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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width; initial-scale=1.0;"/><title>Topical Bible: Latin</title><link rel="canonical" href="https://biblehub.com/topical/l/latin.htm" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/newtopical.css" type="text/css" media="Screen" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/print.css" type="text/css" media="Print" /><script type="application/javascript" src="https://scripts.webcontentassessor.com/scripts/8a2459b64f9cac8122fc7f2eac4409c8555fac9383016db59c4c26e3d5b8b157"></script><script src='https://qd.admetricspro.com/js/biblehub/biblehub-layout-loader-revcatch.js'></script><script id='HyDgbd_1s' src='https://prebidads.revcatch.com/ads.js' type='text/javascript' async></script><script>(function(w,d,b,s,i){var cts=d.createElement(s);cts.async=true;cts.id='catchscript'; cts.dataset.appid=i;cts.src='https://app.protectsubrev.com/catch_rp.js?cb='+Math.random(); document.head.appendChild(cts); }) (window,document,'head','script','rc-anksrH');</script></head><body><div id="fx"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" id="fx2"><tr><td><iframe width="100%" height="30" scrolling="no" src="/topical/vmenus/luke/23-38.htm" align="left" frameborder="0"></iframe></td></tr></table></div><div id="blnk"></div><div align="center"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="maintable"><tr><td><div id="fx5"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" id="fx6"><tr><td><iframe width="100%" height="245" scrolling="no" src="//biblehu.com/bmcde/l/latin.htm" frameborder="0"></iframe></td></tr></table></div></td></tr></table></div><div align="center"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="maintable3"><tr><td><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center" id="announce"><tr><td><div id="l1"><div id="breadcrumbs"><a href="/">Bible</a> > <a href="/topical/">Topical</a> > Latin</div><div id="anc"><iframe src="/anc.htm" width="100%" height="27" scrolling="no" frameborder="0"></iframe></div><div id="anc2"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"><tr><td><iframe src="/anc2.htm" width="100%" height="27" scrolling="no" frameborder="0"></iframe></td></tr></table></div></div></td></tr></table><div id="movebox2"><table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr><td><div id="topheading"><a href="/topical/l/latest.htm" title="Latest">◄</a> Latin <a href="/topical/l/latin_versions.htm" title="Latin Versions">►</a></div></td></tr></table></div><div align="center" class="maintable2"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"><tr><td><div id="topverse">Jump to: <a href="#smi" title="Smith's Bible Dictionary">Smith's</a> • <a href="#isb" title="International Standard Bible Encyclopedia">ISBE</a> • <a href="#eas" title="Easton's Bible Dictionary">Easton's</a> • <a href="#web" title="Webster's Dictionary">Webster's</a> • <a href="#cnc" title="Multiversion Concordance">Concordance</a> • <a href="#thes" title="Bible Thesaurus">Thesaurus</a> • <a href="#grk" title="Strong's Greek Concordance">Greek</a> • <a href="#lib" title="Library">Library</a> • <a href="#sub" title="Subtopics">Subtopics</a> • <a href="#rel" title="Related Terms">Terms</a></div><div id="leftbox"><div class="padleft"><a name="te" id="te"></a><div class="vheading2">Topical Encyclopedia</div>Introduction: Latin, an ancient Italic language, holds significant historical and cultural importance, particularly within the context of Christianity and the development of the Western Church. Although the Bible was not originally written in Latin, the language became a crucial medium for its dissemination and theological discourse in the Western world. Historical Context: Latin originated in the region of Latium, around Rome, and became the dominant language of the Roman Empire. As the empire expanded, Latin spread across Europe, North Africa, and parts of the Middle East. By the time of Christ, Latin was the administrative language of the Roman Empire, although Greek was more commonly spoken in the eastern provinces, including Judea. Latin and Early Christianity: The early Christian Church primarily used Greek, the lingua franca of the Eastern Mediterranean, for its writings and liturgy. However, as Christianity spread westward, Latin began to play a more prominent role. The need for Latin translations of the Scriptures became apparent as the number of Latin-speaking Christians grew. The Latin Vulgate: The most significant Latin translation of the Bible is the Vulgate, completed by St. Jerome in the late 4th century. Commissioned by Pope Damasus I, Jerome's translation aimed to provide a standard Latin text for the Western Church. Jerome translated the Old Testament directly from the Hebrew texts, rather than the Greek Septuagint, and revised existing Latin translations of the New Testament. The Vulgate became the authoritative biblical text for the Roman Catholic Church for many centuries. Latin in Church Tradition and Theology: Latin became the liturgical language of the Roman Catholic Church, used in the Mass and other sacraments. It also became the language of theological scholarship and ecclesiastical documents. Many Church Fathers, such as Augustine of Hippo, wrote extensively in Latin, contributing to the development of Christian doctrine and theology. Latin and the Reformation: During the Protestant Reformation, the use of Latin in the Church was a point of contention. Reformers like Martin Luther advocated for vernacular translations of the Bible to make Scripture accessible to all believers. Despite this shift, Latin remained an important language for theological discourse and education in many Protestant traditions. Biblical References and Latin Terms: While the Bible itself does not contain Latin, several Latin terms have become integral to Christian theology and practice. For example, "Imago Dei" (Image of God) refers to the belief that humans are created in God's image, as stated in <a href="/genesis/1-27.htm">Genesis 1:27</a> : "So God created man in His own image; in the image of God He created him; male and female He created them." Another example is "Sola Scriptura," a principle of the Reformation emphasizing the Bible as the sole authority in matters of faith and practice. This principle is rooted in passages like <a href="/2_timothy/3-16.htm">2 Timothy 3:16</a> : "All Scripture is God-breathed and is useful for instruction, for conviction, for correction, and for training in righteousness." Legacy and Influence: Latin's influence on Christianity is profound, shaping the liturgy, theology, and ecclesiastical structure of the Western Church. Even today, Latin remains the official language of the Vatican and is used in various Church documents and liturgical texts. Its legacy continues to be felt in the terminology and traditions of many Christian denominations.<a name="smi" id="smi"></a><div class="vheading2">Smith's Bible Dictionary</div>Latinthe language spoken by the Romans, is mentioned only in (<a href="/john/19-20.htm">John 19:20</a>) and Luke 23:38<a name="eas" id="eas"></a><div class="vheading2">Easton's Bible Dictionary</div>The vernacular language of the ancient Romans (<a href="/john/19-20.htm">John 19:20</a>). <a name="web" id="web"></a><div class="vheading2">Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary</div>1. (a.) Of or pertaining to Latium, or to the Latins, a people Of Latium; Roman; as, the Latin language.2. (a.) Of, pertaining to, or composed in, the language used by the Romans or Latins; as, a Latin grammar; a Latin composition or idiom.3. (n.) A native or inhabitant of Latium; a Roman.4. (n.) The language of the ancient Romans.5. (n.) An exercise in schools, consisting in turning English into Latin.6. (n.) A member of the Roman Catholic Church.7. (v. t.) To write or speak in Latin; to turn or render into Latin.<a name="isb" id="isb"></a><div class="vheading2">International Standard Bible Encyclopedia</div>LATINlat'-in: Was the official language of the Roman Empire as Greek was that of commerce. In Palestine Aramaic was the vernacular in the rural districts and remoter towns, while in the leading towns both Greek and Aramaic were spoken. These facts furnish the explanation of the use of all three tongues in the inscription on the cross of Christ (<a href="/matthew/27-37.htm">Matthew 27:37</a> <a href="/mark/15-26.htm">Mark 15:26</a> <a href="/luke/23-38.htm">Luke 23:38</a> <a href="/john/19-19.htm">John 19:19</a>). Thus the charge was written in the legal language, and was technically regular as well as recognizable by all classes of the people. The term "Latin" occurs in the New Testament only in <a href="/john/19-20.htm">John 19:20</a>, Rhomaisti, and in <a href="/luke/23-38.htm">Luke 23:38</a>, Rhomaikois (grammasin), according to Codices Sinaiticus, A, D, and N. It is probable that Tertullus made his plea against Paul before Felix (<a href="/nasb/acts/24.htm">Acts 24</a>) in Latin, though Greek was allowed in such provincial courts by grace of the judge. It is probable also that Paul knew and spoke Latin; compare W.M. Ramsay, Pauline and Other Studies, 1906, 65, and A. Souter, "Did Paul Speak Latin?" The Expositor, April, 1911. The vernacular Latin had its own history and development with great influence on the ecclesiastical terminology of the West. See W. Bury, "The Holy Latin Tongue," Dublin Review, April, 1906, and Ronsch, Itala und Vulgata, 1874, 480 f. There is no doubt of the mutual influence of Greek and Latin on each other in the later centuries. See W. Schulze, Graeca Latina, 1891; Viereck, Sermo Graecus, 1888. It is doubtful if the Latin syntax is clearly perceptible in the koine (see LANGUAGE OF THE NEW TESTAMENT). Deissmann (Light from the Ancient East, 117) finds ergasian didomi (operam dare) in an xyrhynchus papyrus letter of the vulgar type from 2nd century B.C. (compare <a href="/luke/12-58.htm">Luke 12:58</a>). A lead tablet in Amorgus has krino to dikaion (compare <a href="/luke/12-57.htm">Luke 12:57</a>). The papyri (2nd century A.D.) give sunairo logon (compare <a href="/matthew/18-23.htm">Matthew 18:23</a>). Moulton (Expositor, February, 1903, 115) shows that to hikanon poiein (satisfacere), is as old as Polybius. Even sumbouilion lambanien (concilium capere), may go with the rest like su opes (<a href="/matthew/27-4.htm">Matthew 27:4</a>), for videris (Thayer). Moulton (Prol., 21) and Thumb (Griechische Sprache, 121) consider the whole matter of syntactical Latinisms in the New Testament inconclusive. But see also C. Wessely, "Die lateinischen Elemente in der Gracitat d. agypt. Papyrusurkunden," Wien. Stud., 24; Laforcade. Influence du Latin sur le Grec. 83-158. There are Latin words in the New Testament: In particular Latin proper names like Aquila, Cornelius, Claudia, Clemens, Crescens, Crispus, Fortunatus, Julia, Junia, etc., even among the Christians in the New Testament besides Agrippa, Augustus, Caesar, Claudius, Felix, Festus, Gallio, Julius, etc. Besides we find in the New Testament current Latin commercial, financial, and official terms like assarion (as), denarion (denarius), kenturion (centurio), kenos (census), kodrantes (quadrans), kolonia (colonia), koustodia (custodia), legeon (legio), lention (linteum), libertinos (libertinus), litra (litra), makellon (macellum), membrana (membrana), milion (mille), modios (modius), xestes (sextarius), praitorion (praetorium), sikarios (sicarius), simikinthion (semicinctium), soudarion (sudarium), spekoulator (speculator), taberna (taberna), titlos (titulus), phelones (paenula), phoron (forum), phragellion (flagellum), phragelloo (flagello), chartes (charta?), choros (chorus). Then we meet such adjectives as Herodianoi, Philippesioi, Christianoi, which are made after the Latin model. Mark's Gospel shows more of these Latin words outside of proper names (compare <a href="/nasb/romans/16.htm">Romans 16</a>), as is natural if his Gospel were indeed written in Rome. See also <a href="../l/latin.htm">LATIN VERSION, THE OLD</a>. LITERATURE. Besides the literature already mentioned see Schurer, Jewish People in the Time of Christ, Div II, volume I, 43;; Krauss, Griechische und lateinische Lehnworter im Talmud (1898, 1899); Hoole, Classical Element in the New Testament (1888); Jannaris, Historical Greek Grammar (1897); W. Schmid, Atticismus, etc. (1887-97); Kapp, Latinismis merito ac falso susceptis (1726); Georgi, De Latinismis N T (1733); Draeger, Historische Syntax der lat. Sprache (1878-81); Pfister, Vulgarlatein und Vulgargriechisch (Rh. Mus., 1912, 195-208). A. T. RobertsonLATIN VERSION, THE OLD" 1. The Motive of Translation 2. Multiplicity of Latin Translations in the 4th Century 3. The Latin Bible before Jerome 4. First Used in North Africa 5. Cyprian's Bible 6. Tertullian's Bible 7. Possible Eastern Origin of Old Latin 8. Classification of Old Latin Manuscripts 9. Individual Characteristics 10. Value of Old Latin for Textual Criticism LITERATURE 1. The Motive of Translation: The claim of Christianity to be the one true religion has carried with it from the beginning the obligation to make its Holy Scriptures, containing the Divine message of salvation and life eternal, known to all mankind. Accordingly, wherever the first Christian evangelists carried the gospel beyond the limits of the Greek-speaking world, one of the first requirements of their work was to give the newly evangelized peoples the record of God's revelation of Himself in their mother tongue. It was through the Septuagint translation of the Old Testament that the great truths of revelation first became known to the Greek and Roman world. It is generally agreed that, as Christianity spread, the Syriac and the Latin versions were the first to be produced; and translations of the Gospels, and of other books of the Old and New Testament in Greek, were in all probability to be found in these languages before the close of the 2nd century. 2. Multiplicity of Latin Translations in the 4th Century: Of the earliest translators of the Bible into Latin no record has survived. Notwithstanding the careful investigations of scholars in recent years, there are still many questions relating to the origin of the Latin Bible to which only tentative and provisional answers can be given. It is therefore more convenient to begin a study of its history with Jerome toward the close of the 4th century and the commission entrusted to him by Pope Damasus to produce a standard Latin version, the execution of which gave to Christendom the Vulgate (Jerome's Latin Bible, 390-405 A.D.) (see VULGATE). The need for such a version was clamant. There existed by this time a multiplicity of translations differing from one another, and there was none possessed of commanding authority to which appeal might be made in case of necessity. It was the consideration of the chaotic condition of the existing translations, with their divergences and variations, which moved Damasus to commission Jerome to his task and Jerome to undertake it. We learn particulars from the letter of Jerome in 383 transmitting to his patron the first installment of his revision, the Gospels. "Thou compellest me," he writes, "to make a new work out of an old so that after so many copies of the Scriptures have been dispersed throughout the whole world I am as it were to occupy the post of arbiter, and seeing they differ from one another am to determine which of them are in agreement with the original Greek." Anticipating attacks from critics, he says, further: "If they maintain that confidence is to be reposed in the Latin exemplars, let them answer which, for there are almost as many copies of translations as manuscripts. But if the truth is to be sought from the majority, why not rather go back to the Greek original, and correct the blunders which have been made by incompetent translators, made worse rather than better by the presumption of unskillful correctors, and added to or altered by careless scribes?" Accordingly, he hands to the Pontiff the four Gospels to begin with after a careful comparison of old Greek manuscripts. From Jerome's contemporary, Augustine, we obtain a similar picture. "Translators from Hebrew into Greek," he says (De Doctrina Christiana, ii.11), "can be numbered, but Latin translators by no means. For whenever, in the first ages of the faith, a Greek manuscript came into the hands of anyone who had also a little skill in both languages, he made bold to translate it forthwith." In the same context he mentions "an innumerable variety of Latin translators," "a crowd of translators." His advice to readers is to give a preference to the Itala, "which is more faithful in its renderings and more intelligible in its sense." What the Itala is, has been greatly discussed. Formerly it was taken to be a summary designation of all the versions before Jerome's time. But Professor Burkitt (Texts and Studies, IV) strongly urges the view that by this term Augustine designates Jerome's Vulgate, which he might quite well have known and preferred to any of the earlier translations. However this may be, whereas before Jerome there were those numerous translations, of which he and Augustine complain, after Jerome there is the one preeminent and commanding work, produced by him, which in course of time drove all others out of the field, the great Vulgate (Jerome's Latin Bible, 390-405 A.D.) edition, as it came to be called, of the complete Latin Bible. 3. The Latin Bible before Jerome: We are here concerned with the subject of the Latin Bible before the time of Jerome. The manuscripts which have survived from the earlier period are known by the general designation of Old Latin. When we ask where these first translations came into existence, we discover a somewhat surprising fact. It was not at Rome, as we might have expected, that they were first required. The language of Christian Rome was mainly Greek, down to the 3rd century. Paul wrote the Epistle to the Romans in Greek. When Clement of Rome in the last decade of the 1st century wrote an epistle in the name of the Roman church to the Corinthians, he wrote in Greek Justin Martyr, and the heretic Marcion, alike wrote from Rome in Greek. Out of 15 bishops who presided over the Roman. See <a href="../d/down.htm">down to the close of the 2nd century, only four have Latin names</a>. Even the pagan emperor Marcus Aurelius wrote his Meditations in Greek If there were Christians in Rome at that period whose only language was Latin, they were not sufficiently numerous to be provided with Christian literature; at least none has survived. 4. First Used in North Africa: It is from North Africa that the earliest Latin literature of the church has come down to us. The church of North Africa early received a baptism of blood, and could point to an illustrious roll of martyrs. It had also a distinguished list of Latin authors, whose Latin might sometimes be rude and mixed with foreign idioms, but had a power and a fire derived from the truths which it set forth. One of the most eminent of these Africans was Cyprian, bishop of Carthage, who won the martyr's crown in 257. His genuine works consist of a number of short treatises, or tracts, and numerous letters, all teeming with Scripture quotations. It is certain that he employed a version then and there in use, and it is agreed that "his quotations are carefully made and thus afford trustworthy standards of African Old Latin in a very early though still not the earliest stage" (Hort, Introduction to the New Testament in Greek, 78). 5. Cyprian's Bible: Critical investigation has made it clear that the version used by Cyprian survives in a fragmentary copy of Mark and Matthew, now at Turin in North Italy, called Codex Bobbiensis (k), and in the fragments of the Apocalypse and Acts contained in a palimpsest at Paris called Codex Floriacensis (h). It has been found that another MS, Codex Palatinus (e) at Vienna, has a text closely akin to that exhibited in Cyprian, although there are traces of mixture in it. The text of these manuscripts, together with the quotations of the so-called Speculum Augustini (m), is known among scholars as African Old Latin. Another manuscript with an interesting history, Codex Colbertinus (c) contains also a valuable African element, but in many parts of the Gospels it sides also with what is called the European Old Latin more than with k or e. Codex Bobbiensis (k) has been edited with a learned introduction in the late Bishop John Wordsworth's Old Latin Biblical Texts, the relation of k to Cyprian as well as to other Old Latin texts being the subject of an elaborate investigation by Professor Sanday. That Cyprian, who was not acquainted with Greek, had a written version before him which is here identified is certain, and thus the illustrious bishop and martyr gives us a fixed point in the history of the Latin Bible a century and a half earlier than Jerome. 6. Tertullian's Bible: We proceed half a century nearer to the fountainhead of the African Bible when we take up the testimony of Tertullian who flourished toward the close of the 2nd century. He differed from Cyprian in being a competent Greek scholar. He was thus able to translate for himself as he made his quotations from the Septuagint or the Greek New Testament, and is thus for us by no means so safe a witness to the character or existence of a standard version. Professor Zahn (GK, I, 60) maintains with considerable plausibility that before 210-240 A.D. there was no Latin Bible, and that Tertullian with his knowledge of Greek just translated as he went along. In this contention, Zahn is not supported by many scholars, and the view generally is that while Tertullian's knowledge of Greek is a disturbing element, his writings, with the copious quotations from both Old Testament and New Testament, do testify to the existence of a version which had already been for some time in circulation and use. Who the African Wycliffe or Tyndale was who produced that version has not been recorded, and it may in fact have been the work of several hands, the result, as Bishop Westcott puts it, of the spontaneous efforts of African Christians (Canon of the NT7, 263). 7. Possible Eastern Origin of Old Latin: Although the evidence has, up to the present time, been regarded as favoring the African origin of the first Latin translation of the Bible, recent investigation into what is called the Western text of the New Testament has yielded results pointing elsewhere. It is clear from a comparison that the Western type of text has close affinity with the Syriac witnesses originating in the eastern provinces of the empire. The close textual relation disclosed between the Latin and the Syriac versions has led some authorities to believe that, after all, the earliest Latin version may have been made in the East, and possibly at Antioch. But this is one of the problems awaiting the discovery of fresh material and fuller investigation for its solution. 8. Classification of Old Latin Manuscripts: We have already noticed the African group, so designated from its connection with the great African Fathers, Tertullian and especially Cyprian, and comprising k, e, and to some extent h and m. The antiquity of the text here represented is attested by these African Fathers. When we come down to the 4th century we find in Western Europe, and especially in North Italy, a second type of text, which is designated European, the precise relation of which to the African has not been clearly ascertained. Is this an independent text which has arisen on the soil of Italy, or is it a text derived by alteration and revision of the African as it traveled northward and westward? This group consists of the Codex Vercellensis (a) and Codex Vcronensis (b) of the 4th or 5th century at Vercelli and Verona respectively, and there may be included also the Codex Vindobonensis (i) of the 7th century at Vienna. These give the Gospels, and a gives for John the text as it was read by the 4th-century Father, Lucifer of Cagliari in Sardinia. The Latin of the Greek-Latin manuscript D (Codex Bezae) is known as d, and much of Irenaeus are classed with this group. Still later, Professor Hort says from the middle of the 4th century, a third type, called Italic from its more restricted range, is found. It is represented by Codex Brixianus (f) of the 6th century, now at Brescia, and Codex Monacensis (q) of the 7th century, at Munich. This text is probably a modified form of the European, produced by revision which has brought it more into accord with the Greek, and has given it a smoother Lot aspect. The group has received this name because the text found in many of Augustine's writings is the same, and as he expressed a preference for the Itala, the group was designated accordingly. Recent investigation tends to show that we must be careful how we use Augustine as an Old Latin authority, and that the Itala may be, not a pre-Vulgate text, but rather Jerome's Vulgate (Jerome's Latin Bible, 390-405 A.D.) This, however, is still uncertain; the fact remains that as far as the Gospels are concerned, f and q represent the type of text most used by Jerome. 9. Individual Characteristics: That all these groups, comprising in all 38 codices, go back to one original is not impossible. Still there may have been at first local VSS, and then an official version formed out of them. When Jerome's revision took hold of the church, the Old Latin representatives for the most part dropped out of notice. Some of them, however, held their ground and continued to be copied down to the 12th and even the 13th century Codex C (Ephraemi) is an example of this; it is a manuscript of the 12th century, but as Professor Burkitt has pointed out (Texts and Studies, IV, "Old Latin," 11) "it came from Languedoc, the country of the Albigenses. Only among heretics isolated from the rest of Western Christianity could an Old Latin text have been written at so late a period." An instance of an Old Latin text copied in the 13th century is the Gigas Holmiensis, quoted as Gig, now at Stockholm, and so called from its great size. It contains the Acts and the Apocalypse of the Old Latin and the rest of the New Testament according to the Vulgate (Jerome's Latin Bible, 390-405 A.D.) It has to be borne in mind that in the early centuries complete Bibles were unknown. Each group of books, Gospels, Acts and Catholic Epistles, Pauline Epistles, and Revelation for the New Testament, and Pentateuch, Historical Books, Psalms and Prophets for the Old Testament, has to be regarded separately. It is interesting, also, to note that when Jerome revised, or even retranslated from the Septuagint, Tobit and Judith of the Apocrypha, the greater number of these books, the Wisdom, Ecclesiasticus, 1 and 2 Maccabees, and Baruch were left unrevised, and were simply added to the Vulgate (Jerome's Latin Bible, 390-405 A.D.) from the Old Latin version. 10. Value of Old Latin for Textual Criticism: These Old Latin translations going back in their earliest forms to nearly the middle of the 2nd century are very early witnesses to the Greek text from which they were made. They are the more valuable inasmuch as they are manifestly very literal translations. Our great uncial manuscripts reach no farther back than the 4th century, whereas in the Old Latin we have evidence-indirect indeed and requiring to be cautiously used-reaching back to the 2nd century. The text of these manuscripts is neither dated nor localized, whereas the evidence of these VSS, coming from a particular province of the church, and being used by Fathers whose period is definitely known, enables us to judge of the type of Greek text then and there in use. In this connection, too, it is noteworthy that while the variations of which Jerome and Augustine complained were largely due to the blunders, or natural mistakes, of copyists, they did sometimes represent various readings in the Greek originals. LITERATURE. Wordsworth and White, Old Latin Biblical Texts, 4 volumes; F.C. Burkitt, "The Old Latin and the Itala," Texts and Studies, IV; "Old Latin VSS" by H.A.A. Kennedy in Hastings, Dictionary of the Bible (five volumes); "Bibelubersetzungen, Lateinische" by Fritzsche-Nestle in PRE3; Intros to Textual Criticism of the New Testament by Scrivener, Gregory, Nestle, and Lake. T. Nicol<a name="grk" id="grk"></a><div class="vheading2">Greek</div><a href="/greek/4515.htm">4515. Rhomaisti -- in Latin</a> ... in Latin. Part of Speech: Adverb Transliteration: Rhomaisti Phonetic Spelling: (hro-mah-is-tee') Short Definition: in the Latin language Definition: in the ... //strongsnumbers.com/greek2/4515.htm - 6k<a href="/greek/4513.htm">4513. Rhomaikos -- Latin.</a> ... Latin. Part of Speech: Adjective Transliteration: Rhomaikos Phonetic Spelling: (rho-mah-ee-kos') Short Definition: Roman, Latin Definition: Roman, Latin. ... //strongsnumbers.com/greek2/4513.htm - 6k<a href="/greek/2835.htm">2835. kodrantes -- quadrans, one-fourth of an as (a Roman monetary ...</a> ... 2835 -- a Roman copper coin, worth 1/A of a denarius; "(Latin, = quadrans), 'a quadrans,' the smallest Roman copper coin, a quarter of an , the sixteenth part ... //strongsnumbers.com/greek2/2835.htm - 7k<a href="/greek/5410.htm">5410. phoron -- forum, market</a> ... market. Part of Speech: Noun, Neuter Transliteration: phoron Phonetic Spelling: (for'-on) Short Definition: Forum, Market Definition: (of Latin origin), Forum ... //strongsnumbers.com/greek2/5410.htm - 6k<a href="/greek/207.htm">207. Akulas -- Aquila, a Christian</a> ... Noun, Masculine Transliteration: Akulas Phonetic Spelling: (ak-oo'-las) Short Definition: Aquila Definition: the Greek way of writing the Latin Aquila, a male ... //strongsnumbers.com/greek2/207.htm - 6k<a href="/greek/4232.htm">4232. praitorion -- Praetorium (official residence of a governor) ...</a> ... praetorian guard in Rome. 4232 -- properly, a governor's house (Latin, ). 4232 () is used of: Word Origin of Latin origin Definition ... //strongsnumbers.com/greek2/4232.htm - 7k<a href="/greek/5060.htm">5060. Tertios -- "third," Tertius, a Christian to whom Paul ...</a> ... Word Origin of Latin origin Definition "third," Tertius, a Christian to whom Paul dictated Romans NASB Word Usage Tertius (1). Tertius. ... //strongsnumbers.com/greek2/5060.htm - 6k<a href="/greek/4630.htm">4630. Skeuas -- Sceva, a Jewish chief priest</a> ... Word Origin perhaps of Latin origin Definition Sceva, a Jewish chief priest NASB Word Usage Sceva (1). Sceva. Apparently of Latin ... //strongsnumbers.com/greek2/4630.htm - 6k<a href="/greek/5182.htm">5182. turbazo -- to disturb, to trouble.</a> ... 5182 (from , "a noisy, tumultuous crowd"; cf. Latin, , "confusion") -- properly, to be in (a ). (5182 is related to 2351 , "uproar."). ... //strongsnumbers.com/greek2/5182.htm - 6k<a href="/greek/3582.htm">3582. xestes -- a sextarius (about a pint), a pitcher (of wood or ...</a> ... Word Origin of Latin origin Definition a sextarius (about a pint), a pitcher (of wood or stone) NASB Word Usage pitchers (1). a pitcher, jug. ... //strongsnumbers.com/greek2/3582.htm - 6k<a name="lib" id="lib"></a><div class="vheading2">Library</div><a href="/library/origen/origen_de_principiis/from_the_latin.htm">From the Latin.</a> ... Book IV. Translated from the Latin of Rufinus. From the Latin. 24. This descent of the holy fathers into Egypt will appear as granted ... //christianbookshelf.org/origen/origen de principiis/from the latin.htm<a href="/library/origen/origen_de_principiis/translated_from_latin_of_rufinus.htm">Translated from Latin of Rufinus.</a> ... Book III. Translated from Latin of Rufinus. Chapter I.--- On the Freedom of the Will. [2275] 1. Some such opinions, we believe, ought ... /.../origen/origen de principiis/translated from latin of rufinus.htm<a href="/library/brownlie/hymns_of_the_early_church/puer_natus_in_bethlehem_from.htm">Puer Natus in Bethlehem from a Latin Ms. Of the Early 14Th Century</a> ... HYMNS OF THE EARLY CHURCH PUER NATUS IN BETHLEHEM From a Latin MS. of the Early 14th Century. 8,8 PUER NATUS IN BETHLEHEM From a Latin MS. ... /.../brownlie/hymns of the early church/puer natus in bethlehem from.htm<a href="/library/schaff/the_seven_ecumenical_councils/excursus_on_the_present_teaching.htm">Excursus on the Present Teaching of the Latin and Greek Churches ...</a> ... The Sixth Ecumenical Council. Excursus on the Present Teaching of the Latin and Greek Churches on the Subject. To set forth the ... /.../schaff/the seven ecumenical councils/excursus on the present teaching.htm<a href="/library/athanasius/select_works_and_letters_or_athanasius/1_editions_&c_a_before.htm">Editions, &C. (A) Before 1601 Only Latin Translations. The First,</a> ... (A) Before 1601 only Latin translations. The first,. ... (B) The first Greek Edition (14) 1601 at Heidelberg by Commelinus, with the Nannian Latin version (2 vols. ... /.../athanasius/select works and letters or athanasius/1 editions &c a before.htm<a href="/library/tertullian/against_the_valentinians/chapter_vi_although_writing_in_latin.htm">Although Writing in Latin He Proposes to Retain the Greek Names of ...</a> ... Chapter VI."Although Writing in Latin He Proposes to Retain the Greek Names of the Valentinian Emanations of Deity Not to Discuss the Heresy But Only to ... /.../tertullian/against the valentinians/chapter vi although writing in latin.htm<a href="/library/athanasius/select_works_and_letters_or_athanasius/section_2_translations_the_principal.htm">Translations. The Principal Latin Versions have Been Referred to ...</a> ... The principal Latin versions have been referred to in 1. Of those in foreign languages it is not easy to procure adequate information. Fialon. ... /.../select works and letters or athanasius/section 2 translations the principal.htm<a href="/library/augustine/the_confessions_and_letters_of_st/chapter_xiii_he_delighted_in_latin.htm">He Delighted in Latin Studies and the Empty Fables of the Poets ...</a> ... Book I. Chapter XIII."He Delighted in Latin Studies and the Empty Fables of the Poets, But Hated the Elements of Literature and the Greek Language. 20. ... /.../the confessions and letters of st/chapter xiii he delighted in latin.htm<a href="/library/unknown/the_passing_of_mary/first_latin_form.htm">First Latin Form.</a> ... The Passing of Mary. First Latin Form. Concerning the Passing [2634] of the Blessed Virgin Mary. In that time before the Lord came ... //christianbookshelf.org/unknown/the passing of mary/first latin form.htm<a href="/library/unknown/the_passing_of_mary/second_latin_form.htm">Second Latin Form.</a> ... The Passing of Mary. Second Latin Form. Here Beginneth the Passing of the Blessed Virgin Mary. 1. [2658] Therefore, when the Lord ... //christianbookshelf.org/unknown/the passing of mary/second latin form.htm<a name="thes" id="thes"></a><div class="vheading2">Thesaurus</div><a href="/topical/l/latin.htm">Latin (2 Occurrences)</a> ... Noah Webster's Dictionary. 1. (a.) Of or pertaining to Latium, or to the Latins, a people Of Latium; Roman; as, the Latin language. ... /l/latin.htm - 28k<a href="/topical/f/fourth.htm">Fourth (87 Occurrences)</a> ... oldest extant name is "The Prophet Ezra" (Esdras ho prophetes; see Clement of Alexandria, Strom., iii.16): It has been often called the Latin Esdras because it ... /f/fourth.htm - 43k<a href="/topical/r/rest.htm">Rest (831 Occurrences)</a> ... The several places in the Greek Bible are indicated in each case. A (Latin, English, Additions to Esther 11:2; 12:6): Mordecai's dream; how he came to honor. ... /r/rest.htm - 47k<a href="/topical/c/concordance.htm">Concordance</a> ... kon-kor'-dans: 1. Nature of Work 2. Classes of Concordances 3. Their Indispensableness 4. Concordances to Latin Vulgate 5. Concordances to the Hebrew Old ... /c/concordance.htm - 16k<a href="/topical/j/jeremy.htm">Jeremy (2 Occurrences)</a> ... But in Latin manuscripts, including those of the Vulgate, it is appended to Baruch, of which it forms chapter 6, though it really has nothing to do with that ... /j/jeremy.htm - 12k<a href="/topical/s/syriac.htm">Syriac (2 Occurrences)</a> ... Int. Standard Bible Encyclopedia. SYRIAC VERSIONS. " 1. Analogy of Latin Vulgate 2. The Designation "Peshito" ("Peshitta") 3. Syriac Old Testament 4. Syriac New ... /s/syriac.htm - 26k<a href="/topical/c/charity.htm">Charity (29 Occurrences)</a> ... char'-i-ti (agape): 1. A New Word 2. A New Ideal 3. An Apostolic Term 4. Latin Equivalents 5. English Translation 6. Inward Motive 7. Character 8. Ultimate ... /c/charity.htm - 23k<a href="/topical/p/passion.htm">Passion (82 Occurrences)</a> ... PASSION, PASSIONS. pash'-un, pash'-unz: "Passion" is derived from Latin passio, which in turn is derived from the verb patior, with the root, pat-. ... /p/passion.htm - 37k<a href="/topical/p/passions.htm">Passions (26 Occurrences)</a> ... PASSION, PASSIONS. pash'-un, pash'-unz: "Passion" is derived from Latin passio, which in turn is derived from the verb patior, with the root, pat-. ... /p/passions.htm - 17k<a href="/topical/s/septuagint.htm">Septuagint</a> ... Preeminent among these daughter versions was the Old Latin which preceded the Vulgate (Jerome's Latin Bible, 390-405 AD), for the most part a direct ... /s/septuagint.htm - 38k<a name="res" id="res"></a><div class="vheading2">Resources</div><a href="https://www.gotquestions.org/Latin-Vulgate.html">What is the Latin Vulgate Bible? | GotQuestions.org</a> <a href="https://www.gotquestions.org/Saint-Jerome.html">Who was Saint Jerome? | GotQuestions.org</a> <a href="https://www.gotquestions.org/Douay-Rheims-Version-DRV.html">What is the Douay-Rheims Version (DRV)? | GotQuestions.org</a> <a href="https://clyx.com/term/latin.htm">Latin: Dictionary and Thesaurus | Clyx.com</a> <a href="/concordance/">Bible Concordance</a> • <a href="/dictionary/">Bible Dictionary</a> • <a href="/encyclopedia/">Bible Encyclopedia</a> • <a href="/topical/">Topical Bible</a> • <a href="/thesaurus/">Bible Thesuarus</a></div></div><div id="centbox"><div class="padcent"><a name="cnc" id="cnc"></a><div class="vheading2">Concordance</div>Latin (2 Occurrences)<a href="/luke/23-38.htm">Luke 23:38</a> An inscription was also written over him in letters of Greek, Latin, and Hebrew: "THIS IS THE KING OF THE JEWS." (WEB KJV WBS)<a href="/john/19-20.htm">John 19:20</a> Therefore many of the Jews read this title, for the place where Jesus was crucified was near the city; and it was written in Hebrew, in Latin, and in Greek. (WEB KJV WEY ASV BBE DBY WBS NAS RSV NIV)<a name="sub" id="sub"></a><div class="vheading2">Subtopics</div><a href="/topical/l/latin.htm">Latin</a><a href="/topical/l/latin_versions.htm">Latin Versions</a><a href="/topical/naves/l/latin--general_scriptures_concerning.htm">Latin: General Scriptures Concerning</a><a name="rel" id="rel"></a><div class="vheading2">Related Terms</div><a href="/topical/f/fourth.htm">Fourth (87 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/r/rest.htm">Rest (831 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/c/concordance.htm">Concordance</a><a href="/topical/j/jeremy.htm">Jeremy (2 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/s/syriac.htm">Syriac (2 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/c/charity.htm">Charity (29 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/p/passion.htm">Passion (82 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/p/passions.htm">Passions (26 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/s/septuagint.htm">Septuagint</a><a href="/topical/m/manasses.htm">Manasses (1 Occurrence)</a><a href="/topical/s/slavonic.htm">Slavonic</a><a href="/topical/g/georgian.htm">Georgian</a><a href="/topical/s/set.htm">Set (6715 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/g/gothic.htm">Gothic</a><a href="/topical/n/nephthar.htm">Nephthar</a><a href="/topical/n/nephthai.htm">Nephthai</a><a href="/topical/o/ordain.htm">Ordain (13 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/o/ordination.htm">Ordination (12 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/r/rasses.htm">Rasses</a><a href="/topical/d/degree.htm">Degree (19 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/m/matthew.htm">Matthew (5 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/p/partridge.htm">Partridge (2 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/b/beatitudes.htm">Beatitudes</a><a href="/topical/e/esdras.htm">Esdras</a><a href="/topical/a/amulet.htm">Amulet</a><a href="/topical/h/haggai.htm">Haggai (14 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/t/three.htm">Three (5005 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/w/wild.htm">Wild (147 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/r/repentance.htm">Repentance (28 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/k/kittim.htm">Kittim (8 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/v/version.htm">Version</a><a href="/topical/v/vulgate.htm">Vulgate</a><a href="/topical/a/apostles'.htm">Apostles'</a><a href="/topical/b/bethlehem.htm">Bethlehem (49 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/j/judith.htm">Judith (1 Occurrence)</a><a href="/topical/i/inspiration.htm">Inspiration (4 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/s/soul.htm">Soul (554 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/p/precious.htm">Precious (128 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/s/stones.htm">Stones (244 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/g/godhead.htm">Godhead (5 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/l/luke.htm">Luke (4 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/v/vulture.htm">Vulture (16 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/n/notice.htm">Notice (44 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/n/name.htm">Name (10157 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/o/ox.htm">Ox (197 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/o/orator.htm">Orator (3 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/o/ortion.htm">Ortion</a><a href="/topical/t/talmud.htm">Talmud</a><a href="/topical/g/greek.htm">Greek (19 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/g/guilt.htm">Guilt (180 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/g/gourd.htm">Gourd (4 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/i/intent.htm">Intent (37 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/i/intend.htm">Intend (30 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/i/inscription.htm">Inscription (18 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/i/ituraea.htm">Ituraea (1 Occurrence)</a><a href="/topical/l/laodiceans.htm">Laodiceans (2 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/f/fashion.htm">Fashion (24 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/e/executioner.htm">Executioner (1 Occurrence)</a><a href="/topical/e/earnest.htm">Earnest (33 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/e/epaphroditus.htm">Epaphroditus (2 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/d/duke.htm">Duke (14 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/m/myrrh.htm">Myrrh (22 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/m/moderately.htm">Moderately (1 Occurrence)</a><a href="/topical/m/magnificat.htm">Magnificat</a><a href="/topical/m/mite.htm">Mite (1 Occurrence)</a><a href="/topical/m/man.htm">Man (26072 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/p/publius.htm">Publius (2 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/b/body.htm">Body (562 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/b/banner.htm">Banner (20 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/b/badger.htm">Badger (9 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/c/commend.htm">Commend (22 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/c/chapter.htm">Chapter</a><a href="/topical/c/careful.htm">Careful (130 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/c/care.htm">Care (466 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/c/cloak.htm">Cloak (73 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/c/cuckow.htm">Cuckow (2 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/c/cubit.htm">Cubit (51 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/c/carefulness.htm">Carefulness (6 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/c/coney.htm">Coney (2 Occurrences)</a></div></div></td></tr></table></div><div id="left"><a 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