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<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="WYTxCugRZaiFrmXNwyBTAEIAytsTsozYND5hmb03pou96j-YbrKz-BzHDCmXF18JAzrCFCW_ML9FYYpQ4XxPQw" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="THE CONCEPT OF COMPLEXITY IN EVOLUTIVE BIOLOGY: A SYNTHETIC REVIEW." /> <meta name="citation_author" content="David ESPESSET" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/43516356/THE_CONCEPT_OF_COMPLEXITY_IN_EVOLUTIVE_BIOLOGY_A_SYNTHETIC_REVIEW" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="THE CONCEPT OF COMPLEXITY IN EVOLUTIVE BIOLOGY: A SYNTHETIC REVIEW." /> <meta name="twitter:description" content=" The complexity of living organisms is still debated within the scientific community, especially to define it formally. There seems to be a world of difference between on the one hand defenders of a significant complexity in the Universe as a whole," /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/58677792/15354266/15999287/s200_david.espesset.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/43516356/THE_CONCEPT_OF_COMPLEXITY_IN_EVOLUTIVE_BIOLOGY_A_SYNTHETIC_REVIEW" /> <meta property="og:title" content="THE CONCEPT OF COMPLEXITY IN EVOLUTIVE BIOLOGY: A SYNTHETIC REVIEW." /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content=" The complexity of living organisms is still debated within the scientific community, especially to define it formally. There seems to be a world of difference between on the one hand defenders of a significant complexity in the Universe as a whole," /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://independent.academia.edu/DavidESPESSET" /> <meta name="description" content=" The complexity of living organisms is still debated within the scientific community, especially to define it formally. There seems to be a world of difference between on the one hand defenders of a significant complexity in the Universe as a whole," /> <title>(PDF) THE CONCEPT OF COMPLEXITY IN EVOLUTIVE BIOLOGY: A SYNTHETIC REVIEW.</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/43516356/THE_CONCEPT_OF_COMPLEXITY_IN_EVOLUTIVE_BIOLOGY_A_SYNTHETIC_REVIEW" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '737548ae2aea5432882558475f5aff00ae01523f'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1739920285000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1739920285000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"The complexity of living organisms is still debated within the scientific community, especially to define it formally. There seems to be a world of difference between on the one hand defenders of a significant complexity in the Universe as a whole, more specifically biological complexity, and on the other hand advocates of the worthlessness of such topics. Moreover, in spite of remaining doubts, particularly about the little conclusive evidence available, a growing consensus suggests that biological complexity is increasing. A number of scientific authors having addressed the issue for may years, I propose in this article a review of their various ideas, including the origin and the consequences of biological complexity.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"David ESPESSET","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DavidESPESSET"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2020-07-04","dateModified":"2020-07-04","headline":"THE CONCEPT OF COMPLEXITY IN EVOLUTIVE BIOLOGY: A SYNTHETIC REVIEW.","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/63827144/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Entropy","Biological evolution","Evolutionary Trends","Organismal complexity","Complexity 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{"work":{"id":43516356,"created_at":"2020-07-04T08:19:48.224-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2022-01-17T04:42:47.148-08:00","_data":{"abstract":"\tThe complexity of living organisms is still debated within the scientific community, especially to define it formally. There seems to be a world of difference between on the one hand defenders of a significant complexity in the Universe as a whole, more specifically biological complexity, and on the other hand advocates of the worthlessness of such topics. Moreover, in spite of remaining doubts, particularly about the little conclusive evidence available, a growing consensus suggests that biological complexity is increasing. A number of scientific authors having addressed the issue for may years, I propose in this article a review of their various ideas, including the origin and the consequences of biological complexity."},"document_type":"draft","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"THE CONCEPT OF COMPLEXITY IN EVOLUTIVE BIOLOGY: A SYNTHETIC REVIEW.","broadcastable":true,"draft":true,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [58677792]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":63827144,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “THE CONCEPT OF COMPLEXITY IN EVOLUTIVE BIOLOGY: A SYNTHETIC REVIEW.”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/63827144/mini_magick20200704-4407-16ju5tn.png?1593876016" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">THE CONCEPT OF COMPLEXITY IN EVOLUTIVE BIOLOGY: A SYNTHETIC REVIEW.</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="58677792" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DavidESPESSET"><img alt="Profile image of David ESPESSET" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/58677792/15354266/15999287/s65_david.espesset.jpg" />David ESPESSET</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">33 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 43516356; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md"> The complexity of living organisms is still debated within the scientific community, especially to define it formally. There seems to be a world of difference between on the one hand defenders of a significant complexity in the Universe as a whole, more specifically biological complexity, and on the other hand advocates of the worthlessness of such topics. Moreover, in spite of remaining doubts, particularly about the little conclusive evidence available, a growing consensus suggests that biological complexity is increasing. A number of scientific authors having addressed the issue for may years, I propose in this article a review of their various ideas, including the origin and the consequences of biological complexity.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":63827144,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/43516356/THE_CONCEPT_OF_COMPLEXITY_IN_EVOLUTIVE_BIOLOGY_A_SYNTHETIC_REVIEW"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":63827144,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/43516356/THE_CONCEPT_OF_COMPLEXITY_IN_EVOLUTIVE_BIOLOGY_A_SYNTHETIC_REVIEW"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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Here we try and generate a bottom-up reconstruction of the deep sense of complexity by looking at the convergence of different features shared by complex systems. We specifically focus on complexity in biology but stressing the similarities with analogous features encountered in inanimate and artefactual systems in order to track an integrative path toward a new “mainstream” of science overcoming the actual fragmentation of scientific culture.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Complexity in Biological Organization: Deconstruction (and Subsequent Restating) of Key Concepts","attachmentId":81746600,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/73085936/Complexity_in_Biological_Organization_Deconstruction_and_Subsequent_Restating_of_Key_Concepts","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/73085936/Complexity_in_Biological_Organization_Deconstruction_and_Subsequent_Restating_of_Key_Concepts"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="832509" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/832509/The_non_decreasing_character_of_complexity_A_biological_approach">The non-decreasing character of complexity: A biological approach</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="180619" href="https://boun.academia.edu/YagmurDenizhan">Yagmur Denizhan</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Proceedings of the Third International Conference on …, 1999</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The overall information processing capacity of an organism is proposed as a conceptual criterion for its complexity. 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As a result of these arguments it is concluded that complex adaptations have a teleonomic nature.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The non-decreasing character of complexity: A biological approach","attachmentId":4988609,"attachmentType":"doc","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/832509/The_non_decreasing_character_of_complexity_A_biological_approach","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/832509/The_non_decreasing_character_of_complexity_A_biological_approach"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="107842473" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/107842473/The_historical_nature_of_biological_complexity_and_the_ineffectiveness_of_the_mathematical_approach_to_it">The historical nature of biological complexity and the ineffectiveness of the mathematical approach to it</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="922189" href="https://uniroma2.academia.edu/SaverioForestiero">Saverio Forestiero</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Theory in Biosciences</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Contemporary scientific knowledge is built on both methodological and epistemological reductionism. 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Some examples of the major successes of mathematics applied to biological problems will follow; the notion of an intrinsic limitation in the application of mathematics to biological complexity as a global, relational, and historical phenomenon at the individual and species level will also be advanced.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The historical nature of biological complexity and the ineffectiveness of the mathematical approach to it","attachmentId":106393197,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/107842473/The_historical_nature_of_biological_complexity_and_the_ineffectiveness_of_the_mathematical_approach_to_it","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/107842473/The_historical_nature_of_biological_complexity_and_the_ineffectiveness_of_the_mathematical_approach_to_it"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="65647278" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/65647278/The_Complexity_based_Explanatory_Strategy_Biological_Levels_and_the_Origin_of_Life">The Complexity-based Explanatory Strategy, Biological Levels, and the Origin of Life</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="59911192" href="https://bg.academia.edu/SlobodanPerovic">Slobodan Perovic</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Rivista di estetica</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">A long-standing debate on the causality of levels in biological explanations has divided philosophers into two camps. 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Many researchers include viruses since they commandeer cellular machinery in their replication; while others insist viruses are merely complex infective proteins. New biological principles are introduced suggesting that even the prion, the infectious protein responsible for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, qualifies as the most fundamental form of life; and remains in general concordance with the six-point definition of living systems put forth by Humberto Maturana and his colleagues in their original characterization of living organisms as a class of complex self-organized autopoietic systems in 1974.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Fundamental Limit and Origin of Complexity in Biological Systems: A New Model for the Origin of Life","attachmentId":48872464,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6426226/The_Fundamental_Limit_and_Origin_of_Complexity_in_Biological_Systems_A_New_Model_for_the_Origin_of_Life","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/6426226/The_Fundamental_Limit_and_Origin_of_Complexity_in_Biological_Systems_A_New_Model_for_the_Origin_of_Life"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="124701268" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/124701268/The_Map_and_the_Territory_Complexity_in_Biology">The Map and the Territory: Complexity in Biology</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="60427316" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DanielePellicano">Daniele Pellicano</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">World Futures, 2016</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In business administration or in economics it is absolutely relevant not to consider indexes like profit growth rate or gross domestic product as exhaustive indexes for economic wealth. Likewise, in biology it is important not to confuse the representation of life with life itself. The most important concepts in biology are information, memory, structure, plasticity, and robustness. Information is the difference that makes the difference. Memories are information registered in an organism. Plasticity is the capacity of a living organism to change its own structure/sets of behaviors for having a competitive advantage. Robustness is the ability of a living organism to resist environmental changes without changing its own structure/sets of behavior, and fragility is when a living organism undergoes changes in its own structure without being able to resist non-adaptive changes.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Map and the Territory: Complexity in Biology","attachmentId":118878254,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/124701268/The_Map_and_the_Territory_Complexity_in_Biology","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/124701268/The_Map_and_the_Territory_Complexity_in_Biology"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="297901" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/297901/The_growth_of_structural_and_functional_complexity_during_evolution">The growth of structural and functional complexity during evolution</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="233596" href="https://vub.academia.edu/FrancisHeylighen">Francis Heylighen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The evolution of complexity: The violet book of “Einstein …</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The growth of structural and functional complexity during evolution","attachmentId":3243832,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/297901/The_growth_of_structural_and_functional_complexity_during_evolution","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/297901/The_growth_of_structural_and_functional_complexity_during_evolution"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="17534783" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17534783/Origin_of_Complexity_in_Multicellular_Organisms">Origin of Complexity in Multicellular Organisms</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="37308107" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KunihikoKaneko">Kunihiko Kaneko</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Physical Review Letters, 2000</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Through extensive studies of dynamical system modeling cellular growth and reproduction, we find evidence that complexity arises in multicellular organisms naturally through evolution. Without any elaborate control mechanism, these systems can exhibit complex pattern formation with spontaneous cell differentiation. Such systems employ a "cooperative" use of resources and maintain a larger growth speed than simple cell systems, which exist in a homogeneous state and behave "selfishly." The relevance of the diversity of chemicals and reaction dynamics to the growth of a multicellular organism is demonstrated. Chaotic biochemical dynamics are found to provide the multipotency of stem cells.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Origin of Complexity in Multicellular Organisms","attachmentId":39564199,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/17534783/Origin_of_Complexity_in_Multicellular_Organisms","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/17534783/Origin_of_Complexity_in_Multicellular_Organisms"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="16967158" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16967158/Understanding_biological_complexity_lessons_from_the_past">Understanding biological complexity: lessons from the past</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1024414" href="https://ucla.academia.edu/alangarfinkel">alan garfinkel</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="36474219" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JamesWeiss3">James Weiss</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 2003</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Advances in molecular biology now permit complex biological systems to be tracked at an exquisite level of detail. The information flow is so great, however, that using intuition alone to draw connections is unrealistic. Thus, the need to integrate mathematical biology with experimental biology is greater than ever. To achieve this integration, obstacles that have traditionally prevented effective communication between theoreticians and experimentalists must be overcome, so that experimentalists learn the language of mathematics and dynamical modeling and theorists learn the language of biology. Fifty years ago Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley published their quantitative model of the nerve action potential; in the same year, Alan Turing published his work on pattern formation in activator-inhibitor systems. These classic studies illustrate two ends of the spectrum in mathematical biology: the detailed model approach and the minimal model approach. When combined, they are highly syner...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Understanding biological complexity: lessons from the past","attachmentId":39282451,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/16967158/Understanding_biological_complexity_lessons_from_the_past","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/16967158/Understanding_biological_complexity_lessons_from_the_past"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":63827144,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":63827144,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_63827144" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="11507755" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PSchuster">Peter Schuster</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Complexity, 1996</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"How does complexity arise in evolution:Nature's recipe for mastering scarcity, abundance, and unpredictability","attachmentId":79722248,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/69744411/How_does_complexity_arise_in_evolution_Natures_recipe_for_mastering_scarcity_abundance_and_unpredictability","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" 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