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Available in 114 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-114" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">114 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B5:%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Википедие:Портал:Географие – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Википедие:Портал:Географие" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portaal:Geografie" title="Portaal:Geografie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Portaal:Geografie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geografi" title="Portal:Geografi – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Portal:Geografi" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A0%E1%88%AD:%E1%88%98%E1%88%8D%E1%8A%AD%E1%8B%90_%E1%88%9D%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%AD" title="በር:መልክዐ ምድር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="በር:መልክዐ ምድር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17580674 badge-featuredportal mw-list-item" title="featured portal badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9:%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بوابة:جغرافيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بوابة:جغرافيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AC%DC%AA%DC%A5%DC%90:%DC%93%DC%98%DC%93%DC%AA%DC%A6%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܬܪܥܐ:ܓܘܓܪܦܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܬܪܥܐ:ܓܘܓܪܦܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ok%E1%BA%BDndusu:Yvyapekuaa" title="Okẽndusu:Yvyapekuaa – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Okẽndusu:Yvyapekuaa" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Co%C4%9Frafiya" title="Portal:Coğrafiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Portal:Coğrafiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%92%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84:%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="پوْرتال:جوغرافیا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پوْرتال:جوغرافیا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0:%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2" title="প্রবেশদ্বার:ভূগোল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রবেশদ্বার:ভূগোল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:T%C4%93-l%C3%AD" title="Portal:Tē-lí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Portal:Tē-lí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Портал:География – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Портал:География" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Партал:Геаграфія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Партал:Геаграфія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Партал:Геаграфія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Партал:Геаграфія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Портал:География – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Портал:География" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Eadkund" title="Portal:Eadkund – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Portal:Eadkund" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geografija" title="Portal:Geografija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Portal:Geografija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porched:Douaroniezh" title="Porched:Douaroniezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Porched:Douaroniezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geografia" title="Portal:Geografia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Portal:Geografia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganghaan:Heyograpiya" title="Ganghaan:Heyograpiya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ganghaan:Heyograpiya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%C3%A1l:Geografie" title="Portál:Geografie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Portál:Geografie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geografia" title="Portal:Geografia – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Portal:Geografia" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geografi" title="Portal:Geografi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Portal:Geografi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9:%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="قيسارية:جغرافيا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="قيسارية:جغرافيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17580674 badge-featuredportal mw-list-item" title="featured portal badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geographie" title="Portal:Geographie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Portal:Geographie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%82%DE%AC%DE%83%DE%AA:%DE%96%DE%AA%DE%A3%DE%AA%DE%83%DE%A7%DE%8A%DE%A9" title="ނެރު:ޖުޣުރާފީ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ނެރު:ޖުޣުރާފީ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D:_%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="བརྡ་དོན།: ས་ཁམས་རིག་པ། – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="བརྡ་དོན།: ས་ཁམས་རིག་པ།" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ཇོང་ཁ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portaal:Geograafia" title="Portaal:Geograafia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Portaal:Geograafia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B7:%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%89%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Πύλη:Γεωγραφία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πύλη:Γεωγραφία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geograf%C3%ADa" title="Portal:Geografía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Portal:Geografía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portalo:Geografio" title="Portalo:Geografio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Portalo:Geografio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17580674 badge-featuredportal mw-list-item" title="featured portal badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87:%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="درگاه:جغرافیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="درگاه:جغرافیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portail:G%C3%A9ographie" title="Portail:Géographie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Portail:Géographie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tema:Geografy" title="Tema:Geografy – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tema:Geografy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Co%C4%9Frafya" title="Portal:Coğrafya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Portal:Coğrafya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%ED%84%B8:%EC%A7%80%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="포털:지리학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포털:지리학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC:%D4%B1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Պորտալ:Աշխարհագրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պորտալ:Աշխարհագրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0:%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2" title="प्रवेशद्वार:भूगोल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रवेशद्वार:भूगोल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Zemljopis" title="Portal:Zemljopis – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Portal:Zemljopis" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geografi" title="Portal:Geografi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Portal:Geografi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1tt:Landafr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Gátt:Landafræði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gátt:Landafræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portale:Geografia" title="Portale:Geografia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Portale:Geografia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%9C:%D7%92%D7%90%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94" title="פורטל:גאוגרפיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פורטל:גאוגרפיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gapura:Geografi" title="Gapura:Geografi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Gapura:Geografi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geografia" title="Portal:Geografia – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Portal:Geografia" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98:%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="პორტალი:გეოგრაფია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პორტალი:გეოგრაფია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Портал:География – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Портал:География" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lango:Jiografia" title="Lango:Jiografia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Lango:Jiografia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Erdn%C3%AEgar%C3%AE" title="Portal:Erdnîgarî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Portal:Erdnîgarî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Википедия:Портал:География – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Википедия:Портал:География" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porta:Geographia" title="Porta:Geographia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Porta:Geographia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%C4%81ls:%C4%A2eogr%C4%81fija" title="Portāls:Ģeogrāfija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Portāls:Ģeogrāfija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geographie" title="Portal:Geographie – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Portal:Geographie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikisritis:Geografija" title="Vikisritis:Geografija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vikisritis:Geografija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geografi" title="Portal:Geografi – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Portal:Geografi" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%C3%A1l:F%C3%B6ldrajz" title="Portál:Földrajz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Portál:Földrajz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Портал:Географија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Портал:Географија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="കവാടം:ഭൂമിശാസ്ത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കവാടം:ഭൂമിശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8:%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2" title="दालन:भूगोल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दालन:भूगोल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9:%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بوابة:جغرافيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بوابة:جغرافيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA:%E1%80%9D%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%91%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B3" title="ပါင်မုက်:ဝင်ပထဝဳ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ပါင်မုက်:ဝင်ပထဝဳ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geografi" title="Portal:Geografi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Portal:Geografi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AF%E1%80%81%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9D:%E1%80%95%E1%80%91%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9D%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="မုခ်ဝ:ပထဝီဝင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မုခ်ဝ:ပထဝီဝင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portaal:Geografie" title="Portaal:Geografie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Portaal:Geografie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2:%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2" title="पोर्टल:भूगोल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पोर्टल:भूगोल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:地理学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Portal:地理学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B2:%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Ков:Географи – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ков:Географи" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geografi" title="Portal:Geografi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Portal:Geografi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tema:Geografi" title="Tema:Geografi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tema:Geografi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geografia" title="Portal:Geografia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Portal:Geografia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Портал:Географий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Портал:Географий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geografiya" title="Portal:Geografiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Portal:Geografiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86:%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%95:%E0%A8%AD%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2" title="ਵਿਕੀਪੀਡੀਆ:ਫਾਟਕ:ਭੂਗੋਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਿਕੀਪੀਡੀਆ:ਫਾਟਕ:ਭੂਗੋਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%87:%DA%81%D9%85%DA%A9%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="تانبه:ځمکپوهنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تانبه:ځمکپوهنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Jografie" title="Portal:Jografie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Portal:Jografie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geografie" title="Portal:Geografie – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Portal:Geografie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geografia" title="Portal:Geografia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Portal:Geografia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17580674 badge-featuredportal mw-list-item" title="featured portal badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geografia" title="Portal:Geografia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Portal:Geografia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geografiya" title="Portal:Geografiya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Portal:Geografiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geografie" title="Portal:Geografie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Portal:Geografie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punku_p%27anqa:_Allpa_saywachi" title="Punku p'anqa: Allpa saywachi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Punku p'anqa: Allpa saywachi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Портал:География – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Портал:География" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geografie" title="Portal:Geografie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Portal:Geografie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portoal:Geographie" title="Portoal:Geographie – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Portoal:Geographie" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Gjeografi" title="Portal:Gjeografi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Portal:Gjeografi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA:%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BD_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ද්වාරය:භූගෝල විද්‍යාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ද්වාරය:භූගෝල විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8:%D8%AC%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A" title="باب:جاگرافي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="باب:جاگرافي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%C3%A1l:Geografia" title="Portál:Geografia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Portál:Geografia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Juqraafi" title="Portal:Juqraafi – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Portal:Juqraafi" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%95:%D8%AC%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="دەروازە:جوگرافیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەروازە:جوگرافیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Портал:Географија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Портал:Географија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geografija" title="Portal:Geografija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Portal:Geografija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teemasivu:Maantiede" title="Teemasivu:Maantiede – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Teemasivu:Maantiede" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geografi" title="Portal:Geografi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Portal:Geografi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D:%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="வலைவாசல்:புவியியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வலைவாசல்:புவியியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggur:Tarakalt" title="Aggur:Tarakalt – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Aggur:Tarakalt" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Портал:География – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Портал:География" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%B5%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%90%E1%80%B0:Geography" title="ၵိူၼ်ႇတူ:Geography – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ၵိူၼ်ႇတူ:Geography" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="สถานีย่อย:ภูมิศาสตร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สถานีย่อย:ภูมิศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D2%B6%D1%83%D2%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%91" title="Портал:Ҷуғрофиё – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Портал:Ҷуғрофиё" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Co%C4%9Frafya" title="Portal:Coğrafya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Portal:Coğrafya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17580674 badge-featuredportal mw-list-item" title="featured portal badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Портал:Географія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Портал:Географія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8:%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%DB%81" title="باب:جغرافیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="باب:جغرافیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porta%C5%82e:Zeografia" title="Portałe:Zeografia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Portałe:Zeografia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%95ng_th%C3%B4ng_tin:%C4%90%E1%BB%8Ba_l%C3%BD" title="Cổng thông tin:Địa lý – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cổng thông tin:Địa lý" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portoal:Ouze_Weireld" title="Portoal:Ouze Weireld – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Portoal:Ouze Weireld" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunt:Melosuuf" title="Bunt:Melosuuf – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Bunt:Melosuuf" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86" title="Portal:地理 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="Portal:地理" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Portal:Geography" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86" title="Portal:地理 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Portal:地理" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Co%C4%9Frafya" title="Portal:Coğrafya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Portal:Coğrafya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:地理学 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Portal:地理学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:%C4%8Co%C7%A7rafij%C9%99" title="Portal:Čoǧrafijə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Portal:Čoǧrafijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A1%E2%B5%A1%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%94:%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%BD%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%9C" title="ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3271988#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-portal" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="View the subject page [c]" 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dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style></p><div class="hlist noprint" style="text-align: center"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal topics</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Human_activities" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Activities</a></dd> <dd><a 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href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Religion_and_belief_systems" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Religion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Society_and_social_sciences" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Society</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Technology_and_applied_sciences" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Technology</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Special:RandomInCategory/All_portals" title="Special:RandomInCategory/All portals">Random portal</a></dd></dl> </div> <div style="background:#FFFFFF; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:black; padding:8px;"> <div style="float:right; width:100%"><div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #A2AFBF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#82A8D8;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="The_Geography_Portal" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em"><big>The Geography Portal</big></h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #A2AFBF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#F4F9FF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1252059228">.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0}</style><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="P:GEO"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint module-shortcutboxleft" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:GEO&redirect=no">P:GEO</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Physical_World_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Physical_World_Map.svg/350px-Physical_World_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Physical_World_Map.svg/525px-Physical_World_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Physical_World_Map.svg/700px-Physical_World_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="973" /></a><figcaption><div style="text-align: center;">A <a href="/wiki/Physical_geography" title="Physical geography">physical</a> <a href="/wiki/Map" title="Map">map</a> of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></div></figcaption></figure> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">Geography</a></b> (from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">γεωγραφία</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">geōgraphía</i></span>; combining <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">gê</i></span> 'Earth' and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">gráphō</i></span> 'write') is the study of the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>. Geography is an all-encompassing discipline that seeks an understanding of Earth and <a href="/wiki/World" title="World">its human and natural complexities</a>—not merely where objects are, but also how they have changed and come to be. While geography is specific to Earth, many <a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">concepts</a> can be applied more broadly to other <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_object" title="Astronomical object">celestial bodies</a> in the field of <a href="/wiki/Planetary_science" title="Planetary science">planetary science</a>. Geography has been called "a bridge between <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social science</a> disciplines." </p><p>Origins of many of the concepts in geography can be traced to Greek <a href="/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes">Eratosthenes</a> of Cyrene, who may have coined the term "geographia" (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 276 BC</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 195/194 BC</span>). The first recorded use of the word <a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)">γεωγραφία</a> was as the title of a book by Greek scholar <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Ptolemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudius Ptolemy">Claudius Ptolemy</a> (100 – 170 AD). This work created the so-called "Ptolemaic tradition" of geography, which included "Ptolemaic cartographic theory." However, the concepts of geography (such as <a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">cartography</a>) date back to the earliest attempts to understand the world spatially, with the earliest example of an attempted world map dating to the 9th century BCE in ancient <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>. The <a href="/wiki/History_of_geography" title="History of geography">history of geography</a> as a discipline spans cultures and millennia, being independently developed by multiple groups, and cross-pollinated by trade between these groups. The core concepts of geography consistent between all approaches are a focus on space, place, time, and scale. </p><p>Today, geography is an extremely broad discipline with multiple approaches and modalities. There have been multiple attempts to organize the discipline, including the four traditions of geography, and into branches. Techniques employed can generally be broken down into <a href="/wiki/Quantitative_geography" title="Quantitative geography">quantitative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qualitative_geography" title="Qualitative geography">qualitative</a> approaches, with many studies taking <a href="/wiki/Mixed-methods_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed-methods research">mixed-methods</a> approaches. Common techniques include <a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">cartography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">remote sensing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interview" title="Interview">interviews</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Surveying" title="Surveying">surveying</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">Full article...</a></b>) </p> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_geography" title="Outline of geography">Outline of geography</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Index_of_geography_articles" title="Index of geography articles">Index</a></b></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> </div> <div style="text-align:center; margin:0.25em auto 0.75em"><span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Geography&action=purge"><span title="Purge this page"><b>Refresh with new selections below (purge)</b></span></a></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996214246">.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container{clear:both;width:100%;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column{float:left;width:50%;min-width:360px;padding:0 0.5em;box-sizing:border-box;flex:1;display:flex;flex-direction:column}@media screen and (max-width:393px){.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column{min-width:0}}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column:first-child{padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column:last-child{padding-right:0}@media screen and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column{padding:0;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container{display:block}}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column>div{flex:1 0 auto}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column>div.flex-columns-noflex{flex:0}</style><div class="flex-columns-container"><div class="flex-columns-column"><div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #A2AFBF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#82A8D8;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Featured_article_-_load_new_batch" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cscr-featured.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Featured articles"><img alt="Featured articles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Cscr-featured.png/23px-Cscr-featured.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Cscr-featured.png/35px-Cscr-featured.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Cscr-featured.png/46px-Cscr-featured.png 2x" data-file-width="167" data-file-height="158" /></a></span> Featured article - <span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Geography&action=purge"><span title="Purge this page"><small><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkblue"><i>load new batch</i></span></small></span></a></span></h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #A2AFBF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#F4F9FF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div style="text-align: center;"><i><small><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles" title="Wikipedia:Featured articles">Featured articles</a> are displayed here, which represent some of the best content on English Wikipedia.</small></i></div> <hr /> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r987512734">.mw-parser-output div.excerptSlideshow-container>ul.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow>li.gallerycarousel>div>div>div>span:nth-child(2){display:none}.mw-parser-output div.excerptSlideshow-container>ul.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow>li.gallerycarousel>div>div:nth-child(2){display:none}.mw-parser-output div.excerptSlideshow-container>ul.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow>li.gallerycarousel>div>div:nth-child(1){padding-top:0.3em;padding-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output div.excerptSlideshow-container>ul.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow>li:nth-child(n/**/+2){display:none}.mw-parser-output div.excerptSlideshow-container .gallery .gallerybox,.mw-parser-output div.excerptSlideshow-container .gallery .gallerybox div{width:100%!important;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output div.excerptSlideshow-container>ul.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow>li:not(.gallerycarousel)>div>div:nth-child(1){display:none}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1021884966">.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container>.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow>.gallerycarousel>div>div>div>span:nth-child(2){display:none}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container .randomSlideshow-sr-only{display:block;width:1px;height:1px;text-indent:-999px;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child label{display:inline-block!important;padding:0.2em 0.3em}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child label,.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child input{vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child input{transform:scale(1.4)}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child label:last-child{display:none!important}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox{display:block;margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox li,.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox div,.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox p{padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow:first-child{position:relative;left:50%;transform:translateX(-50%);display:inline-block;text-align:center;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox{order:99999;flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child label{flex:0 0}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox{width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox>div,.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox>div>div{width:inherit!important;max-width:100%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container .nomobile+ul label{display:none!important}</style><div class="randomSlideshow-container excerptSlideshow-container" style="max-width:100%; margin:-4em auto;"><div class="nomobile"></div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-slideshow switcher-container"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 1 Combe Hill is a causewayed enclosure, near Eastbourne in East Sussex, on the northern edge of the South Downs. It consists of an inner circuit of ditches and banks, incomplete where it meets a steep slope on its north side, and the remains of an outer circuit. Causewayed enclosures were built in England from shortly before 3700 BC until at least 3500 BC; they are characterized by the full or partial enclosure of an area with ditches that are interrupted by gaps, or causeways. Their purpose is not known; they may have been settlements, meeting places, or ritual sites. The historian Hadrian Allcroft included the site in his 1908 book Earthwork of England, and in 1930 E. Cecil Curwen listed it as a possible Neolithic site in a paper which attempted to provide the first list of all the causewayed enclosures in England. The enclosure has been excavated twice: in 1949, by Reginald Musson, and in 1962, by Veronica Seton-Williams, who used it as a training opportunity for volunteers. Charcoal fragments from Musson's dig were later dated to between 3500 and 3300 BC. Musson also found a large quantity of Ebbsfleet ware pottery in one of the ditches. Seton-Williams found three polished stone axes deposited in another ditch, perhaps not long after it had been dug. The site is only 800 m (870 yd) from Butts Brow, another Neolithic enclosure, and the two locations are visible from each other; both sites may have seen Neolithic activity at the same time. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 1 Combe Hill is a causewayed enclosure, near Eastbourne in East Sussex, on the northern edge of the South Downs. It consists of an inner circuit of ditches and banks, incomplete where it meets a steep slope on its north side, and the remains of an outer circuit. Causewayed enclosures were built in England from shortly before 3700 BC until at least 3500 BC; they are characterized by the full or partial enclosure of an area with ditches that are interrupted by gaps, or causeways. Their purpose is not known; they may have been settlements, meeting places, or ritual sites. The historian Hadrian Allcroft included the site in his 1908 book Earthwork of England, and in 1930 E. Cecil Curwen listed it as a possible Neolithic site in a paper which attempted to provide the first list of all the causewayed enclosures in England. The enclosure has been excavated twice: in 1949, by Reginald Musson, and in 1962, by Veronica Seton-Williams, who used it as a training opportunity for volunteers. Charcoal fragments from Musson's dig were later dated to between 3500 and 3300 BC. Musson also found a large quantity of Ebbsfleet ware pottery in one of the ditches. Seton-Williams found three polished stone axes deposited in another ditch, perhaps not long after it had been dug. The site is only 800 m (870 yd) from Butts Brow, another Neolithic enclosure, and the two locations are visible from each other; both sites may have seen Neolithic activity at the same time. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 1</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Combe_Hill,_East_Sussex" title="Combe Hill, East Sussex">Combe Hill</a></b> is a <a href="/wiki/Causewayed_enclosure" title="Causewayed enclosure">causewayed enclosure</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Eastbourne" title="Eastbourne">Eastbourne</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Sussex" title="East Sussex">East Sussex</a>, on the northern edge of the <a href="/wiki/South_Downs" title="South Downs">South Downs</a>. It consists of an inner circuit of ditches and banks, incomplete where it meets a steep slope on its north side, and the remains of an outer circuit. Causewayed enclosures were built in England from shortly before 3700 BC until at least 3500 BC; they are characterized by the full or partial enclosure of an area with ditches that are interrupted by gaps, or causeways. Their purpose is not known; they may have been settlements, meeting places, or ritual sites. The historian <a href="/wiki/Hadrian_Allcroft" title="Hadrian Allcroft">Hadrian Allcroft</a> included the site in his 1908 book <i>Earthwork of England</i>, and in 1930 <a href="/w/index.php?title=E._Cecil_Curwen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E. Cecil Curwen (page does not exist)">E. Cecil Curwen</a> listed it as a possible <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_British_Isles" title="Neolithic British Isles">Neolithic</a> site in a paper which attempted to provide the first list of all the causewayed enclosures in England.<br /><br />The enclosure has been excavated twice: in 1949, by Reginald Musson, and in 1962, by <a href="/wiki/Veronica_Seton-Williams" title="Veronica Seton-Williams">Veronica Seton-Williams</a>, who used it as a training opportunity for volunteers. Charcoal fragments from Musson's dig were later dated to between 3500 and 3300 BC. Musson also found a large quantity of <a href="/wiki/Ebbsfleet_Ware" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebbsfleet Ware">Ebbsfleet ware</a> pottery in one of the ditches. Seton-Williams found three polished stone axes deposited in another ditch, perhaps not long after it had been dug. The site is only 800 m (870 yd) from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Butts_Brow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Butts Brow (page does not exist)">Butts Brow</a>, another Neolithic enclosure, and the two locations are visible from each other; both sites may have seen Neolithic activity at the same time. (<b><a href="/wiki/Combe_Hill,_East_Sussex" title="Combe Hill, East Sussex">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 2 View of bog and lake from the bog trail in the Black Moshannon Bog Natural Area at Black Moshannon State Park Black Moshannon State Park is a 3,480-acre (1,410 ha) Pennsylvania state park in Rush Township, Centre County, Pennsylvania, United States. It surrounds Black Moshannon Lake, formed by a dam on Black Moshannon Creek, which has given its name to the lake and park. The park is just west of the Allegheny Front, 9 miles (14 km) east of Philipsburg on Pennsylvania Route 504, and is largely surrounded by Moshannon State Forest. A bog in the park provides a habitat for diverse wildlife not common in other areas of the state, such as carnivorous plants, orchids, and species normally found farther north. As home to the "largest reconstituted bog in Pennsylvania", it was chosen by the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources for its "25 Must-see Pennsylvania State Parks" list. Humans have long used the Black Moshannon area for recreational, industrial, and subsistence purposes. The Seneca tribe used it as hunting and fishing grounds. European settlers cleared some land for farming, then clear-cut the vast stands of old-growth white pine and eastern hemlock. Black Moshannon State Park rose from the ashes of a depleted forest which had been largely destroyed by wildfire in the years following the lumber era. The forests were rehabilitated by the Civilian Conservation Corps during the Great Depression in the 1930s. Many of the buildings built by the Civilian Conservation Corps stand in the park today and are protected on the list of National Register of Historic Places in three historic districts. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 2 View of bog and lake from the bog trail in the Black Moshannon Bog Natural Area at Black Moshannon State Park Black Moshannon State Park is a 3,480-acre (1,410 ha) Pennsylvania state park in Rush Township, Centre County, Pennsylvania, United States. It surrounds Black Moshannon Lake, formed by a dam on Black Moshannon Creek, which has given its name to the lake and park. The park is just west of the Allegheny Front, 9 miles (14 km) east of Philipsburg on Pennsylvania Route 504, and is largely surrounded by Moshannon State Forest. A bog in the park provides a habitat for diverse wildlife not common in other areas of the state, such as carnivorous plants, orchids, and species normally found farther north. As home to the "largest reconstituted bog in Pennsylvania", it was chosen by the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources for its "25 Must-see Pennsylvania State Parks" list. Humans have long used the Black Moshannon area for recreational, industrial, and subsistence purposes. The Seneca tribe used it as hunting and fishing grounds. European settlers cleared some land for farming, then clear-cut the vast stands of old-growth white pine and eastern hemlock. Black Moshannon State Park rose from the ashes of a depleted forest which had been largely destroyed by wildfire in the years following the lumber era. The forests were rehabilitated by the Civilian Conservation Corps during the Great Depression in the 1930s. Many of the buildings built by the Civilian Conservation Corps stand in the park today and are protected on the list of National Register of Historic Places in three historic districts. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 2</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Moshannon_State_Park_(Revisited).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Black_Moshannon_State_Park_%28Revisited%29.jpg/220px-Black_Moshannon_State_Park_%28Revisited%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Black_Moshannon_State_Park_%28Revisited%29.jpg/330px-Black_Moshannon_State_Park_%28Revisited%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Black_Moshannon_State_Park_%28Revisited%29.jpg/440px-Black_Moshannon_State_Park_%28Revisited%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4562" data-file-height="3129" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">View of bog and lake from the bog trail in the Black Moshannon Bog Natural Area at Black Moshannon State Park</div></div></div></div><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Black_Moshannon_State_Park" title="Black Moshannon State Park">Black Moshannon State Park</a></b> is a 3,480-acre (1,410 ha) <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pennsylvania_state_parks" title="List of Pennsylvania state parks">Pennsylvania state park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rush_Township,_Centre_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Rush Township, Centre County, Pennsylvania">Rush Township, Centre County, Pennsylvania</a>, United States. It surrounds Black Moshannon Lake, formed by a <a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">dam</a> on <a href="/wiki/Black_Moshannon_Creek" title="Black Moshannon Creek">Black Moshannon Creek</a>, which has given its name to the lake and park. The park is just west of the <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Front" title="Allegheny Front">Allegheny Front</a>, 9 miles (14 km) east of <a href="/wiki/Philipsburg,_Centre_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Philipsburg, Centre County, Pennsylvania">Philipsburg</a> on <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_504" title="Pennsylvania Route 504">Pennsylvania Route 504</a>, and is largely surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Moshannon_State_Forest" title="Moshannon State Forest">Moshannon State Forest</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">bog</a> in the park provides a habitat for diverse wildlife not common in other areas of the state, such as <a href="/wiki/Carnivorous_plant" title="Carnivorous plant">carnivorous plants</a>, orchids, and species normally found farther north. As home to the "largest reconstituted bog in Pennsylvania", it was chosen by the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Department_of_Conservation_and_Natural_Resources" title="Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources">Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources</a> for its "25 Must-see Pennsylvania State Parks" list.<br /><br />Humans have long used the Black Moshannon area for recreational, industrial, and subsistence purposes. The <a href="/wiki/Seneca_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Seneca nation">Seneca</a> tribe used it as hunting and fishing grounds. European settlers cleared some land for farming, then <a href="/wiki/Clear-cutting" class="mw-redirect" title="Clear-cutting">clear-cut</a> the vast stands of <a href="/wiki/Old_growth_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Old growth forest">old-growth</a> white pine and eastern hemlock. Black Moshannon State Park rose from the ashes of a depleted forest which had been largely destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">wildfire</a> in the years following the lumber era. The forests were rehabilitated by the <a href="/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps" title="Civilian Conservation Corps">Civilian Conservation Corps</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> in the 1930s. Many of the buildings built by the Civilian Conservation Corps stand in the park today and are protected on the list of <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> in three <a href="/wiki/Historic_district_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic district (United States)">historic districts</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Black_Moshannon_State_Park" title="Black Moshannon State Park">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 3 A prominent landmark, St Thomas and St John with St Philip Church Radcliffe is a market town in the Metropolitan Borough of Bury, Greater Manchester, England. It lies in the Irwell Valley 7 miles (11 km) northwest of Manchester and 3 miles (5 km) southwest of Bury and is contiguous with Whitefield to the south. The disused Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal bisects the town. Evidence of Mesolithic, Roman and Norman activity has been found in Radcliffe and its surroundings. A Roman road passes through the area, along the border between Radcliffe and Bury. Radcliffe appears in an entry of the Domesday Book as "Radeclive" and in the High Middle Ages formed a small parish and township centred on the Church of St Mary and the manorial Radcliffe Tower, both of which are Grade I listed buildings. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 3 A prominent landmark, St Thomas and St John with St Philip Church Radcliffe is a market town in the Metropolitan Borough of Bury, Greater Manchester, England. It lies in the Irwell Valley 7 miles (11 km) northwest of Manchester and 3 miles (5 km) southwest of Bury and is contiguous with Whitefield to the south. The disused Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal bisects the town. Evidence of Mesolithic, Roman and Norman activity has been found in Radcliffe and its surroundings. A Roman road passes through the area, along the border between Radcliffe and Bury. Radcliffe appears in an entry of the Domesday Book as "Radeclive" and in the High Middle Ages formed a small parish and township centred on the Church of St Mary and the manorial Radcliffe Tower, both of which are Grade I listed buildings. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 3</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:St_thomas_church_radcliffe_greater_manchester2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/St_thomas_church_radcliffe_greater_manchester2.jpg/220px-St_thomas_church_radcliffe_greater_manchester2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/St_thomas_church_radcliffe_greater_manchester2.jpg/330px-St_thomas_church_radcliffe_greater_manchester2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/St_thomas_church_radcliffe_greater_manchester2.jpg/440px-St_thomas_church_radcliffe_greater_manchester2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3480" data-file-height="2312" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">A prominent landmark, St Thomas and St John with St Philip Church</div></div></div></div><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Radcliffe,_Greater_Manchester" title="Radcliffe, Greater Manchester">Radcliffe</a></b> is a <a href="/wiki/Market_town" title="Market town">market town</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Bury" title="Metropolitan Borough of Bury">Metropolitan Borough of Bury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester" title="Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a>, England. It lies in the <a href="/wiki/Irwell_Valley" title="Irwell Valley">Irwell Valley</a> 7 miles (11 km) northwest of <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> and 3 miles (5 km) southwest of <a href="/wiki/Bury,_Greater_Manchester" title="Bury, Greater Manchester">Bury</a> and is contiguous with <a href="/wiki/Whitefield,_Greater_Manchester" title="Whitefield, Greater Manchester">Whitefield</a> to the south. The disused <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Bolton_%26_Bury_Canal" title="Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal">Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal</a> bisects the town.<br /><br />Evidence of <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/England_in_the_High_Middle_Ages#Normans" title="England in the High Middle Ages">Norman</a> activity has been found in Radcliffe and its surroundings. A Roman road passes through the area, along the border between Radcliffe and Bury. Radcliffe appears in an entry of the <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a> as "Radeclive" and in the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a> formed a small parish and township centred on the <a href="/wiki/Parish_Church_of_St_Mary,_Radcliffe" title="Parish Church of St Mary, Radcliffe">Church of St Mary</a> and the manorial <a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Tower" title="Radcliffe Tower">Radcliffe Tower</a>, both of which are <a href="/wiki/Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Greater_Manchester" title="Grade I listed buildings in Greater Manchester">Grade I listed buildings</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Radcliffe,_Greater_Manchester" title="Radcliffe, Greater Manchester">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 4 El Tatio geyser field El Tatio is a geothermal field with many geysers located in the Andes Mountains of northern Chile at 4,320 metres (14,170 ft) above mean sea level. It is the third-largest geyser field in the world and the largest in the Southern Hemisphere. Various meanings have been proposed for the name "El Tatio", including "oven" or "grandfather". The geothermal field has many geysers, hot springs, and associated sinter deposits. These hot springs eventually form the Rio Salado, a major tributary of the Rio Loa, and are a major source of arsenic pollution in the river. The vents are sites of populations of extremophile microorganisms such as hyperthermophiles, and El Tatio has been studied as an analogue for the early Earth and possible past life on Mars. El Tatio lies at the western foot of a series of stratovolcanoes, which runs along the border between Chile and Bolivia. This series of volcanoes is part of the Central Volcanic Zone, one of several volcanic belts in the Andes, and of the Altiplano–Puna volcanic complex (APVC). This is a system of large calderas and associated ignimbrites, which have been the sources of supereruptions between 10 and 1 million years ago. Some of these calderas may be the source of heat for the El Tatio geothermal system. There are no recorded eruptions of the Tatio volcanoes in the historical period. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 4 El Tatio geyser field El Tatio is a geothermal field with many geysers located in the Andes Mountains of northern Chile at 4,320 metres (14,170 ft) above mean sea level. It is the third-largest geyser field in the world and the largest in the Southern Hemisphere. Various meanings have been proposed for the name "El Tatio", including "oven" or "grandfather". The geothermal field has many geysers, hot springs, and associated sinter deposits. These hot springs eventually form the Rio Salado, a major tributary of the Rio Loa, and are a major source of arsenic pollution in the river. The vents are sites of populations of extremophile microorganisms such as hyperthermophiles, and El Tatio has been studied as an analogue for the early Earth and possible past life on Mars. El Tatio lies at the western foot of a series of stratovolcanoes, which runs along the border between Chile and Bolivia. This series of volcanoes is part of the Central Volcanic Zone, one of several volcanic belts in the Andes, and of the Altiplano–Puna volcanic complex (APVC). This is a system of large calderas and associated ignimbrites, which have been the sources of supereruptions between 10 and 1 million years ago. Some of these calderas may be the source of heat for the El Tatio geothermal system. There are no recorded eruptions of the Tatio volcanoes in the historical period. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 4</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G%C3%A9iseres_del_Tatio,_Atacama,_Chile,_2016-02-01,_DD_01-02_HDR.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bent steam plumes rising from a desolate landscape" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/G%C3%A9iseres_del_Tatio%2C_Atacama%2C_Chile%2C_2016-02-01%2C_DD_01-02_HDR.JPG/260px-G%C3%A9iseres_del_Tatio%2C_Atacama%2C_Chile%2C_2016-02-01%2C_DD_01-02_HDR.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/G%C3%A9iseres_del_Tatio%2C_Atacama%2C_Chile%2C_2016-02-01%2C_DD_01-02_HDR.JPG/390px-G%C3%A9iseres_del_Tatio%2C_Atacama%2C_Chile%2C_2016-02-01%2C_DD_01-02_HDR.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/G%C3%A9iseres_del_Tatio%2C_Atacama%2C_Chile%2C_2016-02-01%2C_DD_01-02_HDR.JPG/520px-G%C3%A9iseres_del_Tatio%2C_Atacama%2C_Chile%2C_2016-02-01%2C_DD_01-02_HDR.JPG 2x" data-file-width="8686" data-file-height="5791" /></a><figcaption>El Tatio geyser field</figcaption></figure><br /><b><a href="/wiki/El_Tatio" title="El Tatio">El Tatio</a></b> is a geothermal field with many <a href="/wiki/Geyser" title="Geyser">geysers</a> located in the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> Mountains of <a href="/wiki/Norte_Grande" title="Norte Grande">northern Chile</a> at 4,320 metres (14,170 ft) above mean sea level. It is the third-largest geyser field in the world and the largest in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>. Various meanings have been proposed for the name "El Tatio", including "oven" or "grandfather". The geothermal field has many geysers, <a href="/wiki/Hot_spring" title="Hot spring">hot springs</a>, and associated <a href="/wiki/Siliceous_sinter" class="mw-redirect" title="Siliceous sinter">sinter deposits</a>. These hot springs eventually form the <a href="/wiki/Salado_River_(Antofagasta,_Chile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salado River (Antofagasta, Chile)">Rio Salado</a>, a major tributary of the <a href="/wiki/Loa_River" title="Loa River">Rio Loa</a>, and are a major source of <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a> pollution in the river. The vents are sites of populations of <a href="/wiki/Extremophile" title="Extremophile">extremophile</a> microorganisms such as <a href="/wiki/Hyperthermophile" title="Hyperthermophile">hyperthermophiles</a>, and El Tatio has been studied as an analogue for the <a href="/wiki/Early_Earth" title="Early Earth">early Earth</a> and possible past <a href="/wiki/Life_on_Mars" title="Life on Mars">life on Mars</a>.<br /><br />El Tatio lies at the western foot of a series of <a href="/wiki/Stratovolcano" title="Stratovolcano">stratovolcanoes</a>, which runs along the border between Chile and Bolivia. This series of volcanoes is part of the <a href="/wiki/Andean_Volcanic_Belt#Central_Volcanic_Zone" title="Andean Volcanic Belt">Central Volcanic Zone</a>, one of several volcanic belts in the Andes, and of the <a href="/wiki/Altiplano%E2%80%93Puna_volcanic_complex" title="Altiplano–Puna volcanic complex">Altiplano–Puna volcanic complex</a> (APVC). This is a system of large <a href="/wiki/Caldera" title="Caldera">calderas</a> and associated <a href="/wiki/Ignimbrite" title="Ignimbrite">ignimbrites</a>, which have been the sources of <a href="/wiki/Supervolcano" title="Supervolcano">supereruptions</a> between 10 and 1 million years ago. Some of these calderas may be the source of heat for the El Tatio geothermal system. There are no recorded eruptions of the Tatio volcanoes in the historical period. (<b><a href="/wiki/El_Tatio" title="El Tatio">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 5 Beach viewed from board-walk through the pines Holkham National Nature Reserve is England's largest national nature reserve (NNR). It is on the Norfolk coast between Burnham Overy Staithe and Blakeney, and is managed by Natural England with the cooperation of the Holkham Estate. Its 3,900 hectares (9,600 acres) comprise a wide range of habitats, including grazing marsh, woodland, salt marsh, sand dunes and foreshore. The reserve is part of the North Norfolk Coast Site of Special Scientific Interest, and the larger area is additionally protected through Natura 2000, Special Protection Area (SPA) and Ramsar listings, and is part of both an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) and a World Biosphere Reserve. Holkham NNR is important for its wintering wildfowl, especially pink-footed geese, Eurasian wigeon and brant geese, but it also has breeding waders, and attracts many migrating birds in autumn. Many scarce invertebrates and plants can be found in the dunes, and the reserve is one of the only two sites in the UK to have an antlion colony. This stretch of coast originally consisted of salt marshes protected from the sea by ridges of shingle and sand, and Holkham's Iron Age fort stood at the end of a sandy spit surrounded by the tidal wetland. The Vikings navigated the creeks to establish Holkham village, but access to the former harbour was stopped by drainage and reclamation of the marshes between the coast and the shingle ridge which started in the 17th century, and was completed in 1859. The Holkham estate has been owned by the Coke family, later Earls of Leicester since 1609, and their seat at Holkham Hall is opposite the reserve's Lady Anne's Drive entrance. The 3rd Earl planted pines on the dunes to protect the pastures reclaimed by his predecessors from wind-blown sand. The national nature reserve was created in 1967 from 1,700 hectares (4,200 acres) of the Holkham Estate and 2,200 hectares (5,400 acres) of foreshore belonging to the Crown. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 5 Beach viewed from board-walk through the pines Holkham National Nature Reserve is England's largest national nature reserve (NNR). It is on the Norfolk coast between Burnham Overy Staithe and Blakeney, and is managed by Natural England with the cooperation of the Holkham Estate. Its 3,900 hectares (9,600 acres) comprise a wide range of habitats, including grazing marsh, woodland, salt marsh, sand dunes and foreshore. The reserve is part of the North Norfolk Coast Site of Special Scientific Interest, and the larger area is additionally protected through Natura 2000, Special Protection Area (SPA) and Ramsar listings, and is part of both an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) and a World Biosphere Reserve. Holkham NNR is important for its wintering wildfowl, especially pink-footed geese, Eurasian wigeon and brant geese, but it also has breeding waders, and attracts many migrating birds in autumn. Many scarce invertebrates and plants can be found in the dunes, and the reserve is one of the only two sites in the UK to have an antlion colony. This stretch of coast originally consisted of salt marshes protected from the sea by ridges of shingle and sand, and Holkham's Iron Age fort stood at the end of a sandy spit surrounded by the tidal wetland. The Vikings navigated the creeks to establish Holkham village, but access to the former harbour was stopped by drainage and reclamation of the marshes between the coast and the shingle ridge which started in the 17th century, and was completed in 1859. The Holkham estate has been owned by the Coke family, later Earls of Leicester since 1609, and their seat at Holkham Hall is opposite the reserve's Lady Anne's Drive entrance. The 3rd Earl planted pines on the dunes to protect the pastures reclaimed by his predecessors from wind-blown sand. The national nature reserve was created in 1967 from 1,700 hectares (4,200 acres) of the Holkham Estate and 2,200 hectares (5,400 acres) of foreshore belonging to the Crown. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 5</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Holkham_beach_from_Holkham_Meals_-_geograph.org.uk_-_97299.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Holkham_beach_from_Holkham_Meals_-_geograph.org.uk_-_97299.jpg/220px-Holkham_beach_from_Holkham_Meals_-_geograph.org.uk_-_97299.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Holkham_beach_from_Holkham_Meals_-_geograph.org.uk_-_97299.jpg/330px-Holkham_beach_from_Holkham_Meals_-_geograph.org.uk_-_97299.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Holkham_beach_from_Holkham_Meals_-_geograph.org.uk_-_97299.jpg/440px-Holkham_beach_from_Holkham_Meals_-_geograph.org.uk_-_97299.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Beach viewed from board-walk through the pines</div></div></div></div><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Holkham_National_Nature_Reserve" title="Holkham National Nature Reserve">Holkham National Nature Reserve</a></b> is England's largest <a href="/wiki/National_nature_reserve_(United_Kingdom)" title="National nature reserve (United Kingdom)">national nature reserve</a> (NNR). It is on the <a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a> coast between <a href="/wiki/Burnham_Overy" title="Burnham Overy">Burnham Overy Staithe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blakeney,_Norfolk" title="Blakeney, Norfolk">Blakeney</a>, and is managed by <a href="/wiki/Natural_England" title="Natural England">Natural England</a> with the cooperation of the <a href="/wiki/Holkham_Estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Holkham Estate">Holkham Estate</a>. Its 3,900 hectares (9,600 acres) comprise a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitats</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Grazing_marsh" title="Grazing marsh">grazing marsh</a>, woodland, <a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">salt marsh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sand_dunes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sand dunes">sand dunes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">foreshore</a>. The reserve is part of the <a href="/wiki/North_Norfolk_Coast_Site_of_Special_Scientific_Interest" title="North Norfolk Coast Site of Special Scientific Interest">North Norfolk Coast Site of Special Scientific Interest</a>, and the larger area is additionally protected through <a href="/wiki/Natura_2000" title="Natura 2000">Natura 2000</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special_Protection_Area" title="Special Protection Area">Special Protection Area</a> (SPA) and <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar</a> listings, and is part of both an <a href="/wiki/Area_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty" title="Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty">Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty</a> (AONB) and a <a href="/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves" title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves">World Biosphere Reserve</a>. Holkham NNR is important for its wintering <a href="/wiki/Anatidae" title="Anatidae">wildfowl</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Pink-footed_goose" title="Pink-footed goose">pink-footed geese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_wigeon" title="Eurasian wigeon">Eurasian wigeon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brant_goose" class="mw-redirect" title="Brant goose">brant geese</a>, but it also has breeding <a href="/wiki/Wader" title="Wader">waders</a>, and attracts many <a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">migrating birds</a> in autumn. Many scarce <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a> and plants can be found in the dunes, and the reserve is one of the only two sites in the UK to have an <a href="/wiki/Euroleon_nostras" title="Euroleon nostras">antlion</a> colony.<br /><br />This stretch of coast originally consisted of salt marshes protected from the sea by ridges of <a href="/wiki/Shingle_beach" title="Shingle beach">shingle</a> and sand, and <a href="/wiki/Holkham_Camp" title="Holkham Camp">Holkham's Iron Age fort</a> stood at the end of a sandy spit surrounded by the tidal wetland. The <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> navigated the creeks to establish <a href="/wiki/Holkham" title="Holkham">Holkham</a> village, but access to the former harbour was stopped by drainage and reclamation of the marshes between the coast and the shingle ridge which started in the 17th century, and was completed in 1859. The Holkham estate has been owned by the Coke family, later <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Leicester" title="Earl of Leicester">Earls of Leicester</a> since 1609, and their seat at <a href="/wiki/Holkham_Hall" title="Holkham Hall">Holkham Hall</a> is opposite the reserve's Lady Anne's Drive entrance. The <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Coke,_3rd_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Thomas Coke, 3rd Earl of Leicester">3rd Earl</a> planted pines on the dunes to protect the pastures reclaimed by his predecessors from wind-blown sand. The national nature reserve was created in 1967 from 1,700 hectares (4,200 acres) of the Holkham Estate and 2,200 hectares (5,400 acres) of foreshore belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Estate" title="Crown Estate">Crown</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Holkham_National_Nature_Reserve" title="Holkham National Nature Reserve">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 6 War of the 5th coalition Click an image to load the battle. Left to right, top to bottom: Battles of Abensberg, Landshut, Eckmühl, Ratisbon, Aspern-Essling, Wagram The War of the Fifth Coalition was a European conflict in 1809 that was part of the Napoleonic Wars and the Coalition Wars. The main conflict took place in Central Europe between the Austrian Empire of Francis I and Napoleon's French Empire. The French were supported by their client states—the Kingdom of Italy, the Confederation of the Rhine and the Duchy of Warsaw. Austria was supported by the Fifth Coalition which included the United Kingdom, Portugal, Spain, and the Kingdoms of Sardinia and Sicily, although the latter two took no part in the fighting. By the start of 1809 much of the French army was committed to the Peninsular War against Britain, Spain and Portugal. After France withdrew 108,000 soldiers from Germany, Austria attacked France to seek the recovery of territories lost in the 1803–1806 War of the Third Coalition. The Austrians hoped Prussia would support them, having recently been defeated by France, but Prussia chose to remain neutral. On 10 April 1809, Austrian forces under Archduke Charles crossed the border of Bavaria, a French client state. The French response, under Louis-Alexandre Berthier, was disorganised but order was imposed with the arrival of Napoleon on 17 April. Napoleon led an advance to Landshut, hoping to cut off the Austrian line of retreat and sweep into their rear. Charles crossed the Danube at Regensburg, which allowed him to retreat eastwards, although he failed to reach the Austrian capital, Vienna, before the French. A French assault across the Danube was repulsed on 21–22 May at the Battle of Aspern-Essling but a repeat attack was successful in July. Napoleon won a major victory at the 5–6 July Battle of Wagram, which forced the Austrians to sign the Armistice of Znaim on 12 July. Austrian invasions of the Duchy of Warsaw and Saxony (where they fought alongside the Black Brunswickers) were repulsed and they were driven out of their territories in Italy. British forces landed in Walcheren, in the French client state of Holland, but were unable to seize their objective of capturing Antwerp and were later withdrawn. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 6 War of the 5th coalition Click an image to load the battle. Left to right, top to bottom: Battles of Abensberg, Landshut, Eckmühl, Ratisbon, Aspern-Essling, Wagram The War of the Fifth Coalition was a European conflict in 1809 that was part of the Napoleonic Wars and the Coalition Wars. The main conflict took place in Central Europe between the Austrian Empire of Francis I and Napoleon's French Empire. The French were supported by their client states—the Kingdom of Italy, the Confederation of the Rhine and the Duchy of Warsaw. Austria was supported by the Fifth Coalition which included the United Kingdom, Portugal, Spain, and the Kingdoms of Sardinia and Sicily, although the latter two took no part in the fighting. By the start of 1809 much of the French army was committed to the Peninsular War against Britain, Spain and Portugal. After France withdrew 108,000 soldiers from Germany, Austria attacked France to seek the recovery of territories lost in the 1803–1806 War of the Third Coalition. The Austrians hoped Prussia would support them, having recently been defeated by France, but Prussia chose to remain neutral. On 10 April 1809, Austrian forces under Archduke Charles crossed the border of Bavaria, a French client state. The French response, under Louis-Alexandre Berthier, was disorganised but order was imposed with the arrival of Napoleon on 17 April. Napoleon led an advance to Landshut, hoping to cut off the Austrian line of retreat and sweep into their rear. Charles crossed the Danube at Regensburg, which allowed him to retreat eastwards, although he failed to reach the Austrian capital, Vienna, before the French. A French assault across the Danube was repulsed on 21–22 May at the Battle of Aspern-Essling but a repeat attack was successful in July. Napoleon won a major victory at the 5–6 July Battle of Wagram, which forced the Austrians to sign the Armistice of Znaim on 12 July. Austrian invasions of the Duchy of Warsaw and Saxony (where they fought alongside the Black Brunswickers) were repulsed and they were driven out of their territories in Italy. British forces landed in Walcheren, in the French client state of Holland, but were unable to seize their objective of capturing Antwerp and were later withdrawn. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 6</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"><br /><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:War_of_the_5th_coalition.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="War of the 5th coalition"><img alt="War of the 5th coalition" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/War_of_the_5th_coalition.jpg/300px-War_of_the_5th_coalition.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/War_of_the_5th_coalition.jpg/450px-War_of_the_5th_coalition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/War_of_the_5th_coalition.jpg/600px-War_of_the_5th_coalition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>War of the 5th coalition </figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Click an image to load the battle.<br />Left to right, top to bottom:<br />Battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abensberg" title="Battle of Abensberg">Abensberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landshut_(1809)" title="Battle of Landshut (1809)">Landshut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eckm%C3%BChl" title="Battle of Eckmühl">Eckmühl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ratisbon" title="Battle of Ratisbon">Ratisbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aspern-Essling" title="Battle of Aspern-Essling">Aspern-Essling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wagram" title="Battle of Wagram">Wagram</a></div></div></div></div><br />The <b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">War of the Fifth Coalition</a></b> was a European conflict in 1809 that was part of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition Wars">Coalition Wars</a>. The main conflict took place in Central Europe between the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> of <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">French Empire</a>. The French were supported by their client states—the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Kingdom of Italy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duchy of Warsaw</a>. Austria was supported by the Fifth Coalition which included the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1777%E2%80%931834)" title="History of Portugal (1777–1834)">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1808%E2%80%931874)" title="History of Spain (1808–1874)">Spain</a>, and the Kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Sardinia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a>, although the latter two took no part in the fighting. By the start of 1809 much of the French army was committed to the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a> against Britain, Spain and Portugal. After France withdrew 108,000 soldiers from Germany, Austria attacked France to seek the recovery of territories lost in the 1803–1806 <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">War of the Third Coalition</a>. The Austrians hoped <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> would support them, having recently been defeated by France, but Prussia chose to remain neutral.<br /><br />On 10 April 1809, Austrian forces under <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen">Archduke Charles</a> crossed the border of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, a French client state. The French response, under <a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier" title="Louis-Alexandre Berthier">Louis-Alexandre Berthier</a>, was disorganised but order was imposed with the arrival of Napoleon on 17 April. Napoleon led an advance to <a href="/wiki/Landshut" title="Landshut">Landshut</a>, hoping to cut off the Austrian line of retreat and sweep into their rear. Charles crossed the Danube at <a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a>, which allowed him to retreat eastwards, although he failed to reach the Austrian capital, <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, before the French. A French assault across the Danube was repulsed on 21–22 May at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aspern-Essling" title="Battle of Aspern-Essling">Battle of Aspern-Essling</a> but a repeat attack was successful in July. Napoleon won a major victory at the 5–6 July <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wagram" title="Battle of Wagram">Battle of Wagram</a>, which forced the Austrians to sign the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Znaim" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice of Znaim">Armistice of Znaim</a> on 12 July. Austrian invasions of the Duchy of Warsaw and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a> (where they fought alongside the <a href="/wiki/Black_Brunswickers" title="Black Brunswickers">Black Brunswickers</a>) were repulsed and they were driven out of their territories in Italy. British forces <a href="/wiki/Walcheren_Campaign" title="Walcheren Campaign">landed in Walcheren</a>, in the French client state of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">Holland</a>, but were unable to seize their objective of capturing <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> and were later withdrawn. (<b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 7 Front of the church Old Pine Church, also historically known as Mill Church, Nicholas Church, and Pine Church, is a mid-19th century church located near to Purgitsville, West Virginia, United States. It is among the earliest extant log churches in Hampshire County, along with Capon Chapel and Mount Bethel Church. The church was constructed in 1838 to serve as a nondenominational "union church". As many of the Mill Creek valley's earliest settlers were of German descent, Old Pine Church may also have been built as a meeting place for Schwarzenau Brethren adherents, known as "Dunkers" or "Dunkards". The church is believed to have also been a meeting place for German Methodist settlers. By 1870, the church was primarily used by the Brethren denomination, and in 1878, the church's congregation split into White Pine Church of the Brethren and Old Pine Church congregations. Both congregations continued to use the church until 1907. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 7 Front of the church Old Pine Church, also historically known as Mill Church, Nicholas Church, and Pine Church, is a mid-19th century church located near to Purgitsville, West Virginia, United States. It is among the earliest extant log churches in Hampshire County, along with Capon Chapel and Mount Bethel Church. The church was constructed in 1838 to serve as a nondenominational "union church". As many of the Mill Creek valley's earliest settlers were of German descent, Old Pine Church may also have been built as a meeting place for Schwarzenau Brethren adherents, known as "Dunkers" or "Dunkards". The church is believed to have also been a meeting place for German Methodist settlers. By 1870, the church was primarily used by the Brethren denomination, and in 1878, the church's congregation split into White Pine Church of the Brethren and Old Pine Church congregations. Both congregations continued to use the church until 1907. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 7</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Pine_Church_Purgitsville_WV_2016_07_02_02_(perspective-cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Old_Pine_Church_Purgitsville_WV_2016_07_02_02_%28perspective-cropped%29.jpg/220px-Old_Pine_Church_Purgitsville_WV_2016_07_02_02_%28perspective-cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Old_Pine_Church_Purgitsville_WV_2016_07_02_02_%28perspective-cropped%29.jpg/330px-Old_Pine_Church_Purgitsville_WV_2016_07_02_02_%28perspective-cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Old_Pine_Church_Purgitsville_WV_2016_07_02_02_%28perspective-cropped%29.jpg/440px-Old_Pine_Church_Purgitsville_WV_2016_07_02_02_%28perspective-cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4240" data-file-height="3180" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Front of the church</div></div></div></div><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Old_Pine_Church" title="Old Pine Church">Old Pine Church</a></b>, also historically known as <b>Mill Church</b>, <b>Nicholas Church</b>, and <b>Pine Church</b>, is a mid-19th century church located near to <a href="/wiki/Purgitsville,_West_Virginia" title="Purgitsville, West Virginia">Purgitsville</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. It is among the earliest extant log churches in <a href="/wiki/Hampshire_County,_West_Virginia" title="Hampshire County, West Virginia">Hampshire County</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Capon_Chapel" title="Capon Chapel">Capon Chapel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Bethel_Church_(Three_Churches,_West_Virginia)" title="Mount Bethel Church (Three Churches, West Virginia)">Mount Bethel Church</a>.<br /><br />The church was constructed in 1838 to serve as a <a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">nondenominational</a> "union church". As many of the <a href="/wiki/Mill_Creek_(South_Branch_Potomac_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mill Creek (South Branch Potomac River)">Mill Creek</a> valley's earliest settlers were of German descent, Old Pine Church may also have been built as a meeting place for <a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Schwarzenau Brethren</a> adherents, known as "Dunkers" or "Dunkards". The church is believed to have also been a meeting place for German <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> settlers. By 1870, the church was primarily used by the Brethren denomination, and in 1878, the church's congregation split into White Pine Church of the Brethren and Old Pine Church congregations. Both congregations continued to use the church until 1907. (<b><a href="/wiki/Old_Pine_Church" title="Old Pine Church">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 8 Ubinas in August 2015 Ubinas is an active stratovolcano in the Moquegua Region of southern Peru, approximately 60 kilometres (37 mi) east of the city of Arequipa. Part of the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes, it rises 5,672 metres (18,609 ft) above sea level. The volcano's summit is cut by a 1.4-kilometre-wide (0.87 mi) and 150-metre-deep (490 ft) caldera, which itself contains a smaller crater. Below the summit, Ubinas has the shape of an upwards-steepening cone with a prominent notch on the southern side. The gently sloping lower part of the volcano is also known as Ubinas I and the steeper upper part as Ubinas II; they represent different stages in the volcano's geological history. The most active volcano in Peru, Ubinas has a history of small to moderate explosive eruptions as well as a few larger eruptions, such as in 1667, along with persistent degassing and ash emissions. Activity at the volcano began in the Pleistocene epoch, and led to the growth of the current mountain in two phases. Among the recent eruptions was the 2006–2007 event, which produced eruption columns and led to ash fall in the region, resulting in health issues and evacuations. During the most recent activity, from 2013 to 2017, a lava flow formed inside the crater, and further ash falls led to renewed evacuations of surrounding towns. Ubinas is monitored by the Peruvian geological service INGEMMET, which has published a volcano hazard map for Ubinas and regular volcanic activity reports. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 8 Ubinas in August 2015 Ubinas is an active stratovolcano in the Moquegua Region of southern Peru, approximately 60 kilometres (37 mi) east of the city of Arequipa. Part of the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes, it rises 5,672 metres (18,609 ft) above sea level. The volcano's summit is cut by a 1.4-kilometre-wide (0.87 mi) and 150-metre-deep (490 ft) caldera, which itself contains a smaller crater. Below the summit, Ubinas has the shape of an upwards-steepening cone with a prominent notch on the southern side. The gently sloping lower part of the volcano is also known as Ubinas I and the steeper upper part as Ubinas II; they represent different stages in the volcano's geological history. The most active volcano in Peru, Ubinas has a history of small to moderate explosive eruptions as well as a few larger eruptions, such as in 1667, along with persistent degassing and ash emissions. Activity at the volcano began in the Pleistocene epoch, and led to the growth of the current mountain in two phases. Among the recent eruptions was the 2006–2007 event, which produced eruption columns and led to ash fall in the region, resulting in health issues and evacuations. During the most recent activity, from 2013 to 2017, a lava flow formed inside the crater, and further ash falls led to renewed evacuations of surrounding towns. Ubinas is monitored by the Peruvian geological service INGEMMET, which has published a volcano hazard map for Ubinas and regular volcanic activity reports. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 8</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Volc%C3%A1n_Ubinas,_Arequipa,_Per%C3%BA,_2015-08-02,_DD_50.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Volc%C3%A1n_Ubinas%2C_Arequipa%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-08-02%2C_DD_50.JPG/220px-Volc%C3%A1n_Ubinas%2C_Arequipa%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-08-02%2C_DD_50.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Volc%C3%A1n_Ubinas%2C_Arequipa%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-08-02%2C_DD_50.JPG/330px-Volc%C3%A1n_Ubinas%2C_Arequipa%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-08-02%2C_DD_50.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Volc%C3%A1n_Ubinas%2C_Arequipa%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-08-02%2C_DD_50.JPG/440px-Volc%C3%A1n_Ubinas%2C_Arequipa%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-08-02%2C_DD_50.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5364" data-file-height="3605" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Ubinas in August 2015</div></div></div></div><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Ubinas" title="Ubinas">Ubinas</a></b> is an active <a href="/wiki/Stratovolcano" title="Stratovolcano">stratovolcano</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Moquegua_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Moquegua Region">Moquegua Region</a> of southern <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, approximately 60 kilometres (37 mi) east of the city of <a href="/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa">Arequipa</a>. Part of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Volcanic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Volcanic Zone">Central Volcanic Zone</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a>, it rises 5,672 metres (18,609 ft) above sea level. The volcano's summit is cut by a 1.4-kilometre-wide (0.87 mi) and 150-metre-deep (490 ft) <a href="/wiki/Caldera" title="Caldera">caldera</a>, which itself contains a smaller <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_crater" title="Volcanic crater">crater</a>. Below the summit, Ubinas has the shape of an upwards-steepening cone with a prominent notch on the southern side. The gently sloping lower part of the volcano is also known as Ubinas I and the steeper upper part as Ubinas II; they represent different stages in the volcano's geological history.<br /><br />The most active volcano in Peru, Ubinas has a history of small to moderate <a href="/wiki/Explosive_eruption" title="Explosive eruption">explosive eruptions</a> as well as a few larger eruptions, such as in 1667, along with persistent <a href="/wiki/Degassing" title="Degassing">degassing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">ash emissions</a>. Activity at the volcano began in the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> epoch, and led to the growth of the current mountain in two phases. Among the recent eruptions was the 2006–2007 event, which produced <a href="/wiki/Eruption_column" title="Eruption column">eruption columns</a> and led to ash fall in the region, resulting in health issues and evacuations. During the most recent activity, from 2013 to 2017, a <a href="/wiki/Lava_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Lava flow">lava flow</a> formed inside the crater, and further ash falls led to renewed evacuations of surrounding towns. Ubinas is monitored by the Peruvian geological service <a href="/wiki/INGEMMET" title="INGEMMET">INGEMMET</a>, which has published a <a href="/wiki/Hazard_map" title="Hazard map">volcano hazard map</a> for Ubinas and regular volcanic activity reports. (<b><a href="/wiki/Ubinas" title="Ubinas">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 9 Hillsboro (/ˈhɪlzbəroʊ/ HILZ-burr-oh) is a city in the U.S. state of Oregon and is the county seat of Washington County. Situated in the Tualatin Valley on the west side of the Portland metropolitan area, the city hosts many high-technology companies, such as Intel, locally known as the Silicon Forest. The population was 106,447 at the 2020 census, making Hillsboro the fifth-most populous city in Oregon. Settlers founded a community here in 1842, later named after David Hill, an Oregon politician. Transportation by riverboat on the Tualatin River was part of Hillsboro's settler economy. A railroad reached the area in the early 1870s and an interurban electric railway about four decades later. These railways, as well as highways, aided the slow growth of the city to about 2,000 people by 1910 and about 5,000 by 1950, before the arrival of high-tech companies in the 1980s. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 9 Hillsboro (/ˈhɪlzbəroʊ/ HILZ-burr-oh) is a city in the U.S. state of Oregon and is the county seat of Washington County. Situated in the Tualatin Valley on the west side of the Portland metropolitan area, the city hosts many high-technology companies, such as Intel, locally known as the Silicon Forest. The population was 106,447 at the 2020 census, making Hillsboro the fifth-most populous city in Oregon. Settlers founded a community here in 1842, later named after David Hill, an Oregon politician. Transportation by riverboat on the Tualatin River was part of Hillsboro's settler economy. A railroad reached the area in the early 1870s and an interurban electric railway about four decades later. These railways, as well as highways, aided the slow growth of the city to about 2,000 people by 1910 and about 5,000 by 1950, before the arrival of high-tech companies in the 1980s. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 9</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HillsboroDowntownMtHood.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/HillsboroDowntownMtHood.JPG/220px-HillsboroDowntownMtHood.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/HillsboroDowntownMtHood.JPG/330px-HillsboroDowntownMtHood.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/HillsboroDowntownMtHood.JPG/440px-HillsboroDowntownMtHood.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2357" data-file-height="1292" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Hillsboro,_Oregon" title="Hillsboro, Oregon">Hillsboro</a></b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">HILZ</span>-burr-oh</i></a>) is a city in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> and is the <a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">county seat</a> of <a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Oregon" title="Washington County, Oregon">Washington County</a>. Situated in the <a href="/wiki/Tualatin_Valley" title="Tualatin Valley">Tualatin Valley</a> on the west side of the <a href="/wiki/Portland_metropolitan_area" title="Portland metropolitan area">Portland metropolitan area</a>, the city hosts many <a href="/wiki/High_tech" title="High tech">high-technology</a> companies, such as <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>, locally known as the <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Forest" title="Silicon Forest">Silicon Forest</a>. The population was 106,447 at the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 census</a>, making Hillsboro the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Oregon" title="List of cities in Oregon">fifth-most populous city</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>.<br /><br />Settlers founded a community here in 1842, later named after <a href="/wiki/David_Hill_(Oregon_politician)" title="David Hill (Oregon politician)">David Hill</a>, an Oregon politician. Transportation by riverboat on the <a href="/wiki/Tualatin_River" title="Tualatin River">Tualatin River</a> was part of Hillsboro's settler economy. A railroad reached the area in the early 1870s and an <a href="/wiki/Interurban" title="Interurban">interurban</a> electric railway about four decades later. These railways, as well as highways, aided the slow growth of the city to about 2,000 people by 1910 and about 5,000 by 1950, before the arrival of high-tech companies in the 1980s. (<b><a href="/wiki/Hillsboro,_Oregon" title="Hillsboro, Oregon">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 10 River Parrett near Burrowbridge The River Parrett flows through the counties of Dorset and Somerset in South West England, from its source in the Thorney Mills springs in the hills around Chedington in Dorset. Flowing northwest through Somerset and the Somerset Levels to its mouth at Burnham-on-Sea, into the Bridgwater Bay nature reserve on the Bristol Channel, the Parrett and its tributaries drain an area of 660 square miles (1,700 km2) – about 50 per cent of Somerset's land area, with a population of 300,000. The Parrett's main tributaries include the Rivers Tone, Isle, and Yeo, and the River Cary via the King's Sedgemoor Drain. The 37-mile (60 km) long river is tidal for 19 miles (31 km) up to Oath. Between Langport and Bridgwater, the river falls only 1 foot per mile (0.2 m/km), so it is prone to frequent flooding in winter and during high tides. Many approaches have been tried since at least the medieval period to reduce the incidence and effect of floods and to drain the surrounding fields. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 10 River Parrett near Burrowbridge The River Parrett flows through the counties of Dorset and Somerset in South West England, from its source in the Thorney Mills springs in the hills around Chedington in Dorset. Flowing northwest through Somerset and the Somerset Levels to its mouth at Burnham-on-Sea, into the Bridgwater Bay nature reserve on the Bristol Channel, the Parrett and its tributaries drain an area of 660 square miles (1,700 km2) – about 50 per cent of Somerset's land area, with a population of 300,000. The Parrett's main tributaries include the Rivers Tone, Isle, and Yeo, and the River Cary via the King's Sedgemoor Drain. The 37-mile (60 km) long river is tidal for 19 miles (31 km) up to Oath. Between Langport and Bridgwater, the river falls only 1 foot per mile (0.2 m/km), so it is prone to frequent flooding in winter and during high tides. Many approaches have been tried since at least the medieval period to reduce the incidence and effect of floods and to drain the surrounding fields. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 10</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Riverparrett.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Riverparrett.jpg/220px-Riverparrett.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Riverparrett.jpg/330px-Riverparrett.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Riverparrett.jpg/440px-Riverparrett.jpg 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="414" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">River Parrett near <a href="/wiki/Burrowbridge" title="Burrowbridge">Burrowbridge</a></div></div></div></div><br />The <b><a href="/wiki/River_Parrett" title="River Parrett">River Parrett</a></b> flows through the counties of <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_West_England" title="South West England">South West England</a>, from its <a href="/wiki/River_source" title="River source">source</a> in the Thorney Mills <a href="/wiki/Spring_(hydrology)" title="Spring (hydrology)">springs</a> in the hills around <a href="/wiki/Chedington" title="Chedington">Chedington</a> in Dorset. Flowing northwest through Somerset and the <a href="/wiki/Somerset_Levels" title="Somerset Levels">Somerset Levels</a> to its mouth at <a href="/wiki/Burnham-on-Sea" title="Burnham-on-Sea">Burnham-on-Sea</a>, into the <a href="/wiki/Bridgwater_Bay" title="Bridgwater Bay">Bridgwater Bay</a> <a href="/wiki/National_nature_reserves_in_England" title="National nature reserves in England">nature reserve</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Channel" title="Bristol Channel">Bristol Channel</a>, the Parrett and its tributaries drain an area of 660 square miles (1,700 km<sup>2</sup>) – about 50 per cent of Somerset's land area, with a population of 300,000.<br /><br />The Parrett's main tributaries include the Rivers <a href="/wiki/River_Tone" title="River Tone">Tone</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_Isle" title="River Isle">Isle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/River_Yeo_(South_Somerset)" title="River Yeo (South Somerset)">Yeo</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/River_Cary" title="River Cary">River Cary</a> via the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Sedgemoor_Drain" title="King's Sedgemoor Drain">King's Sedgemoor Drain</a>. The 37-mile (60 km) long river is tidal for 19 miles (31 km) up to <a href="/wiki/Oath,_Somerset" class="mw-redirect" title="Oath, Somerset">Oath</a>. Between <a href="/wiki/Langport" title="Langport">Langport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bridgwater" title="Bridgwater">Bridgwater</a>, the river falls only 1 foot per mile (0.2 m/km), so it is prone to frequent flooding in winter and during high tides. Many approaches have been tried since at least the medieval period to reduce the incidence and effect of floods and to drain the surrounding fields. (<b><a href="/wiki/River_Parrett" title="River Parrett">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 11 Terrain of the Table Rocks. Upper Table Rock is on the right, Lower Table Rock is on the left. Upper Table Rock and Lower Table Rock are two prominent volcanic plateaus located just north of the Rogue River in Jackson County, Oregon, U.S. Created by an andesitic lava flow approximately seven million years ago and shaped by erosion, they now stand about 800 feet (240 m) above the surrounding Rogue Valley. The Table Rocks are jointly owned; The Nature Conservancy is responsible for 3,591 acres (1,453 ha), while the Bureau of Land Management is responsible for 1,280 acres (520 ha). Native Americans have inhabited the Table Rocks area for at least 15,000 years before European-American settlement. Starting in the mid-19th century during a gold rush, the settlers forced the Takelma tribe away from the Table Rocks and into reservations. The surrounding area was quickly developed. The Table Rock post office was established in 1872, an airstrip was built atop Lower Table Rock in 1948, and a very high frequency omni-directional range (VOR) aviation tower was constructed on Upper Table Rock in the 1960s. The Table Rocks were not protected until the 1970s. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 11 Terrain of the Table Rocks. Upper Table Rock is on the right, Lower Table Rock is on the left. Upper Table Rock and Lower Table Rock are two prominent volcanic plateaus located just north of the Rogue River in Jackson County, Oregon, U.S. Created by an andesitic lava flow approximately seven million years ago and shaped by erosion, they now stand about 800 feet (240 m) above the surrounding Rogue Valley. The Table Rocks are jointly owned; The Nature Conservancy is responsible for 3,591 acres (1,453 ha), while the Bureau of Land Management is responsible for 1,280 acres (520 ha). Native Americans have inhabited the Table Rocks area for at least 15,000 years before European-American settlement. Starting in the mid-19th century during a gold rush, the settlers forced the Takelma tribe away from the Table Rocks and into reservations. The surrounding area was quickly developed. The Table Rock post office was established in 1872, an airstrip was built atop Lower Table Rock in 1948, and a very high frequency omni-directional range (VOR) aviation tower was constructed on Upper Table Rock in the 1960s. The Table Rocks were not protected until the 1970s. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 11</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Upper_and_Lower_Table_Rock.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Upper_and_Lower_Table_Rock.png/220px-Upper_and_Lower_Table_Rock.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Upper_and_Lower_Table_Rock.png/330px-Upper_and_Lower_Table_Rock.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Upper_and_Lower_Table_Rock.png/440px-Upper_and_Lower_Table_Rock.png 2x" data-file-width="668" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Terrain of the Table Rocks. Upper Table Rock is on the right, Lower Table Rock is on the left.</div></div></div></div><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Upper_and_Lower_Table_Rock" title="Upper and Lower Table Rock">Upper Table Rock</a></b> and <b>Lower Table Rock</b> are two prominent <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_plateau" title="Volcanic plateau">volcanic plateaus</a> located just north of the <a href="/wiki/Rogue_River_(Oregon)" title="Rogue River (Oregon)">Rogue River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jackson_County,_Oregon" title="Jackson County, Oregon">Jackson County, Oregon</a>, U.S. Created by an <a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">andesitic</a> <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava flow</a> approximately seven million years ago and shaped by erosion, they now stand about 800 feet (240 m) above the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Rogue_Valley" title="Rogue Valley">Rogue Valley</a>. The Table Rocks are jointly owned; <a href="/wiki/The_Nature_Conservancy" title="The Nature Conservancy">The Nature Conservancy</a> is responsible for 3,591 acres (1,453 ha), while the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management" title="Bureau of Land Management">Bureau of Land Management</a> is responsible for 1,280 acres (520 ha).<br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> have inhabited the Table Rocks area for at least 15,000 years before <a href="/wiki/European_Americans" title="European Americans">European-American</a> settlement. Starting in the mid-19th century during a <a href="/wiki/Gold_rush" title="Gold rush">gold rush</a>, the settlers forced the <a href="/wiki/Takelma" title="Takelma">Takelma</a> tribe away from the Table Rocks and into <a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">reservations</a>. The surrounding area was quickly developed. The Table Rock post office was established in 1872, an <a href="/wiki/Airstrip" class="mw-redirect" title="Airstrip">airstrip</a> was built atop Lower Table Rock in 1948, and a <a href="/wiki/VHF_omnidirectional_range" title="VHF omnidirectional range">very high frequency omni-directional range</a> (VOR) aviation tower was constructed on Upper Table Rock in the 1960s. The Table Rocks were not <a href="/wiki/Protected_area" title="Protected area">protected</a> until the 1970s. (<b><a href="/wiki/Upper_and_Lower_Table_Rock" title="Upper and Lower Table Rock">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 12 Map of the restored Byzantine Empire of Michael VIII Palaiologos and the surrounding states in 1265 The Battle of Settepozzi was fought in the first half of 1263 off the Greek island of Settepozzi (the medieval Italian name for Spetses) between a Genoese–Byzantine fleet and a smaller Venetian fleet. Genoa and the Byzantines had been allied against Venice since the Treaty of Nymphaeum in 1261, while Genoa, in particular, had been engaged in the War of Saint Sabas against Venice from 1256. In 1263, a Genoese fleet of 48 ships, which was sailing to the Byzantine stronghold of Monemvasia, encountered a Venetian fleet of 32 ships. The Genoese decided to attack, but only two of the four admirals of the Genoese fleet and 14 of its ships took part in the engagement, and were easily routed by the Venetians, who captured four vessels and inflicted considerable casualties. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 12 Map of the restored Byzantine Empire of Michael VIII Palaiologos and the surrounding states in 1265 The Battle of Settepozzi was fought in the first half of 1263 off the Greek island of Settepozzi (the medieval Italian name for Spetses) between a Genoese–Byzantine fleet and a smaller Venetian fleet. Genoa and the Byzantines had been allied against Venice since the Treaty of Nymphaeum in 1261, while Genoa, in particular, had been engaged in the War of Saint Sabas against Venice from 1256. In 1263, a Genoese fleet of 48 ships, which was sailing to the Byzantine stronghold of Monemvasia, encountered a Venetian fleet of 32 ships. The Genoese decided to attack, but only two of the four admirals of the Genoese fleet and 14 of its ships took part in the engagement, and were easily routed by the Venetians, who captured four vessels and inflicted considerable casualties. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 12</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:ShepherdByzempire1265.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/ShepherdByzempire1265.jpg/220px-ShepherdByzempire1265.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/ShepherdByzempire1265.jpg/330px-ShepherdByzempire1265.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/ShepherdByzempire1265.jpg/440px-ShepherdByzempire1265.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1144" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Map of the restored <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> of <a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a> and the surrounding states in 1265</div></div></div></div><br />The <b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Settepozzi" title="Battle of Settepozzi">Battle of Settepozzi</a></b> was fought in the first half of 1263 off the Greek island of Settepozzi (the medieval Italian name for <a href="/wiki/Spetses" title="Spetses">Spetses</a>) between a <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a>–<a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> fleet and a smaller <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a> fleet.<br /><br />Genoa and the Byzantines had been allied against Venice since the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nymphaeum_(1261)" title="Treaty of Nymphaeum (1261)">Treaty of Nymphaeum</a> in 1261, while Genoa, in particular, had been engaged in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_Saint_Sabas" title="War of Saint Sabas">War of Saint Sabas</a> against Venice from 1256. In 1263, a Genoese fleet of 48 ships, which was sailing to the Byzantine stronghold of <a href="/wiki/Monemvasia" title="Monemvasia">Monemvasia</a>, encountered a Venetian fleet of 32 ships. The Genoese decided to attack, but only two of the four admirals of the Genoese fleet and 14 of its ships took part in the engagement, and were easily routed by the Venetians, who captured four vessels and inflicted considerable casualties. (<b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Settepozzi" title="Battle of Settepozzi">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 13 Coropuna is a dormant compound volcano located in the Andes mountains of southeast-central Peru. The upper reaches of Coropuna consist of several perennially snowbound conical summits, lending it the name Nevado Coropuna in Spanish. The complex extends over an area of 240 square kilometres (93 sq mi) and its highest summit reaches an altitude of 6,377 metres (20,922 ft) above sea level. This makes the Coropuna complex the third-highest of Peru. Its thick ice cap is the most extensive in Earth's tropical zone, with several outlet glaciers stretching out to lower altitudes. Below an elevation of 5,000 metres (16,000 ft), there are various vegetation belts which include trees, peat bogs, grasses and also agricultural areas and pastures. The Coropuna complex consists of several stratovolcanoes. These are composed chiefly of ignimbrites and lava flows on a basement formed by Middle Miocene ignimbrites and lava flows. The Coropuna complex has been active for at least five million years, with the bulk of the current cone having been formed during the Quaternary. Coropuna has had two or three Holocene eruptions 2,100 ± 200 and either 1,100 ± 100 or 700 ± 200 years ago which generated lava flows, plus an additional eruption which may have taken place some 6,000 years ago. Current activity occurs exclusively in the form of hot springs. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 13 Coropuna is a dormant compound volcano located in the Andes mountains of southeast-central Peru. The upper reaches of Coropuna consist of several perennially snowbound conical summits, lending it the name Nevado Coropuna in Spanish. The complex extends over an area of 240 square kilometres (93 sq mi) and its highest summit reaches an altitude of 6,377 metres (20,922 ft) above sea level. This makes the Coropuna complex the third-highest of Peru. Its thick ice cap is the most extensive in Earth's tropical zone, with several outlet glaciers stretching out to lower altitudes. Below an elevation of 5,000 metres (16,000 ft), there are various vegetation belts which include trees, peat bogs, grasses and also agricultural areas and pastures. The Coropuna complex consists of several stratovolcanoes. These are composed chiefly of ignimbrites and lava flows on a basement formed by Middle Miocene ignimbrites and lava flows. The Coropuna complex has been active for at least five million years, with the bulk of the current cone having been formed during the Quaternary. Coropuna has had two or three Holocene eruptions 2,100 ± 200 and either 1,100 ± 100 or 700 ± 200 years ago which generated lava flows, plus an additional eruption which may have taken place some 6,000 years ago. Current activity occurs exclusively in the form of hot springs. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 13</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coropuna_Volcano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Coropuna_Volcano.jpg/220px-Coropuna_Volcano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Coropuna_Volcano.jpg/330px-Coropuna_Volcano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Coropuna_Volcano.jpg/440px-Coropuna_Volcano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Coropuna" title="Coropuna">Coropuna</a></b> is a <a href="/wiki/Volcano#Dormant" title="Volcano">dormant</a> <a href="/wiki/Complex_volcano" title="Complex volcano">compound volcano</a> located in the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> mountains of southeast-central <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>. The upper reaches of Coropuna consist of several <a href="/wiki/Snow_field" title="Snow field">perennially snowbound</a> conical summits, lending it the name <b>Nevado Coropuna</b> in Spanish. The complex extends over an area of 240 square kilometres (93 sq mi) and its highest summit reaches an altitude of 6,377 metres (20,922 ft) above sea level. This makes the Coropuna complex the <a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Peru" title="List of mountains in Peru">third-highest of Peru</a>. Its thick <a href="/wiki/Ice_cap" title="Ice cap">ice cap</a> is the most extensive in Earth's <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropical zone</a>, with several <a href="/wiki/Glacier_morphology#Outlet_glaciers" title="Glacier morphology">outlet glaciers</a> stretching out to lower altitudes. Below an elevation of 5,000 metres (16,000 ft), there are various vegetation belts which include trees, <a href="/wiki/Peat_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Peat bog">peat bogs</a>, grasses and also <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_history_of_Peru" title="Agricultural history of Peru">agricultural</a> areas and <a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">pastures</a>.<br /><br />The Coropuna complex consists of several <a href="/wiki/Stratovolcano" title="Stratovolcano">stratovolcanoes</a>. These are composed chiefly of <a href="/wiki/Ignimbrite" title="Ignimbrite">ignimbrites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a> flows on a <a href="/wiki/Basement_(geology)" title="Basement (geology)">basement</a> formed by <a href="/wiki/Middle_Miocene" title="Middle Miocene">Middle Miocene</a> ignimbrites and lava flows. The Coropuna complex has been active for at least five million years, with the bulk of the current cone having been formed during the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a>. Coropuna has had two or three <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Eruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Eruption">eruptions</a> <span class="nowrap">2,100 ± 200</span> and either <span class="nowrap">1,100 ± 100</span> or <span class="nowrap">700 ± 200 years</span> ago which generated lava flows, plus an additional eruption which may have taken place some 6,000 years ago. Current activity occurs exclusively in the form of <a href="/wiki/Hot_spring" title="Hot spring">hot springs</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Coropuna" title="Coropuna">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 14 Map showing Morrell's reported location of the "New South Greenland" coast (1823, red line), and "Ross's Appearance" as reported by Sir James Clark Ross in 1841. The dotted line indicates the area of Captain Johnson's 1821 voyage. New South Greenland, sometimes known as Morrell's Land, was an appearance of land recorded by the American captain Benjamin Morrell of the schooner Wasp in March 1823, during a sealing and exploration voyage in the Weddell Sea area of Antarctica. Morrell provided precise coordinates and a description of a coastline which he claimed to have sailed along for more than 300 miles (500 km). Because the Weddell Sea area was so little visited and hard to navigate due to ice conditions, the alleged land was never properly investigated before its existence was emphatically disproven during Antarctic expeditions in the early 20th century. At the time of Morrell's voyage, the geography of the then-unnamed Weddell Sea and its surrounding coasts was almost entirely unknown, making the claimed sighting initially plausible. However, obvious errors in Morrell's voyage account and his general reputation as a fabulist created scepticism about the existence of this new land. In June 1912, the German explorer Wilhelm Filchner searched for but found no traces of land after his ship Deutschland became icebound in the Weddell Sea and drifted into the locality of Morrell's observation. A line sounding of the sea bottom revealed more than 5,000 feet (1,500 m) of water, indicating no land in near proximity. Three years later, trapped in the same waters with his ship Endurance, Ernest Shackleton was able by similar means to confirm the land's implausibility. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 14 Map showing Morrell's reported location of the "New South Greenland" coast (1823, red line), and "Ross's Appearance" as reported by Sir James Clark Ross in 1841. The dotted line indicates the area of Captain Johnson's 1821 voyage. New South Greenland, sometimes known as Morrell's Land, was an appearance of land recorded by the American captain Benjamin Morrell of the schooner Wasp in March 1823, during a sealing and exploration voyage in the Weddell Sea area of Antarctica. Morrell provided precise coordinates and a description of a coastline which he claimed to have sailed along for more than 300 miles (500 km). Because the Weddell Sea area was so little visited and hard to navigate due to ice conditions, the alleged land was never properly investigated before its existence was emphatically disproven during Antarctic expeditions in the early 20th century. At the time of Morrell's voyage, the geography of the then-unnamed Weddell Sea and its surrounding coasts was almost entirely unknown, making the claimed sighting initially plausible. However, obvious errors in Morrell's voyage account and his general reputation as a fabulist created scepticism about the existence of this new land. In June 1912, the German explorer Wilhelm Filchner searched for but found no traces of land after his ship Deutschland became icebound in the Weddell Sea and drifted into the locality of Morrell's observation. A line sounding of the sea bottom revealed more than 5,000 feet (1,500 m) of water, indicating no land in near proximity. Three years later, trapped in the same waters with his ship Endurance, Ernest Shackleton was able by similar means to confirm the land's implausibility. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 14</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_South_Greenland_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Chart shows the positions of the supposed New South Greenland coast, and Ross's Appearance, in relation to the Antarctic peninsula, the South American mainland, the South Sandwich Islands and South Georgia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/New_South_Greenland_Map.png/300px-New_South_Greenland_Map.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/New_South_Greenland_Map.png 1.5x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="344" /></a><figcaption>Map showing Morrell's reported location of the "New South Greenland" coast (1823, red line), and "Ross's Appearance" as reported by Sir James Clark Ross in 1841. The dotted line indicates the area of Captain Johnson's 1821 voyage.</figcaption></figure><br /><br /><b><a href="/wiki/New_South_Greenland" title="New South Greenland">New South Greenland</a></b>, sometimes known as <b>Morrell's Land</b>, was an <a href="/wiki/Phantom_island" title="Phantom island">appearance of land</a> recorded by the American captain <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Morrell" title="Benjamin Morrell">Benjamin Morrell</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Schooner" title="Schooner">schooner</a> <i>Wasp</i> in <span class="nowrap">March 1823</span>, during a <a href="/wiki/Seal_hunting" title="Seal hunting">sealing</a> and exploration voyage in the <a href="/wiki/Weddell_Sea" title="Weddell Sea">Weddell Sea</a> area of Antarctica. Morrell provided precise coordinates and a description of a coastline which he claimed to have sailed along for more than 300 miles (500 km). Because the Weddell Sea area was so little visited and hard to navigate due to ice conditions, the alleged land was never properly investigated before its existence was emphatically disproven during Antarctic expeditions in the early 20th century.<br /><br />At the time of Morrell's voyage, the geography of the then-unnamed Weddell Sea and its surrounding coasts was almost entirely unknown, making the claimed sighting initially plausible. However, obvious errors in Morrell's voyage account and his general reputation as a <a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">fabulist</a> created scepticism about the existence of this new land. In <span class="nowrap">June 1912</span>, the German explorer <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Filchner" title="Wilhelm Filchner">Wilhelm Filchner</a> searched for but found no traces of land after his ship <i>Deutschland</i> became icebound in the Weddell Sea and drifted into the locality of Morrell's observation. A <a href="/wiki/Sounding_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Sounding line">line sounding</a> of the sea bottom revealed more than 5,000 feet (1,500 m) of water, indicating no land in near proximity. Three years later, trapped in the same waters with his ship <a href="/wiki/Endurance_(1912_ship)" title="Endurance (1912 ship)"><i>Endurance</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Ernest Shackleton</a> was able by similar means to confirm the land's implausibility. (<b><a href="/wiki/New_South_Greenland" title="New South Greenland">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 15 Portrait attributed to Simplício de Sá, c. 1830 Dom Pedro I (12 October 1798 – 24 September 1834) was the founder and first ruler of the Empire of Brazil, where he was known as "the Liberator". As King Dom Pedro IV, he reigned briefly over Portugal, where he also became known as "the Liberator" as well as "the Soldier King". Born in Lisbon, Pedro I was the fourth child of King Dom John VI of Portugal and Queen Carlota Joaquina, and thus a member of the House of Braganza. When the country was invaded by French troops in 1807, he and his family fled to Portugal's largest and wealthiest colony, Brazil. The outbreak of the Liberal Revolution of 1820 in Lisbon compelled Pedro I's father to return to Portugal in April 1821, leaving him to rule Brazil as regent. He had to deal with challenges from revolutionaries and insubordination by Portuguese troops, all of which he subdued. The Portuguese government's threat to revoke the political autonomy that Brazil had enjoyed since 1808 was met with widespread discontent in Brazil. Pedro I chose the Brazilian side and declared Brazil's independence from Portugal on 7 September 1822. On 12 October, he was acclaimed Brazilian emperor and by March 1824 had defeated all armies loyal to Portugal. A few months later, Pedro I crushed the short-lived Confederation of the Equator, a failed secession attempt by provincial rebels in Brazil's northeast. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 15 Portrait attributed to Simplício de Sá, c. 1830 Dom Pedro I (12 October 1798 – 24 September 1834) was the founder and first ruler of the Empire of Brazil, where he was known as "the Liberator". As King Dom Pedro IV, he reigned briefly over Portugal, where he also became known as "the Liberator" as well as "the Soldier King". Born in Lisbon, Pedro I was the fourth child of King Dom John VI of Portugal and Queen Carlota Joaquina, and thus a member of the House of Braganza. When the country was invaded by French troops in 1807, he and his family fled to Portugal's largest and wealthiest colony, Brazil. The outbreak of the Liberal Revolution of 1820 in Lisbon compelled Pedro I's father to return to Portugal in April 1821, leaving him to rule Brazil as regent. He had to deal with challenges from revolutionaries and insubordination by Portuguese troops, all of which he subdued. The Portuguese government's threat to revoke the political autonomy that Brazil had enjoyed since 1808 was met with widespread discontent in Brazil. Pedro I chose the Brazilian side and declared Brazil's independence from Portugal on 7 September 1822. On 12 October, he was acclaimed Brazilian emperor and by March 1824 had defeated all armies loyal to Portugal. A few months later, Pedro I crushed the short-lived Confederation of the Equator, a failed secession attempt by provincial rebels in Brazil's northeast. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 15</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:DpedroI-brasil-full.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/DpedroI-brasil-full.jpg/220px-DpedroI-brasil-full.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/DpedroI-brasil-full.jpg/330px-DpedroI-brasil-full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/DpedroI-brasil-full.jpg/440px-DpedroI-brasil-full.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="3138" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Portrait attributed to <a href="/wiki/Simpl%C3%ADcio_Rodrigues_de_S%C3%A1" title="Simplício Rodrigues de Sá">Simplício de Sá</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1830</span></div></div></div></div><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Don_(honorific)" title="Don (honorific)">Dom</a></i> <b><a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Pedro I</a></b> (12 October 1798 – 24 September 1834) was the founder and <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Brazil" title="List of monarchs of Brazil">first ruler</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a>, where he was known as "<b>the Liberator</b>". As King Dom <b>Pedro IV</b>, he <a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_monarchs#House_of_Braganza_(1640–1910)" title="List of Portuguese monarchs">reigned briefly</a> over <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a>, where he also became known as "the Liberator" as well as "<b>the Soldier King</b>". Born in <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, Pedro I was the fourth child of King Dom <a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">John VI of Portugal</a> and Queen <a href="/wiki/Carlota_Joaquina" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlota Joaquina">Carlota Joaquina</a>, and thus a member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Braganza" title="House of Braganza">House of Braganza</a>. When the country was <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Portugal_(1807)" title="Invasion of Portugal (1807)">invaded</a> by French troops in 1807, he and his family fled to Portugal's largest and wealthiest colony, Brazil.<br /><br />The outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Revolution_of_1820" title="Liberal Revolution of 1820">Liberal Revolution of 1820</a> in Lisbon compelled Pedro I's father to return to Portugal in April 1821, leaving him to rule Brazil as regent. He had to deal with challenges from revolutionaries and insubordination by Portuguese troops, all of which he subdued. The Portuguese government's threat to revoke the political autonomy that Brazil had enjoyed since 1808 was met with widespread discontent in Brazil. Pedro I chose the Brazilian side and declared <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Brazil" title="Independence of Brazil">Brazil's independence</a> from Portugal on 7 September 1822. On 12 October, he was acclaimed Brazilian emperor and by March 1824 had defeated all armies loyal to Portugal. A few months later, Pedro I crushed the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Equator" title="Confederation of the Equator">Confederation of the Equator</a>, a failed secession attempt by provincial rebels in Brazil's <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Region,_Brazil" title="Northeast Region, Brazil">northeast</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> </ul></div> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography/Recognized_content#Featured_articles" title="Portal:Geography/Recognized content">More featured articles</a></b></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #A2AFBF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#82A8D8;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Vital_article" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:C%C3%ADrculos_Conc%C3%A9ntricos.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vital articles"><img alt="Vital articles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/C%C3%ADrculos_Conc%C3%A9ntricos.svg/20px-C%C3%ADrculos_Conc%C3%A9ntricos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/C%C3%ADrculos_Conc%C3%A9ntricos.svg/30px-C%C3%ADrculos_Conc%C3%A9ntricos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/C%C3%ADrculos_Conc%C3%A9ntricos.svg/40px-C%C3%ADrculos_Conc%C3%A9ntricos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="215" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> Vital article</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #A2AFBF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#F4F9FF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div style="text-align: center;"><i><small><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vital_articles" title="Wikipedia:Vital articles">Vital articles</a> to understand Geography.</small></i></div> <hr /> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_America_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p><b><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a></b> is a continent entirely in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a> and mostly in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>, with a considerably smaller portion in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>. It can also be described as the southern <a href="/wiki/Subregion#Americas" title="Subregion">subregion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">Full article...</a></b>)<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1256386598">.mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#F0F2F5;color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#CCFFCC;color:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#14181F;color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#003500;color:inherit}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#14181F;color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#003500;color:inherit}}</style> </p> <div style="margin-left:0"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-archivedtalk mw-collapsed" style="color:inherit; background: transparent; text-align: left; border: 1px solid Silver; margin: 0.2em auto auto; width:100%; clear: both; padding: 1px;"> <tbody><tr> <th class="cot-header-other" style="background:fff; font-size:87%; padding:0.2em 0.3em; text-align:center; color:#202122"><div style="font-size:115%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;">Other vital articles</span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; border: solid 1px Silver; padding: 0.6em; background: var(--background-color-base, #fff);"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Country</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Land" title="Land">Land</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">Sea</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #A2AFBF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#82A8D8;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Related_portals" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Related portals</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #A2AFBF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#F4F9FF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/25px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/38px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/50px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Lakes" title="Portal:Lakes">Lakes</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png/25px-The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png/38px-The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png/50px-The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="994" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mountains" title="Portal:Mountains">Mountains</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/27px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="27" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/41px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/54px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg/27px-Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg" decoding="async" width="27" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg/41px-Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg/54px-Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Rivers" title="Portal:Rivers">Rivers</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/27px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" decoding="async" width="27" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/41px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/54px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Weather" title="Portal:Weather">Weather</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/27px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/41px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/54px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/25px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/38px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/50px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World</a></li></ul></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #A2AFBF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#82A8D8;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AWikiProject_Geography%2Fto_do&action=edit"><span style="color:#000000">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="Get_involved" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Get involved</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #A2AFBF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#F4F9FF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div style="text-align: center;"><i><small>For editor resources and to collaborate with other editors on improving Wikipedia's Geography-related articles, visit <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Geography" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Geography">WikiProject Geography</a></b>.</small></i></div> <hr /> <table style="background:none;color:inherit;width:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg/50px-Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg/75px-Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg/100px-Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span><br /><div style="width: 55px; height: 0px;"></div> </td> <td> <div style="position: relative; left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; z-index: 15;">Here are some tasks awaiting attention: <ul style="font-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0.3em 0px 0.3em 25px;"> <li><b><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requested_articles" title="Wikipedia:Requested articles">Article requests</a></i> :</b> See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requested_articles/Social_sciences/Geography,_cities,_regions_and_named_places" title="Wikipedia:Requested articles/Social sciences/Geography, cities, regions and named places">Requested articles/Social sciences/Geography, cities, regions and named places</a> and <a href="/wiki/User:Skysmith/Missing_articles_about_Locations" title="User:Skysmith/Missing articles about Locations">Missing articles about Locations</a></li><li><b><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_assessment" title="Wikipedia:Content assessment">Assess</a></i> :</b> Tag related article talk pages with <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:WikiProject_Geography" title="Template:WikiProject Geography">WikiProject Geography</a>}}</code>. To help assess the quality and importance of geography articles, please see: <a href="/wiki/Category:Unassessed_geography_articles" title="Category:Unassessed geography articles">Unassessed geography articles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Unknown-importance_geography_articles" title="Category:Unknown-importance geography articles">Unknown-importance geography articles</a>.</li><li><b><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">Cleanup</a></i> :</b> See <a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_articles_needing_attention" title="Category:Geography articles needing attention">Geography articles needing attention</a></li><li><b><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deletion_sorting" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Deletion sorting">Deletion sorting</a></i> :</b> Listed at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deletion_sorting/Compact#Geographic" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Deletion sorting/Compact">Geographic related deletion discussions</a></li><li><b><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Geographical_coordinates" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Geographical coordinates">Geographical coordinates</a></i> :</b> See <a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_missing_geocoordinate_data_by_country" title="Category:Articles missing geocoordinate data by country">Articles missing geocoordinate data by country</a></li><li><b><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Infoboxes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes">Infobox</a></i> :</b> See <a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_articles_needing_infoboxes" title="Category:Geography articles needing infoboxes">Geography articles needing infoboxes</a></li><li><b><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Maps" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Maps">Map</a></i> :</b> See <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_requested_maps" title="Category:Wikipedia requested maps">Wikipedia requested maps</a></li><li><b><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability" title="Wikipedia:Notability">Notability</a></i> :</b> See <a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_articles_with_topics_of_unclear_notability" title="Category:Geography articles with topics of unclear notability">Geography articles with topics of unclear notability</a></li><li><b><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requested_pictures" title="Wikipedia:Requested pictures">Photo</a></i> :</b> See <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_requested_photographs_of_places" title="Category:Wikipedia requested photographs of places">Wikipedia requested photographs of places</a></li><li><b><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikipedia:Stub">Stubs</a></i> :</b> See <a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_stubs" title="Category:Geography stubs">Geography stubs</a></li> </ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div></div><div class="flex-columns-column"><div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #A2AFBF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#82A8D8;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Selected_pictures" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Selected pictures</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #A2AFBF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#F4F9FF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238452006">.mw-parser-output div.portalSlideshow-container>ul.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow>li.gallerycarousel>div>div>div>span:nth-child(2){display:none}.mw-parser-output div.portalSlideshow-container>ul.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow>li.gallerycarousel>div>div:nth-child(1){padding-top:0.3em;padding-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output div.portalSlideshow-container>ul.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow>li:nth-child(n/**/+2){display:none}.mw-parser-output div.portalSlideshow-container .gallery .gallerybox,.mw-parser-output div.portalSlideshow-container .gallery .gallerybox div{width:100%!important;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mw-gallery-slideshow-img-container>a[href="/wiki/File:Blank.png"]{display:none}.mw-parser-output .gallerytext{font-size:100%!important;text-align:left}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1021884966"><div class="randomSlideshow-container portalSlideshow-container" style="max-width:100%; margin:-4em auto;"><div class="nomobile"></div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-slideshow switcher-container"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_America_-_Blue_Marble_orthographic.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 1 South America Photo: Blue Marble by Reto Stockli, NASA/GSFC A composite relief satellite image of South America, the fourth-largest continent. South America occupies the southern portion of the landmass in the Western Hemisphere. The continent is generally delimited on the northwest by the Darién watershed along the Colombia–Panama border. Almost all of mainland South America sits on the South American Plate, as do nearby outlying islands. More selected pictures"><img alt="Image 1 South America Photo: Blue Marble by Reto Stockli, NASA/GSFC A composite relief satellite image of South America, the fourth-largest continent. South America occupies the southern portion of the landmass in the Western Hemisphere. The continent is generally delimited on the northwest by the Darién watershed along the Colombia–Panama border. Almost all of mainland South America sits on the South American Plate, as do nearby outlying islands. More selected pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/South_America_-_Blue_Marble_orthographic.jpg/86px-South_America_-_Blue_Marble_orthographic.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/South_America_-_Blue_Marble_orthographic.jpg/129px-South_America_-_Blue_Marble_orthographic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/South_America_-_Blue_Marble_orthographic.jpg/173px-South_America_-_Blue_Marble_orthographic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7200" data-file-height="10000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 1</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Photo: Blue Marble by Reto Stockli, <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>/<a href="/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" title="Goddard Space Flight Center">GSFC</a></span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;">A <a href="/wiki/Compositing" title="Compositing">composite</a> <a href="/wiki/Terrain" title="Terrain">relief</a> satellite image of <b><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a></b>, the fourth-largest continent. South America occupies the southern portion of the <a href="/wiki/Landmass" title="Landmass">landmass</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a>. The continent is generally delimited on the northwest by the <a href="/wiki/Dari%C3%A9n_Gap" title="Darién Gap">Darién watershed</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>–<a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> border. Almost all of mainland South America sits on the <a href="/wiki/South_American_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="South American Plate">South American Plate</a>, as do nearby outlying islands.</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography/Selected_picture" title="Portal:Geography/Selected picture">More selected pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercator_projection_SW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 2 Mercator projection Map: Strebe, using Geocart The Mercator projection is a cylindrical map projection presented by the Flemish geographer and cartographer Gerardus Mercator in 1569. Because it represents paths of constant course as straight lines, it long served as the standard map projection for nautical purposes. However, it distorts the size of objects as the latitude increases: thus areas in the mid-latitudes appear significantly larger than their actual size relative to those the equator, and those near the poles are even more exaggerated. Most modern atlases no longer use the Mercator projection for world maps or for areas distant from the equator, preferring other cylindrical projections, or forms of equal-area projection. More selected pictures"><img alt="Image 2 Mercator projection Map: Strebe, using Geocart The Mercator projection is a cylindrical map projection presented by the Flemish geographer and cartographer Gerardus Mercator in 1569. Because it represents paths of constant course as straight lines, it long served as the standard map projection for nautical purposes. However, it distorts the size of objects as the latitude increases: thus areas in the mid-latitudes appear significantly larger than their actual size relative to those the equator, and those near the poles are even more exaggerated. Most modern atlases no longer use the Mercator projection for world maps or for areas distant from the equator, preferring other cylindrical projections, or forms of equal-area projection. More selected pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Mercator_projection_SW.jpg/120px-Mercator_projection_SW.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Mercator_projection_SW.jpg/180px-Mercator_projection_SW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Mercator_projection_SW.jpg/240px-Mercator_projection_SW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2058" data-file-height="1746" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 2</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Mercator_projection" title="Mercator projection">Mercator projection</a></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Map: <a href="/wiki/User:Strebe" title="User:Strebe">Strebe</a>, using Geocart</span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;">The <b><a href="/wiki/Mercator_projection" title="Mercator projection">Mercator projection</a></b> is a <a href="/wiki/Cylindrical_map_projection" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylindrical map projection">cylindrical map projection</a> presented by the <a href="/wiki/Flemish_people" title="Flemish people">Flemish</a> geographer and cartographer <a href="/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator" title="Gerardus Mercator">Gerardus Mercator</a> in 1569. Because it represents paths of constant <a href="/wiki/Course_(navigation)" title="Course (navigation)">course</a> as straight lines, it long served as the standard map projection for nautical purposes. However, it distorts the size of objects as the latitude increases: thus areas in the mid-latitudes appear significantly larger than their actual size relative to those the equator, and those near the poles are even more exaggerated. Most modern atlases no longer use the Mercator projection for world maps or for areas distant from the equator, preferring other cylindrical projections, or forms of <a href="/wiki/Map_projection#Equal-area" title="Map projection">equal-area projection</a>.</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography/Selected_picture" title="Portal:Geography/Selected picture">More selected pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Craig_projection_SW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 3 Craig retroazimuthal projection Map: Strebe, using Geocart The Craig retroazimuthal is a modified cylindrical map projection created by James Ireland Craig in 1909. It preserves the direction from any place to one other, predetermined place while avoiding some of the distortion of the Hammer retroazimuthal projection. This projection is sometimes known as the Mecca projection because Craig, who had worked in Egypt as a cartographer, created it to help Muslims find the qibla. More selected pictures"><img alt="Image 3 Craig retroazimuthal projection Map: Strebe, using Geocart The Craig retroazimuthal is a modified cylindrical map projection created by James Ireland Craig in 1909. It preserves the direction from any place to one other, predetermined place while avoiding some of the distortion of the Hammer retroazimuthal projection. This projection is sometimes known as the Mecca projection because Craig, who had worked in Egypt as a cartographer, created it to help Muslims find the qibla. More selected pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Craig_projection_SW.jpg/120px-Craig_projection_SW.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Craig_projection_SW.jpg/180px-Craig_projection_SW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Craig_projection_SW.jpg/240px-Craig_projection_SW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2059" data-file-height="1169" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 3</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Craig_retroazimuthal_projection" title="Craig retroazimuthal projection">Craig retroazimuthal projection</a></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Map: <a href="/wiki/User:Strebe" title="User:Strebe">Strebe</a>, using Geocart</span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;">The <b><a href="/wiki/Craig_retroazimuthal_projection" title="Craig retroazimuthal projection">Craig retroazimuthal</a></b> is a modified <a href="/wiki/Map_projection#Cylindrical" title="Map projection">cylindrical map projection</a> created by James Ireland Craig in 1909. It preserves the direction from any place to one other, predetermined place while avoiding some of the distortion of the <a href="/wiki/Hammer_retroazimuthal_projection" title="Hammer retroazimuthal projection">Hammer retroazimuthal projection</a>. This projection is sometimes known as the Mecca projection because Craig, who had worked in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Cartographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartographer">cartographer</a>, created it to help <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> find the <a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">qibla</a>.</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography/Selected_picture" title="Portal:Geography/Selected picture">More selected pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_world_by_the_US_Gov_as_of_2016_no_legend.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 4 Robinson projection Map credit: Central Intelligence Agency The Robinson projection is a projection of a world map showing the entire Earth at once. It was specifically created in an attempt to find a good compromise to the problem of showing the whole globe as a single flat image. The projection was devised by Arthur H. Robinson in 1963; distortion is severe close to the poles, but quickly declines to moderate levels as latitudes decrease. This Robinson-projection map, with standard parallels of 38°N and 38°S, was produced by the United States Central Intelligence Agency and shows the world as of February 2016. More selected pictures"><img alt="Image 4 Robinson projection Map credit: Central Intelligence Agency The Robinson projection is a projection of a world map showing the entire Earth at once. It was specifically created in an attempt to find a good compromise to the problem of showing the whole globe as a single flat image. The projection was devised by Arthur H. Robinson in 1963; distortion is severe close to the poles, but quickly declines to moderate levels as latitudes decrease. This Robinson-projection map, with standard parallels of 38°N and 38°S, was produced by the United States Central Intelligence Agency and shows the world as of February 2016. More selected pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Map_of_the_world_by_the_US_Gov_as_of_2016_no_legend.svg/120px-Map_of_the_world_by_the_US_Gov_as_of_2016_no_legend.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Map_of_the_world_by_the_US_Gov_as_of_2016_no_legend.svg/180px-Map_of_the_world_by_the_US_Gov_as_of_2016_no_legend.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Map_of_the_world_by_the_US_Gov_as_of_2016_no_legend.svg/240px-Map_of_the_world_by_the_US_Gov_as_of_2016_no_legend.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3464" data-file-height="1755" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 4</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Robinson_projection" title="Robinson projection">Robinson projection</a></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Map credit: <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;">The <b><a href="/wiki/Robinson_projection" title="Robinson projection">Robinson projection</a></b> is a <a href="/wiki/Map_projection" title="Map projection">projection</a> of a <a href="/wiki/World_map" title="World map">world map</a> showing the entire Earth at once. It was specifically created in an attempt to find a good compromise to the problem of showing the whole globe as a single flat image. The projection was devised by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_H._Robinson" title="Arthur H. Robinson">Arthur H. Robinson</a> in 1963; distortion is severe close to the poles, but quickly declines to moderate levels as latitudes decrease. This Robinson-projection map, with <a href="/wiki/Map_projection#Notable_lines" title="Map projection">standard parallels</a> of 38°N and 38°S, was produced by the United States <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> and shows the world as of February 2016.</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography/Selected_picture" title="Portal:Geography/Selected picture">More selected pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maull_%26_Fox_-_Fanny_Bullock_Workman.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 5 Fanny Bullock Workman Photograph: Maull & Fox; restoration: Adam Cuerden Fanny Bullock Workman (1859–1925) was an American geographer, cartographer, explorer, travel writer, and mountaineer. Together with her husband, William Hunter Workman, she traveled by bicycle through Switzerland, France, Italy, Spain, Algeria and India; after taking up climbing in the Himalayas, she set a women's altitude record on Pinnacle Peak, reaching 23,000 feet (7,000 m). She published eight travel books, with particular focus on the lives of women in the countries she visited, and championed women's rights and women's suffrage. More selected pictures"><img alt="Image 5 Fanny Bullock Workman Photograph: Maull & Fox; restoration: Adam Cuerden Fanny Bullock Workman (1859–1925) was an American geographer, cartographer, explorer, travel writer, and mountaineer. Together with her husband, William Hunter Workman, she traveled by bicycle through Switzerland, France, Italy, Spain, Algeria and India; after taking up climbing in the Himalayas, she set a women's altitude record on Pinnacle Peak, reaching 23,000 feet (7,000 m). She published eight travel books, with particular focus on the lives of women in the countries she visited, and championed women's rights and women's suffrage. More selected pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bb/Maull_%26_Fox_-_Fanny_Bullock_Workman.jpg/82px-Maull_%26_Fox_-_Fanny_Bullock_Workman.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bb/Maull_%26_Fox_-_Fanny_Bullock_Workman.jpg/123px-Maull_%26_Fox_-_Fanny_Bullock_Workman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bb/Maull_%26_Fox_-_Fanny_Bullock_Workman.jpg/164px-Maull_%26_Fox_-_Fanny_Bullock_Workman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2286" data-file-height="3352" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 5</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Bullock_Workman" title="Fanny Bullock Workman">Fanny Bullock Workman</a></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Photograph: Maull & Fox; restoration: <a href="/wiki/User:Adam_Cuerden" title="User:Adam Cuerden">Adam Cuerden</a></span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Bullock_Workman" title="Fanny Bullock Workman">Fanny Bullock Workman</a></b> (1859–1925) was an American <a href="/wiki/Geographer" title="Geographer">geographer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">cartographer</a>, explorer, <a href="/wiki/Travel_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel writing">travel writer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mountaineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountaineer">mountaineer</a>. Together with her husband, William Hunter Workman, she traveled by bicycle through Switzerland, France, Italy, Spain, Algeria and India; after taking up climbing in the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>, she set a <a href="/wiki/World_altitude_record_(mountaineering)#Women's_altitude_record" title="World altitude record (mountaineering)">women's altitude record</a> on <a href="/wiki/Pinnacle_Peak_(Jammu_and_Kashmir)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinnacle Peak (Jammu and Kashmir)">Pinnacle Peak</a>, reaching 23,000 feet (7,000 m). She published eight travel books, with particular focus on the lives of women in the countries she visited, and championed women's rights and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a>.</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography/Selected_picture" title="Portal:Geography/Selected picture">More selected pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jfader_dryden.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 6 Edwards Air Force Base Photo credit: NASA The world's largest compass rose, drawn on the desert floor at Edwards Air Force Base in California, United States. Painted on the dry lake near Dryden Flight Research Center, it is inclined to magnetic north and is used by pilots for calibrating heading indicators. More selected pictures"><img alt="Image 6 Edwards Air Force Base Photo credit: NASA The world's largest compass rose, drawn on the desert floor at Edwards Air Force Base in California, United States. Painted on the dry lake near Dryden Flight Research Center, it is inclined to magnetic north and is used by pilots for calibrating heading indicators. More selected pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Jfader_dryden.jpg/120px-Jfader_dryden.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Jfader_dryden.jpg/180px-Jfader_dryden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Jfader_dryden.jpg/240px-Jfader_dryden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="948" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 6</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Base" title="Edwards Air Force Base">Edwards Air Force Base</a></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Photo credit: <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;">The world's largest <a href="/wiki/Compass_rose" title="Compass rose">compass rose</a>, drawn on the desert floor at <b><a href="/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Base" title="Edwards Air Force Base">Edwards Air Force Base</a></b> in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. Painted on the <a href="/wiki/Dry_lake" title="Dry lake">dry lake</a> near <a href="/wiki/Dryden_Flight_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Dryden Flight Research Center">Dryden Flight Research Center</a>, it is inclined to <a href="/wiki/North_Magnetic_Pole" class="mw-redirect" title="North Magnetic Pole">magnetic north</a> and is used by pilots for calibrating <a href="/wiki/Heading_indicator" title="Heading indicator">heading indicators</a>.</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography/Selected_picture" title="Portal:Geography/Selected picture">More selected pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Olmec_Heartland_Overview_4.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 7 Olmec heartland Map: Madman2001 A map of the Olmec heartland, the southern portion of Mexico's Gulf Coast region between the Tuxtla mountains and the Olmec archaeological site of La Venta. It is considered the heartland of the Olmec culture, which was widespread over Mesoamerica from 1400 BCE until roughly 400 BCE. On this map, yellow dots represent ancient habitation sites, including San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán, La Venta, and Tres Zapotes. Red dots represent isolated artifact finds unassociated with any ancient town or village, such as the Las Limas Monument 1, the San Martín Pajapan Monument 1, and "The Wrestler". More selected pictures"><img alt="Image 7 Olmec heartland Map: Madman2001 A map of the Olmec heartland, the southern portion of Mexico's Gulf Coast region between the Tuxtla mountains and the Olmec archaeological site of La Venta. It is considered the heartland of the Olmec culture, which was widespread over Mesoamerica from 1400 BCE until roughly 400 BCE. On this map, yellow dots represent ancient habitation sites, including San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán, La Venta, and Tres Zapotes. Red dots represent isolated artifact finds unassociated with any ancient town or village, such as the Las Limas Monument 1, the San Martín Pajapan Monument 1, and "The Wrestler". More selected pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Olmec_Heartland_Overview_4.svg/120px-Olmec_Heartland_Overview_4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Olmec_Heartland_Overview_4.svg/180px-Olmec_Heartland_Overview_4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Olmec_Heartland_Overview_4.svg/240px-Olmec_Heartland_Overview_4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1788" data-file-height="1273" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 7</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Olmec_heartland" title="Olmec heartland">Olmec heartland</a></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Map: <a href="/wiki/User:Madman2001" title="User:Madman2001">Madman2001</a></span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;">A map of the <b><a href="/wiki/Olmec_heartland" title="Olmec heartland">Olmec heartland</a></b>, the southern portion of Mexico's <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf Coast of Mexico">Gulf Coast region</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Tuxtla_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuxtla mountains">Tuxtla mountains</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Olmec" class="mw-redirect" title="Olmec">Olmec</a> archaeological site of <a href="/wiki/La_Venta" title="La Venta">La Venta</a>. It is considered the heartland of the Olmec culture, which was widespread over <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a> from 1400 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a> until roughly 400 BCE.<br /><br />On this map, yellow dots represent ancient habitation sites, including <a href="/wiki/San_Lorenzo_Tenochtitl%C3%A1n" title="San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán">San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Venta" title="La Venta">La Venta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tres_Zapotes" title="Tres Zapotes">Tres Zapotes</a>. Red dots represent isolated artifact finds unassociated with any ancient town or village, such as the <a href="/wiki/Las_Limas_Monument_1" title="Las Limas Monument 1">Las Limas Monument 1</a>, the <a href="/wiki/San_Mart%C3%ADn_Pajapan_Monument_1" title="San Martín Pajapan Monument 1">San Martín Pajapan Monument 1</a>, and "<a href="/wiki/The_Wrestler_(sculpture)" title="The Wrestler (sculpture)">The Wrestler</a>".</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography/Selected_picture" title="Portal:Geography/Selected picture">More selected pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Map_1689.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 8 World map Map: Gerard van Schagen A world map entitled Nova totius terrarum orbis tabula Amstelodami, created in 1689 by Gerard van Schagen. This map, created in Amsterdam, measures 48.3 by 56.0 centimetres (19.0 by 22.0 in) in size and was made using copper engraving. More selected pictures"><img alt="Image 8 World map Map: Gerard van Schagen A world map entitled Nova totius terrarum orbis tabula Amstelodami, created in 1689 by Gerard van Schagen. This map, created in Amsterdam, measures 48.3 by 56.0 centimetres (19.0 by 22.0 in) in size and was made using copper engraving. More selected pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/World_Map_1689.JPG/120px-World_Map_1689.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/World_Map_1689.JPG/180px-World_Map_1689.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/World_Map_1689.JPG/240px-World_Map_1689.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4560" data-file-height="3936" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 8</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/World_map" title="World map">World map</a></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Map: <a href="/wiki/Gerard_van_Schagen" title="Gerard van Schagen">Gerard van Schagen</a></span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;">A <b><a href="/wiki/World_map" title="World map">world map</a></b> entitled <i>Nova totius terrarum orbis tabula Amstelodami</i>, created in 1689 by <a href="/wiki/Gerard_van_Schagen" title="Gerard van Schagen">Gerard van Schagen</a>. This map, created in Amsterdam, measures 48.3 by 56.0 centimetres (19.0 by 22.0 in) in size and was made using <a href="/wiki/Copper_engraving" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper engraving">copper engraving</a>.</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography/Selected_picture" title="Portal:Geography/Selected picture">More selected pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctica_satellite_globe.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 9 Antarctica Photo credit: NASA Antarctica, the continent surrounding the Earth's South Pole, is the coldest place on earth and is almost entirely covered by ice. Antarctica was discovered in late January 1820. Too cold and dry to support virtually any vascular plants, Antartica's flora presently consists of around 250 lichens, 100 mosses, 25-30 liverworts, and around 700 terrestrial and aquatic algal species. More selected pictures"><img alt="Image 9 Antarctica Photo credit: NASA Antarctica, the continent surrounding the Earth's South Pole, is the coldest place on earth and is almost entirely covered by ice. Antarctica was discovered in late January 1820. Too cold and dry to support virtually any vascular plants, Antartica's flora presently consists of around 250 lichens, 100 mosses, 25-30 liverworts, and around 700 terrestrial and aquatic algal species. More selected pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Antarctica_satellite_globe.jpg/120px-Antarctica_satellite_globe.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Antarctica_satellite_globe.jpg/180px-Antarctica_satellite_globe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Antarctica_satellite_globe.jpg/240px-Antarctica_satellite_globe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="678" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 9</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Photo credit: NASA</span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a> surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a>, is the <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Antarctica" title="Climate of Antarctica">coldest place on earth</a> and is almost entirely covered by <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">ice</a>. Antarctica was discovered in late January <a href="/wiki/1820" title="1820">1820</a>. Too cold and dry to support virtually any vascular plants, Antartica's flora presently consists of around 250 <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichens</a>, 100 <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">mosses</a>, 25-30 <a href="/wiki/Liverwort" class="mw-redirect" title="Liverwort">liverworts</a>, and around 700 terrestrial and aquatic <a href="/wiki/Alga" class="mw-redirect" title="Alga">algal</a> species.</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography/Selected_picture" title="Portal:Geography/Selected picture">More selected pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jorge_Aguiar_1492_MR.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 10 Iberian cartography, 1400–1600 Map: Jorge de Aguiar A portolan chart from 1492, the oldest known signed and dated chart of Portuguese origin. Cartography technologies greatly advanced during the Age of Discovery. Iberian mapmakers in particular focused on practical charts to use as navigational aids. Unlike Spanish maps which were regarded as state secrets, Portuguese ones were used by other countries, and Portuguese cartographers drew upon the skill and knowledge of other cultures as well. More selected pictures"><img alt="Image 10 Iberian cartography, 1400–1600 Map: Jorge de Aguiar A portolan chart from 1492, the oldest known signed and dated chart of Portuguese origin. Cartography technologies greatly advanced during the Age of Discovery. Iberian mapmakers in particular focused on practical charts to use as navigational aids. Unlike Spanish maps which were regarded as state secrets, Portuguese ones were used by other countries, and Portuguese cartographers drew upon the skill and knowledge of other cultures as well. More selected pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Jorge_Aguiar_1492_MR.jpg/120px-Jorge_Aguiar_1492_MR.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Jorge_Aguiar_1492_MR.jpg/180px-Jorge_Aguiar_1492_MR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Jorge_Aguiar_1492_MR.jpg/240px-Jorge_Aguiar_1492_MR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5016" data-file-height="3878" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 10</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_cartography,_1400%E2%80%931600" title="Iberian cartography, 1400–1600">Iberian cartography, 1400–1600</a></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Map: Jorge de Aguiar</span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;">A <a href="/wiki/Portolan_chart" title="Portolan chart">portolan chart</a> from 1492, the oldest known signed and dated chart of <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> origin. <a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a> technologies greatly advanced during the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a>. <b><a href="/wiki/Iberian_cartography,_1400%E2%80%931600" title="Iberian cartography, 1400–1600">Iberian mapmakers</a></b> in particular focused on practical charts to use as <a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">navigational</a> aids. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> maps which were regarded as <a href="/wiki/Classified_information" title="Classified information">state secrets</a>, Portuguese ones were used by other countries, and Portuguese cartographers drew upon the skill and knowledge of other cultures as well.</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography/Selected_picture" title="Portal:Geography/Selected picture">More selected pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mitchell_Map-06full2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 11 Mitchell Map Author: John Mitchell; scan: Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division. The Mitchell Map is the most comprehensive map of eastern North America made during the colonial era. Measuring about 6.5 ft (2.0 m) wide by 4.5 ft (1.4 m) high, it was produced by John Mitchell in 1757 in eight separate sheets. The map was used during the Treaty of Paris for defining the boundaries of the United States, and remains important today for resolving border disputes. More selected pictures"><img alt="Image 11 Mitchell Map Author: John Mitchell; scan: Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division. The Mitchell Map is the most comprehensive map of eastern North America made during the colonial era. Measuring about 6.5 ft (2.0 m) wide by 4.5 ft (1.4 m) high, it was produced by John Mitchell in 1757 in eight separate sheets. The map was used during the Treaty of Paris for defining the boundaries of the United States, and remains important today for resolving border disputes. More selected pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Mitchell_Map-06full2.jpg/120px-Mitchell_Map-06full2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Mitchell_Map-06full2.jpg/180px-Mitchell_Map-06full2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Mitchell_Map-06full2.jpg/240px-Mitchell_Map-06full2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11686" data-file-height="8255" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 11</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Map" title="Mitchell Map">Mitchell Map</a></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Author: <a href="/wiki/John_Mitchell_(geographer)" title="John Mitchell (geographer)">John Mitchell</a>; scan: Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division.</span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;">The <b><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Map" title="Mitchell Map">Mitchell Map</a></b> is the most comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Map" title="Map">map</a> of eastern <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> made during the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">colonial era</a>. Measuring about 6.5 ft (2.0 m) wide by 4.5 ft (1.4 m) high, it was produced by <a href="/wiki/John_Mitchell_(geographer)" title="John Mitchell (geographer)">John Mitchell</a> in 1757 in eight separate sheets. The map was used during the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a> for defining the boundaries of the United States, and remains important today for resolving border disputes.</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography/Selected_picture" title="Portal:Geography/Selected picture">More selected pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WInd_Rose_Aguiar.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 12 Compass rose Illustration credit: Joaquim Alves Gaspar, after Jorge de Aguiar A compass rose, sometimes called a windrose or rose of the winds, is a figure on a compass, map, nautical chart, or monument used to display the orientation of the cardinal directions (north, east, south, and west) and their intermediate points. It is also the term for the graduated markings found on the traditional magnetic compass. Today, a form of compass rose is found on, or featured in, almost all navigation systems, including nautical charts, non-directional beacons, VHF omnidirectional range systems, GPS, and similar equipment. This picture is an illustration of a compass rose, copied from a 1492 portolan chart by Portuguese navigator and cartographer Jorge de Aguiar, now in the Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library. More selected pictures"><img alt="Image 12 Compass rose Illustration credit: Joaquim Alves Gaspar, after Jorge de Aguiar A compass rose, sometimes called a windrose or rose of the winds, is a figure on a compass, map, nautical chart, or monument used to display the orientation of the cardinal directions (north, east, south, and west) and their intermediate points. It is also the term for the graduated markings found on the traditional magnetic compass. Today, a form of compass rose is found on, or featured in, almost all navigation systems, including nautical charts, non-directional beacons, VHF omnidirectional range systems, GPS, and similar equipment. This picture is an illustration of a compass rose, copied from a 1492 portolan chart by Portuguese navigator and cartographer Jorge de Aguiar, now in the Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library. More selected pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/WInd_Rose_Aguiar.svg/120px-WInd_Rose_Aguiar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/WInd_Rose_Aguiar.svg/180px-WInd_Rose_Aguiar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/WInd_Rose_Aguiar.svg/240px-WInd_Rose_Aguiar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 12</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Compass_rose" title="Compass rose">Compass rose</a></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Illustration credit: <a href="/wiki/User:Alvesgaspar" title="User:Alvesgaspar">Joaquim Alves Gaspar</a>, after Jorge de Aguiar</span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;">A <b><a href="/wiki/Compass_rose" title="Compass rose">compass rose</a></b>, sometimes called a windrose or rose of the winds, is a figure on a compass, map, <a href="/wiki/Nautical_chart" title="Nautical chart">nautical chart</a>, or monument used to display the orientation of the <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_direction" title="Cardinal direction">cardinal directions</a> (north, east, south, and west) and their intermediate points. It is also the term for the graduated markings found on the traditional magnetic compass. Today, a form of compass rose is found on, or featured in, almost all navigation systems, including nautical charts, <a href="/wiki/Non-directional_beacon" title="Non-directional beacon">non-directional beacons</a>, <a href="/wiki/VHF_omnidirectional_range" title="VHF omnidirectional range">VHF omnidirectional range</a> systems, <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a>, and similar equipment.<br /><br />This picture is an illustration of a compass rose, copied from a 1492 <a href="/wiki/Portolan_chart" title="Portolan chart">portolan chart</a> by Portuguese navigator and cartographer Jorge de Aguiar, now in the <a href="/wiki/Beinecke_Rare_Book_%26_Manuscript_Library" title="Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library">Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library</a>.</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography/Selected_picture" title="Portal:Geography/Selected picture">More selected pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waldseemuller_map_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 13 Waldseemüller map Credit: Martin Waldseemüller The Waldseemüller map is a map drawn by German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller originally published in April 1507. It was one of the first maps to chart latitude and longitude precisely, the first map to use the name "America", and the first to depict the Americas as separate from Asia. More selected pictures"><img alt="Image 13 Waldseemüller map Credit: Martin Waldseemüller The Waldseemüller map is a map drawn by German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller originally published in April 1507. It was one of the first maps to chart latitude and longitude precisely, the first map to use the name "America", and the first to depict the Americas as separate from Asia. More selected pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Waldseemuller_map_2.jpg/120px-Waldseemuller_map_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Waldseemuller_map_2.jpg/180px-Waldseemuller_map_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Waldseemuller_map_2.jpg/240px-Waldseemuller_map_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="13708" data-file-height="7590" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 13</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Waldseem%C3%BCller_map" title="Waldseemüller map">Waldseemüller map</a></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Credit: Martin Waldseemüller</span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;">The <b><a href="/wiki/Waldseem%C3%BCller_map" title="Waldseemüller map">Waldseemüller map</a></b> is a map drawn by <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">cartographer</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Waldseem%C3%BCller" title="Martin Waldseemüller">Martin Waldseemüller</a> originally published in April 1507. It was one of the first maps to chart <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> and <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a> precisely, the first map to use the name "<a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">America</a>", and the first to depict the Americas as separate from <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>.</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography/Selected_picture" title="Portal:Geography/Selected picture">More selected pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1375_Atlas_Catalan_Abraham_Cresques.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 14 Catalan Atlas Map credit: Abraham Cresques The Catalan Atlas is a medieval map in the Catalan language, created in 1375. Described as "the zenith of medieval map-work", it is the earliest known chart to use a compass rose. It was produced by the Majorcan cartographic school and is attributed to Abraham Cresques, a Jewish book illuminator described by a contemporary as a master of mappae mundi. It has been in the royal library of France (now the Bibliothèque nationale de France) since the time of King Charles V. The atlas originally consisted of six vellum leaves, each about 64.5 by 50 cm (25.4 by 19.7 in), folded vertically and painted in various colours including gold and silver. This picture is a montage of eight pages (four leaves) of the atlas, depicting Europe, northern Africa and Asia. More selected pictures"><img alt="Image 14 Catalan Atlas Map credit: Abraham Cresques The Catalan Atlas is a medieval map in the Catalan language, created in 1375. Described as "the zenith of medieval map-work", it is the earliest known chart to use a compass rose. It was produced by the Majorcan cartographic school and is attributed to Abraham Cresques, a Jewish book illuminator described by a contemporary as a master of mappae mundi. It has been in the royal library of France (now the Bibliothèque nationale de France) since the time of King Charles V. The atlas originally consisted of six vellum leaves, each about 64.5 by 50 cm (25.4 by 19.7 in), folded vertically and painted in various colours including gold and silver. This picture is a montage of eight pages (four leaves) of the atlas, depicting Europe, northern Africa and Asia. More selected pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/1375_Atlas_Catalan_Abraham_Cresques.jpg/120px-1375_Atlas_Catalan_Abraham_Cresques.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/1375_Atlas_Catalan_Abraham_Cresques.jpg/180px-1375_Atlas_Catalan_Abraham_Cresques.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/1375_Atlas_Catalan_Abraham_Cresques.jpg/240px-1375_Atlas_Catalan_Abraham_Cresques.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11811" data-file-height="3850" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 14</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><i><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Atlas" title="Catalan Atlas">Catalan Atlas</a></i></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Map credit: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Cresques" title="Abraham Cresques">Abraham Cresques</a></span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;">The <i><b><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Atlas" title="Catalan Atlas">Catalan Atlas</a></b></i> is a medieval map in the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan language</a>, created in 1375. Described as "the zenith of medieval map-work", it is the earliest known chart to use a <a href="/wiki/Compass_rose" title="Compass rose">compass rose</a>. It was produced by the <a href="/wiki/Majorcan_cartographic_school" title="Majorcan cartographic school">Majorcan cartographic school</a> and is attributed to <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Cresques" title="Abraham Cresques">Abraham Cresques</a>, a Jewish book illuminator described by a contemporary as a master of <a href="/wiki/Mappa_mundi" title="Mappa mundi"><i>mappae mundi</i></a>. It has been in the royal library of France (now the <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a>) since the time of <a href="/wiki/Charles_V_of_France" title="Charles V of France">King Charles V</a>. The atlas originally consisted of six vellum leaves, each about 64.5 by 50 cm (25.4 by 19.7 in), folded vertically and painted in various colours including gold and silver. This picture is a montage of eight pages (four leaves) of the atlas, depicting Europe, northern Africa and Asia.</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography/Selected_picture" title="Portal:Geography/Selected picture">More selected pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Noru_2017-07-31_0415Z.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 15 Typhoon Noru Photograph credit: NASA; edited by Meow Typhoon Noru was the second-longest lasting tropical cyclone of the northwest Pacific Ocean on record. The fifth named storm of the 2017 Pacific typhoon season, it formed on July 19 and reached peak intensity on July 31 with 175 km/h (110 mph) 10-minute sustained winds. By this time, as shown in this satellite image, the typhoon was located south of Iwo Jima, and had taken on annular characteristics, with a symmetric ring of deep convection surrounding a 30 km (19 mi) well defined eye and fairly uniform cloud top temperatures. Traveling northwestward over an area of low ocean heat content, the eye became enlarged and ragged as the system weakened. By the time Noru made landfall over Wakayama Prefecture, Japan, on August 7, it had been downgraded to a severe tropical storm. It then dissipated over the Sea of Japan on August 9 as an extratropical cyclone. More selected pictures"><img alt="Image 15 Typhoon Noru Photograph credit: NASA; edited by Meow Typhoon Noru was the second-longest lasting tropical cyclone of the northwest Pacific Ocean on record. The fifth named storm of the 2017 Pacific typhoon season, it formed on July 19 and reached peak intensity on July 31 with 175 km/h (110 mph) 10-minute sustained winds. By this time, as shown in this satellite image, the typhoon was located south of Iwo Jima, and had taken on annular characteristics, with a symmetric ring of deep convection surrounding a 30 km (19 mi) well defined eye and fairly uniform cloud top temperatures. Traveling northwestward over an area of low ocean heat content, the eye became enlarged and ragged as the system weakened. By the time Noru made landfall over Wakayama Prefecture, Japan, on August 7, it had been downgraded to a severe tropical storm. It then dissipated over the Sea of Japan on August 9 as an extratropical cyclone. More selected pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Noru_2017-07-31_0415Z.jpg/90px-Noru_2017-07-31_0415Z.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Noru_2017-07-31_0415Z.jpg/135px-Noru_2017-07-31_0415Z.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Noru_2017-07-31_0415Z.jpg/180px-Noru_2017-07-31_0415Z.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5550" data-file-height="7400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 15</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Noru_(2017)" title="Typhoon Noru (2017)">Typhoon Noru</a></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Photograph credit: <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>; edited by <a href="/wiki/User:Meow" title="User:Meow">Meow</a></span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Noru_(2017)" title="Typhoon Noru (2017)">Typhoon Noru</a></b> was the second-longest lasting <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclone</a> of the northwest Pacific Ocean on record. The fifth named storm of the <a href="/wiki/2017_Pacific_typhoon_season" title="2017 Pacific typhoon season">2017 Pacific typhoon season</a>, it formed on July 19 and reached peak intensity on July 31 with 175 km/h (110 mph) 10-minute sustained winds. By this time, as shown in this satellite image, the <a href="/wiki/Typhoon" title="Typhoon">typhoon</a> was located south of <a href="/wiki/Iwo_Jima" title="Iwo Jima">Iwo Jima</a>, and had taken on <a href="/wiki/Annular_tropical_cyclone" title="Annular tropical cyclone">annular</a> characteristics, with a symmetric ring of deep convection surrounding a 30 km (19 mi) well defined eye and fairly uniform cloud top temperatures. Traveling northwestward over an area of low ocean heat content, the eye became enlarged and ragged as the system weakened. By the time Noru made <a href="/wiki/Landfall" title="Landfall">landfall</a> over <a href="/wiki/Wakayama_Prefecture" title="Wakayama Prefecture">Wakayama Prefecture</a>, Japan, on August 7, it had been downgraded to a severe tropical storm. It then dissipated over the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Japan" title="Sea of Japan">Sea of Japan</a> on August 9 as an <a href="/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone" title="Extratropical cyclone">extratropical cyclone</a>.</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography/Selected_picture" title="Portal:Geography/Selected picture">More selected pictures</a></div></div> </li> </ul></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #A2AFBF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#82A8D8;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Featured_biography" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cscr-featured.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Featured articles"><img alt="Featured articles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Cscr-featured.png/23px-Cscr-featured.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Cscr-featured.png/35px-Cscr-featured.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Cscr-featured.png/46px-Cscr-featured.png 2x" data-file-width="167" data-file-height="158" /></a></span> Featured biography</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #A2AFBF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#F4F9FF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div style="text-align: center;"><i><small><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles" title="Wikipedia:Featured articles">Featured</a> biography articles in geography</small></i></div> <hr /> <div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:MolyneuxCelestialGlobe-MiddleTemple-1889.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/MolyneuxCelestialGlobe-MiddleTemple-1889.jpg/220px-MolyneuxCelestialGlobe-MiddleTemple-1889.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/MolyneuxCelestialGlobe-MiddleTemple-1889.jpg/330px-MolyneuxCelestialGlobe-MiddleTemple-1889.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/MolyneuxCelestialGlobe-MiddleTemple-1889.jpg/440px-MolyneuxCelestialGlobe-MiddleTemple-1889.jpg 2x" data-file-width="462" data-file-height="589" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">One of Molyneux's celestial globes, which is displayed in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Temple" title="Middle Temple">Middle Temple</a> Library – from the frontispiece of the <a href="/wiki/Hakluyt_Society" title="Hakluyt Society">Hakluyt Society</a>'s 1889 reprint of <i>A Learned Treatise of Globes, both Cœlestiall and Terrestriall</i>, one of the English editions of Robert Hues' <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> work <i>Tractatus de Globis</i> (1594)</div></div></div></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Emery_Molyneux" title="Emery Molyneux">Emery Molyneux</a></b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">EM</span>-ər-ee <span style="font-size:90%">MOL</span>-in-oh</i></a>; died June 1598) was an <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a> <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_era" title="Elizabethan era">Elizabethan</a> maker of <a href="/wiki/Globe" title="Globe">globes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical instruments">mathematical instruments</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">ordnance</a>. His terrestrial and celestial globes, first published in 1592, were the first to be made in England and the first to be made by an Englishman. </p><p>Molyneux was known as a <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a> and maker of <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical instruments">mathematical instruments</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">compasses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hourglass" title="Hourglass">hourglasses</a>. He became acquainted with many prominent men of the day, including the writer <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hakluyt" title="Richard Hakluyt">Richard Hakluyt</a> and the mathematicians <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hues" title="Robert Hues">Robert Hues</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Wright_(mathematician)" title="Edward Wright (mathematician)">Edward Wright</a>. He also knew the explorers <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cavendish" title="Thomas Cavendish">Thomas Cavendish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Raleigh" title="Walter Raleigh">Walter Raleigh</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(English_explorer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Davis (English explorer)">John Davis</a>. Davis probably introduced Molyneux to his own patron, the London merchant William Sanderson, who largely financed the construction of the globes. When completed, the globes were presented to <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I</a>. Larger globes were acquired by royalty, noblemen and academic institutions, while smaller ones were purchased as practical navigation aids for sailors and students. The globes were the first to be made in such a way that they were unaffected by the humidity at sea, and they came into general use on ships. (<b><a href="/wiki/Emery_Molyneux" title="Emery Molyneux">Full article...</a></b>)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1256386598"> </p> <div style="margin-left:0"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-archivedtalk mw-collapsed" style="color:inherit; background: transparent; text-align: left; border: 1px solid Silver; margin: 0.2em auto auto; width:100%; clear: both; padding: 1px;"> <tbody><tr> <th class="cot-header-other" style="background:fff; font-size:87%; padding:0.2em 0.3em; text-align:center; color:#202122"><div style="font-size:115%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;">More featured biographies</span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; border: solid 1px Silver; padding: 0.6em; background: var(--background-color-base, #fff);"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Rossier" title="Pierre Rossier">Pierre Rossier</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Heng" title="Zhang Heng">Zhang Heng</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wright_(mathematician)" title="Edward Wright (mathematician)">Edward Wright (mathematician)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boone" title="Daniel Boone">Daniel Boone</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Stanley,_1st_Baron_Ashfield" title="Albert Stanley, 1st Baron Ashfield">Albert Stanley, 1st Baron Ashfield</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich">Caspar David Friedrich</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hues" title="Robert Hues">Robert Hues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Anning" title="Mary Anning">Mary Anning</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Drinker_Cope" title="Edward Drinker Cope">Edward Drinker Cope</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Forster" title="Georg Forster">Georg Forster</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/David_A._Johnston" title="David A. Johnston">David A. Johnston</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hakluyt" title="Richard Hakluyt">Richard Hakluyt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/James_Tod" title="James Tod">James Tod</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Kuo" title="Shen Kuo">Shen Kuo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Fridtjof Nansen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Clements_Markham" title="Clements Markham">Clements Markham</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #A2AFBF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#82A8D8;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Did_you_know" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Did you know</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #A2AFBF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#F4F9FF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div style="text-align: center;"><i><small><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Did_you_know" title="Wikipedia:Did you know">Did you know</a> it about Geography?</small></i></div> <hr /> <p>No recent additions </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #A2AFBF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#82A8D8;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Places_around_you" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Places around you</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #A2AFBF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#F4F9FF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div style="text-align: center;"><i><small>You can read about interesting Wikipedia articles about places around you.</small></i></div> <hr /> <p><a href="/wiki/Special:Nearby" title="Special:Nearby">Special:Nearby</a> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #A2AFBF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#82A8D8;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Top_10_WikiProject_Geography_Popular_articles_of_the_month" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Top 10 WikiProject Geography Popular articles of the month</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #A2AFBF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#F4F9FF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div style="text-align: center;"><i><small>This following Geography-related articles is a most visited articles of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Geography" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Geography">WikiProject Geography</a>, See complete list at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Geography/Popular_pages" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Geography/Popular pages">Wikipedia:WikiProject Geography/Popular pages</a>.</small></i></div> <hr /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r987512734"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1021884966"><div class="randomSlideshow-container excerptSlideshow-container" style="max-width:100%; margin:-4em auto;"><div class="nomobile"></div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-slideshow switcher-container"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 1 A map of the United States showing its 50 states, federal district and five inhabited territories. Alaska, Hawaii, and the territories are shown at different scales, and the Aleutian Islands and the uninhabited northwestern Hawaiian Islands are omitted from the map. The United States of America is a federal republic consisting of 50 states, a federal district (Washington, D.C., the capital city of the United States), five major territories, and various minor islands. Both the states and the United States as a whole are each sovereign jurisdictions. The Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution allows states to exercise all powers of government not delegated to the federal government. Each state has its own constitution and government, and all states and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a bicameral legislature consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. Each state elects two senators, while representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census. Additionally, each state is entitled to select a number of electors to vote in the Electoral College, the body that elects the president of the United States, equal to the total of representatives and senators in Congress from that state. The federal district does not have representatives in the Senate, but has a non-voting delegate in the House, and it is also entitled to electors in the Electoral College. Congress can admit more states, but it cannot create a new state from territory of an existing state or merge two or more states into one without the consent of all states involved, and each new state is admitted on an equal footing with the existing states. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 1 A map of the United States showing its 50 states, federal district and five inhabited territories. Alaska, Hawaii, and the territories are shown at different scales, and the Aleutian Islands and the uninhabited northwestern Hawaiian Islands are omitted from the map. The United States of America is a federal republic consisting of 50 states, a federal district (Washington, D.C., the capital city of the United States), five major territories, and various minor islands. Both the states and the United States as a whole are each sovereign jurisdictions. The Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution allows states to exercise all powers of government not delegated to the federal government. Each state has its own constitution and government, and all states and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a bicameral legislature consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. Each state elects two senators, while representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census. Additionally, each state is entitled to select a number of electors to vote in the Electoral College, the body that elects the president of the United States, equal to the total of representatives and senators in Congress from that state. The federal district does not have representatives in the Senate, but has a non-voting delegate in the House, and it is also entitled to electors in the Electoral College. Congress can admit more states, but it cannot create a new state from territory of an existing state or merge two or more states into one without the consent of all states involved, and each new state is admitted on an equal footing with the existing states. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 1</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_USA_with_state_and_territory_names_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Map_of_USA_with_state_and_territory_names_2.png/330px-Map_of_USA_with_state_and_territory_names_2.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Map_of_USA_with_state_and_territory_names_2.png/495px-Map_of_USA_with_state_and_territory_names_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Map_of_USA_with_state_and_territory_names_2.png/660px-Map_of_USA_with_state_and_territory_names_2.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1236" /></a><figcaption>A map of the United States showing its 50 <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a>, <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">federal district</a> and five inhabited <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">territories</a>. Alaska, Hawaii, and the territories are shown at different scales, and the <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands" title="Aleutian Islands">Aleutian Islands</a> and the uninhabited <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Hawaiian_Islands" title="Northwestern Hawaiian Islands">northwestern Hawaiian Islands</a> are omitted from the map.</figcaption></figure><br />The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States of America</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">federal republic</a> consisting of 50 <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Capital_districts_and_territories#United_States" title="Capital districts and territories">federal district</a> (<a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital city</a> of the United States), five major <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">territories</a>, and various <a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">minor islands</a>. Both the states and the United States as a whole are each sovereign jurisdictions. The <a href="/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a> allows states to exercise all powers of government not delegated to the federal government. Each state has its own <a href="/wiki/State_constitution_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="State constitution (United States)">constitution</a> and government, and all states and their residents are represented in the federal <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Bicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral">bicameral</a> legislature consisting of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>. Each state elects two senators, while representatives are <a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_apportionment" title="United States congressional apportionment">distributed</a> among the states in <a href="/wiki/Apportionment_(politics)" title="Apportionment (politics)">proportion</a> to the most recent <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">constitutionally</a> mandated decennial <a href="/wiki/United_States_census" title="United States census">census</a>. Additionally, each state is entitled to select a number of electors to vote in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a>, the body that elects the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a>, equal to the total of representatives and senators in Congress from that state. The federal district does not have representatives in the Senate, but has a non-voting <a href="/wiki/Delegate_(United_States_Congress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Delegate (United States Congress)">delegate</a> in the House, and it is also entitled to electors in the Electoral College. Congress can <a href="/wiki/Admission_to_the_Union" title="Admission to the Union">admit</a> more states, but it cannot create a new state from territory of an existing state or merge two or more states into one without the consent of all states involved, and each new state is admitted on an <a href="/wiki/Equal_footing" title="Equal footing">equal footing</a> with the existing states. (<b><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States" title="List of states and territories of the United States">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 2 Generation Z (often shortened to Gen Z), also known as Zoomers, is the demographic cohort succeeding Millennials and preceding Generation Alpha. Researchers and popular media use the mid-to-late 1990s as starting birth years and the early 2010s as ending birth years, with the generation most frequently being defined as people born from 1997 to 2012. Most members of Generation Z are the children of younger baby boomers or Generation X. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 2 Generation Z (often shortened to Gen Z), also known as Zoomers, is the demographic cohort succeeding Millennials and preceding Generation Alpha. Researchers and popular media use the mid-to-late 1990s as starting birth years and the early 2010s as ending birth years, with the generation most frequently being defined as people born from 1997 to 2012. Most members of Generation Z are the children of younger baby boomers or Generation X. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 2</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Generation_Z" title="Generation Z">Generation Z</a></b> (often shortened to <b>Gen Z</b>), also known as <b>Zoomers</b>, is the <a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">demographic</a> <a href="/wiki/Cohort_(statistics)" title="Cohort (statistics)">cohort</a> succeeding <a href="/wiki/Millennials" title="Millennials">Millennials</a> and preceding <a href="/wiki/Generation_Alpha" title="Generation Alpha">Generation Alpha</a>. Researchers and popular media use the mid-to-late 1990s as starting birth years and the early 2010s as ending birth years, with the generation most frequently being defined as people born from 1997 to 2012. Most members of Generation Z are the children of <a href="/wiki/Generation_Jones" title="Generation Jones">younger baby boomers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Generation_X" title="Generation X">Generation X</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Generation_Z" title="Generation Z">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 3 Puerto Rico (Spanish for 'rich port'; abbreviated PR), officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, is a self-governing Caribbean archipelago and island organized as an unincorporated territory of the United States under the designation of commonwealth. Located about 1,000 miles (1,600 km) southeast of Miami, Florida, between the Dominican Republic in the Greater Antilles and the U.S. Virgin Islands in the Lesser Antilles, it consists of the eponymous main island and numerous smaller islands, including Vieques, Culebra, and Mona. With approximately 3.2 million residents, it is divided into 78 municipalities, of which the most populous is the capital municipality of San Juan, followed by those within the San Juan metropolitan area. Spanish and English are the official languages of the government, though Spanish predominates. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 3 Puerto Rico (Spanish for 'rich port'; abbreviated PR), officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, is a self-governing Caribbean archipelago and island organized as an unincorporated territory of the United States under the designation of commonwealth. Located about 1,000 miles (1,600 km) southeast of Miami, Florida, between the Dominican Republic in the Greater Antilles and the U.S. Virgin Islands in the Lesser Antilles, it consists of the eponymous main island and numerous smaller islands, including Vieques, Culebra, and Mona. With approximately 3.2 million residents, it is divided into 78 municipalities, of which the most populous is the capital municipality of San Juan, followed by those within the San Juan metropolitan area. Spanish and English are the official languages of the government, though Spanish predominates. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 3</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/220px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/330px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/440px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><span title="Spanish-language text"><span lang="es" style="font-style: normal;"><b><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></b></span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> for 'rich port'; abbreviated <b>PR</b>), officially the <b>Commonwealth of Puerto Rico</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Government of Puerto Rico">self-governing</a> <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Geography of Puerto Rico">archipelago and island</a> organized as an <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">unincorporated territory</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> under the designation of <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_(U.S._insular_area)" title="Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)">commonwealth</a>. Located about 1,000 miles (1,600 km) southeast of <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, between the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Antilles" title="Greater Antilles">Greater Antilles</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Antilles" title="Lesser Antilles">Lesser Antilles</a>, it consists of the <a href="/wiki/Eponym" title="Eponym">eponymous</a> main island and numerous smaller islands, including <a href="/wiki/Vieques,_Puerto_Rico" title="Vieques, Puerto Rico">Vieques</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culebra,_Puerto_Rico" title="Culebra, Puerto Rico">Culebra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Isla_de_Mona" title="Isla de Mona">Mona</a>. With approximately 3.2 million <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans" title="Puerto Ricans">residents</a>, it is divided into <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Municipalities of Puerto Rico">78 municipalities</a>, of which the most populous is the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a> municipality of <a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Juan, Puerto Rico">San Juan</a>, followed by those within the <a href="/wiki/San_Juan%E2%80%93Bayam%C3%B3n%E2%80%93Caguas_metropolitan_area" title="San Juan–Bayamón–Caguas metropolitan area">San Juan metropolitan area</a>. <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Spanish" title="Puerto Rican Spanish">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Official_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Official languages">official languages</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Government of Puerto Rico">government</a>, though Spanish predominates. (<b><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 4 The Blue Marble, Apollo 17, December 1972 Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life. This is enabled by Earth being an ocean world, the only one in the Solar System sustaining liquid surface water. Almost all of Earth's water is contained in its global ocean, covering 70.8% of Earth's crust. The remaining 29.2% of Earth's crust is land, most of which is located in the form of continental landmasses within Earth's land hemisphere. Most of Earth's land is at least somewhat humid and covered by vegetation, while large sheets of ice at Earth's polar deserts retain more water than Earth's groundwater, lakes, rivers and atmospheric water combined. Earth's crust consists of slowly moving tectonic plates, which interact to produce mountain ranges, volcanoes, and earthquakes. Earth has a liquid outer core that generates a magnetosphere capable of deflecting most of the destructive solar winds and cosmic radiation. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 4 The Blue Marble, Apollo 17, December 1972 Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life. This is enabled by Earth being an ocean world, the only one in the Solar System sustaining liquid surface water. Almost all of Earth's water is contained in its global ocean, covering 70.8% of Earth's crust. The remaining 29.2% of Earth's crust is land, most of which is located in the form of continental landmasses within Earth's land hemisphere. Most of Earth's land is at least somewhat humid and covered by vegetation, while large sheets of ice at Earth's polar deserts retain more water than Earth's groundwater, lakes, rivers and atmospheric water combined. Earth's crust consists of slowly moving tectonic plates, which interact to produce mountain ranges, volcanoes, and earthquakes. Earth has a liquid outer core that generates a magnetosphere capable of deflecting most of the destructive solar winds and cosmic radiation. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 4</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/220px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/330px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/440px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Marble" title="The Blue Marble">The Blue Marble</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a>, December 1972</div></div></div></div><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></b> is the third <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planet</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> and the only <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_object" title="Astronomical object">astronomical object</a> known to <a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">harbor life</a>. This is enabled by Earth being an <a href="/wiki/Ocean_world" title="Ocean world">ocean world</a>, the only one in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> sustaining liquid <a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">surface water</a>. Almost all of Earth's water is contained in its global ocean, covering <a href="/wiki/Water_distribution_on_Earth" title="Water distribution on Earth">70.8%</a> of <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">Earth's crust</a>. The remaining 29.2% of Earth's crust is land, most of which is located in the form of <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continental</a> <a href="/wiki/Landmass" title="Landmass">landmasses</a> within Earth's <a href="/wiki/Land_hemisphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Land hemisphere">land hemisphere</a>. Most of Earth's land is at least somewhat <a href="/wiki/Humid" class="mw-redirect" title="Humid">humid</a> and covered by <a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">vegetation</a>, while large <a href="/wiki/Ice_sheet" title="Ice sheet">sheets of ice</a> at <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_polar_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's polar regions">Earth's polar</a> <a href="/wiki/Polar_desert" title="Polar desert">deserts</a> retain more water than Earth's <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a>, lakes, rivers and <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor#In_Earth's_atmosphere" title="Water vapor">atmospheric water</a> combined. Earth's crust consists of slowly moving <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plates">tectonic plates</a>, which interact to produce mountain ranges, <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanoes</a>, and earthquakes. <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_outer_core" title="Earth's outer core">Earth has a liquid outer core</a> that generates a <a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere" title="Magnetosphere">magnetosphere</a> capable of deflecting most of the destructive <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar winds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmic radiation">cosmic radiation</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 5 Map of the Chagos Archipelago The Chagos Archipelago (/ˈtʃɑːɡəs, -ɡoʊs/) or Chagos Islands (formerly the Bassas de Chagas, and later the Oil Islands) is a group of seven atolls comprising more than 60 islands in the Indian Ocean about 500 kilometres (310 mi) south of the Maldives archipelago. This chain of islands is the southernmost archipelago of the Chagos–Laccadive Ridge, a long submarine mountain range in the Indian Ocean. In its north are the Salomon Islands, Nelsons Island and Peros Banhos; towards its south-west are the Three Brothers, Eagle Islands, Egmont Islands and Danger Island; southeast of these is Diego Garcia, by far the largest island. All are low-lying atolls, save for a few extremely small instances, set around lagoons. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 5 Map of the Chagos Archipelago The Chagos Archipelago (/ˈtʃɑːɡəs, -ɡoʊs/) or Chagos Islands (formerly the Bassas de Chagas, and later the Oil Islands) is a group of seven atolls comprising more than 60 islands in the Indian Ocean about 500 kilometres (310 mi) south of the Maldives archipelago. This chain of islands is the southernmost archipelago of the Chagos–Laccadive Ridge, a long submarine mountain range in the Indian Ocean. In its north are the Salomon Islands, Nelsons Island and Peros Banhos; towards its south-west are the Three Brothers, Eagle Islands, Egmont Islands and Danger Island; southeast of these is Diego Garcia, by far the largest island. All are low-lying atolls, save for a few extremely small instances, set around lagoons. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 5</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Chagos_map.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Chagos_map.PNG/220px-Chagos_map.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Chagos_map.PNG/330px-Chagos_map.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Chagos_map.PNG/440px-Chagos_map.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1581" data-file-height="1768" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Map of the Chagos Archipelago</div></div></div></div><br />The <b><a href="/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago" title="Chagos Archipelago">Chagos Archipelago</a></b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>) or <b>Chagos Islands</b> (formerly the Bassas de Chagas, and later the <b>Oil Islands</b>) is a group of seven <a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">atolls</a> comprising more than 60 islands in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> about 500 kilometres (310 mi) south of the <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> archipelago. This chain of islands is the southernmost <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chagos%E2%80%93Laccadive_Ridge" title="Chagos–Laccadive Ridge">Chagos–Laccadive Ridge</a>, a long <a href="/wiki/Submarine_mountain_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Submarine mountain range">submarine mountain range</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>. In its north are the <a href="/wiki/Salomon_Islands" title="Salomon Islands">Salomon Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nelsons_Island" title="Nelsons Island">Nelsons Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peros_Banhos" title="Peros Banhos">Peros Banhos</a>; towards its south-west are the <a href="/wiki/Three_Brothers,_Chagos" title="Three Brothers, Chagos">Three Brothers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eagle_Islands" title="Eagle Islands">Eagle Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egmont_Islands" title="Egmont Islands">Egmont Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Danger_Island,_Great_Chagos_Bank" title="Danger Island, Great Chagos Bank">Danger Island</a>; southeast of these is <a href="/wiki/Diego_Garcia" title="Diego Garcia">Diego Garcia</a>, by far the largest island. All are low-lying atolls, save for a few extremely small instances, set around <a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">lagoons</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago" title="Chagos Archipelago">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 6 River Thames and Tower Bridge with The Shard and Southwark (left), and Tower of London and City of London (right) London is the capital and largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of 8,866,180 in 2022. The wider metropolitan area is the largest in Western Europe, with a population of 14.9 million. London stands on the River Thames in southeast England, at the head of a 50-mile (80 km) estuary down to the North Sea, and has been a major settlement for nearly 2,000 years. Its ancient core and financial centre, the City of London, was founded by the Romans as Londinium and has retained its medieval boundaries. The City of Westminster, to the west of the City of London, has been the centuries-long host of the national government and parliament. London grew rapidly in the 19th century, becoming the world's largest city at the time. Since the 19th century, the name "London" has referred to the metropolis around the City of London, historically split between the counties of Middlesex, Essex, Surrey, Kent, and Hertfordshire, which since 1965 has largely comprised the administrative area of Greater London, governed by 33 local authorities and the Greater London Authority. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 6 River Thames and Tower Bridge with The Shard and Southwark (left), and Tower of London and City of London (right) London is the capital and largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of 8,866,180 in 2022. The wider metropolitan area is the largest in Western Europe, with a population of 14.9 million. London stands on the River Thames in southeast England, at the head of a 50-mile (80 km) estuary down to the North Sea, and has been a major settlement for nearly 2,000 years. Its ancient core and financial centre, the City of London, was founded by the Romans as Londinium and has retained its medieval boundaries. The City of Westminster, to the west of the City of London, has been the centuries-long host of the national government and parliament. London grew rapidly in the 19th century, becoming the world's largest city at the time. Since the 19th century, the name "London" has referred to the metropolis around the City of London, historically split between the counties of Middlesex, Essex, Surrey, Kent, and Hertfordshire, which since 1965 has largely comprised the administrative area of Greater London, governed by 33 local authorities and the Greater London Authority. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 6</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:London_Skyline_(125508655).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/London_Skyline_%28125508655%29.jpeg/220px-London_Skyline_%28125508655%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/London_Skyline_%28125508655%29.jpeg/330px-London_Skyline_%28125508655%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/London_Skyline_%28125508655%29.jpeg/440px-London_Skyline_%28125508655%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center"><a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tower_Bridge" title="Tower Bridge">Tower Bridge</a> with <a href="/wiki/The_Shard" title="The Shard">The Shard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southwark" title="Southwark">Southwark</a> (left), and <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a> and <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a> (right)</div></div></div></div><br /><b><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></b> is the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of urban areas in the United Kingdom">largest city</a> of both <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, with a population of 8,866,180 in 2022. The <a href="/wiki/London_metropolitan_area" title="London metropolitan area">wider metropolitan area</a> is the largest in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, with a population of 14.9 million. London stands on the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a> in southeast England, at the head of a 50-mile (80 km) <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuary</a> down to the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>, and has been a major settlement for nearly 2,000 years. Its ancient core and <a href="/wiki/Financial_centre" title="Financial centre">financial centre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a>, was founded by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a> as <a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a> and has retained its medieval boundaries. The <a href="/wiki/City_of_Westminster" title="City of Westminster">City of Westminster</a>, to the west of the City of London, has been the centuries-long host of <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">the national government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">parliament</a>. London grew rapidly <a href="/wiki/19th-century_London" title="19th-century London">in the 19th century</a>, becoming the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_throughout_history" title="List of largest cities throughout history">largest city at the time</a>. Since the 19th century, the name "London" has referred to the <a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">metropolis</a> around the City of London, historically split between the <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_England" title="Counties of England">counties</a> of <a href="/wiki/Middlesex" title="Middlesex">Middlesex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a>, which since 1965 has largely comprised the administrative area of <a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a>, governed by <a href="#Local_government">33 local authorities</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Authority" title="Greater London Authority">Greater London Authority</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 7 National Mall Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly known as Washington or D.C., is the capital city and federal district of the United States. The city is on the Potomac River, across from Virginia, and shares land borders with Maryland to its north and east. It was named after George Washington, the first president of the United States. The district is named after Columbia, the female personification of the nation. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 7 National Mall Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly known as Washington or D.C., is the capital city and federal district of the United States. The city is on the Potomac River, across from Virginia, and shares land borders with Maryland to its north and east. It was named after George Washington, the first president of the United States. The district is named after Columbia, the female personification of the nation. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 7</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Mall,_Lincoln_Memorial_04448v.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/National_Mall%2C_Lincoln_Memorial_04448v.jpg/220px-National_Mall%2C_Lincoln_Memorial_04448v.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/National_Mall%2C_Lincoln_Memorial_04448v.jpg/330px-National_Mall%2C_Lincoln_Memorial_04448v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/National_Mall%2C_Lincoln_Memorial_04448v.jpg/440px-National_Mall%2C_Lincoln_Memorial_04448v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2059" data-file-height="2625" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center"><a href="/wiki/National_Mall" title="National Mall">National Mall</a></div></div></div></div><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></b>, formally the <b>District of Columbia</b> and commonly known as <b>Washington</b> or <b>D.C.</b>, is the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital city</a> and <a href="/wiki/Federal_district_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal district of the United States">federal district</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. The city is on the <a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Potomac River</a>, across from <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, and shares land borders with <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> to its north and east. It was named after <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a>. The district is named after <a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)">Columbia</a>, the female <a href="/wiki/National_personification" title="National personification">personification of the nation</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 8 Cartogram of the world's population in 2018; each square represents 500,000 people. This is a list of countries and dependencies by population. It includes sovereign states, inhabited dependent territories and, in some cases, constituent countries of sovereign states, with inclusion within the list being primarily based on the ISO standard ISO 3166-1. For instance, the United Kingdom is considered a single entity, while the constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands are considered separately. In addition, this list includes certain states with limited recognition not found in ISO 3166-1. Also given in a percentage is each country's population compared with the world population, which the United Nations estimates at 8.119 billion as of 2024. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 8 Cartogram of the world's population in 2018; each square represents 500,000 people. This is a list of countries and dependencies by population. It includes sovereign states, inhabited dependent territories and, in some cases, constituent countries of sovereign states, with inclusion within the list being primarily based on the ISO standard ISO 3166-1. For instance, the United Kingdom is considered a single entity, while the constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands are considered separately. In addition, this list includes certain states with limited recognition not found in ISO 3166-1. Also given in a percentage is each country's population compared with the world population, which the United Nations estimates at 8.119 billion as of 2024. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 8</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_population_cartogram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Global_population_cartogram.png/440px-Global_population_cartogram.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Global_population_cartogram.png/660px-Global_population_cartogram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Global_population_cartogram.png/880px-Global_population_cartogram.png 2x" data-file-width="8192" data-file-height="3131" /></a><figcaption>Cartogram of the world's population in 2018; each square represents 500,000 people.</figcaption></figure><br /><br />This is a <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">list of countries and dependencies by population</a></b>. It includes <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign states</a>, inhabited <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependent territories</a> and, in some cases, constituent countries of sovereign states, with inclusion within the list being primarily based on the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> standard <a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1" title="ISO 3166-1">ISO 3166-1</a>. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> is considered a single entity, while the constituent countries of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> are considered separately. In addition, this list includes certain <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">states with limited recognition</a> not found in ISO 3166-1. Also given in a percentage is each country's population compared with the <a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">world population</a>, which the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> estimates at 8.119 billion as of 2024. (<b><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 9 Dymaxion map of the world with the 30 largest countries and territories by area This is a list of the world's countries and their dependencies by land, water, and total area, ranked by total area. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 9 Dymaxion map of the world with the 30 largest countries and territories by area This is a list of the world's countries and their dependencies by land, water, and total area, ranked by total area. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 9</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fuller_projection_with_largest_countries.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Fuller_projection_with_largest_countries.svg/330px-Fuller_projection_with_largest_countries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Fuller_projection_with_largest_countries.svg/495px-Fuller_projection_with_largest_countries.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Fuller_projection_with_largest_countries.svg/660px-Fuller_projection_with_largest_countries.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dymaxion_map" title="Dymaxion map">Dymaxion map</a> of the world with the 30 largest countries and territories by area</figcaption></figure><br />This is a list of the world's countries and their <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependencies</a> by land, water, and total area, ranked by total area. (<b><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 10 Generation X (often shortened to Gen X) is the demographic cohort following the Baby Boomers and preceding Millennials. Researchers and popular media often use the mid-1960s as its starting birth years and the late 1970s as its ending birth years, with the generation being generally defined as people born from 1965 to 1980. By this definition and U.S. Census data, there are 65.2 million Gen Xers in the United States as of 2019. Most of Generation X are the children of the Silent Generation and early Baby Boomers; Xers are also often the parents of Millennials and Generation Z. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 10 Generation X (often shortened to Gen X) is the demographic cohort following the Baby Boomers and preceding Millennials. Researchers and popular media often use the mid-1960s as its starting birth years and the late 1970s as its ending birth years, with the generation being generally defined as people born from 1965 to 1980. By this definition and U.S. Census data, there are 65.2 million Gen Xers in the United States as of 2019. Most of Generation X are the children of the Silent Generation and early Baby Boomers; Xers are also often the parents of Millennials and Generation Z. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 10</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Generation_X" title="Generation X">Generation X</a></b> (often shortened to <b>Gen X</b>) is the <a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">demographic</a> <a href="/wiki/Cohort_(statistics)" title="Cohort (statistics)">cohort</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Baby_Boomers" class="mw-redirect" title="Baby Boomers">Baby Boomers</a> and preceding <a href="/wiki/Millennials" title="Millennials">Millennials</a>. Researchers and popular media often use the mid-1960s as its starting birth years and the late 1970s as its ending birth years, with the <a href="/wiki/Generation" title="Generation">generation</a> being generally defined as people born from 1965 to 1980. By this definition and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Census">U.S. Census</a> data, there are 65.2 million Gen Xers in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> as of 2019. Most of Generation X are the children of the <a href="/wiki/Silent_Generation" title="Silent Generation">Silent Generation</a> and early Baby Boomers; Xers are also often the parents of Millennials and <a href="/wiki/Generation_Z" title="Generation Z">Generation Z</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Generation_X" title="Generation X">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> </ul></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div></div></div> <div style="width:100%"> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #A2AFBF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#82A8D8;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Featured_pictures" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Featured pictures</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">Geography</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_geography" title="Outline of geography">topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Glossary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_geography" title="History of geography">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_geography" title="Philosophy of geography">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_geography_articles" title="Index of geography articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_geography" title="Outline of geography">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_geography" title="Human geography">Human</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_geography" title="Behavioral geography">Behavioral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_geography" title="Cognitive geography">Cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_geography" title="Critical geography">Critical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_geography" title="Cultural geography">Cultural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_geographies" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal geographies">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_geographies" title="Children's geographies">Children's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography" title="Economic geography">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_geography" title="Agricultural geography">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber_geography" title="Cyber geography">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_geography" title="Development geography">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_finance" title="Geography of finance">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_economic_geography" title="Historical economic geography">Histo-economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_geography" title="Labor geography">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomarketing" title="Geomarketing">Marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retail_geography" title="Retail geography">Retail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_economic_geography" title="Theoretical economic geography">Theoretical economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_geography" title="Transport geography">Transport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_geography" title="Language geography">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geolinguistics" title="Geolinguistics">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_geography" title="Music geography">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_geography" title="Vernacular geography">Vernacular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_geography" title="Moral geography">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychogeography" title="Psychogeography">Psychological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_geography" title="Emotional geography">Emotional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neogeography" title="Neogeography">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_space" title="Sexuality and space">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_geography" title="Religion and geography">Religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_food" title="Geography of food">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_geography" title="Health geography">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_geography" title="Historical geography">Historical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palaeogeography" title="Palaeogeography">Palaeo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagined_geographies" title="Imagined geographies">Imagined</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_geography" title="Internet geography">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_geography" title="Political geography">Political</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critical_geopolitics" title="Critical geopolitics">Critical geopolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_geography" title="Electoral geography">Electoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">Geopolitics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_geography" title="Strategic geography">Strategic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_geography" title="Military geography">Military</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_geography" title="Population geography">Population</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Settlement_geography" title="Settlement geography">Settlement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_geography" title="Regional geography">Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_geography" title="Urban geography">Urban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_geography" title="Music geography">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_geography" title="Transport geography">Transport</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_geography" title="Social geography">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_geography" title="Tourism geography">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_geography" title="Tropical geography">Tropical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physical_geography" title="Physical geography">Physical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">Phytogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoogeography" title="Zoogeography">Zoogeography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_geography" title="Coastal geography">Coastal geography</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">Oceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">Earth science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_science" title="Atmospheric science">Atmospheric science</a> / <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">Meteorology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_science" title="Environmental science">Environmental science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climatology" title="Climatology">Climatology</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">Paleoclimatology</a> / <a href="/wiki/Palaeogeography" title="Palaeogeography">Palaeogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geobiology" title="Geobiology">Geobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">Geophysics</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_system_science" title="Earth system science">Earth system science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">Geomorphology</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaciology" title="Glaciology">Glaciology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">Hydrology</a> / <a href="/wiki/Limnology" title="Limnology">Limnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_science" title="Soil science">Soil science</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pedology" title="Pedology">Pedology</a>/<a href="/wiki/Edaphology" title="Edaphology">Edaphology</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaternary_science" title="Quaternary science">Quaternary science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Technical_geography" title="Technical geography">Technical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geodesign" title="Geodesign">Geodesign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoinformatics" title="Geoinformatics">Geoinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_science" title="Geographic information science">Geographic information science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomatics" title="Geomatics">Geomatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_geography" title="Statistical geography">Statistical geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_analysis" title="Spatial analysis">Spatial analysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_geography" title="Integrated geography">Integrated</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_social_science" title="Environmental social science">Environmental social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_studies" title="Environmental studies">Environmental studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_ecology" title="Landscape ecology">Landscape ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_geography" title="Time geography">Time geography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_geography#Tasks_and_tools_of_geography" title="Outline of geography">Techniques and tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_geography" title="Quantitative geography">Quantitative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_cartography" title="Computer cartography">Computer cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_mapping" title="Web mapping">Web mapping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochronology" title="Geochronology">Geochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">Geographic information system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_GIS" title="Distributed GIS">Distributed GIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_GIS" title="Internet GIS">Internet GIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_GIS" title="Web GIS">Web GIS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_modelling" title="Geologic modelling">Geologic modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomathematics" title="Geomathematics">Geomathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geostatistics" title="Geostatistics">Geostatistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geovisualization" title="Geovisualization">Geovisualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrography" title="Hydrography">Hydrography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Map_algebra" title="Map algebra">Map algebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participant_observation" title="Participant observation">Participant observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photogrammetry" title="Photogrammetry">Photogrammetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">Remote sensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_survey" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical survey">Statistical survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveying" title="Surveying">Surveying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_change_modeling" title="Land change modeling">Land change modeling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qualitative_geography" title="Qualitative geography">Qualitative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">Ethnography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopoetics" title="Geopoetics">Geopoetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interview_(research)" title="Interview (research)">Interview (research)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_(human_research)" title="Survey (human research)">Survey (human research)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geographic_data_and_information_organizations" title="Category:Geographic data and information organizations">Geographic data and information organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_geographical_societies" title="List of geographical societies">Geographical societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_geoscience_organizations" title="List of geoscience organizations">Geoscience societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_mapping_agency" title="National mapping agency">National mapping agency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_education" title="Category:Geography education">Geography education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geo-literacy" title="Geo-literacy">Geo-literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographers_on_Film" title="Geographers on Film">Geographers on Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Geography_Olympiad" title="International Geography Olympiad">International Geography Olympiad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_for_Geographic_Education" title="National Council for Geographic Education">National Council for Geographic Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_citizenship" title="Spatial citizenship">Spatial citizenship</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography" title="Category:Geography">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Geography" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Geography">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Geography" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Geography">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #A2AFBF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#82A8D8;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Categories" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:C_Puzzle.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Categories"><img alt="Categories" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/C_Puzzle.png/30px-C_Puzzle.png" 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li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <div class="CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":0,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":false,"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Geography" data-ct-loaded="1" aria-expanded="true"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography" title="Category:Geography">Geography</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Geography_by_location" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_by_location" title="Category:Geography by location">Geography by location</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Geography_by_period" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_by_period" title="Category:Geography by period">Geography by period</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Subfields_of_geography" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Subfields_of_geography" title="Category:Subfields of geography">Subfields of geography</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Geographers" 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style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Geographical_areas" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geographical_areas" title="Category:Geographical areas">Geographical areas</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Geography_awards" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_awards" title="Category:Geography awards">Geography awards</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Geographic_classifications" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geographic_classifications" title="Category:Geographic classifications">Geographic classifications</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Geography_competitions" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_competitions" title="Category:Geography competitions">Geography competitions</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_conferences" title="Category:Geography conferences">Geography conferences</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div 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title="Category:Exploration">Exploration</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Geographical_regions" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geographical_regions" title="Category:Geographical regions">Geographical regions</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Hemispheres_of_Earth" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Hemispheres_of_Earth" title="Category:Hemispheres of Earth">Hemispheres of Earth</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="History_of_geography" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_geography" title="Category:History of geography">History of geography</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Land_systems" title="Category:Land systems">Land systems</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Landscape" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Landscape" title="Category:Landscape">Landscape</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Laws_of_geography" title="Category:Laws of geography">Laws of geography</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Geographic_literature" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geographic_literature" title="Category:Geographic literature">Geographic literature</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Maps" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Maps" title="Category:Maps">Maps</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Meridians_(geography)" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Meridians_(geography)" title="Category:Meridians (geography)">Meridians (geography)</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Geography_organizations" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_organizations" title="Category:Geography organizations">Geography organizations</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Phantom_geographical_features" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Phantom_geographical_features" title="Category:Phantom geographical features">Phantom geographical features</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Places" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Places" title="Category:Places">Places</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Geographic_position" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geographic_position" title="Category:Geographic position">Geographic position</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Geographical_superlatives" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geographical_superlatives" title="Category:Geographical superlatives">Geographical superlatives</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Geography_terminology" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_terminology" title="Category:Geography terminology">Geography terminology</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Time_zones" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Time_zones" title="Category:Time zones">Time zones</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Types_of_geographical_division" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Types_of_geographical_division" title="Category:Types of geographical division">Types of geographical division</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="World_maps" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:World_maps" title="Category:World maps">World maps</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Geographical_zones" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geographical_zones" title="Category:Geographical zones">Geographical zones</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Geographic_images" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geographic_images" title="Category:Geographic images">Geographic images</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Geography_stubs" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_stubs" title="Category:Geography stubs">Geography stubs</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div></div></div> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #A2AFBF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#82A8D8;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Associated_Wikimedia" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Associated Wikimedia</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #A2AFBF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#F4F9FF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239335380">.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li{display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li span{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li>div{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;padding:6px 4px}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li>div:first-child{text-align:center}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-dark,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-light{display:none}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-dark{display:inline}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-dark{display:inline}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-light{display:none}}@media(min-width:360px){.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li{width:33%;min-width:20em;white-space:nowrap;flex:1 0 25%}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li>div:first-child{min-width:50px}}</style> <p>The following <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a> sister projects provide more on this subject: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul id="sister-projects-list"> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Category:Geography"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/31px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/47px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/62px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Category:Geography" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Category:Geography">Commons</a></span><br />Free media repository</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Geography"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/35px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/53px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/70px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Geography" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Special:Search/Geography">Wikibooks</a></span><br />Free textbooks and manuals</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Search/Geography"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/47px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/71px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/94px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> <div><span><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Search/Geography" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Special:Search/Geography">Wikidata</a></span><br />Free knowledge base</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Geography"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/51px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="51" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/77px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/102px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Geography" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Special:Search/Geography">Wikinews</a></span><br />Free-content news</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Geography"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/53px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/70px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Geography" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Geography">Wikiquote</a></span><br />Collection of quotations</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Geography"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/35px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/53px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/70px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Geography" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Geography">Wikisource</a></span><br />Free-content library</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Geography"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="41" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/62px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/82px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Geography" class="extiw" title="wikiversity:Special:Search/Geography">Wikiversity</a></span><br />Free learning tools</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Special:Search/Geography"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/35px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/53px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/70px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Special:Search/Geography" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Special:Search/Geography">Wikivoyage</a></span><br />Free travel guide</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Geography"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/35px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/53px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/70px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Geography" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/Geography">Wiktionary</a></span><br />Dictionary and thesaurus</div> </li> </ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239335380"> <div class="smallcaps" style="font-variant:small-caps;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Discover Wikipedia using <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Portal" title="Wikipedia:Portal">portals</a></b></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul id="sister-projects-list"> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg/35px-Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg/53px-Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg/70px-Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">List of all portals</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/35px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/53px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/70px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:The_arts" title="Portal:The arts">The arts portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/35px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/53px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/70px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/35px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/53px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/70px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Portal:Current events">Current events portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="globe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/35px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/53px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/70px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Geography portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/35px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/53px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/70px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="square root of x" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/35px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/53px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/70px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" 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