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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infusion_mashing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infusion_mashing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Infusion mashing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infusion_mashing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decoction_mashing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decoction_mashing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Decoction mashing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decoction_mashing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mash_tun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mash_tun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mash tun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mash_tun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mashing-in" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mashing-in"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Mashing-in</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mashing-in-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enzymatic_rests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enzymatic_rests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Enzymatic rests</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Enzymatic_rests-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Enzymatic rests subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Enzymatic_rests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-β-Glucanase_rest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#β-Glucanase_rest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>β-Glucanase rest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-β-Glucanase_rest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protease_rest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protease_rest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Protease rest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protease_rest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amylase_rests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amylase_rests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Amylase rests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amylase_rests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decoction_"rests"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decoction_"rests""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Decoction "rests"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decoction_"rests"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mash-out" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mash-out"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Mash-out</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mash-out-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mash_tun&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Mash tun">Mash tun</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Combining a mix of grains with water and heating the mixture</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mash-Jinx.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Mash-Jinx.jpg/290px-Mash-Jinx.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Mash-Jinx.jpg/435px-Mash-Jinx.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Mash-Jinx.jpg/580px-Mash-Jinx.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A close-up view of grains steeping in warm water during the mashing stage of brewing</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Brewing" title="Brewing">brewing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Distilling" class="mw-redirect" title="Distilling">distilling</a>, <b>mashing</b> is the process of combining ground <a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">grain</a> – <a href="/wiki/Malt" title="Malt">malted</a> <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a> and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Adjuncts" title="Adjuncts">supplementary grains</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> (known as the "<a href="/wiki/Grain_bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Grain bill">grain bill</a>") – with water and then heating the mixture. Mashing allows the <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> in the malt (primarily, α-amylase and β-amylase) to break down the <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a> in the grain into <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugars</a>, typically <a href="/wiki/Maltose" title="Maltose">maltose</a> to create a malty liquid called <a href="/wiki/Wort" title="Wort">wort</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ensminger1994_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ensminger1994-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two main methods of mashing are <a href="/wiki/Infusion" title="Infusion">infusion</a> mashing, in which the grains are heated in one vessel, and <a href="/wiki/Decoction" title="Decoction">decoction</a> mashing, in which a proportion of the grains are boiled and then returned to the mash, raising the temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-Rabin1998_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rabin1998-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mashing involves pauses at certain temperatures (notably 45–62–73 °C or 113–144–163 °F) and takes place in a "mash tun" – an insulated brewing vessel with a false bottom.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-what_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-what-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mashing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "mashing" probably originates from the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> noun <i>masc</i>, which means "soft mixture", and the Old English verb <i>mæscan,</i> which means "to mix with hot water". Usage of the term to refer to "anything reduced to a soft, pulpy consistency" is recorded as early as the late 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-etymonline_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymonline-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The end product is called a "mash".<sup id="cite_ref-what_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-what-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infusion_mashing">Infusion mashing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mashing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Infusion mashing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most breweries use <a href="/wiki/Infusion" title="Infusion">infusion</a> mashing, in which the mash is heated directly to go from rest temperature to rest temperature. Some infusion mashes achieve temperature changes by adding hot water, and some breweries do single-step infusions, performing only one rest before <a href="/wiki/Lautering" title="Lautering">lautering</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decoction_mashing">Decoction mashing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mashing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Decoction mashing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Decoction mashing involves boiling a portion of the grains and then returning them to the mash, raising the temperature. The boiling extracts more starches from the grains by breaking down the cell walls. It can be classified into one-, two-, and three-step decoctions, depending on how many times part of the mash is drawn off to be boiled.<sup id="cite_ref-Briggs1981a_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briggs1981a-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Decoction is a traditional method and is common in German and Central European breweries.<sup id="cite_ref-Briggs1998_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briggs1998-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Briggs1981b_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briggs1981b-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was used out of necessity before the invention of <a href="/wiki/Thermometer" title="Thermometer">thermometers</a> allowed for simpler step mashing, but the practice is still in use for many traditional <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beers</a> because of the unique malty flavor it lends to the end product. Boiling part of the grain results in <a href="/wiki/Maillard_reaction" title="Maillard reaction">Maillard reactions</a>, which create <a href="/wiki/Melanoidin" title="Melanoidin">melanoidins</a> that create rich, malty flavors.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mash_tun">Mash tun</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mashing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mash tun"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glenfiddich_mash_tun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Glenfiddich_mash_tun.jpg/220px-Glenfiddich_mash_tun.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Glenfiddich_mash_tun.jpg/330px-Glenfiddich_mash_tun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Glenfiddich_mash_tun.jpg/440px-Glenfiddich_mash_tun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3279" data-file-height="2186" /></a><figcaption>Interior view of a mash tun in a <a href="/wiki/Scotch_whisky" title="Scotch whisky">Scotch whisky</a> <a href="/wiki/Distillery" class="mw-redirect" title="Distillery">distillery</a>, showing the stirring mechanism</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mashtun-empty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Mashtun-empty.jpg/220px-Mashtun-empty.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Mashtun-empty.jpg/330px-Mashtun-empty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Mashtun-empty.jpg/440px-Mashtun-empty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2608" data-file-height="1952" /></a><figcaption>An empty mash tun showing the integrated <a href="/wiki/Mash_rake" title="Mash rake">mash rake</a></figcaption></figure> <p>To achieve <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">economies of scale</a>, large breweries often possess at least one dedicated vessel for mashing, called a <i>mash tun</i>. Breweries implementing a decoction process must possess at least two dedicated vessels. </p><p>Mash tuns have a powerful stirring mechanism, known as a <a href="/wiki/Mash_rake" title="Mash rake">mash rake</a>, to keep the temperature of the mash uniform. They also have an efficient heating method, often based on <a href="/wiki/Steam" title="Steam">steam</a>, that will not scorch the malt. This heating method is combined with proper <a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">insulation</a> enabling mash to maintain rest temperatures for up to one hour inside the vessels. A spray ball for <a href="/wiki/Clean-in-place" title="Clean-in-place">clean-in-place</a> (CIP) operation helps with periodic deep cleaning. Sanitation is not a major concern before wort boiling, so a rinse-down is usually all that is necessary between batches. </p><p>Smaller breweries often use a boil kettle or a <a href="/wiki/Lauter_tun" class="mw-redirect" title="Lauter tun">lauter tun</a> for mashing. Using a lauter tun limits the breweries to single-step infusion mashing, however, because such a vessel is not completely appropriate for the <a href="/wiki/Lautering" title="Lautering">lautering</a> process<sup>[cite?]</sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mashing-in">Mashing-in</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mashing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mashing-in"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mixing of the strike water used for mashing in and milled grist must be done in a way that minimizes clumping and oxygen uptake. This was traditionally done by first adding water to the mash vessel and then introducing the grist from the top of the vessel in a thin stream, but this led to a lot of oxygen absorption and loss of flour dust to the surrounding air. A premasher, which mixes the grist with mash-in temperature water while it's still in the delivery tube, reduces oxygen uptake and prevents dust from being lost. </p><p>Mashing in – sometimes called "doughing-in" – is typically done between 35–45 °C (95–113 °F), but for single-step infusion mashes, mashing in must be done between 62–67 °C (144–153 °F) for amylases to break down the grain's starch into sugars. The weight-to-weight ratio of strike water and grain varies from one-half for dark beers in single-step infusions to one-quarter or even one-fifth ratios that are more suitable for light-colored beers and decoction mashing, where much of the mash water is boiled off. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enzymatic_rests">Enzymatic rests</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mashing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Enzymatic rests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table border="1" align="right" class="wikitable"> <caption><small>Optimal rest temperatures for major mashing enzymes</small> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Temp °C</th> <th>Temp °F</th> <th>Enzyme</th> <th>Breaks down </th></tr> <tr> <td>40–45 °C</td> <td>104.0–113.0 °F</td> <td>β-Glucanase</td> <td>β-Glucan </td></tr> <tr> <td>50–54 °C</td> <td>122.0–129.2 °F</td> <td>Protease</td> <td>Protein </td></tr> <tr> <td>62–67 °C</td> <td>143.6–152.6 °F</td> <td>β-Amylase</td> <td>Starch </td></tr> <tr> <td>71–72 °C</td> <td>159.8–161.6 °F</td> <td>α-Amylase</td> <td>Starch </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In step infusion and decoction mashing, the mash is heated to different temperatures to allow specific enzymes to work optimally. The table at right shows the optimal temperature ranges for key enzymes and what materials those enzymes break down. There is some contention in the brewing industry as to the optimal temperatures for these enzymes, as it is often very dependent on the <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> of the mash and its thickness. A thicker mash acts as a buffer for the enzymes. Once a step is complete, the enzymes active in that step are <a href="/wiki/Denaturation_(biochemistry)" title="Denaturation (biochemistry)">denatured</a> by the increasing heat and become permanently inactive. The time spent transitioning between rests is preferably as short as possible; however, if the temperature is raised more than 1 °C per minute, enzymes may be prematurely denatured in the transition layer near the heating elements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="β-Glucanase_rest"><span id=".CE.B2-Glucanase_rest"></span>β-Glucanase rest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mashing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: β-Glucanase rest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Beta-glucan" title="Beta-glucan">β-glucan</a> is a general term for <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharides" class="mw-redirect" title="Polysaccharides">polysaccharides</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a>, made up of chains of <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> molecules connected by beta <a href="/wiki/Glycosidic_bond" title="Glycosidic bond">glycosidic bonds</a>, as opposed to the alpha <a href="/wiki/Glycosidic_bond" title="Glycosidic bond">glycosidic bonds</a> in starch. They are a major constituent of the <a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">cell walls</a> of plants and make up a large part of the <a href="/wiki/Bran" title="Bran">bran</a> in grains. A <b>β-glucanase rest</b> done at 40 °C (104 °F) is practiced in order to break down cell walls and make starches more available, thus raising the extraction efficiency. Should the brewer let this rest go on too long, it's possible that a large amount of β-glucan will dissolve into the mash, which could lead to a stuck mash on brew day and cause filtration problems later in beer production. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protease_rest">Protease rest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mashing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Protease rest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">Protein</a> degradation via a <b>proteolytic rest</b> plays many roles: production of free-amino nitrogen (FAN) for yeast nutrition, freeing of small proteins from larger proteins for foam stability in the finished product, and reduction of haze-causing proteins for easier filtration and increased beer clarity. In all-malt beers, the malt already provides enough protein for good head retention, and the brewer needs to ensure the amount of FAN produced can be metabolized by the yeast to avoid off flavors. The haze causing proteins are also more prevalent in all-malt beers, and the brewer must strike a balance between breaking down these proteins and limiting FAN production. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amylase_rests">Amylase rests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mashing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Amylase rests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>amylase rests</b> are responsible for the production of free fermentable and non-fermentable sugar from starch in a mash. Starch is an enormous molecule made up of branching chains of glucose molecules. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-amylase" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-amylase">β-amylase</a> breaks down these chains from the end molecules, forming links of two glucose molecules, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Maltose" title="Maltose">maltose</a>. β-amylase cannot break down the branch points, although some help is found here through low <a href="/wiki/%CE%91-amylase" class="mw-redirect" title="Α-amylase">α-amylase</a> activity and enzymes such as limit dextrinase. The maltose will be the yeast's main food source during fermentation. During this rest, starches also cluster together forming visible bodies in the mash. This clustering eases the lautering process. </p><p>The α-amylase rest is also known as the <b>saccharification rest</b>. During this rest, the α-amylase breaks down the starches from the inside and starts cutting off links of glucose that are one to four glucose molecules in length. The longer glucose chains, sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Dextrin" title="Dextrin">dextrins</a> or <a href="/wiki/Maltodextrins" class="mw-redirect" title="Maltodextrins">maltodextrins</a>, along with the remaining branched chains give body and fullness to the beer. </p><p>Because of the closeness in temperatures of peak activity of an α-amylase (63-70 °C) and β-amylase (55-65 °C), the two rests are often performed at once with the time and temperature of the rest determining the ratio of fermentable to non-fermentable sugars in the wort and, hence, the final sweetness of the <a href="/wiki/Fermented_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermented drink">fermented drink</a>. </p><p>A hotter rest results in a fuller-bodied, sweeter beer as α-amylase produces more non-fermentable sugars. 66 °C (151 °F) is a typical rest temperature for a <a href="/wiki/Pale_ale" title="Pale ale">pale ale</a> or German <a href="/wiki/Pilsener" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilsener">pilsener</a>, while Bohemian pilsener and <a href="/wiki/Mild_ale" title="Mild ale">mild ale</a> are typically rested at 67–68 °C (153–154 °F). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decoction_"rests""><span id="Decoction_.22rests.22"></span>Decoction "rests"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mashing&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Decoction "rests""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In decoction mashing, part of the mash is taken out of the mash tun and placed in a cooker, where it is boiled for a period of time. This caramelizes some of the sugars, giving the beer a deeper flavor and color, and frees more starches from the grain, making for a more efficient extraction from the grains. The portion drawn off for decoction is calculated so the next rest temperature is reached by simply putting the boiled portion back into the mash tun. Before drawing off for decoction, the mash is allowed to settle a bit, and the thicker part is typically taken out for decoction, as the enzymes have dissolved in the liquid, and the starches to be freed are in the grains, not the liquid. This thick mash is then boiled for around 15 minutes and returned to the mash tun. </p><p>The mash cooker used in decoction should not scorch the mash, but maintaining a uniform temperature in the mash is not a priority. To prevent a scorching of the grains, the brewer must continuously stir the decoction and apply slow heating. A decoction mash brings out a higher malt profile from the grains and is typically used in Bock or <a href="/wiki/Doppelbock" class="mw-redirect" title="Doppelbock">Doppelbock</a> beers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mash-out">Mash-out</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mashing&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mash-out"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the enzyme rests, the mash is raised to its mash-out temperature. This frees up about 2% more starch and makes the mash less <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscous</a>, allowing the <a href="/wiki/Lautering" title="Lautering">lauter</a> to process faster. Although mash temperature and viscosity are roughly inversely proportional, the ability of brewers and distillers to use this relationship is constrained by the fact that α-Amylase quickly denatures above 78 °C (172.4 °F). Any starches extracted once the mash is brought above this temperature cannot be broken down and will cause a starch haze in the finished product. In larger quantities, an unpleasantly harsh flavor can develop. Therefore, the mash-out temperature rarely exceeds 78 °C (172.4 °F). </p><p>If the lauter tun is a separate vessel from the mash tun, the mash is transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Lautering" title="Lautering">lauter</a> tun at this time. If the brewery has a combination mash-<a href="/wiki/Lautering" title="Lautering">lauter</a> tun, the agitator is stopped after mash-out temperature is reached and the mash has mixed enough to ensure a uniform temperature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mashing&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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.reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ensminger1994-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ensminger1994_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEnsminger1994" class="citation book cs1">Ensminger, Audrey (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o3UD2iL4sAAC&q=mashing+convert&pg=PA188"><i>Foods & Nutrition Encyclopedia, 2nd Edition, Volume 1</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0849389801" title="Special:BookSources/0849389801"><bdi>0849389801</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-03-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foods+%26+Nutrition+Encyclopedia%2C+2nd+Edition%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0849389801&rft.aulast=Ensminger&rft.aufirst=Audrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do3UD2iL4sAAC%26q%3Dmashing%2Bconvert%26pg%3DPA188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMashing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rabin1998-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rabin1998_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabinForget1998" class="citation book cs1">Rabin, Dan; Forget, Carl (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XRyxWu8rRnQC&q=mashing+convert&pg=PA180"><i>The dictionary of beer and brewing</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1579580785" title="Special:BookSources/1579580785"><bdi>1579580785</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-03-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+dictionary+of+beer+and+brewing&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1579580785&rft.aulast=Rabin&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.au=Forget%2C+Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXRyxWu8rRnQC%26q%3Dmashing%2Bconvert%26pg%3DPA180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMashing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Abdijbieren. Geestrijk erfgoed" by Jef Van den Steen</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080419004815/http://www.geocities.com/bierbrouwen/bereiding.html">"Bierbereiding"</a>. 2008-04-19. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.com/bierbrouwen/bereiding.html">the original</a> on 2008-04-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bierbereiding&rft.date=2008-04-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.com%2Fbierbrouwen%2Fbereiding.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMashing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-what-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-what_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-what_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.realbeer.com/jjpalmer/ch14.html">"How To Brew Your First Beer: Chapter 14 - How the Mash Makes Wort"</a>. <i>www.realbeer.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.realbeer.com&rft.atitle=How+To+Brew+Your+First+Beer%3A+Chapter+14+-+How+the+Mash+Makes+Wort&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.realbeer.com%2Fjjpalmer%2Fch14.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMashing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-etymonline-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-etymonline_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=mash">"Mash"</a>. Online Etymology Dictionary<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-03-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mash&rft.pub=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dmash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMashing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Briggs1981a-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Briggs1981a_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriggsHough1981" class="citation book cs1">Briggs, D.E.; Hough, J.S. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bHuCdG5VSmUC&q=Decoction+mashing&pg=PA330"><i>Malting and Brewing Science: Malt and Sweet Wort</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 330. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-412-16580-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-412-16580-5"><bdi>0-412-16580-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-03-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malting+and+Brewing+Science%3A+Malt+and+Sweet+Wort&rft.pages=330&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-412-16580-5&rft.aulast=Briggs&rft.aufirst=D.E.&rft.au=Hough%2C+J.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbHuCdG5VSmUC%26q%3DDecoction%2Bmashing%26pg%3DPA330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMashing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Briggs1998-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Briggs1998_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriggs1998" class="citation book cs1">Briggs, D.E. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s9tf70Wk3bYC&q=%22Decoction+mashing%22&pg=PA233"><i>Malts and malting</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780412298004" title="Special:BookSources/9780412298004"><bdi>9780412298004</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-03-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malts+and+malting&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780412298004&rft.aulast=Briggs&rft.aufirst=D.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds9tf70Wk3bYC%26q%3D%2522Decoction%2Bmashing%2522%26pg%3DPA233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMashing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Briggs1981b-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Briggs1981b_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriggsHough1981" class="citation book cs1">Briggs, D.E.; Hough, J.S. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bHuCdG5VSmUC&q=%22Decoction+mashing%22+germany&pg=PA3"><i>Malting and Brewing Science: Malt and Sweet Wort</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780412165801" title="Special:BookSources/9780412165801"><bdi>9780412165801</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-03-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malting+and+Brewing+Science%3A+Malt+and+Sweet+Wort&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9780412165801&rft.aulast=Briggs&rft.aufirst=D.E.&rft.au=Hough%2C+J.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbHuCdG5VSmUC%26q%3D%2522Decoction%2Bmashing%2522%2Bgermany%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMashing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brewery.org/library/DecoctFAQ.html">Decoction Mashing</a> brewery.org</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mashing&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mash" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mash">Category:Mash</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/mashing" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/mashing"><i>mashing</i></a> at Wiktionary</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Whisky" title="Template:Whisky"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Whisky" title="Template talk:Whisky"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Whisky" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Whisky"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Whisky95" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky">Whisky</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Whisky types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malt_whisky" title="Malt whisky">Malt whisky</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_malt_whisky" title="Single malt whisky">Single malt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blended_malt_whisky" title="Blended malt whisky">Blended malt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grain_whisky" title="Grain whisky">Grain whisky</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckwheat_whisky" title="Buckwheat whisky">Buckwheat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_whiskey" title="Corn whiskey">Corn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rye_whiskey" title="Rye whiskey">Rye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rye_malt_whiskey" title="Rye malt whiskey">Rye malt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_whiskey" title="Wheat whiskey">Wheat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flessen_drank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flessen_drank.jpg/32px-Flessen_drank.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flessen_drank.jpg/48px-Flessen_drank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flessen_drank.jpg/64px-Flessen_drank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1956" data-file-height="1279" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liquor" title="Portal:Liquor">Liquor portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other designations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blended_whiskey" title="Blended whiskey">Blended</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottled_in_bond" title="Bottled in bond">Bottled in bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_barrel_whiskey" title="Single barrel whiskey">Single barrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_batch_whiskey" title="Small batch whiskey">Small batch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_whiskey" title="Straight whiskey">Straight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Whisky by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_whiskey" title="American whiskey">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_whiskey" title="Bourbon whiskey">Bourbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_whiskey" title="Tennessee whiskey">Tennessee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_whisky" title="Australian whisky">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_whisky" title="Canadian whisky">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_whisky" title="English whisky">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_whisky" title="Finnish whisky">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_whisky" title="French whisky">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_whisky" title="German whisky">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_whisky" title="Indian whisky">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_whiskey" title="Irish whiskey">Irish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_pot_still_whiskey" title="Single pot still whiskey">Single pot still</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_whisky" title="Japanese whisky">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_whisky" title="Mexican whisky">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_whisky" title="Scotch whisky">Scotch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_whisky" title="Taiwanese whisky">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_whisky" title="Welsh whisky">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Whisky production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cask_strength" title="Cask strength">Cask strength</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chill_filtering" title="Chill filtering">Chill filtering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finishing_(whisky)" title="Finishing (whisky)">Finishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_bottler" title="Independent bottler">Independent bottler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_County_Process" title="Lincoln County Process">Lincoln County Process</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mash</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sour_mash" title="Sour mash">Sour mash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_blender" title="Master blender">Master blender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_safe" title="Spirit safe">Spirit safe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_thief" title="Whiskey thief">Whiskey thief</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Whisky tourism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Whiskey_Trail" title="American Whiskey Trail">American Whiskey Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Bourbon_Trail" title="Kentucky Bourbon Trail">Kentucky Bourbon Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_Whisky_Experience" title="Scotch Whisky Experience">Scotch Whisky Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland%27s_Malt_Whisky_Trail" title="Scotland's Malt Whisky Trail">Scotland's Malt Whisky Trail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cranachan" title="Cranachan">Cranachan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glencairn_whisky_glass" title="Glencairn whisky glass">Glencairn whisky glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cocktails" title="List of cocktails">List of cocktails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_whisky_brands" 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