_ref-bohn_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bohn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), constituting a third of all North Frisian speakers. Fering differs from other North Frisian dialects in that it is also used publicly on Föhr, not only at home. The municipalities of <a href="/wiki/Oldsum" title="Oldsum">Oldsum</a> and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCderende" title="Süderende">Süderende</a> (Fering: Olersem, Söleraanj) in the western part of Föhr are strongholds of the dialect.<sup id="cite_ref-bohn_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bohn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_and_family_names">Personal and family names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%B6hr_North_Frisian&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Personal and family names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Personal names on Föhr are still today greatly influenced by a Frisian element. Notably <a href="/wiki/Hypocorism" title="Hypocorism">hypocorisms</a> and names with two elements are common. Early borrowings were made from the Danish language and the Christianisation of the North Frisians around 1000 A.D. brought a modest influence of Christian and biblical names. In the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Sail" title="Age of Sail">Age of Sail</a>, Dutch and <a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">West Frisian</a> forms became popular.<sup id="cite_ref-Faltings_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faltings-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Family names were usually <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a>, i. e. they were individually created as <a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">genitives</a> from the father's given name. Contrary to the Scandinavian <i>Petersen</i> or <i>Petersson</i>, meaning "Peter's son", a Fering name like <i>Peters</i> means "of Peter". This practice was prohibited by the Danish Crown in 1771 for the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Schleswig" title="Duchy of Schleswig">Duchy of Schleswig</a> and was therefore abandoned in the eastern part of Föhr. As western Föhr was a direct part of the Danish kingdom until 1864, patronyms were in use there until 1828 when they were forbidden in Denmark proper as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Faltings_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faltings-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Loanwords">Loanwords</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%B6hr_North_Frisian&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Loanwords"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Apart from Dutch names, the seafarers in Dutch service also introduced many <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> in Dutch language to Fering which are still in use today. It has been observed that apart from <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a>, no other language outside the Netherlands proper has been influenced as much by the Dutch language as the North Frisian insular dialects. Examples for Fering include:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Fering</th> <th>Dutch</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>al of ei</i></td> <td><i>al of niet</i></td> <td>(whether) ... or not </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>bak</i></td> <td><i>bak</i></td> <td>wooden bowl </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>bekuf</i></td> <td><i>bekaf</i></td> <td>exhausted </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>kofe</i></td> <td><i>koffie</i></td> <td>coffee </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>skraal</i></td> <td><i>schraal</i></td> <td>lean, meagre </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>det spiit mi</i></td> <td><i>dat spijt mij</i></td> <td>I'm sorry </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Other loanwords were derived from American English when many people emigrated from Föhr to the United States but kept contact with their relatives on the island. Examples include:<sup id="cite_ref-Lexikon_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lexikon-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Fering</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>gaabitsch</td> <td>garbage can </td></tr> <tr> <td>friiser</td> <td>freezer </td></tr> <tr> <td>sink</td> <td>sink </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%B6hr_North_Frisian&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foehr_North_Frisian_monophthong_chart_with_short_vowels.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Foehr_North_Frisian_monophthong_chart_with_short_vowels.svg/250px-Foehr_North_Frisian_monophthong_chart_with_short_vowels.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Foehr_North_Frisian_monophthong_chart_with_short_vowels.svg/375px-Foehr_North_Frisian_monophthong_chart_with_short_vowels.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Foehr_North_Frisian_monophthong_chart_with_short_vowels.svg/500px-Foehr_North_Frisian_monophthong_chart_with_short_vowels.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="923" data-file-height="703" /></a><figcaption>Short monophthongs of the Föhr dialect on a vowel chart, based on formant values in <a href="#CITEREFBohn2004">Bohn (2004</a>:164)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foehr_North_Frisian_monophthong_chart_with_long_vowels.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Foehr_North_Frisian_monophthong_chart_with_long_vowels.svg/250px-Foehr_North_Frisian_monophthong_chart_with_long_vowels.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Foehr_North_Frisian_monophthong_chart_with_long_vowels.svg/375px-Foehr_North_Frisian_monophthong_chart_with_long_vowels.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Foehr_North_Frisian_monophthong_chart_with_long_vowels.svg/500px-Foehr_North_Frisian_monophthong_chart_with_long_vowels.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="923" data-file-height="702" /></a><figcaption>Long monophthongs of the Föhr dialect on a vowel chart, based on formant values in <a href="#CITEREFBohn2004">Bohn (2004</a>:164)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>r</i> is always pronounced as <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar trill">alveolar trill</a>. Initial <i>s</i> is always voiceless.<sup id="cite_ref-Lexikon_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lexikon-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a> <i>ia</i>, <i>ua</i> and <i>ui</i> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Triphthong" title="Triphthong">triphthong</a> <i>uai</i> are <a href="/wiki/Falling_diphthongs" class="mw-redirect" title="Falling diphthongs">falling diphthongs</a>, i.e. the stress is always on the first vowel.<sup id="cite_ref-Lexikon_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lexikon-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%B6hr_North_Frisian&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The current orthographic rules for Fering and Öömrang were defined in 1971. Previously, linguists like L. C. Peters, Otto Bremer and Reinhard Arfsten had each created their own Fering orthography. Long vowels including those with <a href="/wiki/Umlaut_(linguistics)" title="Umlaut (linguistics)">umlauts</a> are always written as double letters while consonants are short by default. Capital letters are only used in the beginning of a sentence and for proper names.<sup id="cite_ref-Lexikon_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lexikon-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>letter(s)</th> <th>value(s) in IPA</th> <th>notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>a</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>aa</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʌː/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>au</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/au̯/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ä</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ää</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛː/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>äi</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛi/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>b</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ch</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>d</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>dj</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dj/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>e</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span></td> <td>Becomes schwa when unstressed </td></tr> <tr> <td>ee</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eː/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>f</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>g</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>h</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>i</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ia</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ia̯/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ii</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>j</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>k</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>l</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>lj</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/lj/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>m</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>n</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ng</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>nj</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nj/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>o</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>oi</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʌːi̯/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>oo</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oː/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ö</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/œ/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>öi</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/øi̯/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>öö</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/øː/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>p</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>r</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>s</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span></td> <td>"s" is always <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> in initial position, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span> between vowels </td></tr> <tr> <td>sch</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>t</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>tj</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tj/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>u</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʊ/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ua</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ua̯/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>uai</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ua̯i̯/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ui</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ui̯/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>uu</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uː/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ü</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʏ/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>üü</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/yː/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>w</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/v/</span></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Although there is a standard orthography, there is still spelling variation. This could partly be because many Fering speakers only learned how to spell standard German in school. For example, the North Frisian nationalist slogan <i>"lewer duad üs Slaw!"</i> (better dead than a slave) often appears along with the flag or crest of Föhr and has spelling variants including: <i>leewer duad üüs Slaaw</i>, <i>lewer duaad üs Slaaw</i>, and <i>lewer duad üs Slav</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%B6hr_North_Frisian&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%B6hr_North_Frisian&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gender">Gender</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%B6hr_North_Frisian&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gender"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fering originally had 3 genders: masculine, feminine and neuter. However during the course of the twentieth century the feminine and neuter genders have combined. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Number">Number</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%B6hr_North_Frisian&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Number"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fering nouns have two <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">numbers</a> – <i>singular</i> and <i>plural</i>. There are two major suffixes used to form the plural: <i>"-er"</i> and <i>"-en"</i>. Nouns with a masculine gender often use the <i>"-er"</i> plural (although there are a few feminine/neuter nouns in this group) and nouns with a feminine/neuter gender often use the <i>"-en"</i> plural (there are a few masculine nouns in this group). Plurals can also be formed using <i>"-in"</i>, <i>"-n"</i> and <i>"-s"</i>. There are also plurals formed by changing a consonant at the end of the word, by changing a vowel within the word or by retaining the same form as the singular. Occasionally the plural form is formed by using a different word. </p> <ul><li>An example of a masculine noun using the <i>"-er"</i> plural suffix: <span title="North Frisian-language text"><i lang="frr">hünj</i></span> (dog) – <span title="North Frisian-language text"><i lang="frr">hünjer</i></span> (dogs). Nouns can also lose an unstressed vowel, as is the case with <span title="North Frisian-language text"><i lang="frr">kurew</i></span> (basket) – <span title="North Frisian-language text"><i lang="frr">kurwer</i></span> (baskets). Some nouns undergo a vowel change, such as <span title="North Frisian-language text"><i lang="frr">smas</i></span> (blacksmith) – <span title="North Frisian-language text"><i lang="frr">smeser</i></span> (blacksmiths).</li></ul> <p>There are exceptions in this suffix group, including <span title="North Frisian-language text"><i lang="frr">wöning</i></span> (window; a feminine/neuter noun) which forms the plural by removing a syllable – <span title="North Frisian-language text"><i lang="frr">wönger</i></span>' (windows), and <span title="North Frisian-language text"><i lang="frr">insel</i></span> (island; also a feminine/neuter noun, and a German loanword) which form forms the plural by removing an unstressed vowel – <span title="North Frisian-language text"><i lang="frr">insler</i></span> (islands). </p> <ul><li>An example of a feminine/neuter noun using the <i>"-en"</i> plural suffix: <i>buk</i> (book) – <i>buken</i> (books). Nouns can also lose an unstressed vowel, as is the case with <span title="North Frisian-language text"><i lang="frr">foomen</i></span> (woman) – <span title="North Frisian-language text"><i lang="frr">foomnen</i></span> (women) and <span title="North Frisian-language text"><i lang="frr">taarep</i></span> (village) – <span title="North Frisian-language text"><i lang="frr">taarpen</i></span> (villages).</li> <li>An example of a (feminine/neuter) noun using the <i>"-en"</i> plural suffix: <span title="North Frisian-language text"><i lang="frr">baantje</i></span> (office – i.e., a type of position) – <span title="North Frisian-language text"><i lang="frr">baantjin</i></span> (offices).</li> <li>An example of a (masculine) noun using the <i>"-n"</i> plural suffix: <span title="North Frisian-language text"><i lang="frr">mooler</i></span> (painter) – <span title="North Frisian-language text"><i lang="frr">moolern</i></span> (painters).</li> <li>An example of a (masculine) noun using the <i>"-s"</i> plural suffix: <span title="North Frisian-language text"><i lang="frr">koptein</i></span> (captain) – <span title="North Frisian-language text"><i lang="frr">kopteins</i></span> (captains).</li> <li>Examples of masculine nouns which retain the same form as the singular include: <span title="North Frisian-language text"><i lang="frr">stian</i></span> (stone(s)), <i>karmen</i> (man, men), <i>lüs</i> (louse, lice), <span title="North Frisian-language text"><i lang="frr">steewel</i></span> (boot(s)) and <span title="North Frisian-language text"><i lang="frr">twanling</i></span> (twin(s)).</li> <li>Examples of feminine/neuter nouns which retain the same form as the singular include: <i>bian</i> (bone(s), leg(s), <i>gris</i> (piglet(s)), <i>schep</i> (sheep, singular and plural) and <i>swin</i> (pig(s)).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%B6hr_North_Frisian&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Fering, there are three groups of verbs: weak, strong and irregular verbs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_pronouns">Personal pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%B6hr_North_Frisian&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Personal pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fering pronouns can be singular or plural. There used to be a dual form but it is no longer used. The formal is rarely used.<sup id="cite_ref-arfsten_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arfsten-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="4">Singular </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th colspan="3">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th><b>Case</b> </th> <th><b>First Person</b> </th> <th colspan="2"><b>Second Person</b> </th> <th colspan="3"><b>Third Person</b> </th> <th><b>First Person</b> </th> <th><b>Second Person</b> </th> <th><b>Third Person</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th><b>English nominative</b> </th> <th><b>I</b> </th> <th><b>you</b> </th> <th><b>you (formal)</b> </th> <th><b>he</b> </th> <th><b>she</b> </th> <th><b>it</b> </th> <th><b>we</b> </th> <th><b>you</b> </th> <th><b>they</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Nominative (subject form) </td> <td><i>ik</i> </td> <td><i>dü</i> </td> <td><i>i</i> </td> <td><i>hi</i> </td> <td><i>hat</i> </td> <td><i>at</i> </td> <td><i>wi</i> </td> <td><i>jam</i> </td> <td><i>jo</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Accusative and Dative (object form) </td> <td><i>mi</i> </td> <td><i>di</i> </td> <td><i>jau</i> </td> <td><i>ham</i> </td> <td><i>ham</i> </td> <td><i>at</i> </td> <td><i>üs</i> </td> <td><i>jam</i> </td> <td><i>jo</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Possessive_Pronouns">Possessive Pronouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%B6hr_North_Frisian&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Possessive Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" rowspan="3"> </th> <th colspan="3">The noun </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>Masculine </th> <th>Feminine/neuter </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="8">The owner </th> <th rowspan="5">Singular </th> <th>ik </th> <td><i>man</i> </td> <td><i>min</i> </td> <td><i>minen</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>dü </th> <td><i>dan</i> </td> <td><i>din</i> </td> <td><i>dinen</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>hi </th> <td rowspan="3"><i>san</i> </td> <td rowspan="3"><i>sin</i> </td> <td rowspan="3"><i>sinen</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>hat </th></tr> <tr> <th>at </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Plural </th> <th>wi </th> <td colspan="2"><i>üüs</i> </td> <td><i>üüsen</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>jam </th> <td colspan="2"><i>jau</i> </td> <td><i>jauen</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>jo </th> <td colspan="2"><i>hör</i> </td> <td><i>hören</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fering_literature">Fering literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%B6hr_North_Frisian&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Fering literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are various Fering authors. One of the first publicly noticed writers was Arfst Jens Arfsten (1812–1899) who began writing <a href="/wiki/Anecdote" title="Anecdote">anecdotes</a> in Fering around 1855.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others include <a href="/wiki/Stine_Andresen" title="Stine Andresen">Stine Andresen</a> (1849–1927) who was a poet and writer from Wyk whose literature often refers to her native island. She published her poetry in German but also in Fering. In 1991, Ellin Nickelsen's <a href="/wiki/Novella" title="Novella">novelette</a> <i>Jonk Bradlep</i> (Dark Wedding) was published. With it, she won the first ever held North Frisian literature competition.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%B6hr_North_Frisian&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are 3 dialects of Fering: <i>Weesdring</i> in Western Föhr, <i>Aasdring</i> in Eastern Föhr,<sup id="cite_ref-arfsten_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arfsten-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Boowentaareps</i> in Southern Föhr. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%B6hr_North_Frisian&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span title="North Frisian-language text"><i lang="frr"><a href="/wiki/Leew_Eilun_Feer" title="Leew Eilun Feer">Leew Eilun Feer</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%B6hr_North_Frisian&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bohn-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bohn_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bohn_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bohn_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBohn2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ocke-Schwen_Bohn" title="Ocke-Schwen Bohn">Bohn, Ocke-Schwen</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pure.au.dk/portal/files/44857633/jipa34.pdf">"How to organize a fairly large vowel inventory: the vowels of Fering (North Frisian)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_International_Phonetic_Association" title="Journal of the International Phonetic Association">Journal of the International Phonetic Association</a></i>. <b>34</b> (2): 161–173. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs002510030400180x">10.1017/s002510030400180x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=How+to+organize+a+fairly+large+vowel+inventory%3A+the+vowels+of+Fering+%28North+Frisian%29&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=161-173&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs002510030400180x&rft.aulast=Bohn&rft.aufirst=Ocke-Schwen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpure.au.dk%2Fportal%2Ffiles%2F44857633%2Fjipa34.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF%C3%B6hr+North+Frisian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linguasphere.info/lcontao/tl_files/pdf/index/LS_index_d-e-f.pdf">"f"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Linguasphere Register</i>. p. 164<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Linguasphere+Register&rft.atitle=f&rft.pages=164&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linguasphere.info%2Flcontao%2Ftl_files%2Fpdf%2Findex%2FLS_index_d-e-f.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF%C3%B6hr+North+Frisian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Faltings-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Faltings_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faltings_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaltings1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Faltings, Volkert F., ed. (1985). <i>Kleine Namenkunde für Föhr und Amrum</i> (in German). Hamburg: Helmut Buske. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-87118-680-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-87118-680-5"><bdi>3-87118-680-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kleine+Namenkunde+f%C3%BCr+F%C3%B6hr+und+Amrum&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.pub=Helmut+Buske&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=3-87118-680-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF%C3%B6hr+North+Frisian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaltings2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Faltings, Jan I. (2011). <i>Föhrer Grönlandfahrt im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert</i> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Amrum" title="Amrum">Amrum</a>: Verlag Jens Quedens. pp. 39–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-924422-95-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-924422-95-0"><bdi>978-3-924422-95-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=F%C3%B6hrer+Gr%C3%B6nlandfahrt+im+18.+und+19.+Jahrhundert&rft.place=Amrum&rft.pages=39-40&rft.pub=Verlag+Jens+Quedens&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-924422-95-0&rft.aulast=Faltings&rft.aufirst=Jan+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF%C3%B6hr+North+Frisian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lexikon-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lexikon_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lexikon_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lexikon_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lexikon_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKunzSteensen2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kunz, Harry; Steensen, Thomas (2013). Nordfriisk Instituut (ed.). <i>Föhr Lexikon</i> (in German). Neumünster, Hamburg: Wachholtz Verlag. pp. 120–122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-529-05523-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-529-05523-2"><bdi>978-3-529-05523-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=F%C3%B6hr+Lexikon&rft.place=Neum%C3%BCnster%2C+Hamburg&rft.pages=120-122&rft.pub=Wachholtz+Verlag&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-529-05523-2&rft.aulast=Kunz&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft.au=Steensen%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF%C3%B6hr+North+Frisian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arfsten-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-arfsten_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-arfsten_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArfstenPaulsen-SchwarzTerhart2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Arfsten, Antje; Paulsen-Schwarz, Anne; Terhart, Lena (31 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nordfriiskinstituut.eu/fileadmin/Content/Nordfriisk_Futuur/E-Books/Friesische_Gebrauchsgrammatik_-_Fering.pdf"><i>Friesische Gebrauchgrammatik Fering</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Bredstedt" title="Bredstedt">Bredstedt</a>: Nordfriisk Instituut<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Friesische+Gebrauchgrammatik+Fering&rft.place=Bredstedt&rft.pub=Nordfriisk+Instituut&rft.date=2019-12-31&rft.aulast=Arfsten&rft.aufirst=Antje&rft.au=Paulsen-Schwarz%2C+Anne&rft.au=Terhart%2C+Lena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nordfriiskinstituut.eu%2Ffileadmin%2FContent%2FNordfriisk_Futuur%2FE-Books%2FFriesische_Gebrauchsgrammatik_-_Fering.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF%C3%B6hr+North+Frisian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArfsten1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Arfsten, Arfst J. (1993). Faltings, Volkert F. (ed.). <i>Fering düntjin</i> [<i>Fering anecdotes</i>]. Nuurdfresk tekstbiblioteek (in Northern Frisian, German, and Low German). Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Amrum" title="Amrum">Amrum</a>: Verlag Jens Quedens. pp. 9–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-924422-16-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-924422-16-5"><bdi>978-3-924422-16-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fering+d%C3%BCntjin&rft.place=Amrum&rft.series=Nuurdfresk+tekstbiblioteek&rft.pages=9-22&rft.pub=Verlag+Jens+Quedens&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-3-924422-16-5&rft.aulast=Arfsten&rft.aufirst=Arfst+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF%C3%B6hr+North+Frisian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNickelsen1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Nickelsen, Ellin (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201353/http://www.nordfriiskinstituut.de/verlagsprogramm/indexv.html?titel_jonkbradlep.php"><i>Jonk Bradlep</i></a> (in Northern Frisian). <a href="/wiki/Bredstedt" title="Bredstedt">Bredstedt</a>: Nordfriisk Instituut. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-88007-175-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-88007-175-9"><bdi>978-3-88007-175-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nordfriiskinstituut.de/verlagsprogramm/indexv.html?titel_jonkbradlep.php">the original</a> on 2016-03-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-12-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jonk+Bradlep&rft.place=Bredstedt&rft.pub=Nordfriisk+Instituut&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-3-88007-175-9&rft.aulast=Nickelsen&rft.aufirst=Ellin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nordfriiskinstituut.de%2Fverlagsprogramm%2Findexv.html%3Ftitel_jonkbradlep.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF%C3%B6hr+North+Frisian" class="Z3988"></span> Weblink in German and Fering.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%B6hr_North_Frisian&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hum.au.dk/engelsk/engosb/fering.html">Ocke-Schwen Bohn's home page</a> Speech samples and a phonetic description of Fering</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ferring-stiftung.de/en/">Ferring Stiftung</a> has a North Frisian version of its site and an archive of materials and recordings in Fering</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd 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aria-labelledby="Frisian_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Frisian_languages" title="Template:Frisian languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Frisian_languages" title="Template talk:Frisian languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Frisian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Frisian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Frisian_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Frisian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Frisian language">Middle Frisian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_languages" title="West Frisian languages">West Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindeloopen_Frisian" title="Hindeloopen Frisian">Hindeloopens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiermonnikoog_Frisian" title="Schiermonnikoog Frisian">Schiermonnikoogs</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Westlauwers–Terschellings" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.25em;font-weight:normal;">Westlauwers–<br />Terschellings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terschelling_Frisian" title="Terschelling Frisian">Terschellings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">Mainland West Frisian</a> <ul><li>Clay Frisian</li> <li>Wood Frisian <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Westereendersk" title="Westereendersk">Westereendersk</a></small></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_language" title="East Frisian language">East Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.25em;font-weight:normal;">Ems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saterland_Frisian_language" title="Saterland Frisian language">Saterland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.25em;font-weight:normal;">Weser</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wangerooge_Frisian" title="Wangerooge Frisian">Wangerooge</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wursten_Frisian" title="Wursten Frisian">Wursten</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harlingerland_Frisian" title="Harlingerland Frisian">Harlingerland</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.25em;font-weight:normal;">Mainland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6kingharde_North_Frisian" title="Bökingharde North Frisian">Bökingharde (Mooring)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goesharde_Frisian" title="Goesharde Frisian">Goesharde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karrharde_Frisian" title="Karrharde Frisian">Karrharde</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strand_Frisian" title="Strand Frisian">Strand</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halligen_Frisian" title="Halligen Frisian">Halligen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiedingharde_Frisian" title="Wiedingharde Frisian">Wiedingharde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.25em;font-weight:normal;">Insular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eiderstedt_Frisian" title="Eiderstedt Frisian">Eiderstedt</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6hr_Frisian" class="mw-redirect" title="Föhr Frisian">Föhr</a>–<a href="/wiki/Amrum_Frisian" class="mw-redirect" title="Amrum Frisian">Amrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland_Frisian" title="Heligoland Frisian">Heligolandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylt_North_Frisian" title="Sylt North Frisian">Sylt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Substratum dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amelands" title="Amelands">Amelands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_Low_Saxon" title="East Frisian Low Saxon">East Frisian Low Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gronings_dialect" title="Gronings dialect">Gronings</a></li> <li>Midslands</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadsfries_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadsfries dialects">Stadsfries dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bildts" title="Bildts">Bildts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_Dutch" title="West Frisian Dutch">West Frisian Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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