CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Erya - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"7311d788-9c6a-44aa-849f-6b4155e6aead","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Erya","wgTitle":"Erya","wgCurRevisionId":1244629165,"wgRevisionId":1244629165,"wgArticleId":1216675,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Articles lacking in-text citations from February 2022","All articles lacking in-text citations","Articles containing Chinese-language text","Pages with plain IPA","Articles containing Vietnamese-language text","Articles containing Korean-language text","Articles containing Japanese-language text","Commons category link is on Wikidata","CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)","Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text", "Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text","Chinese classic texts","Confucian texts","Chinese dictionaries","Chinese encyclopedias","Leishu","Thirteen Classics"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Erya","wgRelevantArticleId":1216675,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage", "wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1207685","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=[ "ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Erya_Zhushu_-_Chinese_Dictionary_Museum.JPG/1200px-Erya_Zhushu_-_Chinese_Dictionary_Museum.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="896"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Erya_Zhushu_-_Chinese_Dictionary_Museum.JPG/800px-Erya_Zhushu_-_Chinese_Dictionary_Museum.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="598"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Erya_Zhushu_-_Chinese_Dictionary_Museum.JPG/640px-Erya_Zhushu_-_Chinese_Dictionary_Museum.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="478"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Erya - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erya"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Erya&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erya"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Erya rootpage-Erya skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Erya" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Erya" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Erya" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Erya" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Title" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Title</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Content</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Erya</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7_(%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87)" title="اریا (لغت‌نامه) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اریا (لغت‌نامه)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Er_ya" title="Er ya – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Er ya" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%95%84" title="이아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Er_ja" title="Er ja – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Er ja" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erya" title="Erya – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Erya" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%BE%E9%9B%85" title="爾雅 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="爾雅" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erya" title="Erya – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Erya" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%8F" title="Эръя – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эръя" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%27%D1%8F_(%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Ер'я (словник) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ер'я (словник)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C4%A9_Nh%C3%A3" title="Nhĩ Nhã – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhĩ Nhã" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%BE%E9%9B%85" title="爾雅 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="爾雅" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%94%E9%9B%85" title="尔雅 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="尔雅" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%BE%E9%9B%85" title="爾雅 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="爾雅" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%94%E9%9B%85" title="尔雅 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="尔雅" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1207685#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Erya" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Erya" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Erya"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erya&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erya&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Erya"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erya&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erya&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Erya" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Erya" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erya&oldid=1244629165" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erya&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Erya&id=1244629165&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FErya"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FErya"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Erya&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erya&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Erya" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1207685" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Oldest surviving Chinese dictionary (3rd-century BCE)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de"><i>Erya</i></th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Erya_Zhushu_-_Chinese_Dictionary_Museum.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Erya_Zhushu_-_Chinese_Dictionary_Museum.JPG/220px-Erya_Zhushu_-_Chinese_Dictionary_Museum.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Erya_Zhushu_-_Chinese_Dictionary_Museum.JPG/330px-Erya_Zhushu_-_Chinese_Dictionary_Museum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Erya_Zhushu_-_Chinese_Dictionary_Museum.JPG/440px-Erya_Zhushu_-_Chinese_Dictionary_Museum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i>Erya</i> exhibit at Chinese Dictionary Museum (<a href="/wiki/Jincheng" title="Jincheng">Jincheng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanxi_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanxi Province">Shanxi Province</a>)</div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%88%BE%E9%9B%85" class="extiw" title="wikt:爾雅">爾雅</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">尔雅</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">approaching what is correct</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Ěryǎ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Erh<sup>3</sup>-ya<sup>3</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[àɚ.jà]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Yíh-ngáah</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Ji<sup>5</sup>-ngaa<sup>5</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[ji˩˧.ŋa˩˧]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Ní-ngá</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Late Middle Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ltc-Latn"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ȵiᴇ<sup>X</sup><span class="wrap"> </span>ŋˠa<sup>X</sup>/</span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstructions_of_Old_Chinese#Baxter–Sagart_(2014)" title="Reconstructions of Old Chinese">Baxter–Sagart (2014)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Old Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="och-Latn">*n[e][r]ʔ N-ɢˤraʔ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstructions_of_Old_Chinese#Zhengzhang_(1981–1995)" title="Reconstructions of Old Chinese">Zhengzhang</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Old Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="och-Latn"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/*njelʔ<span class="wrap"> </span>ŋraːʔ/</span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Vietnamese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Vietnamese alphabet</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Nhĩ Nhã</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán">Chữ Hán</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><span lang="vi-Hani">爾雅</span></span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Korean name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko" style="font-size: 1rem;">이아</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko" style="font-size: 1rem;">爾雅</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ko-Latn">Ia</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Japanese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">爾雅</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">じが</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ja-Latn">Jiga</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i><b>Erya</b></i> or <i><b>Erh-ya</b></i> is the first surviving <a href="/wiki/Chinese_dictionary" title="Chinese dictionary">Chinese dictionary</a>. The sinologist <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Karlgren" title="Bernhard Karlgren">Bernhard Karlgren</a> concluded that "the major part of its <a href="/wiki/Interlinear_gloss" title="Interlinear gloss">glosses</a> must reasonably date from the 3rd century BC."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlgren193149_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlgren193149-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Title">Title</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erya&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Title"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chinese scholars interpret the first title character <i>ěr</i> (<span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%88%BE#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:爾">爾</a></span>; "you, your; adverbial suffix") as a <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_loan_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonetic loan character">phonetic loan character</a> for the homophonous <i>ěr</i> (<span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%82%87#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:邇">邇</a></span>; "near; close; approach"), and believe the second <i>yǎ</i> (<span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%9B%85#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:雅">雅</a></span>; "proper; correct; refined; elegant") refers to words or language.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/W._South_Coblin" title="W. South Coblin">W. South Coblin</a>: "The interpretation of the title as something like 'approaching what is correct, proper, refined' is now widely accepted".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoblin199394_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoblin199394-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been translated as "The Literary Expositor" or "The Ready Rectifier" (both by <a href="/wiki/James_Legge" title="James Legge">Legge</a>), "Progress Towards Correctness" (von Rosthorn), "Near Correct" (Xue), "The Semantic Approximator" (<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Needham" title="Joseph Needham">Needham</a>), and "Approaching Elegance" (<a href="/wiki/Victor_H._Mair" title="Victor H. Mair">Mair</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erya&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The book's author is unknown. Although it is traditionally attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Zhou" title="Duke of Zhou">Duke of Zhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a>, or his disciples, scholarship suggests that someone compiled and edited diverse glosses from commentaries to pre-Qin texts, especially the <i><a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Poetry" title="Classic of Poetry">Shijing</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Needham" title="Joseph Needham">Joseph Needham</a> et al. place the <i>Erya'</i>s compilation between the late 4th and early 2nd centuries BCE, with the possible existence of some core text material dating back to the 6th century BCE, and the continued additions to the text as late as the 1st century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1986191_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986191-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first attempts to date the different parts of the <i>Erya</i> separately began when the Tang scholar <a href="/wiki/Lu_Deming" title="Lu Deming">Lu Deming</a> (556–627) suggested that the Duke of Zhou only compiled the <i>Shigu</i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">釋詁</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Shìgǔ</span></i>) chapter (1), while the rest of the text dated from later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1986190_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986190-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Japanese historian and sinologist <a href="/wiki/Nait%C5%8D_Torajir%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Naitō Torajirō">Naitō Torajirō</a> analyzed the <i>Erya</i> text and concluded it originated in the early <a href="/wiki/Warring_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Warring States">Warring States</a> period, with the <a href="/wiki/Jixia_Academy" title="Jixia Academy">Jixia Academy</a> having a considerable hand in it from c. 325 BCE onwards, and the text was enlarged and stabilized during the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Han_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Han dynasty">Western Han dynasty</a>. Naitō connects the <i>Shigu</i> chapter (1) with the first generations of the <a href="/wiki/Confucian" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucian">Confucian</a> School (450-400 BCE), places the family relationships, astronomy, and meteorology chapters (4-8) in the time of Xun Qing <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">荀卿</span></span> (300-230 BCE) with additions as late as 90 BCE, allocates the geographical chapters (9-12) to the late Warring States, Qin, and beginning of Han (300-200 BCE), puts the natural history chapters (13-18) between 300 and 160 BCE, and ascribes the last chapter (19) on domestic animals to the time of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Han" title="Emperor Wen of Han">Emperor Wen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Jing_of_Han" title="Emperor Jing of Han">Emperor Jing of Han</a> (180 to 140 BCE). </p><p>The <i>Erya</i> was considered the authoritative lexicographic guide to <a href="/wiki/Chinese_classic_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese classic texts">Chinese classic texts</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> Confucians officially categorized it as one of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Classics" title="Thirteen Classics">Thirteen Classics</a>, "making it one of the more revered works in the history of Chinese literature, not to mention lexicography".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreamer1992112_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreamer1992112-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the only ancient <i>Erya</i> commentary that has come down to us is the (c. 310) <i>Erya zhu</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">爾雅注</span></span>, "<i>Erya</i> Commentary") by <a href="/wiki/Guo_Pu" title="Guo Pu">Guo Pu</a> (276–324), there were a number of others, including the (early 1st century) <i>Erya Fanshi zhu</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">爾雅樊氏注</span></span>, "Mr. <a href="/wiki/Fan_(surname)" title="Fan (surname)">Fan</a>'s <i>Erya</i> Commentary") by <a href="/wiki/Liu_Xin_(scholar)" title="Liu Xin (scholar)">Liu Xin</a>, and the (late 3rd century) <i>Erya Yinyi</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">爾雅音義</span></span>, "Sounds and Meanings of <i>Erya</i>") by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sun_Yan_(Confucian_scholar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sun Yan (Confucian scholar) (page does not exist)">Sun Yan</a>, which popularized the <i><a href="/wiki/Fanqie" title="Fanqie">fanqie</a></i> system of pronunciation glosses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1986191_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986191-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of these texts about the <i>Erya</i> were still extant in the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (618-907) but had disappeared by the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> (960-1279), when there was a revival of interest in the <i>Erya</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1986192_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986192-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Song_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Song dynasty">Northern Song dynasty</a> scholar Xing Bing (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">邢昺</span></span>) wrote the (c. 1000) <i>Erya shu</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">爾雅疏</span></span>, "<i>Erya</i> Subcommentary"), which quoted many descriptions from both ordinary literature and medicinal <i>bencao</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">本草</span></span>, "pharmacopoeia; herbal") texts. A century later, Lu Dian (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">陸佃</span></span>) wrote the (1096) <i><a href="/wiki/Piya" title="Piya">Piya</a></i> ("Increased [Er]ya") and the (1099) <i>Erya Xinyi</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">爾雅新義</span></span> "New Interpretations of the <i>Erya</i>") commentary. The <a href="/wiki/Southern_Song_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Song dynasty">Southern Song dynasty</a> scholar Luo Yuan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">羅願</span></span>) subsequently wrote the (1174) <i>Eryayi</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">爾雅翼</span></span>, "Wings to the <i>Erya</i>") interpretation. During the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>, Shao Jinhan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">邵晋涵</span></span>, 1743–1796) published the <i>Erya Zhengyi</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">爾雅正義</span></span>, "Correct Meanings of the <i>Erya</i>") and the naturalist Hao Yixing (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">郝懿行</span></span>) wrote the (1808-1822) <i>Erya yishu</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">爾雅義疏</span></span>, "Subcommentary on Meanings of the <i>Erya</i>"). </p><p>In the history of Chinese lexicography, nearly all dictionaries were <a href="/wiki/Collated" class="mw-redirect" title="Collated">collated</a> by graphic systems of <a href="/wiki/Radical_(Chinese_character)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical (Chinese character)">character radicals</a>, first introduced in the <i><a href="/wiki/Shuowen_Jiezi" title="Shuowen Jiezi">Shuowen Jiezi</a></i>. However, a few notable exceptions, called <i>yashu</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">雅書</span></span> "<i>[Er]ya</i>-type books", adopted collation by semantic categories such as Heaven and Earth. The <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> scholar Lang Kuijin (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">郎奎金</span></span>) categorized and published the <i>Wuya</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">五雅</span></span> "Five [Er]yas"): <i>Erya</i>, (c. 150 BCE) <i><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Erya" title="Xiao Erya">Xiao Erya</a></i> ("Little Erya"), (c. 200) <i>Yiya</i> ("Lost Erya" or the <i><a href="/wiki/Shiming" title="Shiming">Shiming</a></i>), (c. 230) <i><a href="/wiki/Guangya" title="Guangya">Guangya</a></i> ("Expanded Erya"), and (1125) <i><a href="/wiki/Piya" title="Piya">Piya</a></i> ("Increased Erya"). The more important <i>Erya-</i>type books of the subsequent period are the 1579 <i>Tongya</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">通雅</span></span>, Analogous to <i>Erya</i>) compiled by Fang Yizhi (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">方以智</span></span>), 1587 <i>Pianya</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">駢雅</span></span>, A Book of Two-Syllable Words) by Zhu Mouwei (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">朱謀㙔</span></span>), c. 1745 <i>Bieya</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">別雅</span></span>, Another <i>Erya</i>) by Wu Yujin (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">吴玉搢</span></span>), and 1864 <i>Dieya</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">疊雅</span></span>, A Book of Double-Syllable Words) by Shi Menglan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">史夢蘭</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEtr._Xue1982155_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEtr._Xue1982155-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese <i><a href="/wiki/Leishu" title="Leishu">leishu</a></i> encyclopedias, such as the (1408) <i><a href="/wiki/Yongle_Encyclopedia" title="Yongle Encyclopedia">Yongle Encyclopedia</a></i>, were also semantically arranged. Needham takes the <i>Erya'</i>s derivative literature as the main line of descent for the encyclopedia in China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1986192_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986192-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content">Content</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erya&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Erya</i> has been described as a <a href="/wiki/Dictionary" title="Dictionary">dictionary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glossary" title="Glossary">glossary</a>, synonymicon, <a href="/wiki/Thesaurus" title="Thesaurus">thesaurus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia">encyclopaedia</a>. Karlgren explains that the book "is not a dictionary <i>in abstracto</i>, it is a collection of <i>direct glosses to concrete passages in ancient texts</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlgren193146_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlgren193146-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The received text contains 2094 entries, covering about 4300 words, and a total of 13,113 characters. It is divided into nineteen sections, the first of which is subdivided into two parts. The title of each chapter combines <i>shi</i> ("explain; elucidate") with a term describing the words under definition. Seven chapters (4, 8, 9, 10, 12, 18, and 19) are organized into taxonomies. For instance, chapter 4 defines terms for: paternal clan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">宗族</span></span>), maternal relatives (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">母黨</span></span>), wife's relatives (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">妻黨</span></span>), and marriage (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">婚姻</span></span>). The text is divided between the first three heterogeneous chapters defining abstract words and the last sixteen semantically arranged chapters defining concrete words. The last seven – concerning <a href="/wiki/Grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Grass">grasses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">trees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wild_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild animal">wild animals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Domestic_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic animal">domestic animals</a> – describe more than 590 kinds of <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a>. It is a notable document of <a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">natural history</a> and historical <a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">biogeography</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Chapter </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a> </th> <th>Translation </th> <th>Subject </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">釋詁</span></span> </td> <td>Shigu </td> <td>Explaining the Old [Words] </td> <td>verbs, adjectives, adverbs, grammatical particles </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">釋言</span></span> </td> <td>Shiyan </td> <td>Explaining Words </td> <td>verbs, adjectives, adverbs </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">釋訓</span></span> </td> <td>Shixun </td> <td>Explaining Instructions </td> <td>adjectives, adverbs, mostly with <a href="/wiki/Reduplication#Chinese" title="Reduplication">reduplication</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">釋親</span></span> </td> <td>Shiqin </td> <td>Explaining Relatives </td> <td>kinship, marriage </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">釋宮</span></span> </td> <td>Shigong </td> <td>Explaining Dwellings </td> <td>architecture, engineering </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">釋器</span></span> </td> <td>Shiqi </td> <td>Explaining Utensils </td> <td>tools, weapons, clothing, and their uses </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">釋樂</span></span> </td> <td>Shiyue </td> <td>Explaining Music </td> <td>music, musical instruments, dancing </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">釋天</span></span> </td> <td>Shitian </td> <td>Explaining Heaven </td> <td>astronomy, astrology, meteorology, calendar </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">釋地</span></span> </td> <td>Shidi </td> <td>Explaining Earth </td> <td>geography, geology, some regional lore </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">釋丘</span></span> </td> <td>Shiqiu </td> <td>Explaining Hills </td> <td>topography, <a href="/wiki/Fengshui" class="mw-redirect" title="Fengshui">Fengshui</a> terms </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">釋山</span></span> </td> <td>Shishan </td> <td>Explaining Mountains </td> <td>mountains, famous mountains </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">釋水</span></span> </td> <td>Shishui </td> <td>Explaining Rivers </td> <td>rivers, navigation, irrigation, boating </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">釋草</span></span> </td> <td>Shicao </td> <td>Explaining Plants </td> <td>grasses, herbs, grains, vegetables </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">釋木</span></span> </td> <td>Shimu </td> <td>Explaining Trees </td> <td>trees, shrubs, some botanical terms </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">釋蟲</span></span> </td> <td>Shichong </td> <td>Explaining Insects </td> <td>insects, spiders, reptiles, etc. </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">釋魚</span></span> </td> <td>Shiyu </td> <td>Explaining Fishes </td> <td>fish, amphibians, crustaceans, reptiles, etc. </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">釋鳥</span></span> </td> <td>Shiniao </td> <td>Explaining Birds </td> <td>wildfowl, ornithology </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">釋獸</span></span> </td> <td>Shishou </td> <td>Explaining Beasts </td> <td>wild animals, legendary animals </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">釋畜</span></span> </td> <td>Shichu </td> <td>Explaining Domestic Animals </td> <td>livestock, pets, poultry, some zoological terms </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The format of <i>Erya</i> definitions varies between the first section treating common terms (chapters 1–3) and the second treating specialized terms (4-19). Entries for common terms are defined by grouping synonyms or near-synonyms and explaining them in terms of a more commonly used word, and additional explanations if one of the words had multiple meanings. For instance, "<i>Qiáo</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">喬</span></span>), <i>sōng</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">嵩</span></span>), and <i>chóng</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">崇</span></span>) all mean 'high' (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">高</span></span>). <i>Chóng</i> also means 'to fill' (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">充</span></span>)." (ch. 1). Entries for specialized terms are defined by grouping related words and giving them a description, explanation, classification, or comparison. For example: "A woman calls her husband's father <i>jiù</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">舅</span></span>), and her husband's mother <i>gū</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">姑</span></span>). While alive they are called <i>jūnjiù</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">君舅</span></span>) and <i>jūngū</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">君姑</span></span>). After their death they are called <i>xiānjiù</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">先舅</span></span>) and <i>xiāngū</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">先姑</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Owing to its laconic lexicographical style, the <i>Erya</i> is one of a few <a href="/wiki/Chinese_classics" title="Chinese classics">Chinese classics</a> that have not been fully translated into English. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erya&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Chinese <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div lang="zh" style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E7%88%BE%E9%9B%85" class="extiw" title="s:zh:爾雅"><i>The Erya</i> (in Chinese)</a></b> </div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Erya" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Erya">Erya</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Erya" title="Xiao Erya">Xiao Erya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiming" title="Shiming">Shiming</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guangya" title="Guangya">Guangya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piya" title="Piya">Piya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Urra%3Dhubullu" title="Urra=hubullu">Urra=hubullu</a></i>, Babylonian glossary</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erya&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erya&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlgren193149-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlgren193149_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKarlgren1931">Karlgren 1931</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Shiming" title="Shiming">Shiming</a> (Explanations of Names)</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/shi-ming/shi-dian-yi#n41196">"Explaining the Classics"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaknowledge.de/Literature/Poetry/sibucongkan.html">Sibu congkan 四部叢刊</a> version <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=en&file=77388&page=107#%E7%88%BE%E9%9B%85%E7%88%BE%E6%98%B5%E4%B9%9F%E6%98%B5%E8%BF%91%E4%B9%9F%E9%9B%85%E7%BE%A9%E4%B9%9F%E7%BE%A9%E6%AD%A3%E4%B9%9F%E4%BA%94%E6%96%B9%E4%B9%8B%E8%A8%80%E4%B8%8D%E5%90%8C%E7%9A%86%E4%BB%A5%E8%BF%91%E6%AD%A3%E7%82%BA%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%9F">p. 107 of 142</a> quote: "《爾雅》，爾，昵也；昵，近也；雅，義也；義，正也。五方之言不同，皆以近正為主也。" rough translation: "Erya: 爾 <i>ěr</i>, it's 'close'; 'close', it's 'near'. 雅 <i>yǎ</i>, it's '<a href="/wiki/Golden_mean_(philosophy)#Eastern_philosophy" title="Golden mean (philosophy)">the mean / meaning</a>'; 'the mean / meaning', it's correctness. Words in five regions are not similar, yet all are priotized to be near correctness."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoblin199394-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoblin199394_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoblin1993">Coblin 1993</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986191-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1986191_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1986191_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeedham1986">Needham 1986</a>, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986190-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1986190_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeedham1986">Needham 1986</a>, p. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECreamer1992112-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreamer1992112_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCreamer1992">Creamer 1992</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986192-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1986192_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1986192_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeedham1986">Needham 1986</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEtr._Xue1982155-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEtr._Xue1982155_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFtr._Xue1982">tr. Xue 1982</a>, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlgren193146-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlgren193146_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKarlgren1931">Karlgren 1931</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ch. 4, <a href="#CITEREFtr._Xue1982">tr. Xue 1982</a>, p. 151</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erya&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCoblin1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a href="/wiki/Weldon_South_Coblin" class="mw-redirect" title="Weldon South Coblin">Coblin, W. South</a> (1993). "Erh ya" <bdi lang="zh">爾雅</bdi>. In Loewe, Michael (ed.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlychinesetext00loew"><i>Early Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide</i></a></span>. Berkeley: Society for the Study of Early China; Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California Berkeley. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlychinesetext00loew/page/n107">94</a>–99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55729-043-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-55729-043-1"><bdi>1-55729-043-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Erh+ya+%E7%88%BE%E9%9B%85&rft.btitle=Early+Chinese+Texts%3A+A+Bibliographical+Guide&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=94-99&rft.pub=Society+for+the+Study+of+Early+China%3B+Institute+of+East+Asian+Studies%2C+University+of+California+Berkeley&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=1-55729-043-1&rft.aulast=Coblin&rft.aufirst=W.+South&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearlychinesetext00loew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreamer1992" class="citation book cs1">Creamer, Thomas B. I. (1992). "Lexicography and the history of the Chinese language". In <a href="/wiki/Ladislav_Zgusta" title="Ladislav Zgusta">Ladislav Zgusta</a> (ed.). <i>History, Languages, and Lexicographers</i>. Niemeyer. pp. 105–135.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lexicography+and+the+history+of+the+Chinese+language&rft.btitle=History%2C+Languages%2C+and+Lexicographers&rft.pages=105-135&rft.pub=Niemeyer&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Creamer&rft.aufirst=Thomas+B.+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarlgren1931" class="citation journal cs1">Karlgren, Bernhard (1931). "The Early History of the <i>Chou Li</i> and <i>Tso Chuan</i> Texts". <i>Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities</i> (3): 1–59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Museum+of+Far+Eastern+Antiquities&rft.atitle=The+Early+History+of+the+Chou+Li+and+Tso+Chuan+Texts&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1-59&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Karlgren&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMair1998" class="citation book cs1">Mair, Victor H. (1998). "<i>Tzu-shu</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">字書</span></span> or <i>tzu-tien</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">字典</span></span> (dictionaries)". In William H. Nienhauser, Jr. (ed.). <i>The Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature</i>. Vol. 2. SMC Publishing. pp. 165–172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253334565" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253334565"><bdi>978-0253334565</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tzu-shu+%3Cspan+title%3D%22Chinese-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22zh%22%3E%E5%AD%97%E6%9B%B8%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Chinese-language+text+or+tzu-tien+%3Cspan+title%3D%22Chinese-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22zh%22%3E%E5%AD%97%E5%85%B8%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Chinese-language+text+%28dictionaries%29&rft.btitle=The+Indiana+Companion+to+Traditional+Chinese+Literature&rft.pages=165-172&rft.pub=SMC+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0253334565&rft.aulast=Mair&rft.aufirst=Victor+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeedham1986" class="citation book cs1">Needham, Joseph; Lu, Gwei-djen; Huang, Hsing-Tsung (1986). <i>Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 6 Biology and Biological Technology, Part 1 Botany</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521087315" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521087315"><bdi>978-0521087315</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Civilisation+in+China%2C+Volume+6+Biology+and+Biological+Technology%2C+Part+1+Botany&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0521087315&rft.aulast=Needham&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Lu%2C+Gwei-djen&rft.au=Huang%2C+Hsing-Tsung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVon_Rosthorn1975" class="citation journal cs1">Von Rosthorn, A. (1975). "The <i>Erh-ya</i> and Other Synonymicons". <i>Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association</i>. <b>10</b> (3): 137–145.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Chinese+Language+Teachers+Association&rft.atitle=The+Erh-ya+and+Other+Synonymicons&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=137-145&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Von+Rosthorn&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFtr._Xue1982" class="citation journal cs1">Xue, Shiqi (1982). "Chinese Lexicography Past and Present". <i>Dictionaries</i>. <b>4</b>: 151–169. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fdic.1982.0009">10.1353/dic.1982.0009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dictionaries&rft.atitle=Chinese+Lexicography+Past+and+Present&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=151-169&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fdic.1982.0009&rft.aulast=Xue&rft.aufirst=Shiqi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErya" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erya&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ctext.org/er-ya"><i>The Erya</i></a> Complete text in Chinese</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaknowledge.de/Literature/Classics/erya.html"><i>The Erya</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">爾雅</span></span> <i>Dictionary</i></a>, Chinaknowledge article</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npm.gov.tw/exh99/southernsong/en_img_44.html">photo</a> of a rare <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> edition in <a href="/wiki/National_Palace_Museum" title="National Palace Museum">National Palace Museum</a> (Taipei)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dictionaries_for_scripts_using_Chinese_characters" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dictionaries_of_Chinese" title="Template:Dictionaries of Chinese"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dictionaries_of_Chinese" title="Template talk:Dictionaries of Chinese"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dictionaries_of_Chinese" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dictionaries of Chinese"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dictionaries_for_scripts_using_Chinese_characters" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_dictionary" title="Chinese dictionary">Dictionaries</a> for scripts using <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monolingual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters<br />(<span lang="zh">字</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">zì</span></i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shizhoupian" title="Shizhoupian">Shizhoupian</a></i> 史籀篇 <span style="font-size:85%;">(first millennium BCE)</span></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Erya</a></i> 爾雅 <span style="font-size:85%;">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3rd century BC</span>)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cangjiepian" title="Cangjiepian">Cangjiepian</a></i> 倉頡篇 <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 220 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jijiupian" title="Jijiupian">Jijiupian</a></i> 急就篇 <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 40 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuowen_Jiezi" title="Shuowen Jiezi">Shuowen Jiezi</a></i> 說文解字 <span style="font-size:85%;">(2nd century)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiming" title="Shiming">Shiming</a></i> 釋名 <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 200)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guangya" title="Guangya">Guangya</a></i> 廣雅 <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 230)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Erya" title="Xiao Erya">Xiao Erya</a></i> 小爾雅 <span style="font-size:85%;">(3rd century)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zilin" title="Zilin">Zilin</a></i> 字林 <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ziyuan_(book)" title="Ziyuan (book)">Ziyuan</a></i> 字苑 <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 4th century)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yupian" title="Yupian">Yupian</a></i> 玉篇 <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 543)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ganlu_Zishu" title="Ganlu Zishu">Ganlu Zishu</a></i> 干祿字書 <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 7th century)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leipian" title="Leipian">Leipian</a></i> 類篇 <span style="font-size:85%;">(1066)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piya" title="Piya">Piya</a></i> 埤雅 <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 11th century)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zitong_dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Zitong dictionary">Zitong</a></i> 字通 <span style="font-size:85%;">(1254)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zihui" title="Zihui">Zihui</a></i> 字彙 <span style="font-size:85%;">(1615)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhengzitong" title="Zhengzitong">Zhengzitong</a></i> 正字通 <span style="font-size:85%;">(1627)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Dictionary" title="Kangxi Dictionary">Kangxi Dictionary</a></i> 康熙字典 <span style="font-size:85%;">(1716)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuowen_Jiezi_Zhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuowen Jiezi Zhu">Shuowen Jiezi Zhu</a></i> 說文解字注 <span style="font-size:85%;">(1815)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhonghua_Da_Zidian" title="Zhonghua Da Zidian">Zhonghua Da Zidian</a></i> 中華大字典 <span style="font-size:85%;">(1915)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xinhua_Dictionary" title="Xinhua Dictionary">Xinhua Dictionary</a></i> 新华字典 <span style="font-size:85%;">(1957)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Da_Zidian" title="Hanyu Da Zidian">Hanyu Da Zidian</a></i> 漢語大字典 <span style="font-size:85%;">(1989)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhonghua_Zihai" title="Zhonghua Zihai">Zhonghua Zihai</a></i> 中华字海 <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Words<br />(<span lang="zh-Hant">詞</span>／<span lang="zh-Hans">词</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">cí</span></i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ciyuan" title="Ciyuan">Ciyuan</a></i> 辭源 <span style="font-size:85%;">(1915)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_Mandarin_Chinese_Dictionary" title="Ministry of Education Mandarin Chinese Dictionary">Ministry of Education Mandarin Chinese Dictionary</a></i> 教育部國語辭典 <span style="font-size:85%;">(1926)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cihai" title="Cihai">Cihai</a></i> 辭海 <span style="font-size:85%;">(1938)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhongwen_Da_Cidian" title="Zhongwen Da Cidian">Zhongwen Da Cidian</a></i> 中文大辭典 <span style="font-size:85%;">(1968)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xiandai_Hanyu_Cidian" title="Xiandai Hanyu Cidian">Xiandai Hanyu Cidian</a></i> 现代汉语词典 <span style="font-size:85%;">(1978)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Da_Cidian" title="Hanyu Da Cidian">Hanyu Da Cidian</a></i> 漢語大詞典 <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xiandai_Hanyu_Guifan_Cidian" title="Xiandai Hanyu Guifan Cidian">Xiandai Hanyu Guifan Cidian</a></i> 现代汉语规范词典 <span style="font-size:85%;">(2004)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rime_dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Rime dictionary">Rime</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shenglei" title="Shenglei">Shenglei</a></i> 聲類 <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 230)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qieyun" title="Qieyun">Qieyun</a></i> 切韻 <span style="font-size:85%;">(601)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kanmiu_Buque_Qieyun" title="Kanmiu Buque Qieyun">Kanmiu Buque Qieyun</a></i> 刊謬補缺切韻 <span style="font-size:85%;">(706)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tangyun" title="Tangyun">Tangyun</a></i> 唐韻 <span style="font-size:85%;">(732)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yunhai_jingyuan" title="Yunhai jingyuan">Yunhai jingyuan</a></i> 韻海鏡源 <span style="font-size:85%;">(780)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guangyun" title="Guangyun">Guangyun</a></i> 廣韻 <span style="font-size:85%;">(1008)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jiyun" title="Jiyun">Jiyun</a></i> 集韻 <span style="font-size:85%;">(1037)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yunjing" title="Yunjing">Yunjing</a></i> 韻鏡 <span style="font-size:85%;">(1161)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qiyin_l%C3%BCe" title="Qiyin lüe">Qiyin lüe</a></i> 七音略 <span style="font-size:85%;">(before 1161)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pingshui_Yun" title="Pingshui Yun">Pingshui Yun</a></i> 平水韻 <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 12th century)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Menggu_Ziyun" title="Menggu Ziyun">Menggu Ziyun</a></i> 蒙古字韻 <span style="font-size:85%;">(14th century)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhongyuan_Yinyun" title="Zhongyuan Yinyun">Zhongyuan Yinyun</a></i> 中原音韻 <span style="font-size:85%;">(1324)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qi_Lin_Bayin" title="Qi Lin Bayin">Qi Lin Bayin</a></i> 戚林八音 <span style="font-size:85%;">(17th century)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peiwen_Yunfu" title="Peiwen Yunfu">Peiwen Yunfu</a></i> 佩文韻府 <span style="font-size:85%;">(1711)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">Varieties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fangyan_(book)" title="Fangyan (book)">Fangyan</a></i> 方言 <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 1st century)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Great_Dictionary_of_Modern_Chinese_Dialects" title="Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects">Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects</a></i> 現代漢語方言大詞典 <span style="font-size:85%;">(2002)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exegetical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jingdian_Shiwen" title="Jingdian Shiwen">Jingdian Shiwen</a></i> 經典釋文 <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 583)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yiqiejing_Yinyi_(Xuanying)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiqiejing Yinyi (Xuanying)">Yiqiejing Yinyi (Xuanying)</a></i> 一切經音義 (玄英) <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 649)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yiqiejing_Yinyi_(Huilin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiqiejing Yinyi (Huilin)">Yiqiejing Yinyi (Huilin)</a></i> 一切經音義 (慧琳) <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 807)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Longkan_Shoujian" title="Longkan Shoujian">Longkan Shoujian</a></i> 龍龕手鑒 <span style="font-size:85%;">(997)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biographical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhongguo_Renming_Dacidian" title="Zhongguo Renming Dacidian">Zhongguo Renming Dacidian</a></i> 中國人名大辭典 <span style="font-size:85%;">(1921)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bilingual_dictionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingual dictionaries">Bilingual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Chinese–English" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chinese–English</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Dictionary_of_the_Chinese_Language" title="A Dictionary of the Chinese Language">A Dictionary of the Chinese Language</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1823)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Medhurst%27s_Chinese_and_English_Dictionary" title="Medhurst's Chinese and English Dictionary">Medhurst's Chinese and English Dictionary</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1842)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Syllabic_Dictionary_of_the_Chinese_Language" title="A Syllabic Dictionary of the Chinese Language">A Syllabic Dictionary of the Chinese Language</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1874)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Chinese%E2%80%93English_Dictionary" title="A Chinese–English Dictionary">A Chinese–English Dictionary</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1892)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Five_Thousand_Dictionary" title="The Five Thousand Dictionary">The Five Thousand Dictionary</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1926)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mathews%27_Chinese%E2%80%93English_Dictionary" title="Mathews' Chinese–English Dictionary">Mathews' Chinese–English Dictionary</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1931)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Concise_Dictionary_of_Spoken_Chinese" title="Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese">Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1947)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grammata_Serica_Recensa" title="Grammata Serica Recensa">Grammata Serica Recensa</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1957)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lin_Yutang%27s_Chinese-English_Dictionary_of_Modern_Usage" title="Lin Yutang's Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage">Lin Yutang's Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1972)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ABC_Chinese%E2%80%93English_Dictionary" title="ABC Chinese–English Dictionary">ABC Chinese–English Dictionary</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1996)</span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Online" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Online</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CEDICT" title="CEDICT">CEDICT</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1997)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In other languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pearl_in_the_Palm" title="Pearl in the Palm">Pearl in the Palm</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Tangut; 12th century)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pentaglot_Dictionary" title="Pentaglot Dictionary">Pentaglot Dictionary</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Manchu; 1794)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dai_Kan-Wa_Jiten" title="Dai Kan-Wa Jiten">Dai Kan-Wa Jiten</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Japanese; 1960)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grand_Ricci" title="Grand Ricci">Le Grand Ricci</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(French; 2001)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han-Han_Dae_Sajeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Han-Han Dae Sajeon">Han-Han Dae Sajeon</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Korean)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_dictionaries" title="List of Chinese dictionaries">List of Chinese dictionaries</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chinese_classics_and_Confucian_texts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Confucian_texts" title="Template:Confucian texts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Confucian_texts" title="Template talk:Confucian texts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Confucian_texts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Confucian texts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chinese_classics_and_Confucian_texts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_classics" title="Chinese classics">Chinese classics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a> texts</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Four_Books_and_Five_Classics#Four_Books" title="Four Books and Five Classics">Four Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Great_Learning" title="Great Learning">Great Learning</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_the_Mean" title="Doctrine of the Mean">Doctrine of the Mean</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Analects" title="Analects">Analects</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mencius_(book)" title="Mencius (book)">Mencius</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Four_Books_and_Five_Classics#Five_Classics" title="Four Books and Five Classics">Five Classics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Poetry" title="Classic of Poetry">Classic of Poetry</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Documents" title="Book of Documents">Book of Documents</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Rites" title="Book of Rites">Book of Rites</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">I Ching</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_Annals" title="Spring and Autumn Annals">Spring and Autumn Annals</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Classics" title="Thirteen Classics">Thirteen Classics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Poetry" title="Classic of Poetry">Classic of Poetry</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Documents" title="Book of Documents">Book of Documents</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rites_of_Zhou" title="Rites of Zhou">Rites of Zhou</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_and_Ceremonial" title="Etiquette and Ceremonial">Etiquette and Ceremonial</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Rites" title="Book of Rites">Book of Rites</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">I Ching</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zuo_zhuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuo zhuan">Commentary of Zuo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gongyang_Zhuan" title="Gongyang Zhuan">Commentary of Gongyang</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guliang_Zhuan" title="Guliang Zhuan">Commentary of Guliang</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Analects" title="Analects">Analects</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Erya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Filial_Piety" title="Classic of Filial Piety">Classic of Filial Piety</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mencius_(book)" title="Mencius (book)">Mencius</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">San Bai Qian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Character_Classic" title="Three Character Classic">Three Character Classic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Family_Surnames" title="Hundred Family Surnames">Hundred Family Surnames</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thousand_Character_Classic" title="Thousand Character Classic">Thousand Character Classic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Seven_Military_Classics" title="Seven Military Classics">Seven Military Classics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_War" title="The Art of War">The Art of War</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Methods_of_the_Sima" title="The Methods of the Sima">The Methods of the Sima</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Six_Secret_Teachings" title="Six Secret Teachings">Six Secret Teachings</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wei_Liaozi" title="Wei Liaozi">Wei Liaozi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wuzi" title="Wuzi">Wu Zi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Strategies_of_Huang_Shigong" title="Three Strategies of Huang Shigong">Three Strategies of Huang Shigong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Questions_and_Replies_between_Tang_Taizong_and_Li_Weigong" title="Questions and Replies between Tang Taizong and Li Weigong">Questions and Replies between Tang Taizong and Li Weigong</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Mathematics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_on_Numbers_and_Computation" title="Book on Numbers and Computation">Book on Numbers and Computation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nine_Chapters_on_the_Mathematical_Art" title="The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art">The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhoubi_Suanjing" title="Zhoubi Suanjing">Zhoubi Suanjing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shushu_Jiyi" title="Shushu Jiyi">Shushu Jiyi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haidao_Suanjing" title="Haidao Suanjing">Haidao Suanjing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sunzi_Suanjing" title="Sunzi Suanjing">Sunzi Suanjing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ten_Computational_Canons" title="Ten Computational Canons">Ten Computational Canons</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bai_Hu_Tong" title="Bai Hu Tong">Bai Hu Tong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Biographies_of_Exemplary_Women" title="Biographies of Exemplary Women">Biographies of Exemplary Women</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Music" title="Classic of Music">Classic of Music</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Four_Books_for_Women" title="Four Books for Women">Four Books for Women</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lessons_for_Women" title="Lessons for Women">Lessons for Women</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kongzi_Jiayu" title="Kongzi Jiayu">School Sayings of Confucius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Twenty-four_Filial_Exemplars" title="The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars">The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(book)" title="Xunzi (book)">Xunzi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erya&oldid=1244629165">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erya&oldid=1244629165</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_classic_texts" title="Category:Chinese classic texts">Chinese classic texts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Confucian_texts" title="Category:Confucian texts">Confucian texts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_dictionaries" title="Category:Chinese dictionaries">Chinese dictionaries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_encyclopedias" title="Category:Chinese encyclopedias">Chinese encyclopedias</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Leishu" title="Category:Leishu">Leishu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Thirteen_Classics" title="Category:Thirteen Classics">Thirteen Classics</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_in-text_citations_from_February_2022" title="Category:Articles lacking in-text citations from February 2022">Articles lacking in-text citations from February 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_in-text_citations" title="Category:All articles lacking in-text citations">All articles lacking in-text citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Vietnamese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Vietnamese-language text">Articles containing Vietnamese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Korean-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Korean-language text">Articles containing Korean-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text">Articles containing Japanese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Chinese-language_script_(zh)" title="Category:CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)">CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_traditional_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text">Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_simplified_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text">Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 September 2024, at 06:07<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erya&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-d4f5ddd54-l2hxn","wgBackendResponseTime":184,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.918","walltime":"1.106","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5238,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":149947,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3392,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":2,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":56335,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 973.521 1 -total"," 26.70% 259.948 1 Template:Infobox_Chinese"," 20.10% 195.659 5 Template:Navbox"," 15.24% 148.390 1 Template:Dictionaries_of_Chinese"," 11.24% 109.470 4 Template:Cite_book"," 9.15% 89.044 2 Template:Sister_project"," 8.86% 86.287 2 Template:Side_box"," 7.83% 76.218 10 Template:Sfn"," 7.72% 75.174 63 Template:Lang"," 7.19% 69.958 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.618","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":16639396,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFCoblin1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCreamer1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarlgren1931\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMair1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeedham1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVon_Rosthorn1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFtr._Xue1982\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Cite book\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 3,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Confucian texts\"] = 1,\n [\"Dictionaries of Chinese\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 2,\n [\"IPAc-cmn\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-yue\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox Chinese\"] = 1,\n [\"Italic title\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 63,\n [\"Linktext\"] = 4,\n [\"More footnotes\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 10,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisourcelang\"] = 1,\n [\"Zh\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-87b8b8f58-mck67","timestamp":"20241204122920","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Erya","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Erya","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1207685","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1207685","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-11-27T23:43:34Z","dateModified":"2024-09-08T06:07:29Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/6b\/Erya_Zhushu_-_Chinese_Dictionary_Museum.JPG","headline":"oldest surviving Chinese dictionary (3rd-century BCE)"}</script> </body> </html>