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id="toc-Structure_and_physiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure_and_physiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Structure and physiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure_and_physiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genomics_and_genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genomics_and_genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Genomics and genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genomics_and_genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Breeding</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Breeding-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Breeding subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Breeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conventional_breeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conventional_breeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Conventional breeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conventional_breeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Genetic engineering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origin-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Origin subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-External_phylogeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_phylogeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>External phylogeny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_phylogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maize_and_teosinte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maize_and_teosinte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Maize and teosinte</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maize_and_teosinte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spreading_to_the_north" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spreading_to_the_north"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Spreading to the north</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spreading_to_the_north-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agronomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agronomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Agronomy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Agronomy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Agronomy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Agronomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Growing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Growing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harvesting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harvesting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Harvesting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harvesting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grain_storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grain_storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Grain storage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grain_storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Pests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Culinary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culinary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Culinary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culinary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutritional_value" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutritional_value"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Nutritional value</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutritional_value-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal_feed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_feed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Animal feed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal_feed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemicals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemicals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Chemicals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemicals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biofuel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biofuel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Biofuel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biofuel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_human_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_human_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>In human culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_human_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Maize</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 218 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-218" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">218 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagong" title="Jagong – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Jagong" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%85%D1%83" title="Нартыху – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Нартыху" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mielie" title="Mielie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mielie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mais" title="Mais – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mais" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A0%E1%89%86%E1%88%8E" title="በቆሎ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="በቆሎ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="मक्का – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मक्का" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ذرة شامية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ذرة شامية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zea_mays" title="Zea mays – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Zea mays" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2l%C3%A2mbuchiu" title="Câlâmbuchiu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Câlâmbuchiu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zea_mays" title="Zea mays – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Zea mays" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="जोन्हरी – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="जोन्हरी" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avati" title="Avati – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Avati" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D3%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8A" title="ЦӀоросаролъ – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ЦӀоросаролъ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunqu" title="Tunqu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Tunqu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qar%C4%9F%C4%B1dal%C4%B1" title="Qarğıdalı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qarğıdalı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%BA%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_(%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%A9%DB%8C)" title="قارغیدالی (بیتکی) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قارغیدالی (بیتکی)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagung" title="Jagung – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Jagung" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaba" title="Kaba – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Kaba" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE" title="ভুট্টা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভুট্টা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagung" title="Jagung – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Jagung" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoan-be%CC%8Dh" title="Hoan-be̍h – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hoan-be̍h" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagung" title="Jagung – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Jagung" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D3%99%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Шәкәр кукурузы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Шәкәр кукурузы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Кукуруза – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кукуруза" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Кукуруза – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кукуруза" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mais" title="Mais – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Mais" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn" title="Corn – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Corn" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Царевица – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Царевица" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gugaruz" title="Gugaruz – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Gugaruz" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨ་ཤོམ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨ་ཤོམ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukuruz" title="Kukuruz – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kukuruz" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiz" title="Maiz – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Maiz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Кукуруза – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Кукуруза" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacsa" title="Dacsa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dacsa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Куккурус – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Куккурус" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zea_mays" title="Zea mays – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Zea mays" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuku%C5%99ice_set%C3%A1" title="Kukuřice setá – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kukuřice setá" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chibage" title="Chibage – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chibage" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chingoma" title="Chingoma – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Chingoma" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indrawn" title="Indrawn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Indrawn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kariwana" title="Kariwana – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Kariwana" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majs" title="Majs – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Majs" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welschkann" title="Welschkann – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Welschkann" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mais" title="Mais – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mais" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%92%DE%AA%DE%88%DE%A7%DE%83%DE%A8" title="ޒުވާރި – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޒުވާރި" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naad%C4%85%CC%81%C4%85%CC%81%CA%BC" title="Naadą́ą́ʼ – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Naadą́ą́ʼ" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majs" title="Majs – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Majs" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88" title="मकै – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="मकै" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mais" title="Mais – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mais" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BA%CE%B9" title="Καλαμπόκι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καλαμπόκι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furmint%C3%B2un" title="Furmintòun – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Furmintòun" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zea_mays" title="Zea mays – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Zea mays" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maizo" title="Maizo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Maizo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zea_mays" title="Zea mays – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Zea mays" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arto" title="Arto – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arto" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="ذرت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ذرت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makai" title="Makai – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Makai" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mais" title="Mais – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Mais" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%AFs" title="Maïs – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Maïs" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stynske_weet" title="Stynske weet – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Stynske weet" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masarji" title="Masarji – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Masarji" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blave" title="Blave – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Blave" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbhar_Indiach" title="Arbhar Indiach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Arbhar Indiach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruithneachd-Innseanach" title="Cruithneachd-Innseanach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cruithneachd-Innseanach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millo" title="Millo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Millo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%BA%D3%80%D0%B0" title="ХьажкӀа – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ХьажкӀа" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E8%B1%86" title="金豆 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="金豆" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A4%D8%AC" title="مکابؤج – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="مکابؤج" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%88" title="મકાઈ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મકાઈ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A2u-siuk" title="Pâu-siuk – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pâu-siuk" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A5%EC%88%98%EC%88%98" title="옥수수 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="옥수수" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masara" title="Masara – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Masara" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Եգիպտացորեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եգիպտացորեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C)" title="मक्का (अनाज) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मक्का (अनाज)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prawa_kukurica" title="Prawa kukurica – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Prawa kukurica" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukuruz" title="Kukuruz – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kukuruz" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binte" title="Binte – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Binte" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maizo" title="Maizo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Maizo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mais" title="Mais – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Mais" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagung" title="Jagung – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jagung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mais" title="Mais – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mais" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Нартхор – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Нартхор" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%ADs" title="Maís – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Maís" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zea_mays" title="Zea mays – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Zea mays" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A1" title="תירס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תירס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagung" title="Jagung – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Jagung" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saam%C9%A9%C9%96%C9%9B" title="Saamɩɖɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Saamɩɖɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86_%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B3" title="ಮೆಕ್ಕೆ ಜೋಳ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮೆಕ್ಕೆ ಜೋಳ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mais" title="Mais – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Mais" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%85" title="Нартюх – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Нартюх" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="სიმინდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სიმინდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%92_%D9%88%D9%95%D9%B9" title="مکاے وٕٹ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="مکاے وٕٹ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D2%AF%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Жүгері – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жүгері" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hwegys" title="Hwegys – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Hwegys" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikigori" title="Ikigori – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ikigori" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhindi" title="Muhindi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Muhindi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dis%C3%A2ngu" title="Disângu – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Disângu" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayi" title="Mayi – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Mayi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi" title="Mi – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Mi" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garis" title="Garis – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Garis" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D2%AF%D0%B3%D3%A9%D1%80%D2%AF" title="Жүгөрү – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жүгөрү" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0" title="Шагьнал лачӀа – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Шагьнал лачӀа" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zea_mays" title="Zea mays – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Zea mays" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukur%C5%ABza" title="Kukurūza – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kukurūza" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mais" title="Mais – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mais" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paprastasis_kukur%C5%ABzas" title="Paprastasis kukurūzas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Paprastasis kukurūzas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigi" title="Rigi – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Rigi" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granon" title="Granon – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Granon" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meis" title="Meis – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Meis" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lis%C3%A1ng%C3%BA" title="Lisángú – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Lisángú" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mais" title="Mais – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Mais" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/zumri" title="zumri – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="zumri" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zea_mays" title="Zea mays – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Zea mays" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukorica_(n%C3%B6v%C3%A9nyfaj)" title="Kukorica (növényfaj) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kukorica (növényfaj)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88" title="मकै – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="मकै" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Пченка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пченка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katsaka" title="Katsaka – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Katsaka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%82" title="ചോളം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചോളം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dpakipaki" title="Kōpakipaki – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Kōpakipaki" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="मका – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मका" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ლაიტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლაიტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%87" title="دره – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دره" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%85" title="کوگندم – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کوگندم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagung" title="Jagung – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jagung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9B" title="ꯆꯨꯆꯥꯛ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯆꯨꯆꯥꯛ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguang" title="Jaguang – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Jaguang" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B9-di%C4%95ng-b%C3%A1u" title="Iù-diĕng-báu – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Iù-diĕng-báu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D_%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%88" title="Эрдэнэ шиш – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эрдэнэ шиш" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%96%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8" title="ပြောင်းဖူး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပြောင်းဖူး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cintli" title="Cintli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Cintli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Com" title="Com – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Com" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%AFs" title="Maïs – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Maïs" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88" title="मकै – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मकै" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%83%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF" title="कःनि – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कःनि" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A2%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B3%E3%82%B7" title="トウモロコシ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トウモロコシ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granone" title="Granone – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Granone" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8C%D0%B0%D1%8C%D0%B6%D0%BA%D3%80%D0%B0" title="ХьаьжкӀа – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ХьаьжкӀа" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meis_(slach)" title="Meis (slach) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Meis (slach)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mais" title="Mais – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mais" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mais" title="Mais – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mais" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milh" title="Milh – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Milh" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE" title="ମକା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମକା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makkajo%CA%BBxori" title="Makkajoʻxori – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Makkajoʻxori" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80" title="ਮੱਕੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੱਕੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="مکی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مکی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maishi_grandi" title="Maishi grandi – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Maishi grandi" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="جوار – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جوار" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaan" title="Kaan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kaan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%84%E1%9E%8F" title="ពោត – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ពោត" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melia" title="Melia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Melia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mais" title="Mais – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Mais" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukurydza_zwyczajna" title="Kukurydza zwyczajna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kukurydza zwyczajna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B1%CE%B6%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B4" title="Λαζούδ – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Λαζούδ" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milho" title="Milho – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Milho" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1kke" title="Mákke – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Mákke" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%B1s%C4%B1rbo%C4%9Fday" title="Mısırboğday – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Mısırboğday" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8D_popa%E2%80%99%C4%81" title="Tō popa’ā – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Tō popa’ā" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porumb" title="Porumb – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Porumb" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara" title="Sara – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sara" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Мелай – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Мелай" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Кукуруза – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кукуруза" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Кукурууза – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кукурууза" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/kubkub" title="kubkub – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="kubkub" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱡᱚᱸᱰᱨᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱚᱸᱰᱨᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigumoriscu" title="Trigumoriscu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Trigumoriscu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize" title="Maize – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Maize" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turske_Weete" title="Turske Weete – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Turske Weete" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mmidi/Mmopo" title="Mmidi/Mmopo – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Mmidi/Mmopo" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misri" title="Misri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Misri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zea_mays" title="Zea mays – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Zea mays" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%A9_%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9F%E0%B7%94" title="බඩ ඉරිඟු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බඩ ඉරිඟු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize" title="Maize – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Maize" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%AA%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="مڪئي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مڪئي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukurica_siata" title="Kukurica siata – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kukurica siata" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koruza" title="Koruza – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Koruza" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majs" title="Majs – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Majs" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galley" title="Galley – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Galley" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%95%D9%86%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="گەنمەشامی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گەنمەشامی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Кукуруз – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кукуруз" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukuruz" title="Kukuruz – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kukuruz" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagong" title="Jagong – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Jagong" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maissi" title="Maissi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maissi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majs" title="Majs – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Majs" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mais" title="Mais – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mais" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="மக்காச்சோளம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மக்காச்சோளம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukbal" title="Ukbal – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ukbal" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Кукуруз – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кукуруз" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8" title="మొక్కజొన్న – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మొక్కజొన్న" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%94" title="ข้าวโพด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ข้าวโพด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyu%C9%94l" title="Anyuɔl – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Anyuɔl" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ҷуворимакка – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷуворимакка" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koane" title="Koane – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Koane" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%8E%E1%8E%B7" title="ᏎᎷ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏎᎷ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ov%C3%A1%27kem%C3%A2haemen%C3%B4tse" title="Ová'kemâhaemenôtse – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Ová'kemâhaemenôtse" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%B1s%C4%B1r_(bitki)" title="Mısır (bitki) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mısır (bitki)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swakpat" title="Swakpat – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Swakpat" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Кукурудза – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кукурудза" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="مکئی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مکئی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%DB%86%D9%85%D9%85%D9%89%D9%82%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%82" title="كۆممىقوناق – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كۆممىقوناق" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haeuxyangz" title="Haeuxyangz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Haeuxyangz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zea_mays" title="Zea mays – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Zea mays" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukuruz" title="Kukuruz – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kukuruz" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B4" title="Ngô – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngô" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mait" title="Mait – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Mait" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mais" title="Mais – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Mais" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poes_d%27_Trouk" title="Poes d' Trouk – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Poes d' Trouk" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiki" title="Maiki – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Maiki" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%ADs" title="Maís – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Maís" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8F%8D%E7%8F%A0%E7%B1%B3" title="珍珠米 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="珍珠米" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%A2" title="קוקורוזע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קוקורוזע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80gb%C3%A0do" title="Àgbàdo – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àgbàdo" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Corn_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Corn (disambiguation)">Corn (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maize_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Maize (disambiguation)">Maize (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Maze" title="Maze">Maze</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Maize </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Zea_mays_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-283.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Botanical illustration showing male and female flowers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Zea_mays_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-283.jpg/220px-Zea_mays_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-283.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Zea_mays_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-283.jpg/330px-Zea_mays_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-283.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Zea_mays_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-283.jpg 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="594" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Includes male and female flowers </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a> <small> (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Zea_(plant)" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon">Monocots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Commelinids" title="Commelinids">Commelinids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Poales" title="Poales">Poales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">Poaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Panicoideae" title="Panicoideae">Panicoideae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zea_(plant)" title="Zea (plant)"><i>Zea</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>Z. mays</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Zea mays</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Maize</b> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span> (<i><b>Zea mays</b></i>), also known as <b>corn</b> in <a href="/wiki/North_American_English" title="North American English">North American English</a>, is a tall stout <a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">grass</a> that produces <a href="/wiki/Cereal_grain" class="mw-redirect" title="Cereal grain">cereal grain</a>. It was domesticated by <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Indigenous peoples of Mexico">indigenous peoples in southern Mexico</a> about 9,000 years ago from wild <a href="/wiki/Teosinte" class="mw-redirect" title="Teosinte">teosinte</a>. Native Americans planted it alongside <a href="/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">beans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cucurbita" title="Cucurbita">squashes</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_(agriculture)" title="Three Sisters (agriculture)">Three Sisters</a> <a href="/wiki/Polyculture" title="Polyculture">polyculture</a>. The leafy <a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">stalk</a> of the plant gives rise to male <a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">inflorescences</a> or tassels which produce <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a>, and female inflorescences called <a href="/wiki/Ear_(botany)" title="Ear (botany)">ears</a>. The ears yield grain, known as <a href="/wiki/Corn_kernels" class="mw-redirect" title="Corn kernels">kernels</a> or seeds. In modern commercial varieties, these are usually yellow or white; other varieties can be of many colors. </p><p>Maize relies on humans for its propagation. Since the <a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a>, it has become a <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple food</a> in many parts of the world, with the <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_valuable_crops_and_livestock_products" title="List of most valuable crops and livestock products">total production of maize surpassing</a> that of <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>. Much maize is used for <a href="/wiki/Animal_feed" title="Animal feed">animal feed</a>, whether as grain or as the whole plant, which can either be baled or made into the more palatable <a href="/wiki/Silage" title="Silage">silage</a>. Sugar-rich varieties called <a href="/wiki/Sweet_corn" title="Sweet corn">sweet corn</a> are grown for human consumption, while <a href="/wiki/Field_corn" title="Field corn">field corn</a> varieties are used for animal feed, for uses such as <a href="/wiki/Cornmeal" title="Cornmeal">cornmeal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Masa" title="Masa">masa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corn_starch" title="Corn starch">corn starch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corn_syrup" title="Corn syrup">corn syrup</a>, pressing into <a href="/wiki/Corn_oil" title="Corn oil">corn oil</a>, alcoholic beverages like <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_whiskey" title="Bourbon whiskey">bourbon whiskey</a>, and as chemical feedstocks including <a href="/wiki/Corn_ethanol" title="Corn ethanol">ethanol</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuels</a>. </p><p>Maize is cultivated throughout the world; a greater weight of maize is produced each year than any other grain. In 2020, world production was 1.1 billion tonnes. It is afflicted by many <a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)" title="Pest (organism)">pests</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_maize_diseases" title="List of maize diseases">diseases</a>; two major <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insect</a> pests, <a href="/wiki/European_corn_borer" title="European corn borer">European corn borer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diabrotica" title="Diabrotica">corn rootworms</a>, have each caused annual losses of a billion dollars in the US. Modern <a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">plant breeding</a> has greatly increased output and qualities such as nutrition, drought tolerance, and tolerance of pests and diseases. Much maize is now <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetically modified">genetically modified</a>. </p><p>As a food, maize is used to make a wide variety of dishes including Mexican <a href="/wiki/Tortilla" title="Tortilla">tortillas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamale" title="Tamale">tamales</a>, Italian <a href="/wiki/Polenta" title="Polenta">polenta</a>, and American <a href="/wiki/Hominy" title="Hominy">hominy</a> <a href="/wiki/Grits" title="Grits">grits</a>. Maize <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> is low in some <a href="/wiki/Essential_amino_acid" title="Essential amino acid">essential amino acids</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">niacin</a> it contains only becomes available if <a href="/wiki/Nixtamalization" title="Nixtamalization">freed by alkali treatment</a>. In Mesoamerica, maize is deified as <a href="/wiki/Maya_maize_god" title="Maya maize god">a maize god</a> and depicted in sculptures. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Columbian_development">Pre-Columbian development</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museo_Nacional_de_Antropolog%C3%ADa_-_MA%C3%8DZ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Museo_Nacional_de_Antropolog%C3%ADa_-_MA%C3%8DZ.jpg/250px-Museo_Nacional_de_Antropolog%C3%ADa_-_MA%C3%8DZ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Museo_Nacional_de_Antropolog%C3%ADa_-_MA%C3%8DZ.jpg/330px-Museo_Nacional_de_Antropolog%C3%ADa_-_MA%C3%8DZ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Museo_Nacional_de_Antropolog%C3%ADa_-_MA%C3%8DZ.jpg/500px-Museo_Nacional_de_Antropolog%C3%ADa_-_MA%C3%8DZ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3824" data-file-height="2615" /></a><figcaption>Ancient Mesoamerican relief sculpture of maize, <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Anthropology_(Mexico)" title="National Museum of Anthropology (Mexico)">National Museum of Anthropology of Mexico</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Maize <a href="/wiki/Cultigen" title="Cultigen">requires human intervention</a> for its propagation. The kernels of its naturally-propagating <a href="/wiki/Teosinte" class="mw-redirect" title="Teosinte">teosinte</a> ancestor fall off the cob on their own, while those of <a href="/wiki/Domesticated" class="mw-redirect" title="Domesticated">domesticated</a> maize do not.<sup id="cite_ref-Benz_2001_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benz_2001-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All maize arose from a single domestication in southern Mexico about 9,000 years ago. The oldest surviving maize types are those of the Mexican highlands. Maize spread from this region to the lowlands and over the Americas along two major paths.<sup id="cite_ref-Mat_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mat-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The centre of domestication was most likely the <a href="/wiki/Balsas_River" title="Balsas River">Balsas River</a> valley of south-central Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maize reached highland Ecuador at least 8000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Pagán-JiménezGuachamín-Tello2015_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pagán-JiménezGuachamín-Tello2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It reached lower Central America by 7600 years ago, and the valleys of the Colombian <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> between 7000 and 6000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest maize plants grew a single, small ear per plant.<sup id="cite_ref-Davidson_2014_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson_2014-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Olmec" class="mw-redirect" title="Olmec">Olmec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">Maya</a> cultivated maize in numerous varieties throughout <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>; they cooked, ground and processed it through <a href="/wiki/Nixtamalization" title="Nixtamalization">nixtamalization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Roney_2009_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roney_2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 3000 years ago, maize was central to Olmec culture, including their calendar, language, and myths.<sup id="cite_ref-Fussell1999_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fussell1999-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mapuche" title="Mapuche">Mapuche</a> people of <a href="/wiki/Zona_Sur" title="Zona Sur">south-central Chile</a> cultivated maize along with <a href="/wiki/Quinoa" title="Quinoa">quinoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potatoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Potatoes">potatoes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">pre-Hispanic</a> times.<sup id="cite_ref-Dille2007_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dille2007-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a>, maize was traded and transported as far south as 40° S in Melinquina, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1car_Department" title="Lácar Department">Lácar Department</a>, Argentina, probably brought across the Andes from Chile.<sup id="cite_ref-PerezErre2011_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PerezErre2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Columbian_exchange">Columbian exchange</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Florentine_Codex-_Agriculture.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/The_Florentine_Codex-_Agriculture.tiff/lossy-page1-180px-The_Florentine_Codex-_Agriculture.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/The_Florentine_Codex-_Agriculture.tiff/lossy-page1-270px-The_Florentine_Codex-_Agriculture.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/The_Florentine_Codex-_Agriculture.tiff/lossy-page1-360px-The_Florentine_Codex-_Agriculture.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2364" data-file-height="3593" /></a><figcaption>Cultivation of maize, illustrated in the 16th-century <i><a href="/wiki/Florentine_Codex" title="Florentine Codex">Florentine Codex</a></i> </figcaption></figure> <p>After the arrival of Europeans in 1492, Spanish settlers consumed maize, and explorers and traders <a href="/wiki/Columbian_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbian Exchange">carried it back to Europe</a>. Spanish settlers much preferred <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> bread to maize. Maize flour could not be substituted for wheat for communion bread, since in <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> belief at that time only wheat could undergo <a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">transubstantiation</a> and be transformed into the body of Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-Earle_2012_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Earle_2012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maize spread to the rest of the world because of its ability to grow in diverse climates. It was cultivated in Spain just a few decades after Columbus's voyages and then spread to Italy, West Africa and elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-Earle_2012_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Earle_2012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 17th century, it was a common peasant food in Southern Europe. By the 18th century, it was the chief food of the southern French and Italian peasantry, especially as <a href="/wiki/Polenta" title="Polenta">polenta</a> in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When maize was introduced into Western farming systems, it was welcomed for its productivity. However, a widespread problem of malnutrition soon arose wherever it had become a <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple food</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pellagra_mystery_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pellagra_mystery-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indigenous Americans had learned to soak maize in <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkali</a>-water – made with ashes and <a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxide" title="Calcium oxide">lime</a> – since at least 1200–1500 BC, creating the process of nixtamalization. They did this to liberate the corn hulls, but coincidentally it also liberated the B-vitamin <a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">niacin</a>, the lack of which caused <a href="/wiki/Pellagra" title="Pellagra">pellagra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-StallerCarrasco2009_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StallerCarrasco2009-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once alkali processing and dietary variety were understood and applied, pellagra disappeared in the developed world. The development of high-<a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">lysine</a> maize and the promotion of a more balanced diet have contributed to its demise. Pellagra still exists in food-poor areas and refugee camps where people survive on donated maize.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson2016_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson2016-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2></div> <p>The name <i>maize</i> derives from the Spanish form <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">maíz</i></span> of the <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno_language" title="Taíno language">Taíno</a> <span title="Taino-language text"><i lang="tnq">mahis</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Swedish botanist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> used the common name maize as the species epithet in <i>Zea mays</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ranum_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ranum-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name <i>maize</i> is preferred in formal, scientific, and international usage as a <a href="/wiki/Common_name" title="Common name">common name</a> because it refers specifically to this one grain, unlike <i>corn</i>, which has a complex variety of meanings that vary by context and geographic region.<sup id="cite_ref-Ensminger_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ensminger-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most countries primarily use the term <i>maize</i>, and the name <i>corn</i> is used mainly in the United States and a handful of other English-speaking countries.<sup id="cite_ref-OxfordEncyclopedia_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OxfordEncyclopedia-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Espinoza_2015_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Espinoza_2015-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In countries that primarily use the term <i>maize</i>, the word <i>corn</i> may denote any <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereal</a> crop, varying geographically with the local <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-OED_corn_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED_corn-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as wheat in England and oats in Scotland or Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-Ensminger_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ensminger-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The usage of <i>corn</i> for maize started as a shortening of "<a href="/wiki/Flint_corn" title="Flint corn">Indian corn</a>" in 18th-century North America.<sup id="cite_ref-Mencken_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mencken-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The historian of food Betty Fussell writes in an article on the history of the word <i>corn</i> in North America that "[t]o say the word <i>corn</i> is to plunge into the tragi-farcical mistranslations of language and history".<sup id="cite_ref-Fussell1999_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fussell1999-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar to the British usage, the Spanish referred to maize as <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">panizo</i></span>, a generic term for cereal grains, as did Italians with the term <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">polenta</i></span>. The British later referred to maize as Turkey wheat, Turkey corn, or Indian corn; Fussell comments that "they meant not a place but a condition, a savage rather than a civilized grain".<sup id="cite_ref-Fussell1999_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fussell1999-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>International groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Agriculture_and_Bioscience_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International">Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International</a> consider <i>maize</i> the preferred common name.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>maize</i> is used by the UN's <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the names of the <a href="/wiki/International_Maize_and_Wheat_Improvement_Center" title="International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center">International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center</a> of Mexico, the Indian Institute of Maize Research,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Maize Association of Australia,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the National Maize Association of Nigeria,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the National Maize Association of Ghana,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Maize Trust of South Africa,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Zimbabwe Seed Maize Association.<sup id="cite_ref-Rusike_Donovan_1995_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rusike_Donovan_1995-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_and_physiology">Structure and physiology</h2></div> <span class="skin-invert-image"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Maize_plant_diagram,_large_labels.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Parts of a maize plant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Maize_plant_diagram%2C_large_labels.svg/250px-Maize_plant_diagram%2C_large_labels.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="363" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Maize_plant_diagram%2C_large_labels.svg/330px-Maize_plant_diagram%2C_large_labels.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Maize_plant_diagram%2C_large_labels.svg/360px-Maize_plant_diagram%2C_large_labels.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="795" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></span> <p>Maize is a tall <a href="/wiki/Annual_plant" title="Annual plant">annual</a> grass with a single stem, ranging in height from 1.2 to 4 m (4 to 13 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-Solaimalai_Anantharaju_2020_ch.6_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solaimalai_Anantharaju_2020_ch.6-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The long narrow leaves arise from the <a href="/wiki/Node_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Node (botany)">nodes</a> or joints, alternately on opposite sides on the stalk.<sup id="cite_ref-Solaimalai_Anantharaju_2020_ch.6_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solaimalai_Anantharaju_2020_ch.6-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maize is <a href="/wiki/Monoecious" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoecious">monoecious</a>, with separate male and female flowers on the same plant.<sup id="cite_ref-Solaimalai_Anantharaju_2020_ch.6_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solaimalai_Anantharaju_2020_ch.6-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the top of the stem is the tassel, an <a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">inflorescence</a> of male flowers; their anthers release pollen, which is <a href="/wiki/Anemophily" title="Anemophily">dispersed by wind</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Solaimalai_Anantharaju_2020_ch.6_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solaimalai_Anantharaju_2020_ch.6-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like other pollen, it is an <a href="/wiki/Allergen" title="Allergen">allergen</a>, but most of it falls within a few meters of the tassel and the risk is largely restricted to farm workers.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The female inflorescence, some way down the stem from the tassel, is first seen as a silk, a bundle of soft <a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">tubular hairs</a>, one for the <a href="/wiki/Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">carpel</a> in each female flower, which develops into a kernel (often called a seed. Botanically, as in all grasses, it is a fruit, fused with the seed coat to form a <a href="/wiki/Caryopsis" title="Caryopsis">caryopsis</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) when it is pollinated.<sup id="cite_ref-Solaimalai_Anantharaju_2020_ch.6_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solaimalai_Anantharaju_2020_ch.6-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A whole female inflorescence develops into an ear or <a href="/wiki/Corncob" title="Corncob">corncob</a>, enveloped by multiple leafy layers or husks.<sup id="cite_ref-Solaimalai_Anantharaju_2020_ch.6_31-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solaimalai_Anantharaju_2020_ch.6-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Ear_leaf"></span><span class="vanchor-text">ear leaf</span></span> is the leaf most closely associated with a particular developing ear. This leaf and those above it contribute over three quarters of the carbohydrate (<a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a>) that fills the grain.<sup id="cite_ref-USA-IA-ext-fung_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USA-IA-ext-fung-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The grains are usually yellow or white in modern varieties; other varieties have orange, red, brown, <a href="/wiki/Blue_corn" title="Blue corn">blue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Purple_corn" title="Purple corn">purple</a>, or black grains. They are arranged in 8 to 32 rows around the cob; there can be up to 1200 grains on a large cob.<sup id="cite_ref-Davidson_2014_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson_2014-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yellow maizes derive their color from <a href="/wiki/Carotenoid" title="Carotenoid">carotenoids</a>; red maizes are colored by <a href="/wiki/Anthocyanin" title="Anthocyanin">anthocyanins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phlobaphene" title="Phlobaphene">phlobaphenes</a>; and orange and green varieties may contain combinations of these pigments.<sup id="cite_ref-Chatham_Paulsmeyer_Juvik_2019_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chatham_Paulsmeyer_Juvik_2019-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maize has short-day <a href="/wiki/Photoperiodism" title="Photoperiodism">photoperiodism</a>, meaning that it requires nights of a certain length to flower. Flowering further requires <a href="/wiki/Growing_degree_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Growing degree day">enough warm days</a> above 10 °C (50 °F). The control of flowering is set genetically; the physiological mechanism involves the <a href="/wiki/Phytochrome" title="Phytochrome">phytochrome</a> system. Tropical cultivars can be problematic if grown in higher latitudes, as the longer days can make the plants grow tall instead of setting seed before winter comes. On the other hand, growing tall rapidly could be convenient for producing biofuel.<sup id="cite_ref-Solaimalai_Anantharaju_2020_ch.6_31-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solaimalai_Anantharaju_2020_ch.6-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Immature maize shoots accumulate a powerful antibiotic substance, 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (<a href="/wiki/DIMBOA" title="DIMBOA">DIMBOA</a>), which provides a measure of protection against a wide range of pests.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith2012_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2012-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of its shallow roots, maize is susceptible to droughts, intolerant of nutrient-deficient soils, and prone to being uprooted by severe winds.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Corntassel_7095.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Many small male flowers make up the male inflorescence or tassel."><img alt="Many small male flowers make up the male inflorescence or tassel." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Corntassel_7095.jpg/133px-Corntassel_7095.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Corntassel_7095.jpg/200px-Corntassel_7095.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Corntassel_7095.jpg/266px-Corntassel_7095.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Many small male flowers make up the male inflorescence or tassel.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cornsilk_7091.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Female inflorescence, with young silk"><img alt="Female inflorescence, with young silk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Cornsilk_7091.jpg/250px-Cornsilk_7091.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Cornsilk_7091.jpg/330px-Cornsilk_7091.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1097" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Female inflorescence, with young <a href="/wiki/Corn_silk" title="Corn silk">silk</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GreenCorn.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Stalks, ears and silk"><img alt="Stalks, ears and silk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/GreenCorn.JPG/250px-GreenCorn.JPG" decoding="async" width="146" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/GreenCorn.JPG/330px-GreenCorn.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2148" data-file-height="2935" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stalks, ears and silk</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ZeaMays.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Full-grown maize plants"><img alt="Full-grown maize plants" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/ZeaMays.jpg/250px-ZeaMays.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/ZeaMays.jpg/330px-ZeaMays.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1356" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Full-grown maize plants</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Klip_kukuruza_uzgojen_u_Me%C4%91imurju_(Croatia).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Mature maize ear on a stalk"><img alt="Mature maize ear on a stalk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Klip_kukuruza_uzgojen_u_Me%C4%91imurju_%28Croatia%29.JPG/150px-Klip_kukuruza_uzgojen_u_Me%C4%91imurju_%28Croatia%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Klip_kukuruza_uzgojen_u_Me%C4%91imurju_%28Croatia%29.JPG/225px-Klip_kukuruza_uzgojen_u_Me%C4%91imurju_%28Croatia%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Klip_kukuruza_uzgojen_u_Me%C4%91imurju_%28Croatia%29.JPG/300px-Klip_kukuruza_uzgojen_u_Me%C4%91imurju_%28Croatia%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mature maize ear on a stalk</div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%A4nnliche_Bl%C3%BCte_einer_Maispflanze_2009-08-19.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Male flowers"><img alt="Male flowers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/M%C3%A4nnliche_Bl%C3%BCte_einer_Maispflanze_2009-08-19.JPG/338px-M%C3%A4nnliche_Bl%C3%BCte_einer_Maispflanze_2009-08-19.JPG" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/M%C3%A4nnliche_Bl%C3%BCte_einer_Maispflanze_2009-08-19.JPG/507px-M%C3%A4nnliche_Bl%C3%BCte_einer_Maispflanze_2009-08-19.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/M%C3%A4nnliche_Bl%C3%BCte_einer_Maispflanze_2009-08-19.JPG/675px-M%C3%A4nnliche_Bl%C3%BCte_einer_Maispflanze_2009-08-19.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3375" data-file-height="2250" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Male flowers</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Corn_blooming.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mature silk"><img alt="Mature silk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Corn_blooming.jpg/339px-Corn_blooming.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Corn_blooming.jpg/509px-Corn_blooming.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Corn_blooming.jpg/678px-Corn_blooming.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mature silk</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genomics_and_genetics">Genomics and genetics</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GEM_corn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/GEM_corn.jpg/300px-GEM_corn.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/GEM_corn.jpg/450px-GEM_corn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/GEM_corn.jpg/600px-GEM_corn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="1864" /></a><figcaption>Exotic varieties are collected to add <a href="/wiki/Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">genetic diversity</a> when <a href="/wiki/Crop_breeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Crop breeding">selectively breeding</a> new domestic <a href="/wiki/Strain_(biology)" title="Strain (biology)">strains</a>. </figcaption></figure> <p>Maize is <a href="/wiki/Diploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploid">diploid</a> with 20 <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a>. 83% of <a href="/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">allelic</a> variation within the genome derives from its teosinte ancestors, primarily due to the freedom of <i>Zea</i> species to <a href="/wiki/Outcross" class="mw-redirect" title="Outcross">outcross</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Back-to-the-Wild_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Back-to-the-Wild-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a> used maize to validate her <a href="/wiki/Transposon" class="mw-redirect" title="Transposon">transposon</a> theory of "jumping genes", for which she won the 1983 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maize remains an important <a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">model organism</a> for genetics and <a href="/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">developmental biology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Strable_Scanlon_2009_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strable_Scanlon_2009-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/MADS-box" title="MADS-box">MADS-box</a> motif is involved in the development of maize flowers.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman-et-al-2004_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman-et-al-2004-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Maize Genetics and Genomics Database is funded by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">US Department of Agriculture</a> to support maize research.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/International_Maize_and_Wheat_Improvement_Center" title="International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center">International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center</a> maintains a large collection of maize accessions tested and cataloged for insect resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-Breeding-Towards_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breeding-Towards-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, the US <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a>, Department of Agriculture, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">Department of Energy</a> formed a consortium to sequence the maize <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a>. The resulting <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> sequence data was deposited immediately into <a href="/wiki/GenBank" title="GenBank">GenBank</a>, a public repository for genome-sequence data.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sequencing of the maize genome was completed in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, the consortium published results of its sequencing effort.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genome, 85% of which is composed of <a href="/wiki/Transposon" class="mw-redirect" title="Transposon">transposons</a>, contains 32,540 genes. Much of it has been duplicated and reshuffled by <a href="/wiki/Helitron_(biology)" title="Helitron (biology)">helitrons</a>, a group of <a href="/wiki/Transposable_element" title="Transposable element">transposable elements</a> within maize's DNA.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Breeding">Breeding</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conventional_breeding">Conventional breeding</h3></div> <p>Maize breeding in prehistory resulted in large plants producing large ears. Modern <a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">breeding</a> began with individuals who selected highly productive varieties in their fields and then sold seed to other farmers. James L. Reid was one of the earliest and most successful, developing Reid's Yellow Dent in the 1860s. These early efforts were based on <a href="/wiki/Selection_methods_in_plant_breeding_based_on_mode_of_reproduction" title="Selection methods in plant breeding based on mode of reproduction">mass selection</a> (a row of plants is grown from seeds of one parent), and the choosing of plants after pollination (which means that only the female parents are known). Later breeding efforts included ear to row selection (C. G. Hopkins c. 1896), hybrids made from selected <a href="/wiki/Inbred" class="mw-redirect" title="Inbred">inbred</a> lines (G. H. Shull, 1909), and the highly successful <a href="/wiki/Double_cross_hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Double cross hybrid">double cross hybrids</a> using four inbred lines (<a href="/wiki/Donald_F._Jones" title="Donald F. Jones">D. F. Jones</a> c. 1918, 1922). University-supported breeding programs were especially important in developing and introducing modern hybrids.<sup id="cite_ref-Jugen_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jugen-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the 1940s, the best strains of maize have been first-generation hybrids made from inbred strains that have been optimized for specific traits, such as yield, nutrition, drought, pest and disease tolerance. Both conventional cross-breeding and genetic engineering have succeeded in increasing output and reducing the need for cropland, pesticides, water and fertilizer. There is conflicting evidence to support the hypothesis that maize yield potential has increased over the past few decades. This suggests that changes in yield potential are associated with leaf angle, lodging resistance, tolerance of high plant density, disease/pest tolerance, and other agronomic traits rather than increase of yield potential per individual plant.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Certain varieties of maize have been bred to produce many ears; these are the source of the "<a href="/wiki/Baby_corn" title="Baby corn">baby corn</a>" used as a vegetable in <a href="/wiki/Asian_cuisine" title="Asian cuisine">Asian cuisine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lopes_Nóbrega_Pacheco_Cruz-Silva_2016_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lopes_Nóbrega_Pacheco_Cruz-Silva_2016-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A fast-flowering variety named mini-maize was developed to aid scientific research, as multiple generations can be obtained in a single year.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One strain called olotón has evolved a symbiotic relationship with <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation" title="Nitrogen fixation">nitrogen-fixing</a> microbes, which provides the plant with 29%–82% of its nitrogen.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/International_Maize_and_Wheat_Improvement_Center" title="International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center">International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center</a> (CIMMYT) operates a conventional breeding program to provide optimized strains. The program began in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-cimmyt_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cimmyt-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hybrid seeds are distributed in Africa by its Drought Tolerant Maize for Africa project.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tropical <a href="/wiki/Landrace" title="Landrace">landraces</a> remain an important and underused source of resistance alleles – both those <a href="/wiki/Plant_disease_resistance" title="Plant disease resistance">for disease</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plant_defense_against_herbivory" title="Plant defense against herbivory">for herbivores</a>. Such alleles can then be <a href="/wiki/Introgressed" class="mw-redirect" title="Introgressed">introgressed</a> into productive varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-Chakradhar-et-al-2017_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chakradhar-et-al-2017-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rare alleles for this purpose were discovered by Dao and Sood, both in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-Chakradhar-et-al-2017_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chakradhar-et-al-2017-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, Zerka Rashid of CIMMYT used its <a href="/wiki/Association_mapping" title="Association mapping">association mapping</a> panel, developed for tropical drought tolerance traits. to find new <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genomic</a> regions providing <a href="/wiki/Sorghum_downy_mildew_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorghum downy mildew resistance">sorghum downy mildew resistance</a>, and to further characterize known <a href="/wiki/Differentially_methylated_region" title="Differentially methylated region">differentially methylated regions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rashid_Singh_Vemuri_Zaidi_2018_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rashid_Singh_Vemuri_Zaidi_2018-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetic_engineering">Genetic engineering</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transgenic_maize" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgenic maize">Transgenic maize</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_maize" title="Genetically modified maize">Genetically modified maize</a> was one of the 26 <a href="/wiki/Genetically_engineered_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetically engineered food">genetically engineered food</a> crops grown commercially in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-James-2016_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James-2016-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vast majority of this is <a href="/wiki/Bt_maize" class="mw-redirect" title="Bt maize">Bt maize</a>. Genetically modified maize has been grown since 1997 in the United States and Canada;<sup id="cite_ref-Ostry-et-al-2015_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ostry-et-al-2015-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by 2016, 92% of the US maize crop was genetically modified.<sup id="cite_ref-James-2016_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James-2016-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2011, herbicide-tolerant maize and insect-resistant maize varieties were each grown in over 20 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2000, up to $50 million worth of food products were recalled due to the presence of <a href="/wiki/StarLink_corn_recall" title="StarLink corn recall">Starlink</a> genetically modified corn, which had been approved only for animal consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="External_phylogeny">External phylogeny</h3></div> <p>The maize <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <i>Zea</i> is relatively closely related to <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>, both being in the <a href="/wiki/PACMAD_clade" title="PACMAD clade">PACMAD clade</a> of Old World grasses, and much more distantly to <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, which are in the other major group of grasses, the <a href="/wiki/BOP_clade" title="BOP clade">BOP clade</a>. It is closely related to <i><a href="/wiki/Tripsacum" title="Tripsacum">Tripsacum</a></i>, gamagrass.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaut_Le_Thierry_dEnnequin_Peek_Sawkins_2000_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaut_Le_Thierry_dEnnequin_Peek_Sawkins_2000-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:100%;line-height:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">(Part of <a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">Poaceae</a>) </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/BOP_clade" title="BOP clade">BOP clade</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>various grasses e.g. <a href="/wiki/Fescue" class="mw-redirect" title="Fescue">fescue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ryegrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryegrass">ryegrass</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Hordeum" title="Hordeum">Hordeum</a></i> (barley) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Triticum" class="mw-redirect" title="Triticum">Triticum</a></i> (wheat) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Oryza" title="Oryza">Oryza</a></i> (rice) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/PACMAD_clade" title="PACMAD clade">PACMAD clade</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Pennisetum" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennisetum">Pennisetum</a></i> (fountaingrasses) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">Sorghum</a></i> (sorghum) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Tripsacum" title="Tripsacum">Tripsacum</a></i> (gamagrass) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><i><a href="/wiki/Zea_(plant)" title="Zea (plant)">Zea</a></i> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><b>Zea mays</b></i> (maize) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>other <i><a href="/wiki/Zea_(plant)" title="Zea (plant)">Zea</a></i> species (<a href="/wiki/Teosinte" class="mw-redirect" title="Teosinte">teosintes</a>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maize_and_teosinte">Maize and teosinte</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Teosinte#Origin_of_maize_and_interaction_with_teosintes" class="mw-redirect" title="Teosinte">Origin of maize and interaction with teosintes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cornselection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Cornselection.jpg/250px-Cornselection.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Cornselection.jpg/330px-Cornselection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="1002" /></a><figcaption>Teosinte (left), maize-teosinte hybrid (middle), maize (right)</figcaption></figure> <p>Maize is the <a href="/wiki/Crop_domestication" class="mw-redirect" title="Crop domestication">domesticated variant</a> of the four species of <a href="/wiki/Teosinte" class="mw-redirect" title="Teosinte">teosintes</a>, which are its <a href="/wiki/Crop_wild_relative" title="Crop wild relative">crop wild relatives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-corn_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corn-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The teosinte origin theory was proposed by the Russian botanist <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Ivanovich_Vavilov" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov">Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov</a> in 1931, and the American <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a>-winner <a href="/wiki/George_Beadle" title="George Beadle">George Beadle</a> in 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-wilkes_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilkes-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10">: 10 </span></sup> The two plants have dissimilar appearance, maize having a single tall stalk with multiple leaves and teosinte being a short, bushy plant. The difference between the two is largely controlled by differences in just two genes, called grassy tillers-1 (<i>gt1</i>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/A0A317YEZ1">A0A317YEZ1</a></span>) and teosinte branched-1 (<i>tb1</i>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q93WI2">Q93WI2</a></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-corn_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corn-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 1930s, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Mangelsdorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Mangelsdorf">Paul Mangelsdorf</a> suggested that domesticated maize was the result of a hybridization event between an unknown wild maize and a species of <i><a href="/wiki/Tripsacum" title="Tripsacum">Tripsacum</a></i>, a related genus; this has been refuted by modern <a href="/wiki/Genetic_testing" title="Genetic testing">genetic testing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wilkes_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilkes-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Zea_mays_subsp._parviglumis"></span><span class="anchor" id="Zea_mays_ssp._parviglumis"></span><span class="anchor" id="parviglumis"></span> </p><p>In 2004, <a href="/wiki/John_Doebley" title="John Doebley">John Doebley</a> identified Balsas teosinte, <i>Zea mays</i> subsp. <i>parviglumis</i>, native to the <a href="/wiki/Balsas_River" title="Balsas River">Balsas River</a> valley in Mexico's southwestern highlands, as the <a href="/wiki/Crop_wild_relative" title="Crop wild relative">crop wild relative</a> genetically most similar to modern maize.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wu-et-al-2011_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wu-et-al-2011-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The middle part of the short Balsas River valley is the likely location of early domestication. Stone milling tools with maize residue have been found in an 8,700 year old layer of deposits in a cave not far from <a href="/wiki/Iguala,_Guerrero" class="mw-redirect" title="Iguala, Guerrero">Iguala, Guerrero</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ranere_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ranere-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Doebley and colleagues showed in 2002 that maize had been domesticated only once, about 9,000 years ago, and then spread throughout the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-Mat_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mat-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maize pollen dated to 7,300 years ago from <a href="/wiki/San_Andr%C3%A9s_(Mesoamerican_site)" title="San Andrés (Mesoamerican site)">San Andres, Tabasco</a> has been found on the Caribbean coast.<sup id="cite_ref-Ranere_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ranere-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A primitive corn was being grown in southern Mexico, Central America, and northern South America 7,000 years ago. Archaeological remains of early maize ears, found at <a href="/wiki/Guila_Naquitz_Cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Guila Naquitz Cave">Guila Naquitz Cave</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca_Valley" title="Oaxaca Valley">Oaxaca Valley</a>, are roughly 6,250 years old; the oldest ears from caves near <a href="/wiki/Tehuac%C3%A1n,_Puebla" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehuacán, Puebla">Tehuacan</a>, Puebla, are 5,450 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-Roney_2009_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roney_2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spreading_to_the_north">Spreading to the north</h3></div> <p>Around 4,500 years ago, maize began to spread to the north. In the United States, maize was first cultivated at several sites in New Mexico and Arizona about 4,100 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Roney_2009_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roney_2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the first millennium AD, maize cultivation spread more widely in the areas north. In particular, the large-scale adoption of maize agriculture and consumption in eastern North America took place about A.D. 900. Native Americans cleared large forest and grassland areas for the new crop.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rise in maize cultivation 500 to 1,000 years ago in what is now the southeastern United States corresponded with a decline of freshwater <a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">mussels</a>, which are very sensitive to environmental changes.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Agronomy">Agronomy</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growing">Growing</h3></div> <p>Because it is cold-intolerant, in the <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate zones</a> maize must be planted in the spring. Its <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">root</a> system is generally shallow, so the plant is dependent on soil moisture. As a plant that uses <a href="/wiki/C4_carbon_fixation" title="C4 carbon fixation">C<sub>4</sub> carbon fixation</a>, maize is a considerably more water-efficient crop than plants that use <a href="/wiki/C3_carbon_fixation" title="C3 carbon fixation">C<sub>3</sub> carbon fixation</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Alfalfa" title="Alfalfa">alfalfa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">soybeans</a>. Maize is most sensitive to drought at the time of silk emergence, when the flowers are ready for pollination. In the United States, a good harvest was traditionally predicted if the maize was "knee-high by the <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)">Fourth of July</a>", although modern <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrids</a> generally exceed this growth rate. Maize used for <a href="/wiki/Silage" title="Silage">silage</a> is harvested while the plant is green and the fruit immature. Sweet corn is harvested in the "milk stage", after pollination but before starch has formed, between late summer and early to mid-autumn. Field maize is left in the field until very late in the autumn to thoroughly dry the grain, and may, in fact, sometimes not be harvested until winter or even early spring. The importance of sufficient soil moisture is shown in many parts of Africa, where periodic <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a> regularly causes maize crop failure and consequent <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a>. Although it is grown mainly in wet, hot climates, it can thrive in cold, hot, dry or wet conditions, meaning that it is an extremely versatile crop.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maize was planted by the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a> in small hills of soil, in the <a href="/wiki/Polyculture" title="Polyculture">polyculture</a> system called the <a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_(agriculture)" title="Three Sisters (agriculture)">Three Sisters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maize provided support for <a href="/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">beans</a>; the beans provided nitrogen derived from nitrogen-fixing <a href="/wiki/Rhizobia" title="Rhizobia">rhizobia</a> bacteria which live on the roots of beans and other <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Cucurbita" title="Cucurbita">squashes</a> provided ground cover to stop weeds and inhibit evaporation by providing shade over the soil.<sup id="cite_ref-Mann_2011_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mann_2011-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 168px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pl%C3%A0ntules_moresc_2012.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Seedlings three weeks after sowing"><img alt="Seedlings three weeks after sowing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Pl%C3%A0ntules_moresc_2012.JPG/252px-Pl%C3%A0ntules_moresc_2012.JPG" decoding="async" width="168" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Pl%C3%A0ntules_moresc_2012.JPG/378px-Pl%C3%A0ntules_moresc_2012.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Pl%C3%A0ntules_moresc_2012.JPG/503px-Pl%C3%A0ntules_moresc_2012.JPG 2x" data-file-width="952" data-file-height="851" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Seedlings three weeks after sowing</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 101.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 99.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Corn_Zea_mays_Plant_Row_2000px.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Young stalks"><img alt="Young stalks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Corn_Zea_mays_Plant_Row_2000px.jpg/250px-Corn_Zea_mays_Plant_Row_2000px.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Corn_Zea_mays_Plant_Row_2000px.jpg/330px-Corn_Zea_mays_Plant_Row_2000px.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Young stalks</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maispflanze.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mature plants showing ears"><img alt="Mature plants showing ears" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Maispflanze.jpg/169px-Maispflanze.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Maispflanze.jpg/253px-Maispflanze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Maispflanze.jpg/337px-Maispflanze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mature plants showing ears</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harvesting">Harvesting</h3></div> <p>Sweet corn, harvested earlier than maize grown for grain, grows to maturity in a period of from 60 to 100 days according to variety. An extended sweet corn harvest, picked at the milk stage, can be arranged either by planting <a href="/wiki/List_of_sweetcorn_varieties" title="List of sweetcorn varieties">a selection of varieties</a> that ripen earlier and later, or by planting different areas at fortnightly intervals.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maize harvested as a grain crop can be kept in the field a relatively long time, even months, after the crop is ready to harvest; it can be harvested and stored in the husk leaves if kept dry.<sup id="cite_ref-Wayne_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wayne-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, in the four decades from 1855 to 1894 the amount of labor required to produce one bushel of maize declined from four hours and thirty four minutes to only forty-one minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before 1940, most maize in North America was harvested by hand. This involved a large number of workers and associated social events (husking or shucking <a href="/wiki/Communal_work" title="Communal work">bees</a>). From the 1850s onward, some machinery became available to partially mechanize the processes, such as one- and two-row mechanical pickers (picking the ear, leaving the <a href="/wiki/Corn_stover" title="Corn stover">stover</a>) and corn binders, which are <a href="/wiki/Reaper-binder" title="Reaper-binder">reaper-binders</a> designed specifically for maize. The latter produce <a href="/wiki/Sheaf_(agriculture)" title="Sheaf (agriculture)">sheaves</a> that can be <a href="/wiki/Stook" title="Stook">shocked</a>. By hand or mechanical picker, the entire ear is harvested, which requires a separate operation of a maize sheller to remove the kernels from the ear. Whole ears of maize were often stored in <a href="/wiki/Corn_crib" title="Corn crib">corn cribs</a>, sufficient for some livestock feeding uses. Today corn cribs with whole ears, and corn binders, are less common because most modern farms harvest the grain from the field with a <a href="/wiki/Combine_harvester" title="Combine harvester">combine harvester</a> and store it in <a href="/wiki/Silo#Bins" title="Silo">bins</a>. The combine with a corn head (with points and snap rolls instead of a reel) does not cut the stalk; it simply pulls the stalk down. The stalk continues downward and is crumpled into a mangled pile on the ground, where it usually is left to become <a href="/wiki/Organic_matter" title="Organic matter">organic matter</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>. The ear of maize is too large to pass between slots in a plate as the snap rolls pull the stalk away, leaving only the ear and husk to enter the machinery. The combine separates the husk and the cob, keeping only the kernels.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 217.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 215.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iowa_harvest_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Harvesting maize, Iowa"><img alt="Harvesting maize, Iowa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Iowa_harvest_2009.jpg/330px-Iowa_harvest_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="216" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Iowa_harvest_2009.jpg/500px-Iowa_harvest_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Iowa_harvest_2009.jpg/960px-Iowa_harvest_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1992" data-file-height="1110" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Harvesting maize, Iowa</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 183.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maissipelto_Rantasalmi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Harvesting maize, Finland"><img alt="Harvesting maize, Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Maissipelto_Rantasalmi.jpg/330px-Maissipelto_Rantasalmi.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Maissipelto_Rantasalmi.jpg/500px-Maissipelto_Rantasalmi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Maissipelto_Rantasalmi.jpg/960px-Maissipelto_Rantasalmi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1216" data-file-height="798" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Harvesting maize, Finland</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 120.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 118.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MyanmarCorn3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hand-picking maize, Myanmar"><img alt="Hand-picking maize, Myanmar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/MyanmarCorn3.jpg/178px-MyanmarCorn3.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/MyanmarCorn3.jpg/267px-MyanmarCorn3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/MyanmarCorn3.jpg/356px-MyanmarCorn3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3569" data-file-height="3609" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hand-picking maize, Myanmar</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Africa_Food_Security_11_(10665081134).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dehusking maize by hand, Malawi"><img alt="Dehusking maize by hand, Malawi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Africa_Food_Security_11_%2810665081134%29.jpg/330px-Africa_Food_Security_11_%2810665081134%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Africa_Food_Security_11_%2810665081134%29.jpg/500px-Africa_Food_Security_11_%2810665081134%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Africa_Food_Security_11_%2810665081134%29.jpg/960px-Africa_Food_Security_11_%2810665081134%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2332" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dehusking maize by hand, <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grain_storage">Grain storage</h3></div> <p>Drying is vital to prevent or at least reduce damage by <a href="/wiki/Mould" class="mw-redirect" title="Mould">mould</a> fungi, which contaminate the grain with <a href="/wiki/Mycotoxin" title="Mycotoxin">mycotoxins</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Aspergillus" title="Aspergillus">Aspergillus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Fusarium" title="Fusarium">Fusarium</a></i> spp. are the most common mycotoxin sources, and accordingly important in agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-Ostry-et-al-2015_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ostry-et-al-2015-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the moisture content of the harvested grain is too high, <a href="/wiki/Grain_drying" title="Grain drying">grain dryers</a> are used to reduce the moisture content by blowing heated air through the grain. This can require large amounts of energy in the form of combustible gases (<a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">propane</a> or <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>) and electricity to power the blowers.<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Devender_2011_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Devender_2011-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Corn_production_in_the_United_States" title="Corn production in the United States">Corn production in the United States</a></div> <p>Maize is widely cultivated throughout the world, and a greater weight of maize is produced each year than any other grain.<sup id="cite_ref-global_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-global-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, total world production was 1.16 billion <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>, led by the United States with 31.0% of the total (table). China produced 22.4% of the global total.<sup id="cite_ref-fao.org_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao.org-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ededed;">Top maize producers</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background:#ededed;">in 2020</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Numbers in million <a href="/wiki/Metric_tonne" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric tonne">tonnes</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1. <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="infobox-data">360.3 <span style="font-size:inherit">(<span data-sort-value="7,001,309,962,147,282,000♠" style="display:none"></span>31%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2. <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></th><td class="infobox-data">260.7 <span style="font-size:inherit">(<span data-sort-value="7,001,224,277,357,192,000♠" style="display:none"></span>22.43%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">3. <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/40px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/60px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></th><td class="infobox-data">104 <span style="font-size:inherit">(<span data-sort-value="7,000,894,700,619,408,000♠" style="display:none"></span>8.95%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">4. <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></th><td class="infobox-data">58.4 <span style="font-size:inherit">(<span data-sort-value="7,000,502,408,809,360,000♠" style="display:none"></span>5.02%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">5. <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></th><td class="infobox-data">30.3 <span style="font-size:inherit">(<span data-sort-value="7,000,260,667,584,308,000♠" style="display:none"></span>2.61%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">6. <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></th><td class="infobox-data">30.2 <span style="font-size:inherit">(<span data-sort-value="7,000,259,807,295,251,000♠" style="display:none"></span>2.6%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">7. <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/40px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/60px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></th><td class="infobox-data">27.4 <span style="font-size:inherit">(<span data-sort-value="7,000,235,719,201,652,000♠" style="display:none"></span>2.36%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">8. <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">22.5 <span style="font-size:inherit">(<span data-sort-value="7,000,193,565,037,853,000♠" style="display:none"></span>1.94%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">9. <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/40px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/60px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></th><td class="infobox-data">15.3 <span style="font-size:inherit">(<span data-sort-value="7,000,131,624,225,740,000♠" style="display:none"></span>1.32%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">10. <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">13.9 <span style="font-size:inherit">(<span data-sort-value="7,000,119,580,178,940,000♠" style="display:none"></span>1.2%)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">World total</th><td class="infobox-data">1162.4</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below">Source: <a href="/wiki/FAOSTAT" class="mw-redirect" title="FAOSTAT">FAOSTAT</a><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fao.org_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao.org-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 376px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 374px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Production_of_maize_(2019).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Production of maize (2019)[82]"><img alt="Production of maize (2019)[82]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Production_of_maize_%282019%29.svg/561px-Production_of_maize_%282019%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="374" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Production_of_maize_%282019%29.svg/842px-Production_of_maize_%282019%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Production_of_maize_%282019%29.svg/1121px-Production_of_maize_%282019%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="392" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Production of maize (2019)<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 270.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 268.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Production_Of_Primary_Crops,_Main_Commodities.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maize (pink strip) is the second most widely produced primary crop, after sugarcane, and the first among grain crops.[83]"><img alt="Maize (pink strip) is the second most widely produced primary crop, after sugarcane, and the first among grain crops.[83]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/World_Production_Of_Primary_Crops%2C_Main_Commodities.svg/500px-World_Production_Of_Primary_Crops%2C_Main_Commodities.svg.png" decoding="async" width="269" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/World_Production_Of_Primary_Crops%2C_Main_Commodities.svg/605px-World_Production_Of_Primary_Crops%2C_Main_Commodities.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/World_Production_Of_Primary_Crops%2C_Main_Commodities.svg/806px-World_Production_Of_Primary_Crops%2C_Main_Commodities.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="428" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Maize (pink strip) is the second most widely produced primary crop, after <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a>, and the first among grain crops.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pests">Pests</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NCLB_disease_cycle.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/NCLB_disease_cycle.JPG/500px-NCLB_disease_cycle.JPG" decoding="async" width="390" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/NCLB_disease_cycle.JPG/585px-NCLB_disease_cycle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/NCLB_disease_cycle.JPG/780px-NCLB_disease_cycle.JPG 2x" data-file-width="838" data-file-height="631" /></a><figcaption>Disease cycle of <a href="/wiki/Northern_corn_leaf_blight" title="Northern corn leaf blight">Northern corn leaf blight</a> </figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_maize_diseases" title="List of maize diseases">List of maize diseases</a></div> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)" title="Pest (organism)">pests</a> can affect maize growth and development, including invertebrates, weeds, and pathogens.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maize is susceptible to a large number of fungal, bacterial, and viral <a href="/wiki/Plant_disease" title="Plant disease">plant diseases</a>. Those of economic importance include diseases of the leaf, smuts such as <a href="/wiki/Corn_smut" title="Corn smut">corn smut</a>, ear rots and stalk rots.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Northern_corn_leaf_blight" title="Northern corn leaf blight">Northern corn leaf blight</a> damages maize throughout its range, whereas <a href="/wiki/Banded_leaf_and_sheath_blight" class="mw-redirect" title="Banded leaf and sheath blight">banded leaf and sheath blight</a> is a problem in Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Juroszek_von_Tiedemann_2013_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Juroszek_von_Tiedemann_2013-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some fungal diseases of maize produce potentially dangerous <a href="/wiki/Mycotoxin" title="Mycotoxin">mycotoxins</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Aflatoxin" title="Aflatoxin">aflatoxin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ostry-et-al-2015_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ostry-et-al-2015-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, major diseases include <a href="/wiki/Phyllachora_maydis" title="Phyllachora maydis">tar spot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xanthomonas_vasicola" title="Xanthomonas vasicola">bacterial leaf streak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gray_leaf_spot" title="Gray leaf spot">gray leaf spot</a>, northern corn leaf blight, and <a href="/wiki/Clavibacter_nebraskensis" title="Clavibacter nebraskensis">Goss's wilt</a>; in 2022, the most damaging disease was tar spot, which caused losses of 116.8 million <a href="/wiki/Bushels" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushels">bushels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maize sustains a billion dollars' worth of losses annually in the US from each of two major insect <a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)" title="Pest (organism)">pests</a>, namely the <a href="/wiki/European_corn_borer" title="European corn borer">European corn borer</a> or ECB (<i>Ostrinia nubilalis</i>) and corn rootworms (<i><a href="/wiki/Diabrotica" title="Diabrotica">Diabrotica</a> spp</i>) <a href="/wiki/Western_corn_rootworm" title="Western corn rootworm">western corn rootworm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_corn_rootworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern corn rootworm">northern corn rootworm</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southern_corn_rootworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern corn rootworm">southern corn rootworm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CPNInsects2021_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPNInsects2021-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another serious pest is the <a href="/wiki/Fall_armyworm" title="Fall armyworm">fall armyworm</a> (<i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Maize_weevil" title="Maize weevil">maize weevil</a> (<i>Sitophilus zeamais</i>) is a serious pest of stored grain.<sup id="cite_ref-agric_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agric-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Northern armyworm, Oriental armyworm or Rice ear-cutting caterpillar (<i><a href="/wiki/Mythimna_separata" title="Mythimna separata">Mythimna separata</a></i>) is a major pest of maize in Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">Nematodes</a> too are pests of maize. It is likely that every maize plant harbors some nematode <a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">parasites</a>, and populations of <i><a href="/wiki/Pratylenchus" title="Pratylenchus">Pratylenchus</a></i> lesion nematodes in the roots can be "enormous". The effects on the plants include stunting, sometimes of whole fields, sometimes in patches, especially when there is also water stress and poor control of weeds.<sup id="cite_ref-Norton_1983_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norton_1983-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many plants, both <a href="/wiki/Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon">monocots</a> (grasses) such as <i><a href="/wiki/Echinochloa_crus-galli" title="Echinochloa crus-galli">Echinochloa crus-galli</a></i> (barnyard grass) and <a href="/wiki/Dicotyledon" title="Dicotyledon">dicots</a> (forbs) such as <i><a href="/wiki/Chenopodium" title="Chenopodium">Chenopodium</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Amaranth" title="Amaranth">Amaranthus</a></i> may compete with maize and reduce crop yields. Control may involve mechanical weed removal, flame weeding, or herbicides.<sup id="cite_ref-Meissle_Mouron_Musa_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meissle_Mouron_Musa-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern_corn_leaf_blight.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Northern corn leaf blight"><img alt="Northern corn leaf blight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Northern_corn_leaf_blight.JPG/300px-Northern_corn_leaf_blight.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Northern_corn_leaf_blight.JPG/451px-Northern_corn_leaf_blight.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Northern_corn_leaf_blight.JPG/600px-Northern_corn_leaf_blight.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Northern_corn_leaf_blight" title="Northern corn leaf blight">Northern corn leaf blight</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 144.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 142.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symptoms_corncobs_destruction_caused_by_Ostrinia_nubilalis_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Corncob damage by European corn borer"><img alt="Corncob damage by European corn borer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Symptoms_corncobs_destruction_caused_by_Ostrinia_nubilalis_%28cropped%29.JPG/250px-Symptoms_corncobs_destruction_caused_by_Ostrinia_nubilalis_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="143" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Symptoms_corncobs_destruction_caused_by_Ostrinia_nubilalis_%28cropped%29.JPG/330px-Symptoms_corncobs_destruction_caused_by_Ostrinia_nubilalis_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Symptoms_corncobs_destruction_caused_by_Ostrinia_nubilalis_%28cropped%29.JPG/500px-Symptoms_corncobs_destruction_caused_by_Ostrinia_nubilalis_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2145" data-file-height="2256" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Corncob damage by European corn borer</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 284.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 282.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Corn_Borer_(15350098570).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Caterpillar of European corn borer in maize"><img alt="Caterpillar of European corn borer in maize" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/European_Corn_Borer_%2815350098570%29.jpg/500px-European_Corn_Borer_%2815350098570%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="283" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/European_Corn_Borer_%2815350098570%29.jpg/960px-European_Corn_Borer_%2815350098570%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="744" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Caterpillar of <a href="/wiki/European_corn_borer" title="European corn borer">European corn borer</a> in maize</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Food"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culinary">Culinary</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/120px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook">Cookbook</a> has a recipe/module on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 1.6em;"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Corn" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Corn"> Corn</a></b></i></li></ul> </div></div></div> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_maize_dishes" title="List of maize dishes">List of maize dishes</a></div> <p>Maize and <a href="/wiki/Cornmeal" title="Cornmeal">cornmeal</a> (ground dried maize) constitute a <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple food</a> in many regions of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Davidson_2014_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson_2014-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maize is used to produce the food ingredient <a href="/wiki/Cornstarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornstarch">cornstarch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maize starch can be <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolyzed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymatically</a> treated to produce <a href="/wiki/High_fructose_corn_syrup" class="mw-redirect" title="High fructose corn syrup">high fructose corn syrup</a>, a sweetener.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maize may be fermented and distilled to produce <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_whiskey" title="Bourbon whiskey">Bourbon whiskey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bstreet_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bstreet-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Corn_oil" title="Corn oil">Corn oil</a> is extracted from the <a href="/wiki/Germ_(grain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Germ (grain)">germ</a> of the grain.<sup id="cite_ref-corn_dot_org_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corn_dot_org-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In prehistoric times, Mesoamerican women used a <i><a href="/wiki/Metate" title="Metate">metate</a></i> quern to grind maize into cornmeal. After ceramic vessels were invented the Olmec people began to cook maize together with beans, improving the nutritional value of the staple meal. Although maize naturally contains <a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">niacin</a>, an important nutrient, it is not <a href="/wiki/Bioavailable" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioavailable">bioavailable</a> without the process of <a href="/wiki/Nixtamalization" title="Nixtamalization">nixtamalization</a>. The Maya used nixtamal meal to make porridges and tamales.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maize is a staple of <a href="/wiki/Mexican_cuisine" title="Mexican cuisine">Mexican cuisine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Masa" title="Masa">Masa</a> (<i>nixtamal</i>) is the main ingredient for <a href="/wiki/Tortilla" title="Tortilla">tortillas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atole" title="Atole">atole</a> and many other dishes of Central American food. It is the main ingredient of <a href="/wiki/Corn_tortilla" title="Corn tortilla">corn tortilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamale" title="Tamale">tamales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atole" title="Atole">atole</a> and the dishes based on these.<sup id="cite_ref-Davidson_2014_Mexico_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson_2014_Mexico-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The corn smut fungus, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Huitlacoche" class="mw-redirect" title="Huitlacoche">huitlacoche</a></i>, which grows on maize, is a Mexican delicacy.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coarse maize meal is made into a thick <a href="/wiki/Porridge" title="Porridge">porridge</a> in many cultures: from the <a href="/wiki/Polenta" title="Polenta">polenta</a> of Italy, the <i>angu</i> of Brazil, the <i><a href="/wiki/M%C4%83m%C4%83lig%C4%83" title="Mămăligă">mămăligă</a></i> of Romania, to <a href="/wiki/Mush_(cornmeal)" title="Mush (cornmeal)">cornmeal mush</a> in the US (or <a href="/wiki/Hominy" title="Hominy">hominy</a> <a href="/wiki/Grits" title="Grits">grits</a> in the Southern US) or the food called <a href="/wiki/Mieliepap" class="mw-redirect" title="Mieliepap">mieliepap</a> in South Africa and sadza, nshima, ugali and other names in other parts of Africa. Introduced into Africa by the Portuguese in the 16th century, maize has become Africa's most important staple food crop.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sweet_corn" title="Sweet corn">Sweet corn</a>, a genetic variety that is high in sugars and low in starch, is eaten in the unripe state as <a href="/wiki/Corn_on_the_cob" title="Corn on the cob">corn on the cob</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nielsen_2007_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nielsen_2007-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Corn,_the_food_of_the_nation,_US_Food_Administration_poster,_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Poster of maize-based foods, US Food Administration, 1918"><img alt="Poster of maize-based foods, US Food Administration, 1918" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Corn%2C_the_food_of_the_nation%2C_US_Food_Administration_poster%2C_1918.jpg/137px-Corn%2C_the_food_of_the_nation%2C_US_Food_Administration_poster%2C_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Corn%2C_the_food_of_the_nation%2C_US_Food_Administration_poster%2C_1918.jpg/205px-Corn%2C_the_food_of_the_nation%2C_US_Food_Administration_poster%2C_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Corn%2C_the_food_of_the_nation%2C_US_Food_Administration_poster%2C_1918.jpg/273px-Corn%2C_the_food_of_the_nation%2C_US_Food_Administration_poster%2C_1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2605" data-file-height="3808" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Poster of maize-based foods,<br />US Food Administration, 1918</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Summer_corn_(48286638996).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Semi-peeled corn on the cob"><img alt="Semi-peeled corn on the cob" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Summer_corn_%2848286638996%29.jpg/200px-Summer_corn_%2848286638996%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Summer_corn_%2848286638996%29.jpg/300px-Summer_corn_%2848286638996%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Summer_corn_%2848286638996%29.jpg/400px-Summer_corn_%2848286638996%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Semi-peeled corn on the cob</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ChiapasTamale2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Mexican tamales"><img alt="Mexican tamales" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/ChiapasTamale2.JPG/200px-ChiapasTamale2.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/ChiapasTamale2.JPG/300px-ChiapasTamale2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/ChiapasTamale2.JPG/400px-ChiapasTamale2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mexican <a href="/wiki/Tamales" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamales">tamales</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Polenta.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="One way of serving Italian polenta"><img alt="One way of serving Italian polenta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Polenta.jpg/250px-Polenta.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Polenta.jpg/330px-Polenta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Polenta.jpg/500px-Polenta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3628" data-file-height="2214" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">One way of serving Italian <a href="/wiki/Polenta" title="Polenta">polenta</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutritional_value">Nutritional value</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pellagra" title="Pellagra">Pellagra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nixtamalization" title="Nixtamalization">Nixtamalization</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Sweetcorn, yellow, raw<br />(seeds only)<br /><sub><i>Note: assuming <a href="/wiki/Nixtamalization" title="Nixtamalization">freed</a> niacin</i></sub></caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">360 kJ (86 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">18.7 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">Starch</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">5.7 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugars</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">6.26 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">2 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">1.35 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">3.27 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Tryptophan" title="Tryptophan">Tryptophan</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.023 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Threonine" title="Threonine">Threonine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.129 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Isoleucine" title="Isoleucine">Isoleucine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.129 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Leucine" title="Leucine">Leucine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.348 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">Lysine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.137 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Methionine" title="Methionine">Methionine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.067 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Cystine" title="Cystine">Cystine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.026 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">Phenylalanine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.150 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">Tyrosine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.123 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Valine" title="Valine">Valine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.185 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine">Arginine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.131 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Histidine" title="Histidine">Histidine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.089 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine">Alanine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.295 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Aspartic_acid" title="Aspartic acid">Aspartic acid</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.244 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Glutamic_acid" title="Glutamic acid">Glutamic acid</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.636 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.127 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">Proline</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.292 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine">Serine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.153 g</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A equiv.</a><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lutein" title="Lutein">lutein</a> <a href="/wiki/Zeaxanthin" title="Zeaxanthin">zeaxanthin</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 9 μg<div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;">644 μg</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">1</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">13%</div> 0.155 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">2</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">4%</div> 0.055 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">3</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">11%</div> 1.77 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">5</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">14%</div> 0.717 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;">6</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">5%</div> 0.093 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">9</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">11%</div> 42 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">8%</div> 6.8 mg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 0.52 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">9%</div> 37 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese#Human_health_and_nutrition" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">7%</div> 0.163 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">7%</div> 89 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">9%</div> 270 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">4%</div> 0.46 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em">Other constituents</b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Water</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">75.96 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/169998/nutrients">Link to USDA Database entry</a><br />One ear of medium size (6-3/4" to 7-1/2" long)<br />maize has 90 grams of seeds.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em"><sup>†</sup>Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<sup id="cite_ref-FDADailyValues_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Raw, yellow, sweet maize kernels are composed of 76% water, 19% <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbohydrates">carbohydrates</a>, 3% <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>, and 1% <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a> (table). In a 100-<a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">gram</a> serving, maize kernels provide 86 <a href="/wiki/Calories" class="mw-redirect" title="Calories">calories</a> and are a good source (10–19% of the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Value" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Value">Daily Value</a>) of the <a href="/wiki/B_vitamins" title="B vitamins">B vitamins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thiamin" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiamin">thiamin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">niacin</a> (if <a href="/wiki/Nixtamalization" title="Nixtamalization">freed</a>), <a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">pantothenic acid</a> (B5) and <a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">folate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maize has suboptimal amounts of the <a href="/wiki/Essential_amino_acid" title="Essential amino acid">essential amino acids</a> <a href="/wiki/Tryptophan" title="Tryptophan">tryptophan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">lysine</a>, which accounts for its lower status as a protein source.<sup id="cite_ref-UNFAO-1992_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNFAO-1992-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proteins of beans and legumes complement those of maize.<sup id="cite_ref-UNFAO-1992_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNFAO-1992-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animal_feed">Animal feed</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Corn_stover#Uses" title="Corn stover">Corn stover § Uses</a></div> <p>Maize is a major source of <a href="/wiki/Animal_feed" title="Animal feed">animal feed</a>. As a grain crop, the dried <a href="/wiki/Corn_kernel" title="Corn kernel">kernels</a> are used as feed. They are often kept on the <a href="/wiki/Corncob" title="Corncob">cob</a> for storage in a <a href="/wiki/Corn_crib" title="Corn crib">corn crib</a>, or they may be shelled off for storage in a <a href="/wiki/Grain_bin" title="Grain bin">grain bin</a>. When the grain is used for feed, the rest of the plant (the <a href="/wiki/Corn_stover" title="Corn stover">corn stover</a>) can be used later as <a href="/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">fodder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bedding_(animals)" title="Bedding (animals)">bedding</a> (litter), or <a href="/wiki/Soil_conditioner" title="Soil conditioner">soil conditioner</a>. When the whole maize plant (grain plus stalks and leaves) is used for fodder, it is usually <a href="/wiki/Forage_harvester" title="Forage harvester">chopped</a> and made into <a href="/wiki/Silage" title="Silage">silage</a>, as this is more digestible and more palatable to ruminants than the dried form.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, maize was gathered into <a href="/wiki/Stook" title="Stook">shocks</a> after harvesting, where it dried further. It could then be stored for months until fed to livestock. Silage can be made in <a href="/wiki/Silo" title="Silo">silos</a> or in silage wrappers. In the tropics, maize is harvested year-round and fed as green forage to the animals.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Baler" title="Baler">Baled</a> cornstalks offer an alternative to <a href="/wiki/Hay" title="Hay">hay</a> for <a href="/wiki/Animal_feed" title="Animal feed">animal feed</a>, alongside direct <a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">grazing</a> of maize grown for this purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Corn_By-Product_Used_for_Livestock_Feed.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cattle wait alongside a fence as a truck distributes a grain feed composed of corn by-products into troughs."><img alt="Cattle wait alongside a fence as a truck distributes a grain feed composed of corn by-products into troughs." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Corn_By-Product_Used_for_Livestock_Feed.jpg/500px-Corn_By-Product_Used_for_Livestock_Feed.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Corn_By-Product_Used_for_Livestock_Feed.jpg/960px-Corn_By-Product_Used_for_Livestock_Feed.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4938" data-file-height="3292" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cattle wait alongside a fence as a truck distributes a grain feed composed of corn by-products into troughs.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 206px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 204px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bales_from_corn_stems_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baled cornstalks"><img alt="Baled cornstalks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bales_from_corn_stems_01.jpg/330px-Bales_from_corn_stems_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="204" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bales_from_corn_stems_01.jpg/500px-Bales_from_corn_stems_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bales_from_corn_stems_01.jpg/960px-Bales_from_corn_stems_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3927" data-file-height="2890" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Baled cornstalks</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemicals">Chemicals</h3></div> <p>Starch from maize can be made into <a href="/wiki/Plastics" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastics">plastics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fabric" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabric">fabrics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adhesive" title="Adhesive">adhesives</a>, and many other chemical products.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Corn_steep_liquor" title="Corn steep liquor">Corn steep liquor</a>, a plentiful watery byproduct of maize <a href="/wiki/Wet_milling" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet milling">wet milling</a> process, is used in the <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemical industry</a> and research as a culture medium to grow <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biofuel">Biofuel</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Corn_ethanol" title="Corn ethanol">Corn ethanol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corn_stover" title="Corn stover">Corn stover</a></div> <p>Feed maize is being used for heating; specialized <a href="/wiki/Pellet_stove" title="Pellet stove">corn stoves</a> (similar to <a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">wood stoves</a>) use either feed maize or wood pellets to generate heat. Maize cobs can be used as a <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a> fuel source. Home-heating furnaces which use maize kernels as a fuel have a large hopper that feeds the kernels into the fire.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maize is used as a feedstock for the production of <a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">ethanol fuel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The price of food is indirectly affected by the use of maize for biofuel production: use of maize for biofuel production increases the demand, and therefore the price of maize.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A pioneering <a href="/wiki/Biomass_gasification" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomass gasification">biomass gasification</a> power plant in Strem, <a href="/wiki/Burgenland" title="Burgenland">Burgenland</a>, Austria, started operating in 2005. It would be possible to create <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel</a> from the biogas by the <a href="/wiki/Fischer_Tropsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Fischer Tropsch">Fischer Tropsch</a> method.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 214.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 212.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Haase_anaerobic_digester.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Farm-based maize silage digester near Neumünster, Germany, 2007, using whole maize plants, not just the grain. The green tarpaulin top cover is held up by the biogas stored in the digester."><img alt="Farm-based maize silage digester near Neumünster, Germany, 2007, using whole maize plants, not just the grain. The green tarpaulin top cover is held up by the biogas stored in the digester." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Haase_anaerobic_digester.JPG/330px-Haase_anaerobic_digester.JPG" decoding="async" width="213" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Haase_anaerobic_digester.JPG/500px-Haase_anaerobic_digester.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Haase_anaerobic_digester.JPG/960px-Haase_anaerobic_digester.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1909" data-file-height="1349" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Farm-based maize silage <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_digestion" title="Anaerobic digestion">digester</a> near <a href="/wiki/Neum%C3%BCnster" title="Neumünster">Neumünster</a>, Germany, 2007, using whole maize plants, not just the grain. The green tarpaulin top cover is held up by the biogas stored in the digester.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_human_culture">In human culture</h2></div> <p>In Mesoamerica, maize is seen as a vital force, deified as a <a href="/wiki/Maya_maize_god" title="Maya maize god">maize god</a>, usually female.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, maize ears are carved into <a href="/wiki/Column_capital" class="mw-redirect" title="Column capital">column capitals</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a> building.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Corn_Palace" title="Corn Palace">Corn Palace</a> in Mitchell, South Dakota, uses cobs and ears of colored maize to implement a mural design that is recycled annually.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concrete <i><a href="/wiki/Field_of_Corn" title="Field of Corn">Field of Corn</a></i> sculpture in <a href="/wiki/Dublin,_Ohio" title="Dublin, Ohio">Dublin, Ohio</a> depicts hundreds of ears of corn in a grassy field.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A maize stalk with two ripe ears is depicted on the <a href="/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">reverse</a> of the Croatian 1 <a href="/wiki/Croatian_kuna" title="Croatian kuna">lipa</a> coin, minted since 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maize kernels have sometimes denoted <a href="/wiki/Cowardice" title="Cowardice">cowardice</a>, as maize is fed to chickens, which symbolise cowards. In the months before the <a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27etat" class="mw-redirect" title="1973 Chilean coup d'etat">1973 Chilean coup d'etat</a> anti-<a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Allende</a> protestors threw maize at military barracks in a call to depose him.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 154.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 152.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mochica_Corn.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maize sculpture, Moche culture, 300 AD, Larco Museum, Lima, Peru"><img alt="Maize sculpture, Moche culture, 300 AD, Larco Museum, Lima, Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Mochica_Corn.jpg/229px-Mochica_Corn.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Mochica_Corn.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="258" data-file-height="295" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Maize sculpture, Moche culture, 300 AD, <a href="/wiki/Larco_Museum" title="Larco Museum">Larco Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>, Peru</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mayan_-_Stucco_Portrait_Head_-_Walters_20092026_-_Three_Quarter_Right.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stucco head of the Maya maize god from Campeche, Mexico, 550–850 AD"><img alt="Stucco head of the Maya maize god from Campeche, Mexico, 550–850 AD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Mayan_-_Stucco_Portrait_Head_-_Walters_20092026_-_Three_Quarter_Right.jpg/201px-Mayan_-_Stucco_Portrait_Head_-_Walters_20092026_-_Three_Quarter_Right.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Mayan_-_Stucco_Portrait_Head_-_Walters_20092026_-_Three_Quarter_Right.jpg/302px-Mayan_-_Stucco_Portrait_Head_-_Walters_20092026_-_Three_Quarter_Right.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Mayan_-_Stucco_Portrait_Head_-_Walters_20092026_-_Three_Quarter_Right.jpg/403px-Mayan_-_Stucco_Portrait_Head_-_Walters_20092026_-_Three_Quarter_Right.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1384" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stucco head of the <a href="/wiki/Maya_maize_god" title="Maya maize god">Maya maize god</a> from Campeche, Mexico, 550–850 AD</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 141.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 139.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_Corn_God_MET_DT9945.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jaina Island ceramic statuette of the young Maya maize god emerging from an ear of corn, 600–900 AD"><img alt="Jaina Island ceramic statuette of the young Maya maize god emerging from an ear of corn, 600–900 AD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Young_Corn_God_MET_DT9945.jpg/209px-Young_Corn_God_MET_DT9945.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Young_Corn_God_MET_DT9945.jpg/314px-Young_Corn_God_MET_DT9945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Young_Corn_God_MET_DT9945.jpg/419px-Young_Corn_God_MET_DT9945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="1861" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jaina_Island" title="Jaina Island">Jaina Island</a> ceramic statuette of the young <a href="/wiki/Maya_maize_god" title="Maya maize god">Maya maize god</a> emerging from an ear of corn, 600–900 AD</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aztecs_storing_maize.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aztecs storing maize, Florentine Codex, 1540/1585"><img alt="Aztecs storing maize, Florentine Codex, 1540/1585" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Aztecs_storing_maize.jpg/250px-Aztecs_storing_maize.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Aztecs_storing_maize.jpg/330px-Aztecs_storing_maize.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Aztecs_storing_maize.jpg/500px-Aztecs_storing_maize.jpg 2x" data-file-width="994" data-file-height="1302" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Aztecs" title="Aztecs">Aztecs</a> storing maize,<br /><i><a href="/wiki/Florentine_Codex" title="Florentine Codex">Florentine Codex</a></i>, 1540/1585</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 132.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CornWaterTower.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Water tower in Rochester, Minnesota being painted as an ear of maize, 2008"><img alt="Water tower in Rochester, Minnesota being painted as an ear of maize, 2008" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/CornWaterTower.JPG/250px-CornWaterTower.JPG" decoding="async" width="131" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/CornWaterTower.JPG/330px-CornWaterTower.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/CornWaterTower.JPG/500px-CornWaterTower.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Water_tower" title="Water tower">Water tower</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Minnesota" title="Rochester, Minnesota">Rochester, Minnesota</a> being painted as an ear of maize, 2008</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detasseling" title="Detasseling">Detasseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-harvest_losses_(grains)" title="Post-harvest losses (grains)">Post-harvest losses (grains)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push%E2%80%93pull_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Push–pull technology">Push–pull technology</a>, pest control strategy for maize and <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zein" title="Zein">Zein</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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(2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC122905">"A single domestication for maize shown by multilocus microsatellite genotyping"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a></i>. <b>99</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">6080–</span>4. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PNAS...99.6080M">2002PNAS...99.6080M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.052125199">10.1073/pnas.052125199</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC122905">122905</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11983901">11983901</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=A+single+domestication+for+maize+shown+by+multilocus+microsatellite+genotyping&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6080-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC122905%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11983901&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.052125199&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002PNAS...99.6080M&rft.aulast=Matsuoka&rft.aufirst=Y.&rft.au=Vigouroux%2C+Y.&rft.au=Goodman%2C+M.+M.&rft.au=Sanchez+G.%2C+J.&rft.au=Buckler%2C+E.&rft.au=Doebley%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC122905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaize" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPiperno2011" class="citation journal cs1">Piperno, Dolores R. (October 2011). "The Origins of Plant Cultivation and Domestication in the New World Tropics: Patterns, Process, and New Developments". <i>Current Anthropology</i>. <b>52</b> (S4): <span class="nowrap">S453 –</span> <span class="nowrap">S470</span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F659998">10.1086/659998</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83061925">83061925</a>. <q>Recent studies in the Central Balsas River Valley of Mexico, maize's postulated cradle of origin, document the presence of maize phytoliths and starch grains at 8700 BP, the earliest date recorded for the crop (Piperno et al. 2009; Ranere et al. 2009). A large corpus of data indicates that it was dispersed into lower Central America by 7600 BP and had moved into the inter-Andean valleys of Colombia between 7000 and 6000 BP. Given the number of Cauca Valley, Colombia, sites that demonstrate early maize, it is likely that the inter-Andean valleys were a major dispersal route for the crop after it entered South America</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+Plant+Cultivation+and+Domestication+in+the+New+World+Tropics%3A+Patterns%2C+Process%2C+and+New+Developments&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=S4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ES453+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ES470%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2011-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F659998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A83061925%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Piperno&rft.aufirst=Dolores+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaize" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pagán-JiménezGuachamín-Tello2015-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pagán-JiménezGuachamín-Tello2015_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPagán-JiménezGuachamín-TelloRomero-BastidasConstantine-Castro2016" class="citation journal cs1">Pagán-Jiménez, Jaime R.; Guachamín-Tello, Ana M.; Romero-Bastidas, Martha E.; Constantine-Castro, Angelo R. (June 2016). "Late ninth millennium B.P. use of <i>Zea mays</i> L. at Cubilán area, highland Ecuador, revealed by ancient starches". <i><a href="/wiki/Quaternary_International" title="Quaternary International">Quaternary International</a></i>. <b>404</b>: <span class="nowrap">137–</span>155. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016QuInt.404..137P">2016QuInt.404..137P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2015.08.025">10.1016/j.quaint.2015.08.025</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+International&rft.atitle=Late+ninth+millennium+B.P.+use+of+Zea+mays+L.+at+Cubil%C3%A1n+area%2C+highland+Ecuador%2C+revealed+by+ancient+starches&rft.volume=404&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E137-%3C%2Fspan%3E155&rft.date=2016-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2015.08.025&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016QuInt.404..137P&rft.aulast=Pag%C3%A1n-Jim%C3%A9nez&rft.aufirst=Jaime+R.&rft.au=Guacham%C3%ADn-Tello%2C+Ana+M.&rft.au=Romero-Bastidas%2C+Martha+E.&rft.au=Constantine-Castro%2C+Angelo+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaize" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davidson_2014-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davidson_2014_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davidson_2014_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davidson_2014_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2014" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, Alan (2014). "Maize". <i>The Oxford Companion to Food</i> (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">484–</span>486. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967733-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967733-7"><bdi>978-0-19-967733-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Maize&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Food&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E484-%3C%2Fspan%3E486&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-967733-7&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaize" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roney_2009-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roney_2009_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roney_2009_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roney_2009_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoney2009" class="citation journal cs1">Roney, John (Winter 2009). "The Beginnings of Maize Agriculture". <i>Archaeology Southwest</i>. <b>23</b> (1): 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology+Southwest&rft.atitle=The+Beginnings+of+Maize+Agriculture&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Roney&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaize" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fussell1999-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fussell1999_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fussell1999_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fussell1999_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFussell1999" class="citation journal cs1">Fussell, Betty (1999). "Translating Maize into Corn: The Transformation of America's Native Grain". <i>Social Research</i>. <b>66</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">41–</span>65. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40971301">40971301</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Gale_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gale (identifier)">Gale</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA54668866">A54668866</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/209670587">209670587</a>. <q>To say the word "corn" is to plunge into the tragi-farcical mistranslations of language and history. If only the British had followed Columbus in phoneticizing the Taino word mahiz, which the Arawaks named their staple grain, we wouldn't be in the same linguistic pickle we're in today, where I have to explain to someone every year that when Biblical Ruth "stood in tears amid the alien corn" she was standing in a wheat field. But it was a near thing even with the Spaniards, when we read in Columbus' Journals that the grain "which the Indians called maiz... the Spanish called panizo.' The Spanish term was generic for the cereal grains they knew - wheat, millet, barley, oats - as was the Italian term polenta, from Latin pub. As was the English term "corn", which covered grains of all kinds, including grains of salt, as in "corned beef". <br /> French linguistic imperialism, by way of a Parisian botanist in 1536, provided the term Turcicum frumentum, which the British quickly translated into "Turkey wheat", "Turkey corn", and "Indian corn". By Turkey or Indian, they meant not a place but a condition, a savage rather than a civilized grain, with which the Turks concurred, calling it kukuruz, meaning barbaric.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Research&rft.atitle=Translating+Maize+into+Corn%3A+The+Transformation+of+America%27s+Native+Grain&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40971301%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Fussell&rft.aufirst=Betty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaize" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dille2007-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dille2007_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDillehayPino_QuiviraBonzaniSilva2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Dillehay" title="Tom Dillehay">Dillehay, Tom D.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mario_Pino_Quivira" title="Mario Pino Quivira">Pino Quivira, Mario</a>; Bonzani, Renée; Silva, Claudia; Wallner, Johannes; Le Quesne, Carlos (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dendrocronologia.cl/pubs/2007_Dillehay(AncientCultivatedWetlands).pdf">"Cultivated wetlands and emerging complexity in south-central Chile and long distance effects of climate change"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Antiquity_(journal)" title="Antiquity (journal)">Antiquity</a></i>. <b>81</b> (314): <span class="nowrap">949–</span>960. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0003598x00096034">10.1017/s0003598x00096034</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59480757">59480757</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Cultivated+wetlands+and+emerging+complexity+in+south-central+Chile+and+long+distance+effects+of+climate+change&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=314&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E949-%3C%2Fspan%3E960&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0003598x00096034&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A59480757%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dillehay&rft.aufirst=Tom+D.&rft.au=Pino+Quivira%2C+Mario&rft.au=Bonzani%2C+Ren%C3%A9e&rft.au=Silva%2C+Claudia&rft.au=Wallner%2C+Johannes&rft.au=Le+Quesne%2C+Carlos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dendrocronologia.cl%2Fpubs%2F2007_Dillehay%28AncientCultivatedWetlands%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaize" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PerezErre2011-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PerezErre2011_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPérezErra2011" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pérez, Alberto E.; Erra, Georgina (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4067%2FS0718-22442011000200022">"Identificación de maiz de vasijas recuperadas de la Patagonia noroccidental argentina"</a> [Identifying maize residues in pottery vessels in northwestern Patagonia, Argentina]. <i><a href="/wiki/Magallania" title="Magallania">Magallania</a></i> (in Spanish). <b>39</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">309–</span>316. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4067%2FS0718-22442011000200022">10.4067/S0718-22442011000200022</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F42613">11336/42613</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Magallania&rft.atitle=Identificaci%C3%B3n+de+maiz+de+vasijas+recuperadas+de+la+Patagonia+noroccidental+argentina&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E309-%3C%2Fspan%3E316&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11336%2F42613&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4067%2FS0718-22442011000200022&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9rez&rft.aufirst=Alberto+E.&rft.au=Erra%2C+Georgina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4067%252FS0718-22442011000200022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaize" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Earle_2012-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Earle_2012_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Earle_2012_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEarle2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Earle" title="Rebecca Earle">Earle, Rebecca</a> (2012). <i>The Body of the Conquistador: Food, Race, and the Colonial Experience in Spanish America, 1492–1700</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 17, 144, 151.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Body+of+the+Conquistador%3A+Food%2C+Race%2C+and+the+Colonial+Experience+in+Spanish+America%2C+1492%E2%80%931700&rft.pages=17%2C+144%2C+151&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Earle&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaize" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLanger1975" class="citation journal cs1">Langer, William L. (1975). "American Foods and Europe's Population Growth 1750–1850". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Social_History" title="Journal of Social History">Journal of Social History</a></i>. <b>8</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">51–</span>66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjsh%2F8.2.51">10.1353/jsh/8.2.51</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3786266">3786266</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+History&rft.atitle=American+Foods+and+Europe%27s+Population+Growth+1750%E2%80%931850&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjsh%2F8.2.51&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3786266%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Langer&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaize" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pellagra_mystery-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pellagra_mystery_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060927074332/http://www.eufic.org/web/article.asp?cust=1&lng=en&sid=4&did=16&artid=103">"The origins of maize: the puzzle of pellagra"</a>. <i>Understanding Food</i>. The European Food Information Council. December 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eufic.org/web/article.asp?cust=1&lng=en&sid=4&did=16&artid=103">the original</a> on September 27, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Understanding+Food&rft.atitle=The+origins+of+maize%3A+the+puzzle+of+pellagra&rft.date=2001-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eufic.org%2Fweb%2Farticle.asp%3Fcust%3D1%26lng%3Den%26sid%3D4%26did%3D16%26artid%3D103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaize" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StallerCarrasco2009-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StallerCarrasco2009_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStallerCarrasco2009" class="citation book cs1">Staller, John; Carrasco, Michael (November 24, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FJrr9i6HRp0C&pg=PA317"><i>Pre-Columbian Foodways: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Food, Culture, and Markets in Ancient Mesoamerica</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science_%26_Business_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Science & Business Media">Springer Science & Business Media</a>. p. 317. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-0471-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-0471-3"><bdi>978-1-4419-0471-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pre-Columbian+Foodways%3A+Interdisciplinary+Approaches+to+Food%2C+Culture%2C+and+Markets+in+Ancient+Mesoamerica&rft.pages=317&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2009-11-24&rft.isbn=978-1-4419-0471-3&rft.aulast=Staller&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Carrasco%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFJrr9i6HRp0C%26pg%3DPA317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaize" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson2016-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thompson2016_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThompsonManoreVaughan2016" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Janice J.; Manore, Melinda; Vaughan, Linda (January 15, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pbd5CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA292">"Nutrients involved in energy metabolism"</a>. <i>The Science of Nutrition</i>. <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Education" title="Pearson Education">Pearson Education</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">292–</span>321. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-429880-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-429880-1"><bdi>978-0-13-429880-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nutrients+involved+in+energy+metabolism&rft.btitle=The+Science+of+Nutrition&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E292-%3C%2Fspan%3E321&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2016-01-15&rft.isbn=978-0-13-429880-1&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Janice+J.&rft.au=Manore%2C+Melinda&rft.au=Vaughan%2C+Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpbd5CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaize" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-maize,_n._(and_adj.)" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=maize%2C+n.+%28and+adj.%29">"maize, n. (and adj.)"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=maize%2C+n.+%28and+adj.%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dmaize%252C%2Bn.%2B%2528and%2Badj.%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaize" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ranum-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ranum_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRanumPeña-RosasGarcia-Casal2014" class="citation journal cs1">Ranum, Peter; Peña-Rosas, Juan Pablo; Garcia-Casal, Maria Nieves (April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnyas.12396">"Global maize production, utilization, and consumption"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_the_New_York_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences">Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences</a></i>. <b>1312</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">105–</span>112. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NYASA1312..105R">2014NYASA1312..105R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnyas.12396">10.1111/nyas.12396</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24650320">24650320</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4640742">4640742</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+New+York+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Global+maize+production%2C+utilization%2C+and+consumption&rft.volume=1312&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E105-%3C%2Fspan%3E112&rft.date=2014-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fnyas.12396&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4640742%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24650320&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014NYASA1312..105R&rft.aulast=Ranum&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Pe%C3%B1a-Rosas%2C+Juan+Pablo&rft.au=Garcia-Casal%2C+Maria+Nieves&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fnyas.12396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaize" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ensminger-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ensminger_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ensminger_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEnsminger1994" class="citation book cs1">Ensminger, Audrey H. (1994). <i>Foods and Nutrition Encyclopedia, 2nd ed</i>. <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XMA9gYIj-C4C&pg=PA479">479</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-8980-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-8980-1"><bdi>978-0-8493-8980-1</bdi></a>. <q>The word "maize" is preferred in international usage because in many countries the term "corn", the name by which the plant is known in the United States, is synonymous with the leading cereal grain; thus, in England "corn" refers to wheat, and in Scotland and Ireland it refers to oats.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foods+and+Nutrition+Encyclopedia%2C+2nd+ed.&rft.pages=479&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-8980-1&rft.aulast=Ensminger&rft.aufirst=Audrey+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaize" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OxfordEncyclopedia-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OxfordEncyclopedia_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcLellan_Plaisted2013" class="citation book cs1">McLellan Plaisted, Susan (2013). "Corn". In Smith, Andrew (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199734962.001.0001/acref-9780199734962-e-0218"><i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America</i></a> (2nd ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199739226" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199739226"><bdi>978-0199739226</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2023</span>. <q>The use of the word "corn" for what is termed "maize" by most other countries is peculiar to the United States. Europeans who were accustomed to the names "wheat corn", "barley corn", and "rye corn" for other small-seeded cereal grains referred to the unique American grain maize as "Indian corn." The term was shortened to just "corn", which has become the American word for the plant of American genesis.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Corn&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Food+and+Drink+in+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0199739226&rft.aulast=McLellan+Plaisted&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199734962.001.0001%2Facref-9780199734962-e-0218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaize" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Espinoza_2015-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Espinoza_2015_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEspinoza2015" class="citation web cs1">Espinoza, Mauricio (April 1, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cfaes.osu.edu/news/articles/‘all-corn-is-the-same’-and-other-foolishness-about-america’s-king-crops">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'All Corn Is the Same,' and Other Foolishness about America's King of Crops"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State University</a>: College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201203073514/https://cfaes.osu.edu/news/articles/‘all-corn-is-the-same’-and-other-foolishness-about-america’s-king-crops">Archived</a> from the original on December 3, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27All+Corn+Is+the+Same%2C%27+and+Other+Foolishness+about+America%27s+King+of+Crops&rft.pub=Ohio+State+University%3A+College+of+Food%2C+Agricultural%2C+and+Environmental+Sciences&rft.date=2015-04-01&rft.aulast=Espinoza&rft.aufirst=Mauricio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcfaes.osu.edu%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F%E2%80%98all-corn-is-the-same%E2%80%99-and-other-foolishness-about-america%E2%80%99s-king-crops&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaize" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED_corn-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OED_corn_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-corn,_n.1" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=corn%2C+n.1">"corn, n.1"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=corn%2C+n.1&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dcorn%252C%2Bn.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaize" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mencken-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mencken_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMencken1984" class="citation book cs1">Mencken, H. L. (1984). <i>The American language : an inquiry into the development of English in the United States</i> (4th ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Alfred A. Knopf</a>. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0394400755" title="Special:BookSources/0394400755"><bdi>0394400755</bdi></a>. <q>Corn, in orthodox English, means grain for human consumption, especially wheat, e.g., the Corn Laws. The earliest settlers, following this usage, gave the name of Indian corn to what the Spaniards, following the Indians themselves, had called maiz. . . . But gradually the adjective fell off, and by the middle of the Eighteenth Century maize was simply called corn and grains in general were called breadstuffs. Thomas Hutchinson, discoursing to George III in 1774, used corn in this restricted sense speaking of "rye and corn mixed." "What corn?" asked George. "Indian corn," explained Hutchinson, "or as it is called in authors, maize."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+language+%3A+an+inquiry+into+the+development+of+English+in+the+United+States&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=122&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0394400755&rft.aulast=Mencken&rft.aufirst=H.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaize" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/57417">"<i>Zea mays</i> (maize)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Agriculture_and_Bioscience_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International">Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 16,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zea+mays+%28maize%29&rft.pub=Centre+for+Agriculture+and+Bioscience+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cabi.org%2Fisc%2Fdatasheet%2F57417&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaize" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fao.org/land-water/databases-and-software/crop-information/maize/en/">"Maize"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Corn+Deities+and+the+Complementary+Male%2FFemale+Principle&rft.btitle=Ancient+Maya+Gender+Identity+and+Relations&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.+and+London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E169-%3C%2Fspan%3E190&rft.pub=Bergin%26Garvey&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Bassie&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mesoweb.com%2Ffeatures%2Fbassie%2Fcorn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaize" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aoc.gov/explore-capitol-campus/art/corncob-or-cornstalk-columns-and-capitals">"Corncob or Cornstalk Columns and Capitals"</a>. <i>Architect of the Capitol</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Architect+of+the+Capitol&rft.atitle=Corncob+or+Cornstalk+Columns+and+Capitals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aoc.gov%2Fexplore-capitol-campus%2Fart%2Fcorncob-or-cornstalk-columns-and-capitals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaize" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929180750/http://www.cityofmitchell.org/palace/rent.htm">"Corn Palace History"</a>. <i>City of Mitchell</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cityofmitchell.org/palace/rent.htm">the original</a> on September 29, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+of+Mitchell&rft.atitle=Corn+Palace+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cityofmitchell.org%2Fpalace%2Frent.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaize" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGordon2019" class="citation web cs1">Gordon, Ken (September 28, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190930070612/https://www.dispatch.com/news/20190928/from-oddity-to-cherished-dublin-icon-field-of-corn-celebrates-25-years">"From oddity to cherished Dublin icon, 'Field of Corn' celebrates 25 years"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Columbus_Dispatch" title="The Columbus Dispatch">The Columbus Dispatch</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dispatch.com/news/20190928/from-oddity-to-cherished-dublin-icon-field-of-corn-celebrates-25-years">the original</a> on September 30, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 21,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Columbus+Dispatch&rft.atitle=From+oddity+to+cherished+Dublin+icon%2C+%27Field+of+Corn%27+celebrates+25+years&rft.date=2019-09-28&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dispatch.com%2Fnews%2F20190928%2Ffrom-oddity-to-cherished-dublin-icon-field-of-corn-celebrates-25-years&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaize" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hnb.hr/">Croatian National Bank</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hnb.hr/novcan/ekovanic.htm?tsfsg=a89719a221b101407a7b882421d5f621">Kuna and Lipa, Coins of Croatia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090622012116/http://www.hnb.hr/novcan/ekovanic.htm?tsfsg=a89719a221b101407a7b882421d5f621">Archived</a> June 22, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hnb.hr/novcan/kovanice/e1lipa.htm?tsfsg=dd58a2499ab048a6770b27c3017b7ec2">1 Lipa Coin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628203927/http://www.hnb.hr/novcan/kovanice/e1lipa.htm?tsfsg=dd58a2499ab048a6770b27c3017b7ec2">Archived</a> June 28, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved on March 31, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.memoriachilena.gob.cl/602/w3-article-97031.html">Proeza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memoria_Chilena" title="Memoria Chilena">Memoria Chilena</a>. In Spanish.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elmostrador.cl/noticias/opinion/2013/01/23/no-vayan-de-nuevo-a-tirar-maiz/">«No vayan de nuevo a tirar maíz»</a>. 2013. <i><a href="/wiki/El_Mostrador" title="El Mostrador">El Mostrador</a></i>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Byerlee, Derek. "The globalization of hybrid maize, 1921–70." <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Global_History" title="Journal of Global History">Journal of Global History</a></i> 15.1 (2020): 101–122.</li> <li>Clampitt, Cynthia. <i>Maize: How Corn Shaped the U.S. Heartland</i> (2015)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Bonavia, Duccio (May 13, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TciIlddPBasC"><i>Maize: Origin, Domestication, and Its Role in the Development of Culture</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02303-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02303-1"><bdi>978-1-107-02303-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maize%3A+Origin%2C+Domestication%2C+and+Its+Role+in+the+Development+of+Culture&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013-05-13&rft.isbn=978-1-107-02303-1&rft.aulast=Bonavia&rft.aufirst=Duccio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTciIlddPBasC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaize" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" 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Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maizecoop.cropsci.uiuc.edu/">Maize Genetics Cooperation Stock Center</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=42207">"<i>Zea mays</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">Germplasm Resources Information Network</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service" title="Agricultural Research Service">Agricultural Research Service</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a>.</cite><span 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aria-labelledby="Maize_and_corn169" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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id="Maize_and_corn169" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maize and corn</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amylomaize" title="Amylomaize">Amylomaize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_corn" title="Baby corn">Baby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_corn" title="Blue corn">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dent_corn" title="Dent corn">Dent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_corn" title="Field corn">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint_corn" title="Flint corn">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flour_corn" title="Flour corn">Flour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_maize" title="Genetically modified maize">Genetically modified</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_varieties_of_genetically_modified_maize" title="List of varieties of genetically modified maize">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MON_810" title="MON 810">MON 810</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MON_863" title="MON 863">MON 863</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purple_corn" title="Purple corn">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_Protein_Maize" title="Quality Protein Maize">Quality Protein Maize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoepeg_corn" title="Shoepeg corn">Shoepeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_corn" title="Sweet corn">Sweet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sweetcorn_varieties" title="List of sweetcorn varieties">Varieties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxy_corn" title="Waxy corn">Waxy</a></li> <li>By origin <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia_maize_varieties" title="Bolivia maize varieties">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador_maize_varieties" title="Ecuador maize varieties">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Italian_maize_varieties" title="Traditional Italian maize varieties">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_corn" title="Peruvian corn">Peru</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corncob" title="Corncob">Cob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_kernel" title="Corn kernel">Kernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_stover" title="Corn stover">Stover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corn_construction" title="Corn construction">Corn construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maize_milling" title="Maize milling">Maize milling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixtamalization" title="Nixtamalization">Nixtamalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_wet-milling" title="Corn wet-milling">Wet-milling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popcorn_maker" title="Popcorn maker">Popcorn maker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_maize_diseases" title="List of maize diseases">Pathology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BBCH-scale_(maize)" class="mw-redirect" title="BBCH-scale (maize)">BBCH-scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_allergy" title="Corn allergy">Corn allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_smut" title="Corn smut">Corn smut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maize_streak_virus" title="Maize streak virus">Maize streak virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Maize_production" title="Category:Maize production">Production</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_crib" title="Corn crib">Corn crib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornstalk_fiddle" title="Cornstalk fiddle">Cornstalk fiddle</a></li> <li>By country <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corn_production_in_the_United_States" title="Corn production in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maize_production_in_Tanzania" title="Maize production in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_corn_production_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="International corn production statistics">International corn production statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popcorn_brands" title="List of popcorn brands">List of popcorn brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_(agriculture)" title="Three Sisters (agriculture)">Three Sisters (agriculture)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corn_Palace" title="Corn Palace">Corn Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_School" title="Corn School">Corn School</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Field_of_Corn" title="Field of Corn">Field of Corn</a></i> (1994 sculpture)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Cornbread_Festival" title="National Cornbread Festival">National Cornbread Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Corn_Festival" title="Sweet Corn Festival">Sweet Corn Festival</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zea_(film)" title="Zea (film)">Zea</a></i> (film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_maize_dishes" title="List of maize dishes">Maize dishes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ingredients</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornmeal" title="Cornmeal">Cornmeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masa" title="Masa">Masa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mielie-meal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mielie-meal">Mielie-meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_oil" title="Corn oil">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samp" title="Samp">Samp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_starch" title="Corn starch">Starch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_steep_liquor" title="Corn steep liquor">Steep liquor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_syrup" title="Corn syrup">Syrup</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glucose_syrup" title="Glucose syrup">Glucose syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-fructose_corn_syrup" title="High-fructose corn syrup">High-fructose</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_perception_of_high-fructose_corn_syrup" title="Public perception of high-fructose corn syrup">Public perception</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-maltose_corn_syrup" title="High-maltose corn syrup">High-maltose</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Soups, stews, <br />and porridge</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banku_(dish)" title="Banku (dish)">Banku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binte_biluhuta" title="Binte biluhuta">Binte biluhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulz_(food)" title="Bulz (food)">Bulz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocolo%C8%99i" title="Cocoloși">Cocoloși</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_chowder" title="Corn chowder">Corn chowder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_crab_soup" title="Corn crab soup">Corn crab soup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_pudding" title="Corn pudding">Corn pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_soup" title="Corn soup">Corn soup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_stew" title="Corn stew">Corn stew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cou-cou" title="Cou-cou">Cou-cou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creamed_corn" title="Creamed corn">Creamed corn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fufu" title="Fufu">Fufu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginataang_mais" title="Ginataang mais">Ginataang mais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grits" title="Grits">Grits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasty_pudding" title="Hasty pudding">Hasty pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%C4%8Damak" title="Kačamak">Kačamak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%83m%C4%83lig%C4%83" title="Mămăligă">Mămăligă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%83m%C4%83lig%C4%83_%C3%AEn_p%C4%83turi" title="Mămăligă în pături">Mămăligă în pături</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mush_(cornmeal)" title="Mush (cornmeal)">Mush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashofa" title="Pashofa">Pashofa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polenta" title="Polenta">Polenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozole" title="Pozole">Pozole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagamite" title="Sagamite">Sagamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suam_na_mais" title="Suam na mais">Suam na mais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugali" title="Ugali">Ugali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xar%C3%A9m" title="Xarém">Xarém</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Tamales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aca%C3%A7%C3%A1" title="Acaçá">Acaçá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamale" title="Tamale">Tamale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binaki" title="Binaki">Binaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanime" title="Guanime">Guanime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallaca" title="Hallaca">Hallaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humita" title="Humita">Humita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacatamal" title="Nacatamal">Nacatamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamonha" title="Pamonha">Pamonha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasteles" title="Pasteles">Pasteles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Breads and cakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arepa" title="Arepa">Arepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bollo" title="Bollo">Bollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broa" title="Broa">Broa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cachapa" title="Cachapa">Cachapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipa_guasu" title="Chipa guasu">Chipa guasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornbread" title="Cornbread">Cornbread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_cookie" title="Corn cookie">Corn cookie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_tortilla" title="Corn tortilla">Corn tortilla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tortilla-based_dishes" title="List of tortilla-based dishes">List of tortilla-based dishes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnnycake" title="Johnnycake">Johnnycake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makki_ki_roti" title="Makki ki roti">Makki ki roti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastel_de_choclo" title="Pastel de choclo">Pastel de choclo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piki" title="Piki">Piki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proja" title="Proja">Proja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupusa" title="Pupusa">Pupusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloosh" title="Sloosh">Sloosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sope_(food)" title="Sope (food)">Sope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopa_paraguaya" title="Sopa paraguaya">Sopa paraguaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoonbread" title="Spoonbread">Spoonbread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talo_(food)" title="Talo (food)">Talo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortilla" title="Tortilla">Tortilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totopo" title="Totopo">Totopo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wotou" title="Wotou">Wotou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Fried dishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battered_sausage" title="Battered sausage">Battered sausage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_chip" title="Corn chip">Corn chip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_dog" title="Corn dog">Corn dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_fritter" title="Corn fritter">Corn fritter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_nut" title="Corn nut">Corn nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornick_(food)" title="Cornick (food)">Cornick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_schnitzel" title="Corn schnitzel">Corn schnitzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hushpuppy" title="Hushpuppy">Hushpuppy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milho_frito" title="Milho frito">Milho frito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nachos" title="Nachos">Nachos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorullos" title="Sorullos">Sorullos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tostada_(tortilla)" title="Tostada (tortilla)">Tostada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortilla_chip" title="Tortilla chip">Tortilla chip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other foods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alivenci" title="Alivenci">Alivenci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binatog" title="Binatog">Binatog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conkie" title="Conkie">Conkies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_flakes" title="Corn flakes">Corn flakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_on_the_cob" title="Corn on the cob">Corn on the cob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_relish" title="Corn relish">Corn relish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_sauce" title="Corn sauce">Corn sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gofio" title="Gofio">Gofio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hominy" title="Hominy">Hominy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_smut#Culinary_uses" title="Corn smut">Huitlacoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenkey" title="Kenkey">Kenkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuymak" title="Kuymak">Kuymak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%ADz_con_hielo" title="Maíz con hielo">Maíz con hielo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maja_blanca" title="Maja blanca">Maja maíz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maque_choux" title="Maque choux">Maque choux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mote_(food)" title="Mote (food)">Mote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinole" title="Pinole">Pinole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popcorn" title="Popcorn">Popcorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succotash" title="Succotash">Succotash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Beverages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atole" title="Atole">Atole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_whiskey" title="Bourbon whiskey">Bourbon whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauim" title="Cauim">Cauim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champurrado" title="Champurrado">Champurrado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicha" title="Chicha">Chicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicha_de_jora" title="Chicha de jora">Chicha de jora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicha_morada" title="Chicha morada">Chicha morada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colada_morada" title="Colada morada">Colada morada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_beer" title="Corn beer">Corn beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_tea" title="Corn tea">Corn tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_whiskey" title="Corn whiskey">Corn whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazamorra" title="Mazamorra">Mazamorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinolillo" title="Pinolillo">Pinolillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozol" title="Pozol">Pozol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejate" title="Tejate">Tejate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejuino" title="Tejuino">Tejuino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesg%C3%BCino" title="Tesgüino">Tesgüino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cereals_and_pseudocereals388" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li 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navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">Barley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fonio" title="Fonio">Fonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job%27s_tears" title="Job's tears">Job's tears</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maize (Corn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">Millets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">Oats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">Rye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">Sorghum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teff" title="Teff">Teff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triticale" title="Triticale">Triticale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_rice" title="Wild rice">Wild rice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Wheat_(Triticum)96" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat <span class="nobold">(Triticum)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_wheat" title="Common wheat">Bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durum_wheat" title="Durum wheat">Durum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasan_wheat" title="Khorasan wheat">Khorasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Fife_wheat" title="Red Fife wheat">Red Fife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norin_10_wheat" title="Norin 10 wheat">Norin 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_wheat" title="Winter wheat">Winter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farro" title="Farro">Farro</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einkorn" title="Einkorn">Einkorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmer" title="Emmer">Emmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelt" title="Spelt">Spelt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pseudocereal" title="Pseudocereal">Pseudocereals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polygonaceae" title="Polygonaceae">Polygonaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckwheat" title="Buckwheat">Buckwheat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagopyrum_tataricum" title="Fagopyrum tataricum">Tartary buckwheat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amaranthaceae" title="Amaranthaceae">Amaranthaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Amaranth12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amaranth" title="Amaranth">Amaranth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amaranthus_caudatus" title="Amaranthus caudatus">A. caudatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amaranthus_cruentus" title="Amaranthus cruentus">A. cruentus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amaranthus_hypochondriacus" title="Amaranthus hypochondriacus">A. hypochondriacus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Celosia" title="Celosia">Celosia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinoa" title="Quinoa">Quinoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenopodium_berlandieri" title="Chenopodium berlandieri">Pitseed goosefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenopodium_pallidicaule" title="Chenopodium pallidicaule">Cañihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenopodium_formosanum" title="Chenopodium formosanum">Djulis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lamiaceae" title="Lamiaceae">Lamiaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvia_hispanica" title="Salvia hispanica">Chia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emerging grain crops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_grass" title="Canary grass">Canary grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinn" class="mw-redirect" title="Drinn">Drinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_ricegrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian ricegrass">Indian ricegrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_wheatgrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermediate wheatgrass">Intermediate wheatgrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangaroo grass">Kangaroo grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipa_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Nipa grass">Nipa grass</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oryza_coarctata" title="Oryza coarctata">Oryza coarctata</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Triticeae" title="Triticeae">Triticeae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Founder_crops" title="Founder crops">Founder crops</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abu_Hureyra" title="Tell Abu Hureyra">Tell Abu Hureyra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_Aswad" title="Tell Aswad">Tell Aswad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">Selective breeding</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Crop_wild_relative" title="Crop wild relative">Crop wild relative</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Major_model_organisms_in_genetics41" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Model_organisms" title="Template:Model organisms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Model_organisms" title="Template talk:Model organisms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Model_organisms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Model organisms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Major_model_organisms_in_genetics41" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major <a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">model organisms</a> in <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_phage" title="Lambda phage">Lambda phage</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli_in_molecular_biology" title="Escherichia coli in molecular biology">E. coli</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chlamydomonas_reinhardtii" title="Chlamydomonas reinhardtii">Chlamydomonas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tetrahymena" title="Tetrahymena">Tetrahymena</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae" title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae">Budding yeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizosaccharomyces_pombe" title="Schizosaccharomyces pombe">Fission yeast</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neurospora_crassa" title="Neurospora crassa">Neurospora</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maize</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana" title="Arabidopsis thaliana">Arabidopsis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Medicago_truncatula" title="Medicago truncatula">Medicago truncatula</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans">C. elegans</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">Drosophila</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/African_clawed_frog" title="African clawed frog">Xenopus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebrafish" title="Zebrafish">Zebrafish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_rat" title="Laboratory rat">Rat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_mouse" title="Laboratory mouse">Mouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bioenergy240" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bioenergy" title="Template:Bioenergy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bioenergy" title="Template talk:Bioenergy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bioenergy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bioenergy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bioenergy240" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bioenergy" title="Bioenergy">Bioenergy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_fuel" title="Alcohol fuel">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algae_fuel" title="Algae fuel">Algae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babassu_oil" title="Babassu oil">Babassu oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagasse" title="Bagasse">Bagasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butanol_fuel" title="Butanol fuel">Biobutanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogasoline" title="Biogasoline">Biogasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioliquids" title="Bioliquids">Bioliquids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass_(energy)" title="Biomass (energy)">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking_oil" title="Cooking oil">Cooking oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil_fuel" title="Vegetable oil fuel">vegetable oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">Ethanol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol" title="Cellulosic ethanol">cellulosic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures" title="Common ethanol fuel mixtures">mixtures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol_fuel" title="Methanol fuel">Methanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stover" title="Stover">Stover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corn_stover" title="Corn stover">corn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw" title="Straw">Straw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontederia_crassipes#Bioenergy" title="Pontederia crassipes">Water hyacinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_gas" title="Wood gas">Wood gas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy_crop" title="Energy crop">Energy from<br />foodstock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Camelina_sativa#Biodiesel_and_jet_fuel" title="Camelina sativa">Camelina sativa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">Cassava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_oil#Industry" title="Coconut oil">Coconut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">Grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">Oat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">Potato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapeseed" title="Rapeseed">Rapeseed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">Sorghum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">Soybean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">Sugar beet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">Sugarcane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_sunflower" title="Common sunflower">Sunflower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">Yam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonfood_crop" title="Nonfood crop">Non-food<br />energy crops</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arundo" title="Arundo">Arundo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andropogon_gerardi" title="Andropogon gerardi">Big bluestem</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camelina" title="Camelina">Camelina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triadica_sebifera" title="Triadica sebifera">Chinese tallow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemnoideae" title="Lemnoideae">Duckweed</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jatropha_curcas" title="Jatropha curcas">Jatropha curcas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscanthus_%C3%97_giganteus" title="Miscanthus × giganteus"><i>Miscanthus</i> × <i>giganteus</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pongamia" title="Pongamia">Pongamia pinnata</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicornia#Industrial_use" title="Salicornia">Salicornia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panicum_virgatum" title="Panicum virgatum">Switchgrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioconversion_of_biomass_to_mixed_alcohol_fuels" title="Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels">Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioenergy_with_carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage">Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass_heating_system" title="Biomass heating system">Biomass heating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biorefinery" title="Biorefinery">Biorefinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Tropsch_process" title="Fischer–Tropsch process">Fischer–Tropsch process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_biotechnology" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial biotechnology">Industrial biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_fuel" title="Pellet fuel">Pellet fuel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_mill" title="Pellet mill">mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_stove" title="Pellet stove">stove</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabatier_reaction" title="Sabatier reaction">Sabatier reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_depolymerization" title="Thermal depolymerization">Thermal depolymerization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agflation" title="Agflation">Agflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol_commercialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellulosic ethanol commercialization">Cellulosic ethanol commercialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_content_of_biofuel" title="Energy content of biofuel">Energy content of biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_crop" title="Energy crop">Energy crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_forestry" title="Energy forestry">Energy forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_return_on_investment" title="Energy return on investment">Energy return on investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_vs._fuel" title="Food vs. fuel">Food vs. fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issues_relating_to_biofuels" title="Issues relating to biofuels">Issues relating to biofuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_biofuel" title="Sustainable biofuel">Sustainable biofuel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" 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.navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/40px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/60px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="grain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/20px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/40px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Agriculture" title="Portal:Agriculture">Agriculture</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_1_web.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/40px-Leaf_1_web.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/60px-Leaf_1_web.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Plants" title="Portal:Plants">Plants</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/M%C3%A1scara_de_Xiuhtecuhtli_Cultura_Azteza-Mixteca_Ars_Summum.JPG/14px-M%C3%A1scara_de_Xiuhtecuhtli_Cultura_Azteza-Mixteca_Ars_Summum.JPG" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/M%C3%A1scara_de_Xiuhtecuhtli_Cultura_Azteza-Mixteca_Ars_Summum.JPG/22px-M%C3%A1scara_de_Xiuhtecuhtli_Cultura_Azteza-Mixteca_Ars_Summum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/M%C3%A1scara_de_Xiuhtecuhtli_Cultura_Azteza-Mixteca_Ars_Summum.JPG/28px-M%C3%A1scara_de_Xiuhtecuhtli_Cultura_Azteza-Mixteca_Ars_Summum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="1296" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mesoamerica" title="Portal:Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/40px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/60px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mexico" title="Portal:Mexico">Mexico</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/21px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/32px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/42px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Guatemala" title="Portal:Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_energy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/20px-Crystal_energy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/30px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/40px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="124" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Energy" title="Portal:Energy">Energy</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers6841" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers6841" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Zea mays</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11575" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q11575">Q11575</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Zea_mays" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Zea mays">Zea mays</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APA: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://floraofalabama.org/Plant.aspx?id=5097">5097</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APDB: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/52296">52296</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/81854">81854</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id42737">42737</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=361557">361557</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Calflora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=9428">9428</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/5CXX5">5CXX5</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecocrop" title="Ecocrop">Ecocrop</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecocrop.review.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=2175">2175</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/1115259">1115259</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/ZEAMX">ZEAMX</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/193844">193844</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200026507">200026507</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200026507">200026507</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/5290052">5290052</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/GrassBase" title="GrassBase">GrassBase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db/www/imp10873">imp10873</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=42207">42207</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/48448">48448</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/426810-1">426810-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10207796">10207796</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=42269">42269</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/77726273">77726273</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">MichiganFlora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2248">2248</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">MoBotPF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=285225">285225</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.149574/">2.149574</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NBNSYS0000014190">NBNSYS0000014190</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=4577">4577</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/228961fc-c0fc-4721-8663-2c86db06b20e">228961fc-c0fc-4721-8663-2c86db06b20e</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Plant_Conservation_Network" title="New Zealand Plant Conservation Network">NZPCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://nzpcn.org.nz/flora_details.aspx?ID=4913">4913</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/7670/">7670</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=605194">605194</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_for_a_Future" title="Plants for a Future">PfaF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Zea+mays">Zea mays</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-450362">kew-450362</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/ZEMA">ZEMA</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A426810-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:426810-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">RHS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/105543/wd/Details">105543</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Taxonomicon: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonName.aspx?id=10072">10072</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tropicos.org/name/25510055">25510055</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">VASCAN: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/8024">8024</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">WisFlora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wisflora.herbarium.wisc.edu/taxa/index.php?taxon=5458">5458</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000907754">wfo-0000907754</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11575#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1194" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11575#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1194" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11575#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mais"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4037135-9">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85032625">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119468261">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119468261">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573259">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007565382505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/027664">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10638319">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maize&oldid=1282932436">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maize&oldid=1282932436</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:IUCN_Red_List_least_concern_species" title="Category:IUCN Red List least concern species">IUCN Red List least concern 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