CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Heard Island and McDonald Islands - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"fd4809dc-8ec4-49f1-af3a-30bc3fe6b6d9","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands","wgTitle":"Heard Island and McDonald Islands","wgCurRevisionId":1260440417,"wgRevisionId":1260440417,"wgArticleId":13383,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from July 2021","Use Australian English from January 2012","All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","All articles with unsourced statements", "Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022","Articles needing additional references from June 2020","All articles needing additional references","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018","Articles needing additional references from January 2012","Commons category link from Wikidata","Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia","Coordinates on Wikidata","Heard Island and McDonald Islands","Islands of Australia","States and territories established in 1947","Australian National Heritage List","Seal hunting","Important Bird Areas of Australian External Territories","IBRA subregions","World Heritage Sites in Australia","Important Bird Areas of Indian Ocean islands","Important Bird Areas of subantarctic islands"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands","wgRelevantArticleId":13383,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true, "wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":-53.1,"lon":73.51666666666667},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q131198","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true, "wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin" ,"mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/1200px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/800px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="400"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/640px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="320"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Heard Island and McDonald Islands - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands rootpage-Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Heard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Heard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Heard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Heard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wetlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wetlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Wetlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wetlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wildlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wildlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Wildlife</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Wildlife-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Wildlife subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Wildlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Flora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Constraints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constraints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Constraints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constraints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flowering_plants_and_ferns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flowering_plants_and_ferns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Flowering plants and ferns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flowering_plants_and_ferns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mosses_and_liverworts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mosses_and_liverworts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Mosses and liverworts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mosses_and_liverworts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Algae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Algae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>Algae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Algae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vegetation_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegetation_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.6</span> <span>Vegetation communities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegetation_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outlook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outlook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.7</span> <span>Outlook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outlook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fungi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fungi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Fungi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fungi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mammals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mammals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Mammals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mammals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Birds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terrestrial,_freshwater_and_coastal_invertebrates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terrestrial,_freshwater_and_coastal_invertebrates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Terrestrial, freshwater and coastal invertebrates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terrestrial,_freshwater_and_coastal_invertebrates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retreat_of_Heard_Island_glaciers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retreat_of_Heard_Island_glaciers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Retreat of Heard Island glaciers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retreat_of_Heard_Island_glaciers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration_and_economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration_and_economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Administration and economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration_and_economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 82 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-82" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">82 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heard-_en_McDonaldeilande" title="Heard- en McDonaldeilande – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Heard- en McDonaldeilande" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF" title="جزيرة هيرد وجزر ماكدونالد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جزيرة هيرد وجزر ماكدونالد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_Heard_y_Islas_McDonald" title="Isla Heard y Islas McDonald – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Isla Heard y Islas McDonald" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islles_%E1%B8%A4eard_y_McDonald" title="Islles Ḥeard y McDonald – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Islles Ḥeard y McDonald" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd_adas%C4%B1_v%C9%99_Makdonald_adalar%C4%B1" title="Herd adası və Makdonald adaları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Herd adası və Makdonald adaları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4_%D1%96_%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA-%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Востраў Херд і астравы Мак-Доналд – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Востраў Херд і астравы Мак-Доналд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%93%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B4_%D1%96_%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Востраў Гэрд і астравы Макдоналд – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Востраў Гэрд і астравы Макдоналд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Хърд и Макдоналд – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хърд и Макдоналд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrvo_Heard_i_arhipelag_McDonald" title="Ostrvo Heard i arhipelag McDonald – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ostrvo Heard i arhipelag McDonald" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enez_Heard_hag_Inizi_McDonald" title="Enez Heard hag Inizi McDonald – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Enez Heard hag Inizi McDonald" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illes_Heard_i_McDonald" title="Illes Heard i McDonald – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Illes Heard i McDonald" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heard%C5%AFv_ostrov_a_McDonaldovy_ostrovy" title="Heardův ostrov a McDonaldovy ostrovy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Heardův ostrov a McDonaldovy ostrovy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynysoedd_Heard_a_McDonald" title="Ynysoedd Heard a McDonald – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ynysoedd Heard a McDonald" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heard_und_McDonaldinseln" title="Heard und McDonaldinseln – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Heard und McDonaldinseln" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heard_ja_McDonald" title="Heard ja McDonald – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Heard ja McDonald" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%AE%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%B9_%CE%A7%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Νήσοι Χερντ και Μακντόναλντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νήσοι Χερντ και Μακντόναλντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorio_de_las_Islas_Heard_y_McDonald" title="Territorio de las Islas Heard y McDonald – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Territorio de las Islas Heard y McDonald" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulo_Herdo_kaj_insuloj_Makdonaldaj" title="Insulo Herdo kaj insuloj Makdonaldaj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Insulo Herdo kaj insuloj Makdonaldaj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heard_eta_McDonald_uharteak" title="Heard eta McDonald uharteak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Heard eta McDonald uharteak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%88_%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%85%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF" title="جزیره هرد و جزایر مک‌دونالد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جزیره هرد و جزایر مک‌دونالد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Eles_Heard-et-MacDonald" title="Îles Heard-et-MacDonald – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Îles Heard-et-MacDonald" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heard_en_de_McDonaldeilannen" title="Heard en de McDonaldeilannen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Heard en de McDonaldeilannen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellan_Heard_as_Ellanyn_McDonald" title="Ellan Heard as Ellanyn McDonald – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ellan Heard as Ellanyn McDonald" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illa_Heard_e_Illas_McDonald" title="Illa Heard e Illas McDonald – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Illa Heard e Illas McDonald" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%88%EB%93%9C_%EB%A7%A5%EB%8F%84%EB%84%90%EB%93%9C_%EC%A0%9C%EB%8F%84" title="허드 맥도널드 제도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="허드 맥도널드 제도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA" title="हर्ड द्वीप और मैकडोनाल्ड द्वीप – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हर्ड द्वीप और मैकडोनाल्ड द्वीप" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otok_Heard_i_oto%C4%8Dje_McDonald" title="Otok Heard i otočje McDonald – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Otok Heard i otočje McDonald" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulau_Heard_dan_Kepulauan_McDonald" title="Pulau Heard dan Kepulauan McDonald – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pulau Heard dan Kepulauan McDonald" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insula_de_Heard_e_Insulas_de_McDonald" title="Insula de Heard e Insulas de McDonald – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Insula de Heard e Insulas de McDonald" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heard-_og_McDonaldseyjar" title="Heard- og McDonaldseyjar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Heard- og McDonaldseyjar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isole_Heard_e_McDonald" title="Isole Heard e McDonald – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Isole Heard e McDonald" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%9C%D7%93" title="האי הרד ואיי מקדונלד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האי הרד ואיי מקדונלד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AB%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ჰერდი და მაკდონალდის კუნძულები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰერდი და მაკდონალდის კუნძულები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%B6%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Херд аралы және Макдональд аралдары – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Херд аралы және Макдональд аралдары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icyirwa_Hadi_n%E2%80%99Ibirwa_MakeDonalidi" title="Icyirwa Hadi n’Ibirwa MakeDonalidi – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Icyirwa Hadi n’Ibirwa MakeDonalidi" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visiwa_vya_Heard_na_McDonald" title="Visiwa vya Heard na McDonald – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Visiwa vya Heard na McDonald" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Херд аралы жана Макдональд аралдары – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Херд аралы жана Макдональд аралдары" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%93rda_Sala_un_Makdonalda_Salas" title="Hērda Sala un Makdonalda Salas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hērda Sala un Makdonalda Salas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heard-_a_McDonald-Inselen" title="Heard- a McDonald-Inselen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Heard- a McDonald-Inselen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herdas_ir_Makdonaldas" title="Herdas ir Makdonaldas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Herdas ir Makdonaldas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heard-sziget_%C3%A9s_McDonald-szigetek" title="Heard-sziget és McDonald-szigetek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Heard-sziget és McDonald-szigetek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%90%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%90%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഹേഡ് ഐലന്റ് ആൻഡ് മക്ഡൊണാൾഡ് ഐലന്റ്സ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹേഡ് ഐലന്റ് ആൻഡ് മക്ഡൊണാൾഡ് ഐലന്റ്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B9" title="हर्ड द्वीप व मॅकडॉनल्ड द्वीपसमूह – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हर्ड द्वीप व मॅकडॉनल्ड द्वीपसमूह" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ჰერდიშ კოკი დო მაკდონალდიშ კოკეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰერდიშ კოკი დო მაკდონალდიშ კოკეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%88_%D9%85%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%86" title="هرد و مک‌دونالد جزیره‌ئون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هرد و مک‌دونالد جزیره‌ئون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulau_Heard_dan_Kepulauan_McDonald" title="Pulau Heard dan Kepulauan McDonald – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pulau Heard dan Kepulauan McDonald" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Хэрд Арал ба Макдоналд Арлууд – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хэрд Арал ба Макдоналд Арлууд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heard_en_McDonaldeilanden" title="Heard en McDonaldeilanden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Heard en McDonaldeilanden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82" title="हर्ड टापु र म्याकडोनल्ड टापुहरू – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हर्ड टापु र म्याकडोनल्ड टापुहरू" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E5%B3%B6%E3%81%A8%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%83%89%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E8%AB%B8%E5%B3%B6" title="ハード島とマクドナルド諸島 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハード島とマクドナルド諸島" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heard_an_McDonald-Eilunen" title="Heard an McDonald-Eilunen – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Heard an McDonald-Eilunen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heard-_og_McDonald%C3%B8yene" title="Heard- og McDonaldøyene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Heard- og McDonaldøyene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heard-_og_McDonald%C3%B8yane" title="Heard- og McDonaldøyane – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Heard- og McDonaldøyane" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%82_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%82" title="ਹਰਡ ਟਾਪੂ ਅਤੇ ਮੈਕਡਾਨਲਡ ਟਾਪੂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਰਡ ਟਾਪੂ ਅਤੇ ਮੈਕਡਾਨਲਡ ਟਾਪੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%81_%DB%81%D8%B1%DA%88_%D8%AA%DB%92_%D9%85%DA%A9%DA%88%D9%88%D9%86%D9%84%DA%88_%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%92" title="جزیرہ ہرڈ تے مکڈونلڈ جزیرے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جزیرہ ہرڈ تے مکڈونلڈ جزیرے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyspy_Heard_i_McDonalda" title="Wyspy Heard i McDonalda – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wyspy Heard i McDonalda" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilha_Heard_e_Ilhas_McDonald" title="Ilha Heard e Ilhas McDonald – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ilha Heard e Ilhas McDonald" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insula_Heard_%C8%99i_Insulele_McDonald" title="Insula Heard și Insulele McDonald – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Insula Heard și Insulele McDonald" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Остров Херд и острова Макдональд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Остров Херд и острова Макдональд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heardov_ostrov_(terit%C3%B3rium)" title="Heardov ostrov (teritórium) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Heardov ostrov (teritórium)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otok_Heard_in_oto%C4%8Dje_McDonald" title="Otok Heard in otočje McDonald – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Otok Heard in otočje McDonald" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%95%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%88_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%95%DA%A9_%D8%AF%DB%86%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%B5%D8%AF" title="دوورگەی ھێرد و دوورگەکانی مەک دۆناڵد – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دوورگەی ھێرد و دوورگەکانی مەک دۆناڵد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Острво Херд и острва Макдоналд – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Острво Херд и острва Макдоналд" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otok_Heard_i_otoci_McDonald" title="Otok Heard i otoci McDonald – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Otok Heard i otoci McDonald" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heard_ja_McDonaldinsaaret" title="Heard ja McDonaldinsaaret – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Heard ja McDonaldinsaaret" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heard-_och_McDonald%C3%B6arna" title="Heard- och McDonaldöarna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Heard- och McDonaldöarna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஏர்ட் தீவும் மக்டொனால்ட் தீவும் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஏர்ட் தீவும் மக்டொனால்ட் தீவும்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%B4_%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D2%BB%D3%99%D0%BC_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Һөрд утравы һәм Макдональд утраулары – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Һөрд утравы һәм Макдональд утраулары" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%B0%E1%82%87%E1%81%B5%E1%80%AF%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA_%E1%82%81%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89_%E1%80%9C%E1%82%84%E1%82%88_%E1%80%99%E1%80%B0%E1%82%87%E1%81%B5%E1%80%AF%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%99%E1%82%85%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%81%BC%E1%82%84%E1%82%87" title="မူႇၵုၼ် ႁိူတ်ႉ လႄႈ မူႇၵုၼ် မႅၵ်ႇတေႃႇၼႄႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မူႇၵုၼ် ႁိူတ်ႉ လႄႈ မူႇၵုၼ် မႅၵ်ႇတေႃႇၼႄႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="เกาะเฮิร์ดและหมู่เกาะแมกดอนัลด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เกาะเฮิร์ดและหมู่เกาะแมกดอนัลด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heard_Adas%C4%B1_ve_McDonald_Adalar%C4%B1" title="Heard Adası ve McDonald Adaları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Heard Adası ve McDonald Adaları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4_%D1%96_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Острови Герд і Макдональд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Острови Герд і Макдональд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%81_%DB%81%D8%B1%DA%88_%D9%88_%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D9%85%DA%A9%DA%88%D9%88%D9%86%D9%84%DA%88" title="جزیرہ ہرڈ و جزائر مکڈونلڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جزیرہ ہرڈ و جزائر مکڈونلڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A3o_Heard_v%C3%A0_qu%E1%BA%A7n_%C4%91%E1%BA%A3o_McDonald" title="Đảo Heard và quần đảo McDonald – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đảo Heard và quần đảo McDonald" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puro_han_Heard_ngan_Kapuropod-an_McDonald" title="Puro han Heard ngan Kapuropod-an McDonald – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Puro han Heard ngan Kapuropod-an McDonald" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%BE%B7%E5%B3%B6%E6%90%AD%E4%BB%94%E9%BA%A5%E5%85%8B%E5%94%90%E7%B4%8D%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6" title="赫德島搭仔麥克唐納群島 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="赫德島搭仔麥克唐納群島" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Er%C3%A9k%C3%B9%E1%B9%A3%C3%B9_Heard_%C3%A0ti_%C3%80w%E1%BB%8Dn_Er%C3%A9k%C3%B9%E1%B9%A3%C3%B9_McDonald" title="Erékùṣù Heard àti Àwọn Erékùṣù McDonald – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Erékùṣù Heard àti Àwọn Erékùṣù McDonald" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%B3%B6%E5%90%8C%E9%BA%A5%E7%95%B6%E5%A5%B4%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6" title="克島同麥當奴群島 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="克島同麥當奴群島" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%BE%B7%E5%B3%B6%E5%92%8C%E9%BA%A5%E5%85%8B%E5%94%90%E7%B4%8D%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6" title="赫德島和麥克唐納群島 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="赫德島和麥克唐納群島" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q131198#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands&oldid=1260440417" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands&id=1260440417&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHeard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHeard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" hreflang="en"><span>Wikivoyage</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q131198" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands&params=53_06_00_S_73_31_00_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">53°06′00″S</span> <span class="longitude">73°31′00″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53.10000°S 73.51667°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-53.10000; 73.51667</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Australian external territory in the sub-Antarctic region</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129712854">.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-title-embed{background-color:#efefef;font-weight:bold;padding:0.3em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-nick,.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native>div{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-header{background-color:#efefef}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country{border-top:1px solid black;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country2{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-below{text-align:left;border-top:#aaa 1px solid}</style><table class="infobox ib-islands vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Territory of <span class="nowrap">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:282px;max-width:282px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:280px;max-width:280px"><div style="height:139px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Australia_(converted).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/278px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="278" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/417px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/556px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Australia" title="Flag of Australia">Flag of Australia</a>, used for Heard Island and the McDonald Islands<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:280px;max-width:280px"><div style="height:140px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heard_Island_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Heard_Island_%28cropped%29.jpg/278px-Heard_Island_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="278" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Heard_Island_%28cropped%29.jpg/417px-Heard_Island_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Heard_Island_%28cropped%29.jpg/556px-Heard_Island_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4127" data-file-height="2092" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">A southwesterly view of Heard Island in 2009.</div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Australia_in_its_region_(Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands_special).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Australia_in_its_region_%28Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands_special%29.svg/260px-Australia_in_its_region_%28Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands_special%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Australia_in_its_region_%28Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands_special%29.svg/390px-Australia_in_its_region_%28Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands_special%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Australia_in_its_region_%28Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands_special%29.svg/520px-Australia_in_its_region_%28Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands_special%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3394" data-file-height="1909" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Major islands</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">368 km<sup>2</sup> (142 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation</th><td class="infobox-data">2,745 m (9006 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest point</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mawson_Peak" title="Mawson Peak">Mawson Peak</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Administration</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Demographics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">0 (2000)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Natural: viii, ix</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/577">577</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">1997 (21st <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Area</th><td class="infobox-data category">658,903 ha (2544 sq. mi.)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Territory of Heard Island and McDonald Islands</b><sup id="cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook._2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook.-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<b>HIMI</b>;<sup id="cite_ref-abbr_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abbr-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166</a> region code: HMD, HM, 334;<sup id="cite_ref-ISO3166_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO3166-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is an Australian <a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">external territory</a> comprising a <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_group" title="Volcanic group">volcanic group</a> of mostly barren <a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a> islands, about two-thirds of the way from <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> to <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>. The group's overall land area is 372 km<sup>2</sup> (144 sq mi) and it has 101.9 km (63 mi) of coastline. Discovered in the mid-19th century, the islands lie on the <a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_Plateau" title="Kerguelen Plateau">Kerguelen Plateau</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> and have been an Australian territory since 1947. </p><p>Heard Island and McDonald Islands contain Australia's only two active <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanoes</a>. The summit of one, <a href="/wiki/Mawson_Peak" title="Mawson Peak">Mawson Peak</a>, is higher than any mountain in all other Australian states, territories or <a href="/wiki/Land_claim" title="Land claim">claimed territories</a>, except <a href="/wiki/Dome_Argus" class="mw-redirect" title="Dome Argus">Dome Argus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_McClintock" title="Mount McClintock">Mount McClintock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Menzies" title="Mount Menzies">Mount Menzies</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a>. This Antarctic territory is a land claim unrecognised by most other countries,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning that Mawson Peak is the highest mountain over which Australia has true <a href="/wiki/Westphalian_sovereignty" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian sovereignty">sovereignty</a>. </p><p>The islands are among the <a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Earth#Remoteness" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of Earth">most remote places on Earth</a>: They are located about 4,100 kilometres (2,200 nautical miles) southwest of <a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ga_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ga-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 3,850 km (2,080 nmi) southwest of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Leeuwin" title="Cape Leeuwin">Cape Leeuwin</a>, Australia, 4,200 km (2,300 nmi) southeast of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, 3,830 km (2,070 nmi) southeast of <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, 1,630 km (880 nmi) north of Antarctica, and 450 km (240 nmi) southeast of the <a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_Islands" title="Kerguelen Islands">Kerguelen Islands</a> (part of <a href="/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="French Southern and Antarctic Lands">French Southern and Antarctic Lands</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-distancefromto_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-distancefromto-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The islands, which are uninhabited, can be reached only by sea, which from Australia takes two weeks in the vessels normally used to access them.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FMIB_46007_Antarctic_Sea-Elephant_Fishery.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/FMIB_46007_Antarctic_Sea-Elephant_Fishery.jpeg/220px-FMIB_46007_Antarctic_Sea-Elephant_Fishery.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/FMIB_46007_Antarctic_Sea-Elephant_Fishery.jpeg/330px-FMIB_46007_Antarctic_Sea-Elephant_Fishery.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/FMIB_46007_Antarctic_Sea-Elephant_Fishery.jpeg/440px-FMIB_46007_Antarctic_Sea-Elephant_Fishery.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1947" data-file-height="1382" /></a><figcaption>Heard Island 1887 by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wood_Elliott" title="Henry Wood Elliott">Henry Wood Elliott</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Neither island cluster had recorded visitors until the mid-1850s. </p><p>An American sailor, John Heard, on the ship <i>Oriental</i>, sighted Heard Island on 25 November 1853, en route from <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> to <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>. He reported the discovery one month later and had the island named after him.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His wife <a href="/wiki/Fidelia_Heard" title="Fidelia Heard">Fidelia Heard</a> provided the first written description and drawings of the island.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William McDonald aboard the <i>Samarang</i> <a href="/wiki/1854_in_Australia#Exploration_and_settlement" title="1854 in Australia">discovered the nearby McDonald Islands</a> six weeks later, on 4 January 1854.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No landing took place on the islands until March 1855, when sealers from the <i>Corinthian</i>, led by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus_Darwin_Rogers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erasmus Darwin Rogers (page does not exist)">Erasmus Darwin Rogers</a>, went ashore at a place called Oil Barrel Point. From 1855 to 1882 a number of American sealers spent a year or more on the island, living in appalling conditions in dark smelly huts, also at Oil Barrel Point. At its peak the community consisted of 200 people. By 1880, sealers had wiped out most of the seal population and then left the island. In all, the islands furnished more than 100,000 barrels of <a href="/wiki/Elephant_seal" title="Elephant seal">elephant seal</a> oil during this period.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A number of wrecks have occurred in the vicinity of the islands. There is also a discarded building left from John Heard's sealing station that is situated near Atlas Cove.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The islands were formally claimed by the United Kingdom in 1910 and transferred to Australia on 26 December 1947. The transfer was confirmed in letters exchanged on 19 December 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook._2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook.-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The archipelago became a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> in 1997. </p><p>The first recorded aircraft landing on McDonald Island was made by Australian scientists Grahame Budd and Hugh Thelander on 12 February 1971, using a helicopter.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aad_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aad-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were at least five private expeditions to Heard Island between 1965 and 2000. Several <a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio" title="Amateur radio">amateur radio</a> operators have visited Heard, often associated with scientific expeditions. The first activity there was in 1947 by Alan Campbell-Drury. Two amateur radio <a href="/wiki/DXpedition" class="mw-redirect" title="DXpedition">DXpeditions</a> to the island took place in 1983 using the callsigns VK0HI (the <i>Anaconda</i> expedition)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and VK0JS and VK0NL (the <i>Cheynes II</i> expedition), with a further operation in January 1997 (VK0IR). The DXpedition in March 2016 (VK0EK) was organised by Cordell Expeditions,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and made over 75,000 radio contacts. </p><p>Mawson Peak, atop Big Ben, was first climbed on 25 January 1965 by five members of the Southern Indian Ocean Expedition to Heard Island (sometimes referred to as the <i>Patanela</i> expedition).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second ascent was made by five members of the Heard Island Expedition 1983 (sometimes referred to as the <i>Anaconda</i> expedition).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A helicopter landing was made at the summit by an ANARE team on 21 December 1986. An Australian Army team was successful in making the third ascent in 2000. </p><p>In 1991, the islands were the location for the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heard_Island_feasibility_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heard Island feasibility test (page does not exist)">Heard Island feasibility test</a>, an experiment in very long-distance transmission of low frequency sound through the ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The US Navy chartered vessels <a href="/wiki/MV_Cory_Chouest" title="MV Cory Chouest">MV <i>Cory Chouest</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Amy_Chouest" title="Amy Chouest"><i>Amy Chouest</i></a> were used to transmit signals which could be detected as far away as both ocean coasts of the US and Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Heard_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Geography of the Heard and McDonald Islands">Geography of the Heard and McDonald Islands</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_glaciers" title="Heard Island glaciers">Heard Island glaciers</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orthographic_projection_centred_over_the_Heard_Islands_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Orthographic_projection_centred_over_the_Heard_Islands_2.png/242px-Orthographic_projection_centred_over_the_Heard_Islands_2.png" decoding="async" width="242" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Orthographic_projection_centred_over_the_Heard_Islands_2.png/363px-Orthographic_projection_centred_over_the_Heard_Islands_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Orthographic_projection_centred_over_the_Heard_Islands_2.png/484px-Orthographic_projection_centred_over_the_Heard_Islands_2.png 2x" data-file-width="488" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption>Heard Island and McDonald Islands in the Southern Ocean</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands_map.png/220px-Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands_map.png/330px-Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands_map.png/440px-Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1563" data-file-height="1302" /></a><figcaption>A map of Heard Island and McDonald Islands</figcaption></figure> <p>Heard Island, by far the largest of the group, is a 368-square-kilometre (142 sq mi) mountainous island covered by 41 glaciers<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (the island is 80% covered with ice<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook._2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook.-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Big_Ben_(Heard_Island)" title="Big Ben (Heard Island)">Big Ben</a> <a href="/wiki/Massif" title="Massif">massif</a>. It has a maximum elevation of 2,745 metres (9,006 ft) at <a href="/wiki/Mawson_Peak" title="Mawson Peak">Mawson Peak</a>, the historically active volcanic summit of Big Ben, to which the average ascent from shore is steeper than that for any island of comparable size or larger; <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_highest_point" title="List of islands by highest point">only seven smaller islands are steeper</a>. A July 2000 satellite image from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii">University of Hawaii</a>'s Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP) Thermal Alert Team showed an active 2-kilometre-long (1.2 mi) and 50- to 90-metre-wide (164–295 ft) lava flow trending south-west from the summit of Big Ben.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The much smaller and rocky <a href="/wiki/McDonald_Islands_(volcano)" class="mw-redirect" title="McDonald Islands (volcano)">McDonald Islands</a> are located 44 kilometres (27 mi) to the west of Heard Island. They consist of McDonald Island (186 m or 610 ft high), Flat Island (55 m or 180 ft high) and <a href="/wiki/Meyer_Rock" title="Meyer Rock">Meyer Rock</a> (170 m or 560 ft high). They total approximately <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>2.5 square kilometres (<span class="frac"><span class="num">15</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> sq mi) in area, where McDonald Island is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1.13 square kilometres (<span class="frac"><span class="num">7</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> sq mi). There is a small group of islets and rocks about <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">10 km (<span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> nmi) north of Heard Island, consisting of Shag Islet, Sail Rock, Morgan Island and Black Rock. They total about <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1.1 square kilometres (<span class="frac"><span class="num">7</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> sq mi) in area. </p><p>Mawson Peak and McDonald Island are the only two active volcanoes in Australian territory. Mawson Peak is also one of the highest Australian mountains (higher than <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kosciuszko" title="Mount Kosciuszko">Mount Kosciuszko</a>). It is surpassed by <a href="/wiki/Dome_Argus" class="mw-redirect" title="Dome Argus">Dome Argus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_McClintock" title="Mount McClintock">Mount McClintock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Menzies" title="Mount Menzies">Mount Menzies</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_Antarctica" title="Territorial claims in Antarctica">territorial claim</a> unrecognised by most other countries,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning that Mawson Peak is the highest mountain over which Australia has true <a href="/wiki/Westphalian_sovereignty" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian sovereignty">sovereignty</a>. Mawson Peak has erupted several times in the last decade and as recently as May 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An earlier eruption was filmed on 2 February 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The volcano on McDonald Island, after being dormant for 75,000 years, became active in 1992 and has erupted several times since, the most recently in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Heard Island and the McDonald Islands have no ports or harbours; ships must anchor offshore. The coastline is 101.9 km (63.3 mi) in extent, and a 12 nmi (22 km) territorial sea and 200 nmi (370 km) exclusive fishing zone are claimed.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook._2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook.-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wetlands">Wetlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Wetlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Heard Island has a number of small wetland sites scattered around its coastal perimeter, including areas of wetland vegetation, lagoons or lagoon complexes, rocky shores and sandy shores, including the <a href="/wiki/Elephant_Spit" title="Elephant Spit">Elephant Spit</a>. Many of these wetland areas are separated by active glaciers. There are also several short glacier-fed streams and glacial pools. Some wetland areas have been recorded on McDonald Island but, due to substantial volcanic activity since the last landing was made in 1980, their present extent is unknown. </p><p>The HIMI wetland is listed on the <a href="/wiki/Directory_of_Important_Wetlands_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia">Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia</a> and, in a recent analysis of Commonwealth-managed wetlands, was ranked highest for nomination under the <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention)</a> as an internationally important wetland. </p><p>Six wetland types have been identified from HIMI covering approximately 1860 ha: coastal 'pool complex' (237 ha); inland 'pool complex' (105 ha); vegetated seeps mostly on recent glaciated areas (18 ha); glacial lagoons (1103 ha); non-glacial lagoons (97ha); Elephant Spit (300 ha) plus some coastal areas. On Heard Island, the majority of these types suites are found below 150 m asl. The wetland vegetation occurs in the 'wet mixed herbfield' and 'coastal biotic vegetation' communities described above. </p><p>The wetlands provide important breeding and feeding habitat for a number of Antarctic and subantarctic wetland animals. These include the <a href="/wiki/Southern_elephant_seal" title="Southern elephant seal">southern elephant seal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macaroni_penguin" title="Macaroni penguin">macaroni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gentoo_penguin" title="Gentoo penguin">gentoo</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_penguin" title="King penguin">king</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_rockhopper_penguin" title="Eastern rockhopper penguin">eastern rockhopper</a> penguins, considered to be wetland species under the Ramsar Convention. Non-wetland vegetated parts of the islands also support penguin and other seabird colonies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heard_Island_Karman_vortex_street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Heard_Island_Karman_vortex_street.jpg/220px-Heard_Island_Karman_vortex_street.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Heard_Island_Karman_vortex_street.jpg/330px-Heard_Island_Karman_vortex_street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Heard_Island_Karman_vortex_street.jpg/440px-Heard_Island_Karman_vortex_street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1401" data-file-height="1221" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vortex_shedding" title="Vortex shedding">Vortex shedding</a> as winds pass Heard Island resulted in this <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n_vortex_street" title="Kármán vortex street">Kármán vortex street</a> in the clouds.</figcaption></figure> <p>The islands have an Antarctic climate, or <a href="/wiki/Tundra_climate" title="Tundra climate">Tundra climate</a> (<i>ET</i>) under the Köppen climate classification, tempered by their maritime setting. The weather is marked by low seasonal and daily temperature ranges; persistent and generally low cloud cover; frequent precipitation and strong winds. Snowfall occurs throughout the year. Monthly average temperatures at <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Cove" title="Atlas Cove">Atlas Cove</a> (at the northwestern end of Heard Island) range from 0.0 to 4.2 °C (32.0 to 39.6 °F), with an average daily range of 3.7 to 5.2 °C (38.7 to 41.4 °F) in summer and −0.8 to 0.3 °C (30.6 to 32.5 °F) in winter. The winds are predominantly westerly and persistently strong. At Atlas Cove, monthly average wind speeds range between around 26 and 33.5 km/h (16.2 and 20.8 mph). Gusts in excess of 180 km/h (110 mph) have been recorded. </p><p>Annual precipitation at sea level on Heard Island is in the order of 1,300 to 1,900 mm (51.2 to 74.8 in); rain or snow falls on about 3 out of 4 days.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Australian <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Meteorology" title="Bureau of Meteorology">Bureau of Meteorology</a>, Heard Island (Atlas Cove) receives an average of 96.8 snowy days annually.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meteorological records at Heard Island are incomplete. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Heard Island (1981–2010); 12 m AMSL; 53.10° S, 73.71° E </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1<br />(68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0<br />(64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF942A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.9<br />(67.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4<br />(68.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3<br />(66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0<br />(57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0<br />(59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4<br />(59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.8<br />(62.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.4<br />(61.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6<br />(58.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9934; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.2<br />(66.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">20.4<br />(68.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF1E4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4<br />(43.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5<br />(43.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF2E6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3<br />(43.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF9F3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3<br />(41.5) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7<br />(38.7) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3<br />(36.1) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2<br />(36.0) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2<br />(36.0) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2<br />(36.0) </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.3<br />(37.9) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1<br />(39.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4<br />(41.7) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">4.2<br />(39.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFFDFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7<br />(40.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8<br />(40.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFFEFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6<br />(40.3) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6<br />(38.5) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2<br />(36.0) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9<br />(33.6) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5<br />(32.9) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4<br />(32.7) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5<br />(32.9) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5<br />(34.7) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4<br />(36.3) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8<br />(38.8) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2.5<br />(36.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0<br />(37.4) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.1<br />(37.6) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8<br />(37.0) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9<br />(35.4) </td> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7<br />(33.3) </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.6<br />(30.9) </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.1<br />(30.0) </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.4<br />(29.5) </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.1<br />(30.0) </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.2<br />(31.6) </td> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7<br />(33.3) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.1<br />(35.8) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">0.8<br />(33.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.5<br />(31.1) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2<br />(32.4) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.7<br />(28.9) </td> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.9<br />(26.8) </td> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.8<br />(23.4) </td> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.2<br />(19.0) </td> <td style="background: #C5C5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.2<br />(20.8) </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.5<br />(11.3) </td> <td style="background: #B8B8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.6<br />(16.5) </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.1<br />(19.2) </td> <td style="background: #C5C5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.2<br />(20.8) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.7<br />(30.7) </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−11.5<br />(11.3) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Météo climat stats<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Météo Climat <sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wildlife">Wildlife</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Wildlife"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora">Flora</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Flora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Special:EditPage/Heard Island and McDonald Islands">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Constraints">Constraints</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Constraints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The islands are part of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Indian_Ocean_Islands_tundra" title="Southern Indian Ocean Islands tundra">Southern Indian Ocean Islands tundra</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregion</a> that includes several <a href="/wiki/Subantarctic" title="Subantarctic">subantarctic</a> islands. In this cold climate, plant life is mainly limited to grasses, lichens, and <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">mosses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Low plant diversity reflects the islands' isolation, small size, severe climate, the short, cool growing season and, for Heard Island, substantial permanent ice cover. The main environmental determinants of vegetation on subantarctic islands are wind exposure, water availability, parent soil composition, salt spray exposure, nutrient availability, disturbance by trampling (from seabirds and seals) and, possibly, altitude. At Heard Island, exposure to salt spray and the presence of breeding and moulting seabirds and seals is a particularly strong influence on vegetation composition and structure in coastal areas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History_2">History</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Evidence from microfossil records indicates that ferns and woody plants were present on Heard Island during the <a href="/wiki/Tertiary" title="Tertiary">Tertiary</a> (a period with a cool and moist climate). Neither group of plants is present today, although potential Tertiary survivors include the vascular plant <i><a href="/wiki/Pringlea" title="Pringlea">Pringlea antiscorbutica</a></i> and six moss species. Volcanic activity has altered the distribution and abundance of the vegetation. The vascular flora covers a range of environments and, although only six species are currently widespread, glacial retreat and the consequent connection of previously separate ice-free areas is providing opportunities for further distribution of vegetation into adjacent areas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flowering_plants_and_ferns">Flowering plants and ferns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Flowering plants and ferns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Low-growing <a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">herbaceous</a> flowering plants and <a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">bryophytes</a> are the major vegetation components. The vascular flora comprises the smallest number of species of any major subantarctic island group, reflecting its isolation, small ice-free area and severe climate. Twelve vascular species are known from Heard Island, of which five have also been recorded on McDonald Island. None of the vascular species are endemic, although <i><a href="/wiki/Pringlea_antiscorbutica" class="mw-redirect" title="Pringlea antiscorbutica">Pringlea antiscorbutica</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Colobanthus_kerguelensis" title="Colobanthus kerguelensis">Colobanthus kerguelensis</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Poa_kerguelensis" title="Poa kerguelensis">Poa kerguelensis</a></i> occur only on subantarctic islands in the southern Indian Ocean. </p><p>The plants are typically subantarctic, but with a higher abundance of the cushion-forming <i><a href="/wiki/Azorella_selago" title="Azorella selago">Azorella selago</a></i> than other subantarctic islands. Heard Island is the largest subantarctic island with no confirmed human-introduced plants. Areas available for plant colonisation on Heard Island are generally the result of retreating glaciers or new ice-free land created by lava flows. Today, substantial vegetation covers over 20 km<sup>2</sup> of Heard Island, and is best developed on coastal areas at elevations below 250 m. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mosses_and_liverworts">Mosses and liverworts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mosses and liverworts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">Bryophytes</a> (mosses and liverworts) contribute substantially to the overall biodiversity of Heard Island, with 43 mosses and 19 liverworts being recorded, often occupying habitats unsuitable for vascular plants, such as cliff faces. Bryophytes are present in most of the major vegetation communities including several soil and moss-inhabiting species. A 1980 survey of McDonald Island found lower diversity than that on Heard Island; four mosses and a number of algal species are recorded from there. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Algae">Algae</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Algae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At least 100 species of terrestrial algae are known from Heard Island, commonly in permanently moist and ephemeral habitats. Forests of the giant Antarctic kelp <i><a href="/wiki/Durvillaea_antarctica" title="Durvillaea antarctica">Durvillaea antarctica</a></i> occur at a number of sites around Heard Island and at least 17 other species of seaweed are known, with more to be added following the identification of recent collections. Low seaweed diversity is due to the island's isolation from other land masses, unsuitable beach habitat, constant abrasion by waves, tides and small stones, and the extension of glaciers into the sea in many areas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vegetation_communities">Vegetation communities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Vegetation communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Heard Island has a range of terrestrial environments in which vegetation occurs. Seven general vegetation communities are currently recognised, although vegetation composition is considered more of a continuum than discrete units: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subantarctic" title="Subantarctic">Subantarctic</a> vegetation is minimal and includes small types of shrubbery, including mosses and liverworts.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cushion_plant" title="Cushion plant">Open cushionfield</a> vegetation is the most widespread and abundant vegetation type on Heard Island. It is characterised by <i><a href="/wiki/Azorella_selago" title="Azorella selago">Azorella selago</a></i> cushions interspersed with bryophytes, small vascular species and bare ground with 20–75% cover, and found mainly at altitudes between 30 and 70 m asl.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fellfield" title="Fellfield">Fellfield</a> describes vegetation with abundant bare ground and less than 50% plant cover. Fellfield may occur as a result of harsh climatic or edaphic factors, or recent <a href="/wiki/Deglaciation" title="Deglaciation">deglaciation</a> which has exposed bare ground.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">Mossy</a> <a href="/wiki/Fellfield" title="Fellfield">fellfield</a> is a community with high species richness and consists of bryophytes and small <i>Azorella selago</i> cushions. It is found at altitudes between 30 and 150 m in areas with intermediate exposure.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbfield" title="Herbfield">Wet mixed herbfield</a> occurs on moist substrate, mostly on moraines and moist lee slopes (often in association with burrowing petrels colonies) at low altitude (< 40 m) where the water table is at or close to the surface. Species richness is highest here of all the communities, with dominant species being <i><a href="/wiki/Poa_cookii" title="Poa cookii">Poa cookii</a></i>, <i>Azorella selago</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pringlea_antiscorbutica" class="mw-redirect" title="Pringlea antiscorbutica">Pringlea antiscorbutica</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Acaena_magellanica" title="Acaena magellanica">Acaena magellanica</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Deschampsia_antarctica" title="Deschampsia antarctica">Deschampsia antarctica</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Strand" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal Strand">Coastal biotic</a> vegetation is dominated by <i>Poa cookii</i> and <i>Azorella selago</i>, occurring mainly on coastal sites of moderate exposure and in areas subject to significant influence from seals and seabirds.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supralittoral_zone" title="Supralittoral zone">Saltspray vegetation</a> is dominated by the salt-tolerant moss <i><a href="/wiki/Muelleriella_crassifolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Muelleriella crassifolia">Muelleriella crassifolia</a></i> and limited in extent, being found at low elevations on lavas in exposed coastal sites.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cushion_plant" title="Cushion plant">Closed cushionfield</a> is found on moraines and sand at altitudes mostly below 60 m, and is dominated almost entirely by <i>Azorella selago</i> cushions that often grow together to form continuous carpets which can be subject to burrowing by seabirds.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Outlook">Outlook</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Outlook"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the most rapidly changing physical settings in the subantarctic has been produced on Heard Island by a combination of rapid glacial recession and climate warming.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The consequent increase in habitat available for plant colonisation, plus the coalescing of previously discrete ice-free areas, has led to marked changes in the vegetation of Heard Island in the last 20 years or so. Other species and vegetation communities found on subantarctic islands north of the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Convergence" title="Antarctic Convergence">Antarctic Convergence</a> now absent from the Heard Island flora may colonise the island if climate change produces more favourable conditions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some plant species are spreading and modifying the structure and composition of communities, some of which are also increasing in distribution. It is likely that further changes will occur, and possibly at an accelerated rate. Changes in population numbers of seal and seabird species are also expected to affect the vegetation by changing nutrient availability and disturbance through trampling.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One plant species on Heard Island, <i><a href="/wiki/Poa_annua" title="Poa annua">Poa annua</a></i>, a cosmopolitan grass native to Europe, was possibly introduced by humans, though is more likely to have arrived naturally, probably by <a href="/wiki/Skua" title="Skua">skuas</a> from the Kerguelen Islands where it is widespread. It was initially recorded in 1987 in two deglaciated areas of Heard Island not previously exposed to human visitors, while being absent from known sites of past human habitation. Since 1987 <i>Poa annua</i> populations have increased in density and abundance within the original areas and have expanded beyond them. Expeditioner boot traffic during the Australian Antarctic program expedition in 1987 may be at least partly responsible for the spread, but it is probably mainly due to dispersal by wind and the movement of seabirds and seals around the island.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The potential for introducing plant species (including invasive species not previously found on subantarctic islands) by both natural and human-induced means is high. This is due to the combination of low species diversity and climatic amelioration. During the 2003/04 summer a new plant species, <i><a href="/wiki/Cotula_plumosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotula plumosa">Cotula plumosa</a></i>, was recorded. Only one small specimen was found growing on a coastal river terrace that had experienced substantial development and expansion of vegetation over the past decade. The species has a circumantarctic distribution and occurs on many subantarctic islands.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fungi">Fungi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Fungi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>71 species of <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichens</a> have been recorded from Heard Island and they are common on exposed rock, dominating the vegetation in some areas.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with plants, a 1980 survey of McDonald Island found lower diversity there, with just eight lichen species and a number of non-lichenized fungi recorded. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fauna">Fauna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main indigenous animals are insects along with large populations of ocean-going <a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">seabirds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">seals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Penguin" title="Penguin">penguins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_non-avian_fauna_of_Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of non-avian fauna of Heard Island and McDonald Islands">List of non-avian fauna of Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mammals">Mammals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mammals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="List of mammals of Heard Island and McDonald Islands">List of mammals of Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sea-Elephant_Fishery_2_bis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Sea-Elephant_Fishery_2_bis.jpg/220px-Sea-Elephant_Fishery_2_bis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Sea-Elephant_Fishery_2_bis.jpg/330px-Sea-Elephant_Fishery_2_bis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Sea-Elephant_Fishery_2_bis.jpg/440px-Sea-Elephant_Fishery_2_bis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1582" data-file-height="1088" /></a><figcaption>Processing <a href="/wiki/Elephant_seal" title="Elephant seal">elephant seals</a> on Heard Island – a 19th-century scene</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Seal_hunting" title="Seal hunting">Sealing</a> at Heard Island lasted from 1855 to 1910, during which time 67 sealing vessels are recorded visiting, nine of which were wrecked off the coast.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relics that survive from that time include trypots, casks, hut ruins, graves and inscriptions. This caused the seal populations there to either become locally extinct or reduced to levels too low to exploit economically. Modern sealers visited from Cape Town in the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then the populations have generally increased and are protected. Seals breeding on Heard include the <a href="/wiki/Southern_elephant_seal" title="Southern elephant seal">southern elephant seal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_fur_seal" title="Antarctic fur seal">Antarctic fur seal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Subantarctic_fur_seal" title="Subantarctic fur seal">subantarctic fur seal</a>. <a href="/wiki/Leopard_seal" title="Leopard seal">Leopard seals</a> visit regularly in winter to <a href="/wiki/Hauling-out" title="Hauling-out">haul-out</a> though they do not breed on the islands. <a href="/wiki/Crabeater_seal" title="Crabeater seal">Crabeater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ross_seal" title="Ross seal">Ross</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weddell_seal" title="Weddell seal">Weddell seals</a> are occasional visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Birds">Birds</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Birds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Heard_and_McDonald_Islands" title="List of birds of Heard and McDonald Islands">List of birds of Heard and McDonald Islands</a></div> <p>Heard Island and the McDonald Islands are free from introduced predators and provide crucial breeding habitat in the middle of the vast Southern Ocean for a range of birds. The surrounding waters are important feeding areas for birds and some scavenging species also derive sustenance from their cohabitants on the islands. The islands have been identified by <a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife International</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Important_Bird_Area" title="Important Bird Area">Important Bird Area</a> because they support very large numbers of nesting seabirds.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nineteen species of birds have been recorded as breeding on Heard Island<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the McDonald Islands, although recent volcanic activity at the McDonald Islands in the last decade is likely to have reduced vegetated and un-vegetated nesting areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Woehler,_E.J._2006_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woehler,_E.J._2006-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Penguins are by far the most abundant birds on the islands, with four breeding species present, comprising <a href="/wiki/King_penguin" title="King penguin">king</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gentoo_penguin" title="Gentoo penguin">gentoo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macaroni_penguin" title="Macaroni penguin">macaroni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_rockhopper_penguin" title="Eastern rockhopper penguin">eastern rockhopper penguins</a>. The penguins mostly colonise the coastal tussock and grasslands of Heard Island, and have previously been recorded as occupying the flats and gullies on McDonald Island. </p><p>Other seabirds recorded as breeding at Heard Island include three species of albatross (<a href="/wiki/Wandering_albatross" class="mw-redirect" title="Wandering albatross">wandering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black-browed_albatross" title="Black-browed albatross">black-browed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Light-mantled_albatross" title="Light-mantled albatross">light-mantled albatrosses</a>), <a href="/wiki/Southern_giant_petrel" title="Southern giant petrel">southern giant petrels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_petrel" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape petrel">Cape petrels</a>, four species of burrowing petrels (<a href="/wiki/Antarctic_prion" title="Antarctic prion">Antarctic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fulmar_prion" title="Fulmar prion">Fulmar prions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_diving-petrel" class="mw-redirect" title="Common diving-petrel">common</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_diving_petrel" title="South Georgia diving petrel">South Georgia diving petrels</a>), <a href="/wiki/Wilson%27s_storm_petrel" title="Wilson's storm petrel">Wilson's storm petrels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelp_gull" title="Kelp gull">kelp gulls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subantarctic_skua" class="mw-redirect" title="Subantarctic skua">subantarctic skuas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_tern" title="Antarctic tern">Antarctic terns</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Heard_shag" class="mw-redirect" title="Heard shag">Heard shag</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Woehler,_E.J._2006_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woehler,_E.J._2006-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although not a true seabird, the Heard Island subspecies of the <a href="/wiki/Black-faced_sheathbill" title="Black-faced sheathbill">black-faced sheathbill</a> also breeds on the island. Both the shag and the sheathbill are endemic to Heard Island. </p><p>A further 28 seabird species are recorded as either non-breeding visitors or have been noted during 'at-sea surveys' of the islands. All recorded breeding species, other than the Heard Island sheathbill, are listed marine species under the Australian Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Act (1999, four are listed as threatened species and five are listed migratory species. Under the EPBC Act a recovery plan has been made for albatrosses and giant petrels, which calls for ongoing population monitoring of the species found at HIMI, and at the time of preparing this plan a draft recovery plan has also been made for the <a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_shag" title="Heard Island shag">Heard Island cormorant (or shag)</a> and Antarctic tern. </p><p>The recorded populations of some seabird species found in the Reserve have shown marked change. The king penguin population is the best studied seabird species on Heard Island and has shown a dramatic increase since first recorded in 1947/48, with the population doubling every five years or so for more than 50 years. </p><p>A paper reviewing population data for the black-browed albatross between 1947 and 2000/01 suggested that the breeding population had increased to about three times that present in the late 1940s,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although a Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources CCAMLR) Working Group was cautious about the interpretation of the increasing trend given the disparate nature of the data,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as discussed in the paper. The discovery of a large, previously unknown, colony of Heard shags in 2000/01 at Cape Pillar raised the known breeding population from 200 pairs to over 1000 pairs.<sup id="cite_ref-Woehler,_E.J._2006_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woehler,_E.J._2006-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The breeding population of southern giant petrels decreased by more than 50% between the early 1950s and the late 1980s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Terrestrial,_freshwater_and_coastal_invertebrates"><span id="Terrestrial.2C_freshwater_and_coastal_invertebrates"></span>Terrestrial, freshwater and coastal invertebrates</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Terrestrial, freshwater and coastal invertebrates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Special:EditPage/Heard Island and McDonald Islands">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Heard Island supports a relatively low number of terrestrial invertebrate species compared to other Southern Ocean islands, in parallel with the low species richness in the flora–that is, the island's isolation and limited ice-free area. <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">Endemism</a> is also generally low and the invertebrate fauna is exceptionally pristine with few, if any, (successful) human-induced introductions of alien species. Two species, including the thrips <i>Apterothrips apteris</i> and the mite <i><a href="/wiki/Tyrophagus_putrescentiae" title="Tyrophagus putrescentiae">Tyrophagus putrescentiae</a></i> are thought to be recent, possibly natural, introductions. An exotic species of earthworm <i><a href="/wiki/Dendrodrilus_rubidus" title="Dendrodrilus rubidus">Dendrodrilus rubidus</a></i> was also collected in 1929 from a dump near Atlas Cove, and has recently been collected from a variety of habitats including wallows, streams and lakes on Heard Island. </p><p>The arthropods of Heard Island are comparatively well known with 54 species of <a href="/wiki/Mite" title="Mite">mite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tick" title="Tick">tick</a>, one <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spider</a> and eight <a href="/wiki/Springtail" title="Springtail">springtails</a> recorded. A study over summer at Atlas Cove in 1987/88 showed overall densities of up to 60 000 individual springtails per square metre in soil under stands of <i><a href="/wiki/Pringlea_antiscorbutica" class="mw-redirect" title="Pringlea antiscorbutica">Pringlea antiscorbutica</a></i>. Despite a few recent surveys, the non-arthropod invertebrate fauna of Heard Island remain poorly known. </p><p>Beetles and flies dominate Heard Island's known insect fauna, which comprises up to 21 species of ectoparasite (associated with birds and seals) and up to 13 free-living species. Approximately half of the free-living insects are habitat-specific, while the remainder are generalists found in a variety of habitats, being associated with either supralittoral or intertidal zones, <i><a href="/wiki/Poa_cookii" title="Poa cookii">Poa cookii</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Pringlea_antiscorbutica" class="mw-redirect" title="Pringlea antiscorbutica">Pringlea antiscorbutica</a></i> stands, <a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">bryophytes</a>, lichen-covered rocks, exposed rock faces or the underside of rocks. There is a pronounced seasonality to the insect fauna, with densities in winter months dropping to a small percentage (between 0.75%) of the summer maximum. Distinct differences in relative abundances of species between habitats has also been shown, including a negative relationship between altitude and body size for Heard Island weevils. </p><p>The fauna of the freshwater pools, lakes, streams and mires found in the coastal areas of Heard Island are broadly similar to those on other subantarctic islands of the southern Indian Ocean. Many species reported from Heard Island are found elsewhere. Some sampling of freshwater fauna has been undertaken during recent expeditions and records to date indicate that the freshwater fauna includes a species of <a href="/wiki/Protista" class="mw-redirect" title="Protista">Protista</a>, a gastrotrich, two species of <a href="/wiki/Tardigrade" title="Tardigrade">tardigrade</a>, at least four species of nematode, 26 species of rotifer, six species of annelid and 14 species of arthropod. </p><p>As with the other shore biota, the marine macro-invertebrate fauna of Heard Island is similar in composition and local distribution to other subantarctic islands, although relatively little is known about the Heard Island communities compared with the well-studied fauna of some other islands in the subantarctic region, such as <a href="/wiki/Macquarie_Island" title="Macquarie Island">Macquarie</a> and Kerguelen. </p><p>Despite Heard Island's isolation, species richness is considered to be moderate, rather than depauperate, although the number of endemic species reported is low. The large macro-alga <i><a href="/wiki/Durvillaea_antarctica" title="Durvillaea antarctica">Durvillaea antarctica</a></i> supports a diverse array of invertebrate taxa and may play an important role in transporting some of this fauna to Heard Island. </p><p>The rocky shores of Heard Island exhibit a clear demarcation between fauna of the lower kelp holdfast zone and the upper shore zone community, probably due to effects of desiccation, predation and freezing in the higher areas. The limpet <i>Nacella kerguelensis</i> is abundant in the lower part of the shore, being found on rock surfaces and on kelp holdfasts. Other common but less abundant species in this habitat include the chiton <i><a href="/wiki/Hemiarthrum_setulosum" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemiarthrum setulosum">Hemiarthrum setulosum</a></i> and the starfish <i>Anasterias mawsoni</i>. The amphipod <i>Hyale</i> sp. and the isopod <i>Cassidinopsis</i> sp. are closely associated with the kelp. Above the kelp holdfast zone, the littornid <i>Laevilitorina (Corneolitorina) heardensis</i> and the bivalve mollusc <i>Kidderia bicolor</i> are found in well-sheltered situations, and another bivalve <i>Gaimardia trapesina trapesina</i> has been recorded from immediately above the holdfast zone. Oligochaetes are also abundant in areas supporting porous and spongy layers of algal mat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retreat_of_Heard_Island_glaciers">Retreat of Heard Island glaciers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Retreat of Heard Island glaciers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850" title="Retreat of glaciers since 1850">Retreat of glaciers since 1850</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glacier_mass_balance" title="Glacier mass balance">Glacier mass balance</a></div> <p>Heard Island is a heavily glaciated, subantarctic <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_island" title="Volcanic island">volcanic island</a> located in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a>, roughly 4,000 km (2,200 nmi) southwest of <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. 80% of the island is covered in ice, with glaciers descending from 2,400 m (7,900 ft) to <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Allis1986_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allis1986-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the steep <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a> of Heard Island, most of its glaciers are relatively thin (averaging only about 55 m (180 ft) in depth).<sup id="cite_ref-Ruddell_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruddell-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of glaciers on Heard Island provides an excellent opportunity to measure the rate of glacial retreat as an indicator of climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-aad2008_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aad2008-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Available records show no apparent change in <a href="/wiki/Glacier_mass_balance" title="Glacier mass balance">glacier mass balance</a> between 1874 and 1929. Between 1949 and 1954, marked changes were observed to have occurred in the ice formations above 5000 feet on the southwestern slopes of Big Ben, possibly as a result of volcanic activity. By 1963, major recession was obvious below 2000 feet on almost all glaciers, and minor recession was evident as high as 5000 feet.<sup id="cite_ref-Budd1970_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budd1970-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The coastal ice cliffs of <a href="/wiki/Brown_Glacier" title="Brown Glacier">Brown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephenson_Glacier" title="Stephenson Glacier">Stephenson</a> Glaciers, which in 1954 were over 50 feet high, had disappeared by 1963 when the glaciers terminated as much as 100 yards inland.<sup id="cite_ref-Budd1970_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budd1970-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Baudissin_Glacier" title="Baudissin Glacier">Baudissin Glacier</a> on the north coast, and <a href="/wiki/Vahsel_Glacier" title="Vahsel Glacier">Vahsel Glacier</a> on the west coast have lost at least 100 and 200 vertical feet of ice, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Budd1970_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budd1970-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Winston Glacier, which retreated approximately one mile between 1947 and 1963, appears to be a very sensitive indicator of glacier change on the island. The young moraines flanking <a href="/wiki/Winston_Lagoon" title="Winston Lagoon">Winston Lagoon</a> show that Winston Glacier has lost at least 300 vertical feet of ice within a recent time period.<sup id="cite_ref-Budd1970_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budd1970-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jacka_Glacier" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacka Glacier">Jacka Glacier</a> on the east coast of <a href="/wiki/Laurens_Peninsula" title="Laurens Peninsula">Laurens Peninsula</a> has also demonstrated marked recession since 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-Budd1970_49-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budd1970-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Retreat of glacier fronts across Heard Island is evident when comparing <a href="/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">aerial photographs</a> taken in December 1947 with those taken on a return visit in early 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-Allis1986_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allis1986-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thost2008_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thost2008-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Retreat of Heard Island glaciers is most dramatic on the eastern section of the island, where the <a href="/wiki/Glacier_terminus" title="Glacier terminus">termini</a> of former <a href="/wiki/Tidewater_glacier" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidewater glacier">tidewater glaciers</a> are now located inland.<sup id="cite_ref-Allis1986_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allis1986-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glaciers on the northern and western coasts have narrowed significantly, while the area of glaciers and <a href="/wiki/Ice_cap" title="Ice cap">ice caps</a> on Laurens Peninsula have shrunk by 30–65%.<sup id="cite_ref-Allis1986_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allis1986-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ruddell_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruddell-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the time period between 1947 and 1988, the total area of Heard Island's glaciers decreased by 11%, from 288 square kilometres (111 sq mi) (roughly 79% of the total area of Heard Island) to only 257 square kilometres (99 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-Ruddell_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruddell-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A visit to the island in the spring of 2000 found that the Stephenson, Brown and Baudissin glaciers, among others, had retreated even further.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruddell_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruddell-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thost2008_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thost2008-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The terminus of Brown Glacier has retreated approximately <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1.1 kilometres (<span class="frac"><span class="num">11</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> mi) since 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-aad2008_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aad2008-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total ice-covered area of Brown Glacier is estimated to have decreased by roughly 29% between 1947 and 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-Thost2008_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thost2008-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This degree of loss of glacier mass is consistent with the measured increase in temperature of 0.9 °C (1.6 °F) over that time span.<sup id="cite_ref-Thost2008_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thost2008-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Possible causes of glacier recession on Heard Island include: </p> <ol><li>Volcanic activity</li> <li>Southward movement of the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Convergence" title="Antarctic Convergence">Antarctic Convergence</a>: such a movement conceivably might cause glacier retreat through a rise in sea and air temperatures</li> <li>Climatic change</li></ol> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Division" title="Australian Antarctic Division">Australian Antarctic Division</a> conducted an expedition to Heard Island during the <a href="/wiki/Austral_summer" class="mw-redirect" title="Austral summer">austral summer</a> of 2003–04. A small team of scientists spent two months on the island, conducting studies on <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">avian</a> and terrestrial biology and <a href="/wiki/Glaciology" title="Glaciology">glaciology</a>. Glaciologists conducted further research on the Brown Glacier, in an effort to determine whether glacial retreat is rapid or punctuated. Using a portable <a href="/wiki/Echo_sounding" title="Echo sounding">echo sounder</a>, the team took measurements of the volume of the glacier. Monitoring of climatic conditions continued, with an emphasis on the impact of <a href="/wiki/Foehn_wind" title="Foehn wind">Foehn winds</a> on glacier mass balance.<sup id="cite_ref-heard_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heard-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on the findings of that expedition, the rate of loss of glacier ice on Heard Island appears to be accelerating. Between 2000 and 2003, repeat <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a> <a href="/wiki/Surveying" title="Surveying">surface surveys</a> revealed that the rate of loss of ice in both the <a href="/wiki/Ablation_zone" title="Ablation zone">ablation zone</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Accumulation_zone" title="Accumulation zone">accumulation zone</a> of Brown Glacier was more than double average rate measured from 1947 to 2003. The increase in the rate of ice loss suggests that the glaciers of Heard Island are reacting to ongoing climate change, rather than approaching <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_equilibrium" title="Dynamic equilibrium">dynamic equilibrium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thost2008_50-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thost2008-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The retreat of Heard Island's glaciers is expected to continue for the foreseeable future.<sup id="cite_ref-Allis1986_46-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allis1986-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration_and_economy">Administration and economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Administration and economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:(The_abode_of_science_on_Heard_Island,_BANZARE,_1929)_(6173425701).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/%28The_abode_of_science_on_Heard_Island%2C_BANZARE%2C_1929%29_%286173425701%29.jpg/220px-%28The_abode_of_science_on_Heard_Island%2C_BANZARE%2C_1929%29_%286173425701%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/%28The_abode_of_science_on_Heard_Island%2C_BANZARE%2C_1929%29_%286173425701%29.jpg/330px-%28The_abode_of_science_on_Heard_Island%2C_BANZARE%2C_1929%29_%286173425701%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/%28The_abode_of_science_on_Heard_Island%2C_BANZARE%2C_1929%29_%286173425701%29.jpg/440px-%28The_abode_of_science_on_Heard_Island%2C_BANZARE%2C_1929%29_%286173425701%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="747" /></a><figcaption>Heard Island, 1929</figcaption></figure> <p>The United Kingdom formally established its claim to Heard Island in 1910, marked by the raising of the Union Flag and the erection of a beacon by Captain Evensen, master of the <i>Mangoro</i>. Effective government, administration and control of Heard Island and the McDonald Islands was transferred to the Australian government on 26 December 1947 at the commencement of the first <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_Antarctic_Research_Expeditions" title="Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions">Australian National Antarctic Research Expedition</a> (ANARE) to Heard Island, with a formal declaration that took place at Atlas Cove. The transfer was confirmed by an exchange of letters between the two governments on 19 December 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The islands are a territory (Territory of Heard Island and McDonald Islands) of Australia administered from <a href="/wiki/Hobart" title="Hobart">Hobart</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Division" title="Australian Antarctic Division">Australian Antarctic Division</a> of the Australian <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Climate_Change,_Energy,_the_Environment_and_Water" title="Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water">Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water</a>. The administration of the territory is established in the <i>Heard Island and McDonald Islands Act 1953</i>, which places it under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory">Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory</a>, with the non-criminal laws of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a> and the criminal laws of <a href="/wiki/Jervis_Bay_Territory" title="Jervis Bay Territory">Jervis Bay Territory</a> applying to the Territory.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The islands are contained within a 65,000-square-kilometre (25,000 sq mi) marine reserve and are primarily visited for research, meaning that there is no permanent human habitation.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook._2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook.-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1947 until 1955 there were camps of visiting scientists on Heard Island (at <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Cove" title="Atlas Cove">Atlas Cove</a> in the northwest, which was in 1969 again occupied by American scientists and expanded in 1971 by French scientists) and in 1971 on McDonald Island (at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Williams_Bay,_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Williams Bay, Australia (page does not exist)">Williams Bay</a>). Later expeditions used a temporary base at <a href="/wiki/Spit_Bay" title="Spit Bay">Spit Bay</a> in the east, such as in 1988, 1992–93 and 2004–05. </p><p>The islands' only natural resource is fish; the Australian government allows limited fishing in the surrounding waters.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook._2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook.-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are no active military installations or defence personnel on the islands. However, as part of "Operation Resolute", the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy" title="Royal Australian Navy">Royal Australian Navy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australian_Border_Force" title="Australian Border Force">Australian Border Force</a> deploy <a href="/wiki/Cape-class_patrol_boat" title="Cape-class patrol boat">Cape</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armidale-class_patrol_boat" title="Armidale-class patrol boat"><i>Armidale</i>-class</a> patrol boats to carry out civil maritime security operations in both Australian mainland and offshore territories including the Heard Island and McDonald Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In part to carry out this mission, as of 2023, the Navy's <i>Armidale</i>-class boats are in the process of being replaced by larger <a href="/wiki/Arafura-class_offshore_patrol_vessel" title="Arafura-class offshore patrol vessel"><i>Arafura</i>-class offshore patrol vessels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the lack of population, the islands have been assigned the <a href="/wiki/Country_code" title="Country code">country code</a> HM in <a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1" title="ISO 3166-1">ISO 3166-1</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:HM" title="ISO 3166-2:HM">ISO 3166-2:HM</a>) and therefore the Internet <a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain" title="Top-level domain">top-level domain</a> <a href="/wiki/.hm" title=".hm">.hm</a>. The time zone of the islands is UTC+5.<sup id="cite_ref-timegenie_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timegenie-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Australia" title="Portal:Australia">Australia portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/28px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/42px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/56px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islands" title="Portal:Islands">Islands portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png/32px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png/48px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png/64px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="617" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceania" title="Portal:Oceania">Oceania portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">List of Antarctic and sub-Antarctic islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Heard_and_McDonald_Islands" title="List of birds of Heard and McDonald Islands">List of birds of Heard and McDonald Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_the_Antarctic" title="List of glaciers in the Antarctic">List of glaciers in the Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Australia" title="List of islands of Australia">List of islands of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_Island" title="Needle Island">Needle Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850" title="Retreat of glaciers since 1850">Retreat of glaciers since 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunken_Rock" title="Sunken Rock">Sunken Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakefield_Reef" title="Wakefield Reef">Wakefield Reef</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20241010201659/https://www.pmc.gov.au/resources/australian-symbols-booklet/state-and-territory-symbols/symbols-other-territories-australia">"The symbols of other territories of Australia"</a>. <i>www.pmc.gov.au</i>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government">Australian Government</a>. 2 September 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pmc.gov.au/resources/australian-symbols-booklet/state-and-territory-symbols/symbols-other-territories-australia">the original</a> on 10 October 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pmc.gov.au&rft.atitle=The+symbols+of+other+territories+of+Australia&rft.date=2022-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pmc.gov.au%2Fresources%2Faustralian-symbols-booklet%2Fstate-and-territory-symbols%2Fsymbols-other-territories-australia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook.-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook._2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook._2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook._2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook._2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook._2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook._2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/heard-island-and-mcdonald-islands/">"Heard Island and McDonald Islands"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIA+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Heard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fheard-island-and-mcdonald-islands%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUNESCO" class="citation web cs1">UNESCO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/577">"Heard and McDonald Islands"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heard+and+McDonald+Islands&rft.au=UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F577&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abbr-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-abbr_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommonwealth_of_Australia" class="citation web cs1">Commonwealth of Australia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061018120534/http://www.heardisland.aq/about/human_activities.html">"About Heard Island – Human Activities"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heardisland.aq/about/human_activities.html">the original</a> on 18 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Heard+Island+%E2%80%93+Human+Activities&rft.au=Commonwealth+of+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heardisland.aq%2Fabout%2Fhuman_activities.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISO3166-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ISO3166_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:HM">"Heard Island and McDonald Islands"</a>. ISO. 26 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands&rft.pub=ISO&rft.date=2018-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fobp%2Fui%2F%23iso%3Acode%3A3166%3AHM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/key-topics-office-of-ocean-and-polar-affairs/antarctic/#:~:text=Seven%20countries%20(Argentina%2C%20Australia%2C,has%20not%20made%20a%20claim.">"Antarctic Region"</a>. <i>U.S. Department of State</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Antarctic+Region&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fkey-topics-office-of-ocean-and-polar-affairs%2Fantarctic%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DSeven%2520countries%2520%28Argentina%252C%2520Australia%252C%2Chas%2520not%2520made%2520a%2520claim.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ga-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ga_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081224215802/http://www.ga.gov.au/bin/distancedraw2?rec1=293571&placename=Perth&placetype=0&state=0&place1=HEARD+ISLAND&place1long=73.532112&place1lat=-53.099331">"Cocky Flies, Geoscience Australia"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ga.gov.au/bin/distancedraw2?rec1=293571&placename=Perth&placetype=0&state=0&place1=HEARD+ISLAND&place1long=73.532112&place1lat=-53.099331">the original</a> on 24 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cocky+Flies%2C+Geoscience+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ga.gov.au%2Fbin%2Fdistancedraw2%3Frec1%3D293571%26placename%3DPerth%26placetype%3D0%26state%3D0%26place1%3DHEARD%2BISLAND%26place1long%3D73.532112%26place1lat%3D-53.099331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-distancefromto-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-distancefromto_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.distancefromto.net/">"Distance Between Cities Places On Map Distance Calculator"</a>. distancefromto.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Distance+Between+Cities+Places+On+Map+Distance+Calculator&rft.pub=distancefromto.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.distancefromto.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heardisland.antarctica.gov.au/about/frequently-asked-questions">"Frequently asked questions"</a>. 28 February 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frequently+asked+questions&rft.date=2005-02-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheardisland.antarctica.gov.au%2Fabout%2Ffrequently-asked-questions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goode, George Brown (1887) Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1887).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMills2003" class="citation book cs1">Mills, William James (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&q=heard+island&pg=PA342"><i>Exploring Polar Frontiers: A Historical Encyclopedia</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576074220" title="Special:BookSources/9781576074220"><bdi>9781576074220</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+Polar+Frontiers%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781576074220&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=William+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPYdBH4dOOM4C%26q%3Dheard%2Bisland%26pg%3DPA342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=139196">"Fidelia Isthmus"</a>. <i>Australian Antarctic Gazetteer</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Antarctic+Gazetteer&rft.atitle=Fidelia+Isthmus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.aad.gov.au%2Faadc%2Fgaz%2Fdisplay_name.cfm%3Fgaz_id%3D139196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoehler2004" class="citation web cs1">Woehler, Eric (Spring 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.antarctica.gov.au/magazine/issue-7-spring-2004/feature/heard-island-a-history-of-exploration/">"Heard Island: a history of exploration"</a>. <i>Australian Antarctic Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Antarctic+Magazine&rft.atitle=Heard+Island%3A+a+history+of+exploration&rft.ssn=spring&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Woehler&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.antarctica.gov.au%2Fmagazine%2Fissue-7-spring-2004%2Ffeature%2Fheard-island-a-history-of-exploration%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.antarctica.gov.au/news/2018/sealers-shipwrecks-and-survivors-inspire-new-names-on-sub-antarctic-island/">"Sealers, shipwrecks and survivors inspire new names on sub-Antarctic island"</a>. 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sealers%2C+shipwrecks+and+survivors+inspire+new+names+on+sub-Antarctic+island&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.antarctica.gov.au%2Fnews%2F2018%2Fsealers-shipwrecks-and-survivors-inspire-new-names-on-sub-antarctic-island%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCerchi2009" class="citation web cs1">Cerchi, Dan (1 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426052000/http://www.cerchi.net/destinations/2002_sioe/sioe_himi.html">"SIOE 2002: Heard I. & The McDonald Is"</a>. <i>www.cerchi.net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cerchi.net/destinations/2002_sioe/sioe_himi.html">the original</a> on 26 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cerchi.net&rft.atitle=SIOE+2002%3A+Heard+I.+%26+The+McDonald+Is&rft.date=2009-08-01&rft.aulast=Cerchi&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cerchi.net%2Fdestinations%2F2002_sioe%2Fsioe_himi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aad-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aad_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110406140708/http://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=2177">"Gazetteer – AADC Name Details – Australian Antarctic Data Centre"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Data_Centre" title="Australian Antarctic Data Centre">Australian Antarctic Data Centre</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=2177">the original</a> on 6 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2016</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Antarctic+Data+Centre&rft.atitle=Gazetteer+%E2%80%93+AADC+Name+Details+%E2%80%93+Australian+Antarctic+Data+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.aad.gov.au%2Faadc%2Fgaz%2Fdisplay_name.cfm%3Fgaz_id%3D2177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThornton1983" class="citation book cs1">Thornton, Meg (1983). <i>Heard Island Expedition</i>. Spirit of Adventure Pty Ltd. pp. 28–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0959256806" title="Special:BookSources/0959256806"><bdi>0959256806</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heard+Island+Expedition&rft.pages=28-29&rft.pub=Spirit+of+Adventure+Pty+Ltd&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0959256806&rft.aulast=Thornton&rft.aufirst=Meg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arrl.org/news/heard-island-vk0ek-dxpedition-team-has-arrived-operation-hours-away">"Heard Island VK0EK DXpedition Team Has Arrived, Operation Hours Away"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Radio_Relay_League" title="American Radio Relay League">American Radio Relay League</a></i>. 22 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Radio+Relay+League&rft.atitle=Heard+Island+VK0EK+DXpedition+Team+Has+Arrived%2C+Operation+Hours+Away&rft.date=2016-03-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arrl.org%2Fnews%2Fheard-island-vk0ek-dxpedition-team-has-arrived-operation-hours-away&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTemple1966" class="citation book cs1">Temple, Phillip (1966). <i>The Sea and the Snow</i>. Cassell Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sea+and+the+Snow&rft.pub=Cassell+Australia&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Temple&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://staff.washington.edu/dushaw/heard/experiment/">"The Heard Island Feasibility Test"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a></i>. 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Washington&rft.atitle=The+Heard+Island+Feasibility+Test&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstaff.washington.edu%2Fdushaw%2Fheard%2Fexperiment%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://staff.washington.edu/dushaw/heard/experiment/HIFTmapMawsonAnt.shtml">"Heard Island Feasibility Test – reception map"</a>. <i>University of Washington</i>. 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Washington&rft.atitle=Heard+Island+Feasibility+Test+%E2%80%93+reception+map&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstaff.washington.edu%2Fdushaw%2Fheard%2Fexperiment%2FHIFTmapMawsonAnt.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKen_Green_and_Eric_Woehler2006" class="citation book cs1">Ken Green and Eric Woehler (2006). <i>Heard Island: Southern Ocean Sentinel</i>. Surrey Beatty & Sons. pp. 28–51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heard+Island%3A+Southern+Ocean+Sentinel&rft.pages=28-51&rft.pub=Surrey+Beatty+%26+Sons&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Ken+Green+and+Eric+Woehler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heardisland.aq/nature/landforms/geology.html">Heard Island Geology</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090912081845/http://www.heardisland.aq/nature/landforms/geology.html">Archived</a> 12 September 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ga.gov.au/education/geoscience-basics/landforms/highest-mountains.html">"Highest Mountains"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Geoscience_Australia" title="Geoscience Australia">Geoscience Australia</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Highest+Mountains&rft.pub=Geoscience+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ga.gov.au%2Feducation%2Fgeoscience-basics%2Flandforms%2Fhighest-mountains.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/key-topics-office-of-ocean-and-polar-affairs/antarctic/#:~:text=Seven%20countries%20(Argentina%2C%20Australia%2C,has%20not%20made%20a%20claim.">"Antarctic Region"</a>. <i>U.S. Department of State</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Antarctic+Region&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fkey-topics-office-of-ocean-and-polar-affairs%2Fantarctic%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DSeven%2520countries%2520%28Argentina%252C%2520Australia%252C%2Chas%2520not%2520made%2520a%2520claim.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/may/30/big-ben-volcano-heard-island-near-antarctica-spewing-lava-captured-satellite-spewing-lava">Readfearn G. Australian volcano near Antarctica captured on satellite spewing lava. <i>The Guardian</i>, 30 May 2023</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-35467131">Rare glimpse of erupting Australian sub-Antarctic volcano</a>. BBC News, 2 February 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heardisland.antarctica.gov.au/news/volcanic-activity-at-mcdonald-island">Volcanic activity at McDonald Island – Heard Island</a>. Australian Department of the Environment, Australian Antarctic Division, updated 1 March 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">HIMI official website.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.australianweathernews.com/snow/Snow%20days%20descending.htm">"Snowy Days (96.8)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Snowy+Days+%2896.8%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.australianweathernews.com%2Fsnow%2FSnow%2520days%2520descending.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/listenormale-1981-2010-1-p97.php">"Moyennes 1961–1990 Australie (Ile Heard)"</a> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moyennes+1961%E2%80%931990+Australie+%28Ile+Heard%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org%2Flistenormale-1981-2010-1-p97.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-31.php">"Météo Climat stats for Ile Heard"</a>. Météo Climat<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9t%C3%A9o+Climat+stats+for+Ile+Heard&rft.pub=M%C3%A9t%C3%A9o+Climat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org%2Fstation-31.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heardisland.antarctica.gov.au/nature/plants">Plants</a>. Australian Department of the Environment, Australian Antarctic Division. Updated 28 February 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnvironment" class="citation web cs1">Environment. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.au/details/f2005l02346/Html/Text">"Heard Island and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve Management Plan 2005"</a>. <i>www.legislation.gov.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.legislation.gov.au&rft.atitle=Heard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands+Marine+Reserve+Management+Plan+2005&rft.au=Environment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.au%2Fdetails%2Ff2005l02346%2FHtml%2FText&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnerScottRozefelds2006" class="citation journal cs1">Turner, P. A. M.; Scott, J. J.; Rozefelds, A. C. (February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://figshare.utas.edu.au/articles/journal_contribution/Probable_long_distance_dispersal_of_Leptinella_plumosa_Hook_f_to_Heard_Island_Habitat_status_and_discussion_of_its_arrival/22855694/1/files/40599893.pdf">"Probable long distance dispersal of Leptinella plumosa Hook.f. to Heard Island: habitat, status and discussion of its arrival"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Polar Biology</i>. <b>29</b> (3): 160–168. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PoBio..29..160T">2006PoBio..29..160T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00300-005-0035-z">10.1007/s00300-005-0035-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0722-4060">0722-4060</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26445494">26445494</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polar+Biology&rft.atitle=Probable+long+distance+dispersal+of+Leptinella+plumosa+Hook.f.+to+Heard+Island%3A+habitat%2C+status+and+discussion+of+its+arrival&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=160-168&rft.date=2006-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00300-005-0035-z&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26445494%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0722-4060&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006PoBio..29..160T&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=P.+A.+M.&rft.au=Scott%2C+J.+J.&rft.au=Rozefelds%2C+A.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffigshare.utas.edu.au%2Farticles%2Fjournal_contribution%2FProbable_long_distance_dispersal_of_Leptinella_plumosa_Hook_f_to_Heard_Island_Habitat_status_and_discussion_of_its_arrival%2F22855694%2F1%2Ffiles%2F40599893.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heardisland.org/HD_documents/HE_Library/Management/HIMIMR_MP_Part3.pdf">Part 3: A Description of the Heard Island and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve</a>. Heard Island and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve Management Plan. retrieved 5 February 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/an1104">"Southern Indian Ocean Islands tundra"</a>. <i>Terrestrial Ecoregions</i>. World Wildlife Fund.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Terrestrial+Ecoregions&rft.atitle=Southern+Indian+Ocean+Islands+tundra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwildlife.org%2Fecoregions%2Fan1104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R.K.Headland (Ed.) <i>Historical Antarctic Sealing Industry</i>, Scott Polar Research Institute (University of Cambridge), 2018, p. 167. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-901021-26-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-901021-26-7">978-0-901021-26-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Headland, p. 167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heardisland.aq/nature/animals-of-himi/seals">"Seals"</a>. <i>Heard Island and McDonald Islands: Seals</i>. Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities, Australia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands%3A+Seals&rft.atitle=Seals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heardisland.aq%2Fnature%2Fanimals-of-himi%2Fseals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">BirdLife International. (2011). Important Bird Areas factsheet: Heard and McDonald Islands. Downloaded from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.birdlife.org">http://www.birdlife.org</a> on 2011-12-23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woehler, E.J. & Croxall, J.P. 1991. ‘Status and conservation of the seabirds of Heard Island and the McDonald Islands’, in Seabird – status and conservation: a supplement, ICBP Technical Publication 11. International Council for Bird Preservation, Cambridge. pp 263–277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woehler,_E.J._2006-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Woehler,_E.J._2006_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woehler,_E.J._2006_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woehler,_E.J._2006_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Woehler, E.J. (2006). ‘Status and trends of the seabirds of Heard Island, 2000’, in Heard Island: Southern Ocean Sentinel. ed. Green, K. & Woehler, E. Surrey Beattie.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoehlerAumanRiddle2002" class="citation journal cs1">Woehler, E. J.; Auman, H. J.; Riddle, M. J. (2002). "Long-term population increase of black-browed albatrosses <i>Thalassarche melanophrys</i> at Heard Island, 1947/1948–2000/2001". <i>Polar Biology</i>. <b>25</b> (12): 921–927. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PoBio..25..921W">2002PoBio..25..921W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00300-002-0436-1">10.1007/s00300-002-0436-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2425658">2425658</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polar+Biology&rft.atitle=Long-term+population+increase+of+black-browed+albatrosses+Thalassarche+melanophrys+at+Heard+Island%2C+1947%2F1948%E2%80%932000%2F2001&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=921-927&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2425658%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00300-002-0436-1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002PoBio..25..921W&rft.aulast=Woehler&rft.aufirst=E.+J.&rft.au=Auman%2C+H.+J.&rft.au=Riddle%2C+M.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">SC–CAMLR 2002. Report of the Working Group on Fish Stock Assessment. Report of the Twenty-First Meeting of the Scientific Committee for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, Hobart, Australia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allis1986-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Allis1986_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allis1986_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allis1986_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allis1986_46-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allis1986_46-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_F._AllisonPeter_L._Keage1986" class="citation journal cs1">Ian F. Allison & Peter L. Keage (1986). "Recent changes in the glaciers of Heard Island". <i>Polar Record</i>. <b>23</b> (144): 255–272. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986PoRec..23..255A">1986PoRec..23..255A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0032247400007099">10.1017/S0032247400007099</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130086301">130086301</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polar+Record&rft.atitle=Recent+changes+in+the+glaciers+of+Heard+Island&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=144&rft.pages=255-272&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A130086301%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0032247400007099&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1986PoRec..23..255A&rft.au=Ian+F.+Allison&rft.au=Peter+L.+Keage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruddell-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ruddell_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruddell_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruddell_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruddell_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Ruddell2010" class="citation web cs1">Andrew Ruddell (25 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091002074124/http://www.aad.gov.au/default.asp?casid=2100">"Our subantarctic glaciers: why are they retreating?"</a>. Glaciology Program, Antarctic CRC and AAD. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aad.gov.au/default.asp?casid=2100">the original</a> on 2 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+subantarctic+glaciers%3A+why+are+they+retreating%3F&rft.pub=Glaciology+Program%2C+Antarctic+CRC+and+AAD&rft.date=2010-05-25&rft.au=Andrew+Ruddell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aad.gov.au%2Fdefault.asp%3Fcasid%3D2100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aad2008-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aad2008_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aad2008_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090930211450/http://www.aad.gov.au/default.asp?casid=35356">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Big brother' monitors glacial retreat in the sub-Antarctic"</a>. Kingston, Tasmania, Australia: Australian Antarctic Division. 8 October 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aad.gov.au/default.asp?casid=35356">the original</a> on 30 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Big+brother%27+monitors+glacial+retreat+in+the+sub-Antarctic&rft.place=Kingston%2C+Tasmania%2C+Australia&rft.pub=Australian+Antarctic+Division&rft.date=2008-10-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aad.gov.au%2Fdefault.asp%3Fcasid%3D35356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Budd1970-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Budd1970_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Budd1970_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Budd1970_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Budd1970_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Budd1970_49-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG.M._BuddP.J._Stephenson1970" class="citation journal cs1">G.M. Budd; P.J. Stephenson (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iahs.info/redbooks/a086/086046.pdf">"Recent glacier retreat on Heard Island"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Association for Scientific Hydrology</i>. <b>86</b>: 449–458<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Association+for+Scientific+Hydrology&rft.atitle=Recent+glacier+retreat+on+Heard+Island&rft.volume=86&rft.pages=449-458&rft.date=1970&rft.au=G.M.+Budd&rft.au=P.J.+Stephenson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiahs.info%2Fredbooks%2Fa086%2F086046.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thost2008-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thost2008_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thost2008_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thost2008_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thost2008_50-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thost2008_50-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas_E._ThostMartin_Truffer2008" class="citation journal cs1">Douglas E. Thost; Martin Truffer (February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1657%2F1523-0430%2806-084%29%5BTHOST%5D2.0.CO%3B2">"Glacier Recession on Heard Island, Southern Indian Ocean"</a>. <i>Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research</i>. <b>40</b> (1): 199–214. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1657%2F1523-0430%2806-084%29%5BTHOST%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1657/1523-0430(06-084)[THOST]2.0.CO;2</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130245283">130245283</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arctic%2C+Antarctic%2C+and+Alpine+Research&rft.atitle=Glacier+Recession+on+Heard+Island%2C+Southern+Indian+Ocean&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=199-214&rft.date=2008-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1657%2F1523-0430%2806-084%29%5BTHOST%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A130245283%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Douglas+E.+Thost&rft.au=Martin+Truffer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1657%252F1523-0430%252806-084%2529%255BTHOST%255D2.0.CO%253B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heard-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-heard_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110216173822/http://www.heardisland.aq/history/research-expeditions/australian-research-expeditions">"Australian Research Expeditions"</a>. Kingston, Tasmania, Australia: <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Environment,_Water,_Heritage_and_the_Arts" title="Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts">Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Division" title="Australian Antarctic Division">Australian Antarctic Division</a>, Territories, Environment and Treaties Section. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heardisland.aq/history/research-expeditions/australian-research-expeditions">the original</a> on 16 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australian+Research+Expeditions&rft.place=Kingston%2C+Tasmania%2C+Australia&rft.pub=Department+of+the+Environment%2C+Water%2C+Heritage+and+the+Arts%2C+Australian+Antarctic+Division%2C+Territories%2C+Environment+and+Treaties+Section&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heardisland.aq%2Fhistory%2Fresearch-expeditions%2Faustralian-research-expeditions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/265030752?searchTerm=19%20December%201950%20heard%20and%20macdonald%20islands">"Heard Island Officially Australian"</a>. <i>The Daily News, Perth WA</i>. 9 February 1951<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+News%2C+Perth+WA&rft.atitle=Heard+Island+Officially+Australian&rft.date=1951-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fnewspaper%2Farticle%2F265030752%3FsearchTerm%3D19%2520December%25201950%2520heard%2520and%2520macdonald%2520islands&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2008C00326">"Heard Island and McDonald Islands Act 1953"</a>. <i>Federal Register of Legislation</i>. Australian Government. 4 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Register+of+Legislation&rft.atitle=Heard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands+Act+1953&rft.date=2008-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.au%2FDetails%2FC2008C00326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defence.gov.au/operations/resolute">"Operation Resolute"</a>. <i>Australian Government - Defence</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Government+-+Defence&rft.atitle=Operation+Resolute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.defence.gov.au%2Foperations%2Fresolute&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.navy.gov.au/fleet/ships-boats-craft/future/opv">"Arafura Class OPV"</a>. <i>Royal Australian Navy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Australian+Navy&rft.atitle=Arafura+Class+OPV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.navy.gov.au%2Ffleet%2Fships-boats-craft%2Ffuture%2Fopv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-timegenie-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-timegenie_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timegenie.com/country.time/hm">"Heard Island and McDonald Islands :: Time Zones"</a>. timegenie.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands+%3A%3A+Time+Zones&rft.pub=timegenie.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timegenie.com%2Fcountry.time%2Fhm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Commonwealth of Australia (2014). <i>Heard Island and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve Management Plan 2014–2024</i>, Department of the Environment, Canberra. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1876934-255" title="Special:BookSources/978-1876934-255">978-1876934-255</a>. Available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://heardisland.antarctica.gov.au/">http://heardisland.antarctica.gov.au/</a></li> <li>Australian Government. (2005) <i>Heard Island and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve Management Plan</i>. Australian Antarctic Division: Kingston (Tas). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-876934-08-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-876934-08-5">1-876934-08-5</a>.</li> <li>Green, Ken and Woehler Eric (eds). (2006) <i>Heard Island: Southern Ocean Sentinel</i>. Chipping Norton: Surrey Beatty and Sons. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780949324986" title="Special:BookSources/9780949324986">9780949324986</a>.</li> <li>Scholes, Arthur. (1949) <i>Fourteen men; story of the Australian Antarctic Expedition to Heard Island</i>. Melbourne: F.W. Cheshire.</li> <li>Smith, Jeremy. (1986) <i>Specks in the Southern Ocean</i>. Armidale: University of New England Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85834-615-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-85834-615-X">0-85834-615-X</a>.</li> <li>LeMasurier, W. E. and Thomson, J. W. (eds.). (1990) <i>Volcanoes of the Antarctic Plate and Southern Oceans</i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Geophysical_Union" title="American Geophysical Union">American Geophysical Union</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87590-172-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87590-172-7">0-87590-172-7</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_G._QuiltyGraeme_Wheller2000" class="citation journal cs1">Patrick G. Quilty; Graeme Wheller (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://figshare.utas.edu.au/articles/journal_contribution/Heard_Island_and_the_McDonald_Islands_a_window_into_the_Kerguelen_Plateau/24484135/1?file=43016845">"Heard Island and the McDonald Islands: A Window into the Kerguelen Plateau"</a>. <i>Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania</i>. <b>133</b> (2): 1–12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Papers+and+Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Tasmania&rft.atitle=Heard+Island+and+the+McDonald+Islands%3A+A+Window+into+the+Kerguelen+Plateau&rft.volume=133&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-12&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Patrick+G.+Quilty&rft.au=Graeme+Wheller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffigshare.utas.edu.au%2Farticles%2Fjournal_contribution%2FHeard_Island_and_the_McDonald_Islands_a_window_into_the_Kerguelen_Plateau%2F24484135%2F1%3Ffile%3D43016845&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Roberts1950" class="citation journal cs1">Brian Roberts (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/polar-record/article/abs/historical-notes-on-heard-and-mcdonald-islands/FCFE9FBF72E6831A118820E6EEAFF153">"Historical Notes on Heard and McDonald Islands"</a>. <i>Polar Record</i>. <b>5</b> (40): 580–584. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1950PoRec...5..580R">1950PoRec...5..580R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0032247400045204">10.1017/s0032247400045204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polar+Record&rft.atitle=Historical+Notes+on+Heard+and+McDonald+Islands&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=40&rft.pages=580-584&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0032247400045204&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1950PoRec...5..580R&rft.au=Brian+Roberts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fpolar-record%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fhistorical-notes-on-heard-and-mcdonald-islands%2FFCFE9FBF72E6831A118820E6EEAFF153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands#Q131198" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heardisland.antarctica.gov.au/">Heard Island and McDonald Islands official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heardisland.antarctica.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/639/HIMI_general.pdf">Map of Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150726073421/http://heardisland.antarctica.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/639/HIMI_general.pdf">Archived</a> 26 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, including all major topographical features</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.awe.gov.au/parks-heritage/heritage/places/world/heard-mcdonald">World heritage listing for Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/heard-island-and-mcdonald-islands/">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Wikimedia Atlas of Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heardisland.antarctica.gov.au/gallery">Image gallery</a> of Heard Island and McDonald Island with high quality limited copyright images.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=577">UNESCO World Heritage site entry</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060317165141/http://www.btinternet.com/~sa_sa/heard_island/heard.html">Fan's page</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 17 March 2006) with further historical and geographic information and a map</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heardisland.org/">Heard Island: The Cordell Expedition 2016</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Australia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Australia_topic" title="Template:Australia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Australia_topic" title="Template talk:Australia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Australia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Australia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Australia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia" title="History of Australia">History of Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_South_Wales" title="History of New South Wales">New South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Queensland" title="History of Queensland">Queensland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Australia" title="History of South Australia">South Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tasmania" title="History of Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Victoria" title="History of Victoria">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_Australia" title="History of Western Australia">Western Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">Mainland territories</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="History of the Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jervis_Bay_Territory#History" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jervis Bay Territory">Jervis Bay Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Territory" title="History of the Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">External territories</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Ashmore_and_Cartier_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Ashmore and Cartier Islands">Ashmore and Cartier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Australian_Antarctic_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Coral_Sea_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Norfolk_Island" title="History of Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Peri-Antarctic_countries_and_overseas_territories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Peri-Antarctic_countries_and_overseas_territories" title="Template:Peri-Antarctic countries and overseas territories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Peri-Antarctic_countries_and_overseas_territories" title="Template talk:Peri-Antarctic countries and overseas territories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Peri-Antarctic_countries_and_overseas_territories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Peri-Antarctic countries and overseas territories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Peri-Antarctic_countries_and_overseas_territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Subantarctic" title="Subantarctic">Peri-Antarctic</a> countries and overseas territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macquarie_Island" title="Macquarie Island">Macquarie Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouvet_Island" title="Bouvet Island">Bouvet Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="French Southern and Antarctic Lands">French Southern Territories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Amsterdam" title="Île Amsterdam">Amsterdam Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crozet_Islands" title="Crozet Islands">Crozet Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_Islands" title="Kerguelen Islands">Kerguelen Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Saint-Paul" title="Île Saint-Paul">Saint Paul Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Subantarctic_Islands" title="New Zealand Subantarctic Islands">NZ Subantarctic Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Islands" title="Prince Edward Islands">Prince Edward Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>"Peri-Antarctic" (meaning "close to the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a>") does <i><b>not</b></i> include <a href="/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_Antarctica" title="Territorial claims in Antarctica">territorial claims in Antarctica</a> itself.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_and_territories_of_Australia_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Australia&#124;link=Australia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="Template:States and territories of Australia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="Template talk:States and territories of Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States and territories of Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_and_territories_of_Australia_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Australia&#124;link=Australia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">States and territories of Australia</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(state)" title="Victoria (state)">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Australia_states_and_territories_labelled.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Australia_states_and_territories_labelled.svg/130px-Australia_states_and_territories_labelled.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Australia_states_and_territories_labelled.svg/195px-Australia_states_and_territories_labelled.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Australia_states_and_territories_labelled.svg/260px-Australia_states_and_territories_labelled.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="790" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internal<br />territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jervis_Bay_Territory" title="Jervis Bay Territory">Jervis Bay Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a><br /><b>Defunct</b>: <a href="/wiki/Central_Australia_(territory)" title="Central Australia (territory)">Central Australia</a> (1927–31)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Australia_(territory)" class="mw-redirect" title="North Australia (territory)">North Australia</a> (1927–31)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">External<br />territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashmore_and_Cartier_Islands" title="Ashmore and Cartier Islands">Ashmore and Cartier Islands</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a></i><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands" title="Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea Islands</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a><br /><b>Defunct</b>: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Nauru#World_War_I_to_World_War_II" title="History of Nauru">Nauru</a> (1920–68)<sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_New_Guinea" title="Territory of New Guinea">New Guinea</a> (1920–49)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua" title="Territory of Papua">Papua</a> (1902–49)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua_and_New_Guinea" title="Territory of Papua and New Guinea">Papua and New Guinea</a> (1949–75)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Indian_Ocean_Territories" title="Australian Indian Ocean Territories">Indian Ocean Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>(<b>1</b>) Sovereignty recognised only by <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>.<br />(<b>2</b>) Co-mandate with New Zealand and the United Kingdom.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Australia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Australia" title="Template:World Heritage Sites in Australia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Australia" title="Template talk:World Heritage Sites in Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Heritage Sites in Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Australia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Australia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Australia">World Heritage Sites in Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New South Wales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Convict_Sites" title="Australian Convict Sites">Australian Convict Sites</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondwana_Rainforests" title="Gondwana Rainforests">Gondwana Rainforests</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Blue_Mountains_Area" title="Greater Blue Mountains Area">Blue Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Howe_Island" title="Lord Howe Island">Lord Howe Island Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Opera_House" title="Sydney Opera House">Sydney Opera House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willandra_Lakes_Region" title="Willandra Lakes Region">Willandra Lakes Region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kakadu_National_Park" title="Kakadu National Park">Kakadu National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu%E1%B9%9Fu-Kata_Tju%E1%B9%AFa_National_Park" title="Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park">Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Queensland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Australian fossil mammal sites<sup><small>1</small></sup></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Australian_Fossil_Mammal_Sites_(Riversleigh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Fossil Mammal Sites (Riversleigh)">Riversleigh</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/K%27gari" title="K'gari">K'gari</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gondwana_Rainforests" title="Gondwana Rainforests">Gondwana Rainforests</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wet_Tropics_of_Queensland" title="Wet Tropics of Queensland">Wet Tropics of Queensland</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Australian fossil mammal sites<sup><small>1</small></sup></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Naracoorte_Caves_National_Park" title="Naracoorte Caves National Park">Naracoorte</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tasmania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Convict_Sites" title="Australian Convict Sites">Australian Convict Sites</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macquarie_Island" title="Macquarie Island">Macquarie Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_Wilderness_World_Heritage_Area" title="Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area">Tasmanian Wilderness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Victoria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Exhibition_Building" title="Royal Exhibition Building">Royal Exhibition Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlton_Gardens" title="Carlton Gardens">Carlton Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budj_Bim" title="Budj Bim">Budj Bim Cultural Landscape</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Convict_Sites" title="Australian Convict Sites">Australian Convict Sites</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningaloo_Reef" class="mw-redirect" title="Ningaloo Reef">Ningaloo Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purnululu_National_Park" title="Purnululu National Park">Purnululu National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_Bay" title="Shark Bay">Shark Bay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">External territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(Norfolk Island) <a href="/wiki/Australian_Convict_Sites" title="Australian Convict Sites">Australian Convict Sites</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>1</sup> Shared with other <a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">states/territories</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131198#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131198#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131198#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/45144782950179677381">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdM8R79VV8FXRYHqJXPQq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4451482-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n90679195">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Heardův ostrov a McDonaldovy ostrovy"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge754649&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007567510105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/457accb6-fe97-307e-89a9-bad912a60e4e">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/afb4ebba-1833-450d-aa26-03e89bb6135d">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/rqL5j1tW">UK Parliament</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands&params=53_06_00_S_73_31_00_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">53°06′00″S</span> <span class="longitude">73°31′00″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53.10000°S 73.51667°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-53.10000; 73.51667</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands&oldid=1260440417">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands&oldid=1260440417</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Category:Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_Australia" title="Category:Islands of Australia">Islands of Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_1947" title="Category:States and territories established in 1947">States and territories established in 1947</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australian_National_Heritage_List" title="Category:Australian National Heritage List">Australian National Heritage List</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Seal_hunting" title="Category:Seal hunting">Seal hunting</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Important_Bird_Areas_of_Australian_External_Territories" title="Category:Important Bird Areas of Australian External Territories">Important Bird Areas of Australian External Territories</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:IBRA_subregions" title="Category:IBRA subregions">IBRA subregions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Australia" title="Category:World Heritage Sites in Australia">World Heritage Sites in Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Important_Bird_Areas_of_Indian_Ocean_islands" title="Category:Important Bird Areas of Indian Ocean islands">Important Bird Areas of Indian Ocean islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Important_Bird_Areas_of_subantarctic_islands" title="Category:Important Bird Areas of subantarctic islands">Important Bird Areas of subantarctic islands</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2021">Use dmy dates from July 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Australian_English_from_January_2012" title="Category:Use Australian English from January 2012">Use Australian English from January 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Australian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_June_2020" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from June 2020">Articles needing additional references from June 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2018" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_January_2012" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from January 2012">Articles needing additional references from January 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Official_website_different_in_Wikidata_and_Wikipedia" title="Category:Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia">Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 November 2024, at 19:43<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5857dfdcd6-mppcj","wgBackendResponseTime":155,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.465","walltime":"1.719","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10243,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":239274,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":36120,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":20,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":234531,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1492.591 1 -total"," 29.44% 439.420 1 Template:Reflist"," 17.65% 263.426 32 Template:Cite_web"," 16.09% 240.122 2 Template:Infobox"," 14.62% 218.232 1 Template:Infobox_islands"," 10.18% 152.013 1 Template:Navboxes"," 9.24% 137.976 6 Template:Navbox"," 6.72% 100.359 1 Template:Australia_topic"," 6.10% 91.099 2 Template:Sister_project"," 5.98% 89.260 2 Template:Side_box"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.824","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":11616341,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5857dfdcd6-6vqvq","timestamp":"20241203065205","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Heard Island and McDonald Islands","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q131198","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q131198","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-05-04T15:03:10Z","dateModified":"2024-11-30T19:43:43Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/88\/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg","headline":"Australian external territory and volcanic group of barren Antarctic islands"}</script> </body> </html>