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interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B2dex_Maia_de_M%C3%A8xic" title="Còdex Maia de Mèxic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Còdex Maia de Mèxic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Grolier" title="Codex Grolier – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Codex Grolier" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3dice_Maya_de_M%C3%A9xico" title="Códice Maya de México – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Códice Maya de México" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grolier_Kodexa" title="Grolier Kodexa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Grolier Kodexa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Grolier" title="Codex Grolier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Codex Grolier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodeks_Grolier" title="Kodeks Grolier – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kodeks Grolier" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codice_Grolier" title="Codice Grolier – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Codice Grolier" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexik%C3%B3i_maja_k%C3%B3dex" title="Mexikói maja kódex – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mexikói maja kódex" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodeks_Grolier" title="Kodeks Grolier – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kodeks 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Pre-Columbian Maya book</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grolier_Codex_in_HuffPo1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Grolier_Codex_in_HuffPo1.jpg/220px-Grolier_Codex_in_HuffPo1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Grolier_Codex_in_HuffPo1.jpg/330px-Grolier_Codex_in_HuffPo1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Grolier_Codex_in_HuffPo1.jpg/440px-Grolier_Codex_in_HuffPo1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="827" /></a><figcaption>Page 6 of the Maya Codex of Mexico, depicting a death god with captive</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Maya_civilization" title="Category:Maya civilization">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #50C578;"><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">Maya civilization</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MA_D293_Maya_stone_carving_from_Copan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Drawing of a Mayan stone carving with elaborate decoration." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/MA_D293_Maya_stone_carving_from_Copan.jpg/260px-MA_D293_Maya_stone_carving_from_Copan.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/MA_D293_Maya_stone_carving_from_Copan.jpg/390px-MA_D293_Maya_stone_carving_from_Copan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/MA_D293_Maya_stone_carving_from_Copan.jpg/520px-MA_D293_Maya_stone_carving_from_Copan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1774" data-file-height="521" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_society" title="Maya society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_mythology" title="Maya mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice_in_Maya_culture" title="Sacrifice in Maya culture">Sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_cities" title="Mayan cities">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_architecture" title="Maya architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_astronomy" title="Maya astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_stelae" title="Maya stelae">Stelae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_art" title="Ancient Maya art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_textiles" title="Maya textiles">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_in_Maya_civilization" title="Trade in Maya civilization">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_music" title="Maya music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_dance" title="Maya dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_medicine" title="Maya medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_cuisine" title="Ancient Maya cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_warfare" title="Maya warfare">Warfare</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Maya_civilization" title="History of the Maya civilization">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preclassic_Maya" title="Preclassic Maya">Preclassic Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Maya_collapse" title="Classic Maya collapse">Classic Maya collapse</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Spanish conquest of the Maya</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/M%C3%A1scara_de_Xiuhtecuhtli_Cultura_Azteza-Mixteca_Ars_Summum.JPG/12px-M%C3%A1scara_de_Xiuhtecuhtli_Cultura_Azteza-Mixteca_Ars_Summum.JPG" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/M%C3%A1scara_de_Xiuhtecuhtli_Cultura_Azteza-Mixteca_Ars_Summum.JPG/18px-M%C3%A1scara_de_Xiuhtecuhtli_Cultura_Azteza-Mixteca_Ars_Summum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/M%C3%A1scara_de_Xiuhtecuhtli_Cultura_Azteza-Mixteca_Ars_Summum.JPG/24px-M%C3%A1scara_de_Xiuhtecuhtli_Cultura_Azteza-Mixteca_Ars_Summum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="1296" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mesoamerica" title="Portal:Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Maya_civilization" title="Template:Maya civilization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Maya_civilization" title="Template talk:Maya civilization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Maya_civilization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Maya civilization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p> The <i><b>Maya Codex of Mexico</b></i> (MCM) is a <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a> screenfold <a href="/wiki/Maya_codices" title="Maya codices">codex</a> manuscript of a <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">pre-Columbian</a> type. Long known as the <i><b>Grolier Codex</b></i> or <i><b>Sáenz Codex</b></i>, in 2018 it was officially renamed the <i><b>Códice Maya de México</b></i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (CMM) by the <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Antropolog%C3%ADa_e_Historia" title="Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia">National Institute of Anthropology and History</a> of Mexico. It is one of only four known extant <a href="/wiki/Maya_codices" title="Maya codices">Maya codices</a>, and the only one that still resides in the Americas. </p><p>The MCM first appeared in a private collection in the 1960s and was shown at "The Maya Scribe and His World", an exhibition held at the <a href="/wiki/Grolier_Club" title="Grolier Club">Grolier Club</a> in New York City in 1971, hence its original name.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An almanac that charts the movements of the planet <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>, it originally consisted of twenty pages;<sup id="cite_ref-:7_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first eight and the last two are now missing.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Folio 8 has the tallest fragment, measuring 19 centimeters (7.5 in), and its pages are typically 12.5 centimeters (4.9 in) wide. The red frame lines at the bottom of pages four through eight indicates that the dimensions were once substantially taller, and that the scribe prepared a space for text under the figure on each page. Accordingly, the manuscript would once have measured 250 centimeters (98.4 in),<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> roughly the size of the <a href="/wiki/Dresden_Codex" title="Dresden Codex">Dresden Codex</a>. </p><p>Its authenticity was disputed at the time of its discovery, but has been upheld by multiple studies. In 2018, a team of scientists coordinated by the National Institute for Anthropology and History demonstrated conclusively that the document dates to the period between 1021 and 1154 CE. The Mexican studies confirm that it is the oldest surviving codex from Mexico and the oldest book of the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_history_and_authenticity">Modern history and authenticity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maya_Codex_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Modern history and authenticity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grolier_Club.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Grolier_Club.jpg/170px-Grolier_Club.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Grolier_Club.jpg/255px-Grolier_Club.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Grolier_Club.jpg/340px-Grolier_Club.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2298" data-file-height="3064" /></a><figcaption>The Codex was first displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Grolier_Club" title="Grolier Club">Grolier Club</a> in New York, hence its name</figcaption></figure> <p>The first Mexican owner, Josué Saenz, claimed that the manuscript had been recovered from a cave in the Mexican state of <a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a> in the 1960s, along with a mosaic mask, a wooden box, a knife handle, as well as a child's sandal and a piece of rope, along with some blank pages of <a href="/wiki/Amate" title="Amate">amate</a> (pre-Columbian fig-bark paper). Saenz lent the manuscript to the Grolier Club and later presented the book to the Mexican nation.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The codex is said to have been found enclosed in a wooden box in a dry cave in the highlands of <a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a> near <a href="/wiki/Tortuguero_(Maya_site)" title="Tortuguero (Maya site)">Tortuguero</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was said to have been found with a turquoise mask that is now in the collection of <a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks" title="Dumbarton Oaks">Dumbarton Oaks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Milbrath02p51_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milbrath02p51-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1965, the Mexican collector Dr. Josué Sáenz was taken by two men on a light plane to a remote airstrip in the foothills of the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Madre_de_Chiapas" title="Sierra Madre de Chiapas">Sierra Madre</a> near Tortuguero in <a href="/wiki/Tabasco" title="Tabasco">Tabasco</a> state;<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the compass of the plane was covered with a cloth but Sáenz recognized his approximate location. At the airstrip he was shown the codex along with some other looted Maya artifacts and was told that he could take the items back to Mexico City for authentication before purchasing them.<sup id="cite_ref-Yates2012_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yates2012-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The antiquities expert that Sáenz consulted declared that the artifacts were fakes but Sáenz later purchased the codex and permitted Michael Coe to display the codex at the Grolier Club in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-Yates2012_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yates2012-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1976, the United States-Mexico Artifacts Treaty of 1970 was invoked by the <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Mexico" title="Attorney General of Mexico">Attorney General of Mexico</a>. This resulted in the seizure of the codex and its return to Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sáenz donated the codex to the Mexican government and it is currently kept in the vault of the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Mexico" title="National Library of Mexico">National Library</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after being kept for years in a vault in the <a href="/wiki/Museo_Nacional_de_Antropolog%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Museo Nacional de Antropología">Museo Nacional de Antropología</a> in Mexico City and not on public display.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The claimed discovery of the <i>Grolier Codex</i> would make it the only pre-Columbian codex discovered in the course of the 20th century, except for some codex fragments excavated by archaeologists.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the 1971 exhibition, <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Coe" title="Michael D. Coe">Michael D. Coe</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> published the first half-size recto-side facsimile of the codex in <i>The Maya Scribe and His World</i>, published by the Grolier Club in 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MCM was subsequently published various times, by detractors (<a href="/wiki/J._Eric_S._Thompson" title="J. Eric S. Thompson">J. Eric S. Thompson</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Milbrath,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baudez,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among them) and by proponents (Stuart, Carlson).<sup id="cite_ref-:5_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coe, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_D._Houston" title="Stephen D. Houston">Stephen D. Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Miller_(art_historian)" title="Mary Miller (art historian)">Mary Miller</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Taube" title="Karl Taube">Karl Taube</a> published the first full-sized facsimile in 2015, using photographs taken by <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a> photographer Enrico Ferorrelli in 1987, along with a full set of hand-drawn and uncopyrighted drawings for dissemination, and a thorough analysis of the context, content, and iconography of the codex.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coe et al. also demonstrated that the paper is three-ply, which lent itself to the screen-fold format. A new facsimile, based on new photography, was published by the Mexican government in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The English Mayanist J. Eric S. Thompson cast doubt upon the authenticity of the MCM in 1975, although he did not see the manuscript himself. As Victoria Bricker and Harvey Bricker have argued, the contents of the MCM have not been copied directly from any known codices, and yet they are consistent with an authentic and accurate prehispanic calendar. Although other scholars have argued for and against the codex, the arguments against the manuscript's authenticity became irrelevant in the face of Mexican scientific analysis.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Various campaigns of scientific testing of the manuscript have taken place, beginning with a radiocarbon test in 1972 which yielded a date of 1035–1431;<sup id="cite_ref-:4_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a subsequent test in 2012 produced a date of 1050–1284.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, the Instituto de Física de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México subjected the codex to non-destructive testing in an effort to determine its authenticity, and identified the key ingredient of <a href="/wiki/Maya_blue" title="Maya blue">Maya blue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palygorskite" title="Palygorskite">palygorskite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tests under the sponsorship of INAH yielded additional radiocarbon dates, leading to a consensus that the manuscript dates to the 11th or 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional scientific study has demonstrated that the <a href="/wiki/Amate" title="Amate">amate</a> paper surface was prepared on both sides with a thin foundation of <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Calcium_sulfate" title="Calcium sulfate">calcium sulfate</a> (CaSO<sub>4</sub>•2H<sub>2</sub>O) measuring between 0.2 mm-0.3 mm, in order to form a smooth writing surface.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mexican studies have also proven that the pigment is contemporaneous with the paper; further work has shown that the pigments include <a href="/wiki/Carbon_black" title="Carbon black">lamp black</a>, red produced from <a href="/wiki/Hematite" title="Hematite">hematite</a> (Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>), <a href="/wiki/Maya_blue" title="Maya blue">Maya blue</a> fashioned from indigo dye and <a href="/wiki/Palygorskite" title="Palygorskite">palygorskite</a>, and browns prepared with <a href="/wiki/Carmine" title="Carmine">cochineal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mexican scientific study has also shown that the codex was subjected to at least three periods of high moisture conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, tiny arthropods took up residence in the MCM at some point, yielding crisply chewed edges that detractors of the manuscript misconstrued as scissor cuts.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Looters handled the codex roughly, tearing apart the pages. Today only pages four, five, and six remain attached to one another.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, ahead of the INAH study, Coe, Houston, Miller and Taube published a full study of the codex. They presented further arguments in support of the authenticity of the document and came to the conclusion that only a Maya priest could have made the work.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite subsequent publication of a critical review of Coe et al.’s arguments,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> teams of scientists under the auspices of Mexico's National Institute of Anthropology and History were preparing the studies that would declare the MCM to be authentic in 2018. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content">Content</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maya_Codex_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although both front and back (recto and verso) of the MCM were prepared for painting, only one side was completed as a ritual manuscript.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each recto page features a standing deity facing left. The left-hand side of each page is marked by a column of repeated day signs; where this column is complete these total thirteen in all. Ring numbers across the upper margin link the days of the Venus cycle,<sup id="cite_ref-:7_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> recorded in a hybrid system that incorporates both the <a href="/wiki/Maya_numerals" title="Maya numerals">bar-and-dot</a> numeration of the Maya and the single dots used in Central Mexico and Oaxaca.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mesoamerican peoples paid close attention to Venus, understood to be a dangerous and warlike entity (XRF Mesoamerican calendars). Venus's cycle was broken down by synodic periods as follows: 90 days of invisibility in superior conjunction (SC), 250 days of visibility as Evening Star, 8 days of invisibility in inferior conjunction (IC), and 236 days of visibility as Morning Star, for a total of 584 days.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five Venus cycles equals 8 solar years of 365 days, providing for numerological opportunities. </p><p>It is these synodic periods that are spelled out in the MCM ring numbers. For example, page 7 shows a bar and three dots inside the “ring,” so that the reader counts forward 8 days from the Lamat day (e.g.10 Lamat, in the second position) to the Kib day (e.g. 5 Kib, in the second position), 8 days later on page 8. On page 8, the count in the “ring” is 16, three bars and one dot; this is added to the sum yielded by the 11 dots, which note periods of 20, or 220 days, to total 236 days: 236 is the period of Venus's visibility as Morning Star.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book would have served as a guide to precise knowledge in the hands of a Maya priest in the late 11th or early 12th century. </p><p>The first eight pages of the codex are now lost, as are the last two, but the page numbering today refers to the pages now in existence.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Page 1 depicts K’awiil, who takes a captive.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Page 2 depicts a <a href="/wiki/Maya_death_gods" title="Maya death gods">death god</a>, the god most commonly known as Kimi among the Maya.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deity of Page 3 is not easily identifiable, but the blackened eyes of the captive are like those seen on <a href="/wiki/Dresden_Codex" title="Dresden Codex">Dresden</a> 60b.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> K’awiil repeats on Page 4, this time taking a captive. Page 5 features a version of a solar deity known from Dresden 55a, and as the face of an Early Postclassic Maya mask at the <a href="/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago" title="Art Institute of Chicago">Art Institute of Chicago</a> (1965.782); this sun god sets the temple in front of him afire with a dart launched from his atlatl.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A death god appears on page 6, almost certainly a version of Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli, as first identified by John Carlson.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wields a massive knife and has decapitated another deity that he holds by the hair. The death deity has a jagged flint blade in his nasal cavity, similar to a depiction at the Temple of the Warriors, <a href="/wiki/Chichen_Itza" title="Chichen Itza">Chichen Itza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The enigmatic deity of Page 7 stands in front of a shining tree, or what David Stuart first called the "Shiner".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His headdress is very close to the headdresses worn by the five deities in the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus_B" title="Codex Vaticanus B">Vaticanus B</a> Venus passages, and this may further link him to Tlalhuizcalpantecuhtli, god of the Morning Star in Central Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shining tree may be issuing radiant jade disks.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Page 8 has been identified as a bird deity,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with some serpent qualities;<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he wears a thick belt and tezcacuitlapilli over a hide skirt,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he has shot the temple in front of him with a dart from his atlatl. </p><p>Although sometimes identified as a maize deity,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Page 9 god is the craggy mountain deity or personified mountain from which a maize kernel or a maize god could emerge,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> like the representation discovered at Tancah in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the MCM the mountain deity prepares to hurl a stone and takes a captive. Finally, although once thought to be fragments of two different pages, Page 10 can now be recognized as a single page, and the depiction of the third and final skeletal death deity, probably Tlalhuizcalpantecuhtli again. The deity has launched an atlatl dart into a body of water to strike a gastropod, very much like images from the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Zouche-Nuttall" title="Codex Zouche-Nuttall">Nuttall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Codex_Borgia" title="Codex Borgia">Borgia</a> codices (Codex Nuttall 16, 34, 75, 80; Codex Borgia 12, 53). </p><p>Two more pages would have followed these ten, to complete the full Venus cycle recorded in the surviving pages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style">Style</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maya_Codex_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The radiocarbon date of the codex places it squarely in the Early Postclassic period, when both Tula and Chichen Itza were waning in power and when all of Mesoamerica was in decline. The workmanship of the MCM relates to late paintings at Chichen Itza, in which outlines and underdrawing are only loosely followed by the subsequent final painting.  The discovery of ring numbers in the Xultun paintings, dating to 800 CE, provided evidence that ring numbers were in use for centuries, and not unique to the Dresden Codex.  The proportions of the human figures are similar to those known from Terminal Classic and Early Postclassic fine orange ceramics, typically with a ringstand support. </p><p>Saeko Yanigasawa has demonstrated that the style of the MCM most closely relates to that of Mixtec codices, which may have drawn on hybrid works like the MCM, and other scholars have noted that headdresses known from the Mixtec manuscripts are first known in the MCM. The rounded eye, as opposed to the oval characterized by a straight line across the upper side of the eye, is known at Chichen Itza. Also typical of both the MCM and paintings at Chichen Itza is the casual attention to underdrawing; in both, the final painted line deviates from the sketch. The style of the MCM hieroglyphs is simple but competent, consistent and controlled for long columns of day signs. Both the underdrawing and the finished work suggests that a single scribe, using at least two brushes, one brush for thicker, viscous pigments used for the day signs, and a finer instrument to handle the human figures and other elements of each scene. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exhibition">Exhibition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maya_Codex_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Exhibition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The MCM was first shown at the Grolier Club from April 20 to June 5, 1971. Prior to the first exhibit in 1971 at The Grolier Club, the MCM was in the possession of a private collector in Mexico. The MCM first appeared at an auction in the late 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MCM was exhibited at the Museo Nacional de Antropología of Mexico City for three weeks in September and October 2018. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maya_Codex_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grolier_Codex,_page_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Page 1"><img alt="Page 1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Grolier_Codex%2C_page_1.jpg/226px-Grolier_Codex%2C_page_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Grolier_Codex%2C_page_1.jpg/339px-Grolier_Codex%2C_page_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Grolier_Codex%2C_page_1.jpg/452px-Grolier_Codex%2C_page_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1004" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Page 1</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grolier_Codex,_page_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Page 4"><img alt="Page 4" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Grolier_Codex%2C_page_4.jpg/180px-Grolier_Codex%2C_page_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Grolier_Codex%2C_page_4.jpg/270px-Grolier_Codex%2C_page_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Grolier_Codex%2C_page_4.jpg/360px-Grolier_Codex%2C_page_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4442" data-file-height="6667" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Page 4</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 139.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 137.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grolier_Codex_in_HuffPo1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Page 6"><img alt="Page 6" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Grolier_Codex_in_HuffPo1.jpg/206px-Grolier_Codex_in_HuffPo1.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Grolier_Codex_in_HuffPo1.jpg/308px-Grolier_Codex_in_HuffPo1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Grolier_Codex_in_HuffPo1.jpg/411px-Grolier_Codex_in_HuffPo1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="827" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Page 6</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 129.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 127.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grolier_Codex,_page_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Page 7"><img alt="Page 7" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Grolier_Codex%2C_page_7.jpg/191px-Grolier_Codex%2C_page_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Grolier_Codex%2C_page_7.jpg/286px-Grolier_Codex%2C_page_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Grolier_Codex%2C_page_7.jpg/381px-Grolier_Codex%2C_page_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="848" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Page 7</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 128.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 126.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Codex_Lacambalam_l%C3%A1mina_15.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Reconstructed image of Page 7"><img alt="Reconstructed image of Page 7" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Codex_Lacambalam_l%C3%A1mina_15.png/190px-Codex_Lacambalam_l%C3%A1mina_15.png" decoding="async" width="127" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Codex_Lacambalam_l%C3%A1mina_15.png/285px-Codex_Lacambalam_l%C3%A1mina_15.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Codex_Lacambalam_l%C3%A1mina_15.png/380px-Codex_Lacambalam_l%C3%A1mina_15.png 2x" data-file-width="1432" data-file-height="2032" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Reconstructed image of Page 7</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 133.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 131.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grolier_Codex_in_HuffPo_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Page 8"><img alt="Page 8" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Grolier_Codex_in_HuffPo_2.jpg/197px-Grolier_Codex_in_HuffPo_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Grolier_Codex_in_HuffPo_2.jpg/295px-Grolier_Codex_in_HuffPo_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Grolier_Codex_in_HuffPo_2.jpg/393px-Grolier_Codex_in_HuffPo_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="865" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Page 8</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 128px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 126px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grolier_Codex,_page_9.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Page 9"><img alt="Page 9" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Grolier_Codex%2C_page_9.jpg/189px-Grolier_Codex%2C_page_9.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Grolier_Codex%2C_page_9.jpg/283px-Grolier_Codex%2C_page_9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Grolier_Codex%2C_page_9.jpg/378px-Grolier_Codex%2C_page_9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Page 9</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maya_Codex_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maya_codices" title="Maya codices">Maya codices</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maya_Codex_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output 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.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFInstituto_Nacional_de_Antropología_e_Historia2018" class="citation web cs1">Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (30 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inah.gob.mx/attachments/article/7497/Bolet%C3%ADn%20299.pdf">"Boletín 299: INAH ratifica al Códice Maya de México, antes llamado Grolier, como el manuscrito auténtico más antiguo de América"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>gob.mx</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gob.mx&rft.atitle=Bolet%C3%ADn+299%3A+INAH+ratifica+al+C%C3%B3dice+Maya+de+M%C3%A9xico%2C+antes+llamado+Grolier%2C+como+el+manuscrito+aut%C3%A9ntico+m%C3%A1s+antiguo+de+Am%C3%A9rica&rft.date=2018-08-30&rft.au=Instituto+Nacional+de+Antropolog%C3%ADa+e+Historia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inah.gob.mx%2Fattachments%2Farticle%2F7497%2FBolet%25C3%25ADn%2520299.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaya+Codex+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGent1971" class="citation news cs1">Gent, George (21 April 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/8171019">"Manuscript Could Change Views of Maya's Religion"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Manuscript+Could+Change+Views+of+Maya%27s+Religion&rft.date=1971-04-21&rft.aulast=Gent&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F8171019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaya+Codex+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBricker2011" class="citation book cs1">Bricker, Harvy M., Victoria R. Bricker (2011). "Venus and Mercury". <i>Astronomy in the Maya Codices</i>. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. pp. 219–229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87169-265-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87169-265-8"><bdi>978-0-87169-265-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Venus+and+Mercury&rft.btitle=Astronomy+in+the+Maya+Codices&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=219-229&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-87169-265-8&rft.aulast=Bricker&rft.aufirst=Harvy+M.%2C+Victoria+R.+Bricker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaya+Codex+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoe2015" class="citation book cs1">Coe, Michael, Mary Miller, Stephen Houston, Karl Taube (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mesoweb.com/articles/Coe_etal/Fourth_Codex.pdf">"The Fourth Maya Codex"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Maya Archaeology 3</i>. San Francisco: Precolumbia Mesoweb Press. pp. 116–167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0985931704" title="Special:BookSources/978-0985931704"><bdi>978-0985931704</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Fourth+Maya+Codex&rft.btitle=Maya+Archaeology+3&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=116-167&rft.pub=Precolumbia+Mesoweb+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0985931704&rft.aulast=Coe&rft.aufirst=Michael%2C+Mary+Miller%2C+Stephen+Houston%2C+Karl+Taube&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mesoweb.com%2Farticles%2FCoe_etal%2FFourth_Codex.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaya+Codex+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartínez_del_Campo_Lanz2018" class="citation book cs1">Martínez del Campo Lanz, Sofía (2018). "El Lenguaje Intrínseco del Códice Maya de México". <i>El Códice Maya de México, antes Grolier</i>. Ciudad de México: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. pp. 15–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-607-539-158-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-607-539-158-8"><bdi>978-607-539-158-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=El+Lenguaje+Intr%C3%ADnseco+del+C%C3%B3dice+Maya+de+M%C3%A9xico&rft.btitle=El+C%C3%B3dice+Maya+de+M%C3%A9xico%2C+antes+Grolier&rft.place=Ciudad+de+M%C3%A9xico&rft.pages=15-42&rft.pub=Instituto+Nacional+de+Antropolog%C3%ADa+e+Historia&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-607-539-158-8&rft.aulast=Mart%C3%ADnez+del+Campo+Lanz&rft.aufirst=Sof%C3%ADa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaya+Codex+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonello2018" class="citation news cs1">Bonello, Deborah (31 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/08/31/mexican-historians-prove-authenticity-looted-ancient-mayan-text/">"Mexican historians prove authenticity of looted ancient Mayan text"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Mexican+historians+prove+authenticity+of+looted+ancient+Mayan+text&rft.date=2018-08-31&rft.aulast=Bonello&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2018%2F08%2F31%2Fmexican-historians-prove-authenticity-looted-ancient-mayan-text%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaya+Codex+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Associated_Press2018" class="citation web cs1">The Associated Press (31 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/mexico-maya-modex-1.4806032">"Oldest surviving Maya book declared authentic"</a>. <i>CBC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBC&rft.atitle=Oldest+surviving+Maya+book+declared+authentic&rft.date=2018-08-31&rft.au=The+Associated+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Ftechnology%2Fmexico-maya-modex-1.4806032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaya+Codex+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson2018" class="citation web cs1">Stevenson, Mark (30 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apnews.com/aa32e1565122447c9dbd234741e30af3">"Expertos de México autentican códice maya de hace 1.000 años"</a>. <i>AP News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Expertos+de+M%C3%A9xico+autentican+c%C3%B3dice+maya+de+hace+1.000+a%C3%B1os&rft.date=2018-08-30&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apnews.com%2Faa32e1565122447c9dbd234741e30af3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaya+Codex+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrito_Guadarama2018" class="citation book cs1">Brito Guadarama, Baltazar (2018). "El Códice Maya de México. 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Ciudad de México: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. pp. 1–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-607-539-158-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-607-539-158-8"><bdi>978-607-539-158-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=El+C%C3%B3dice+Maya+de+M%C3%A9xico.+C%C3%B3dice+Grolier&rft.btitle=El+C%C3%B3dice+Maya+de+M%C3%A9xico&rft.place=Ciudad+de+M%C3%A9xico&rft.pages=1-14&rft.pub=Instituto+Nacional+de+Antropolog%C3%ADa+e+Historia&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-607-539-158-8&rft.aulast=Brito+Guadarama&rft.aufirst=Baltazar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaya+Codex+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coe 1999, p. 200. 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Ciudad de México: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. pp. 119–164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-607-539-158-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-607-539-158-8"><bdi>978-607-539-158-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Caraterizaci%C3%B3n+mineral%C3%B3gica+y+qu%C3%ADmica+de+la+imprimatura+y+los+pigmentos+del+C%C3%B3dice+Maya+de+M%C3%A9xico&rft.btitle=El+C%C3%B3dice+Maya+de+M%C3%A9xico%2C+antes+Grolier&rft.place=Ciudad+de+M%C3%A9xico&rft.pages=119-164&rft.pub=Instituto+Nacional+de+Antropolog%C3%ADa+e+Historia&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-607-539-158-8&rft.aulast=S%C3%A1nchez+Hern%C3%A1ndez&rft.aufirst=Ricardo%2C+and+Alba+Azucena+Barrios+Ruiz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaya+Codex+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGutiérrez2018" class="citation book cs1">Gutiérrez, Gerardo, and Mariana Lujan Sanders (2018). "Materialidad y paleta de colores del Códice Maya de México por fluorescencia de rayos X (XRF)". <i>El Códice Maya de México, antes Grolier</i>. Ciudad de México: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. pp. 185–204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-607-539-158-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-607-539-158-8"><bdi>978-607-539-158-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Materialidad+y+paleta+de+colores+del+C%C3%B3dice+Maya+de+M%C3%A9xico+por+fluorescencia+de+rayos+X+%28XRF%29&rft.btitle=El+C%C3%B3dice+Maya+de+M%C3%A9xico%2C+antes+Grolier&rft.place=Ciudad+de+M%C3%A9xico&rft.pages=185-204&rft.pub=Instituto+Nacional+de+Antropolog%C3%ADa+e+Historia&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-607-539-158-8&rft.aulast=Guti%C3%A9rrez&rft.aufirst=Gerardo%2C+and+Mariana+Lujan+Sanders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaya+Codex+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedraza-Lara2018" class="citation book cs1">Pedraza-Lara, Carlos, and Margarita Ojeda (2018). "Observaciones sobre el Códice Maya de México en aspectos entomológicos". <i>El Códice Maya de México, antes Grolier</i>. Ciudad de México: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. pp. 93–108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-607-539-158-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-607-539-158-8"><bdi>978-607-539-158-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Observaciones+sobre+el+C%C3%B3dice+Maya+de+M%C3%A9xico+en+aspectos+entomol%C3%B3gicos&rft.btitle=El+C%C3%B3dice+Maya+de+M%C3%A9xico%2C+antes+Grolier&rft.place=Ciudad+de+M%C3%A9xico&rft.pages=93-108&rft.pub=Instituto+Nacional+de+Antropolog%C3%ADa+e+Historia&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-607-539-158-8&rft.aulast=Pedraza-Lara&rft.aufirst=Carlos%2C+and+Margarita+Ojeda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaya+Codex+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLove2017" class="citation journal cs1">Love, Bruce (August 2017). "Authenticity of the Grolier Codex remains in doubt". <i>Mexicon</i>. <b>39</b> (4): 88–95.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mexicon&rft.atitle=Authenticity+of+the+Grolier+Codex+remains+in+doubt&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=88-95&rft.date=2017-08&rft.aulast=Love&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaya+Codex+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn1983" class="citation book cs1">John, Carlson B. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7908428">"The Grolier Codex: A Preliminary report on the content and authenticity of a 13th century Maya Venus almanac"</a>. <i>Calendars in Mesoamerica and Peru: Native American computations of time</i>. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports. pp. 27–57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0860542230" title="Special:BookSources/978-0860542230"><bdi>978-0860542230</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Grolier+Codex%3A+A+Preliminary+report+on+the+content+and+authenticity+of+a+13th+century+Maya+Venus+almanac&rft.btitle=Calendars+in+Mesoamerica+and+Peru%3A+Native+American+computations+of+time&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=27-57&rft.pub=British+Archaeological+Reports&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0860542230&rft.aulast=John&rft.aufirst=Carlson+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F7908428&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaya+Codex+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYanagisawa2018" class="citation book cs1">Yanagisawa, Saeko (2018). "El Códice Maya de México es un Códice de la Tradición Mixteca-Puebla?". <i>El Códice Maya de México, antes Grolier</i>. Ciudad de México: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. pp. 283–300. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-607-539-158-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-607-539-158-8"><bdi>978-607-539-158-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=El+C%C3%B3dice+Maya+de+M%C3%A9xico+es+un+C%C3%B3dice+de+la+Tradici%C3%B3n+Mixteca-Puebla%3F&rft.btitle=El+C%C3%B3dice+Maya+de+M%C3%A9xico%2C+antes+Grolier&rft.place=Ciudad+de+M%C3%A9xico&rft.pages=283-300&rft.pub=Instituto+Nacional+de+Antropolog%C3%ADa+e+Historia&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-607-539-158-8&rft.aulast=Yanagisawa&rft.aufirst=Saeko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaya+Codex+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuart2010" class="citation book cs1">Stuart, David (2010). "Shinning Stones: Observations on the Ritual Meaning of Early Maya Stela". <i>The Place of Stone Monuments: Context, Use and Meaning in Mesoamerica's Preclassic Transition</i>. Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks. pp. 283–298. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0884023647" title="Special:BookSources/978-0884023647"><bdi>978-0884023647</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shinning+Stones%3A+Observations+on+the+Ritual+Meaning+of+Early+Maya+Stela&rft.btitle=The+Place+of+Stone+Monuments%3A+Context%2C+Use+and+Meaning+in+Mesoamerica%27s+Preclassic+Transition&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pages=283-298&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0884023647&rft.aulast=Stuart&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaya+Codex+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlson2014" class="citation journal cs1">Carlson, John B. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/9568630">"The Grolier Codex"</a>. <i>The Smoking Mirror</i>. <b>22</b> (4): 2–7 – via Academia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Smoking+Mirror&rft.atitle=The+Grolier+Codex&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=2-7&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F9568630&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaya+Codex+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarris1975" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Farris, Nancy R. (1975). "Late Maya Mural Paintings from Quintana Roo, Mexico". <i>Journal of Field Archaeology</i>. 2 (1/2): 5–10 – via JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Field+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Late+Maya+Mural+Paintings+from+Quintana+Roo%2C+Mexico&rft.volume=2+%281%2F2%29&rft.pages=5-10&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Farris&rft.aufirst=Nancy+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaya+Codex+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBower2016" class="citation journal cs1">Bower, Jessica (2016). "The Mayan Written Word: History, Controversy, and Library Connections". <i>The International Journal of the Book</i>. <b>14</b> (3): 15–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18848%2F1447-9516%2FCGP%2Fv14i03%2F15-25">10.18848/1447-9516/CGP/v14i03/15-25</a> – via EBSCOhost Humanities Source.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Journal+of+the+Book&rft.atitle=The+Mayan+Written+Word%3A+History%2C+Controversy%2C+and+Library+Connections&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=15-25&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18848%2F1447-9516%2FCGP%2Fv14i03%2F15-25&rft.aulast=Bower&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaya+Codex+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maya_Codex_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Grolier_Codex" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Grolier Codex">Grolier Codex</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents" style=""> <ul><li>The Associated Press, 2018 Oldest Surviving Maya book declared authentic. CBC.</li></ul> <ul><li>Carlson John B., 1983 The Grolier Codex: A Preliminary Report on the Content and Authenticity of a Thirteenth-Century Maya Venus Almanac. In  <i>Calendars in Mesoamerica and Peru: Native American Computations of Time</i>, edited by Anthony F. Aveni and Gordon Brotherston, pp. 27– 57. International Series 174, British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.</li></ul> <ul><li>2012-2013 The Twenty Masks of Venus: A Brief Report of Study and Commentary on the Thirteenth-Century Maya Grolier Codex, a Fragment of a 104-Year Hybrid-Style Maya Divinatory Venus Almanac. <i>Archaeoastronomy</i>, XXV, pp. 1–29. University of Texas Press.</li></ul> <ul><li>2014 The Grolier Codex: An Authentic 13th-Century Maya Divinatory Venus Almanac: New Revelations on the Oldest Surviving Book on Paper in the Ancient Americas. <i>The Smoking Mirror</i>, 22(4). pp. 2–7.</li></ul> <ul><li>Baudez, Claude-François (May–June 2002), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100206081957/http://arqueomex.com/PDFs/S8N4GROLesBaudez55l.pdf">Venus y el Códice Grolier</a>" (PDF). <i>Arqueología Mexicana</i> (in Spanish). Mexico City, Mexico: Editorial Raíces. X (55): 70–79. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-02-06.</li></ul> <ul><li>Bonello, Deborah, 2018 Mexican historians prove authenticity of looted ancient Maya text. <i>The Telegraph</i>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Bricker, Harvey M., and Victoria R. Bricker, 2011 Venus and Mercury. In <i>Astronomy in the Maya Codices</i>. American Philosophical Society, pp. 219–229.</li></ul> <ul><li>Brito Guadarrama, Baltazar, 2018 El Códice Maya de México. Códice Grolier. In <i>El Códice Maya de México, antes Grolier</i>.INAH, Ciudad de México. pp. 1–14.</li></ul> <ul><li>Buckley, James, 1973 Isotopes’ Radiocarbon Measurements X. <i>Radiocarbon</i>, 15(2), 280–298.</li></ul> <ul><li>Coe, Michael D., 1973 <i>The Maya Scribe and his World</i>. The Grolier Club.</li></ul> <ul><li>Coe, Michael, Mary Miller, Stephen Houston, and Karl Taube, 2015 The Fourth Maya Codex. <i>Maya Archaeology</i>, <i>III</i>. Precolumbian Mesoweb Press. San Francisco, CA.</li></ul> <ul><li>Farriss, Nancy R. Arthur G. Miller, and Arlen F. Chase, 1975 Late Maya Mural Paintings from Quintana Roo, Mexico. <i>Journal of Field Archaeology</i>, 2 (1/2). pp. 5–10.</li></ul> <ul><li>Gent, George, 1971 Manuscript Could Change Views on Mayas’ Religion. <i>The New York Times</i>.</li></ul> <ul><li>González Tirado, Carolusa, 2018 La Materialidad del Códice Maya de México.<i>El Códice Maya de México, antes Grolier</i>. Ciudad de México: INAH.</li></ul> <ul><li>Gutiérrez, Gerardo, and Baltazar Brito Guadarrama, 2018 Fechamiento AMS 14C del Códice Maya de México: el libro más antiguo de Mesoamérica. <i>El Códice Maya de México, antes Grolier</i>. Ciudad de México: INAH.</li></ul> <ul><li>Instituto Nacional de Antroplogía e Historia, 2018 Boletín N0. 299: INAH Ratifica al Códice Maya de Mexico, antes llamado Grolier, como elmanuscrito auténtico más antiguo d América.</li></ul> <ul><li>Martínez del Campo Lanz, 2018 El Lenguaje Intrínseco del Códice Maya de México. <i>El Códice Maya de México, antes Grolier</i>. Ciudad de México: INAH.</li></ul> <ul><li>Martínez del Campo Lanz, Sofía, 2002 New Questions Concerning the Authenticity of the Grolier Codex. <i>Latin American Indian Literature Journal</i>, 18 (1).</li></ul> <ul><li>Pedraza-Lara, Carlos, and Margarita Ojeda, 2018 Observaciones sobre el Códice Maya de México en aspectos entomológicos. <i>El Códice Maya de México, antes Grolier</i>. Ciudad de México: INAH.</li></ul> <ul><li>Ruvalcaba, J. L., S. Zetina, H. Calvo del Castillo, E. Hernández, M. Meeren, and L. Sotelo, 2008 The Grolier Codex: A Non Destructive Study of a Possible Maya Document using Imaging and Ion Beam Techniques. <i>Materials Research Society</i>, 1047.</li></ul> <ul><li>Sánchez Hernández, Ricardo, and Alaba Azucena Barrios Ruiz, 2018 Caraterización mineralógica y química de la imprimatura y los pigmentos del Códice Mayade México. In <i>El Códice Maya de México, antes Grolier</i>. Ciudad de México: INAH.</li></ul> <ul><li>Solís, Corina, Miguel Ángel Martínez Carillo, María Rodríguez-Ceja, Efraín Rafael Chávez-Lomelí, and José Andrés, 2018 Datación del Códice Maya de México con adiocarbon y espectrometría de masa con aceleradores. <i>El Códice Maya de México, antes Grolier</i>. Ciudad de México: INAH.</li></ul> <ul><li>Stevenson, Mark, 2018 Expertos de México autentican códice maya hace 1.000 años. <i>The Associated Press</i>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Stuart, David, 2010 Shinning Stones: Observations on the Ritual Meaning of Early Maya Stela. The Place of Stone Monuments: Context, Use and Meaning in Mesoamerica's Preclassic Transition. Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks. Pp. 283–298.</li></ul> <ul><li>Thompson, J. Eric S. 1975 The Grolier Codex. In John A. Graham (ed.), <i>Studies in Ancient Mesoamerica,</i> 2. Berkeley: University of Berkeley of California Archaeological Research Facility, 27.</li></ul> <ul><li>Yanagisawa, Saeko, 2018 El Códice Maya de México es un Códice de la Tradición Mixteca-Puebla? In <i>El Códice Maya de México, antes Grolier</i>. Ciudad de México: INAH. pp. 283–300.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maya_Codex_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://codicemayademexico.inah.gob.mx">INAH Overview of The Maya Codex of Mexico</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mayavase.com/grol/grolier.html">Justin Kerr's Pictures of the MCM originally published by Michael D. Coe in 1973.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.famsi.org/mayawriting/codices/marhenke.html">Maya Hieroglyphic Writing: The Ancient Maya Codices by Randa Marhenke.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mayavase.com/grol/grolier.html">High resolution photos of the Grolier Codex from the Justin Kerr Precolumbian Portfolio</a></li> <li>Mike Cummings, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yale.edu/2017/01/18/authenticating-oldest-book-americas">Authenticating the oldest book in the Americas.</a> January 18, 2017 - news.yale.edu</li> <li>Gillian Kiley, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.brown.edu/articles/2016/09/mayacodex">13th century Maya codex, long shrouded in controversy, proves genuine.</a> September 7, 2016 - news.brown.edu</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Quetzalcoatl.svg/90px-Quetzalcoatl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Quetzalcoatl.svg/135px-Quetzalcoatl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Quetzalcoatl.svg/180px-Quetzalcoatl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="575" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aztec_creator_gods" title="Aztec creator gods">Creator gods</a><br /><small>(Four Tezcatlipocas)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hu%C4%ABtzil%C5%8Dp%C5%8Dchtli" title="Huītzilōpōchtli">Huītzilōpōchtli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quetzalcoatl" class="mw-redirect" title="Quetzalcoatl">Quetzalcoatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tezcatlipoca" title="Tezcatlipoca">Tezcatlipoca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xipe_Totec" title="Xipe Totec">Xipe Totec</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Camaxtle" class="mw-redirect" title="Camaxtle">Camaxtle</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aztec_gods_and_supernatural_beings" title="List of Aztec gods and supernatural beings">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lords_of_the_Night" title="Lords of the Night">Lords of the Night</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cente%C5%8Dtl" title="Centeōtl">Centeōtl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalchiuhtlicue" title="Chalchiuhtlicue">Chalchiuhtlicue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinteotl" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinteotl">Cinteotl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mictl%C4%81nt%C4%93cutli" title="Mictlāntēcutli">Mictlāntēcutli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piltzintecuhtli" title="Piltzintecuhtli">Piltzintecuhtli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tep%C4%93y%C5%8Dll%C5%8Dtl" title="Tepēyōllōtl">Tepēyōllōtl</a></li> <li>Tezcatlipoca (see <i>Creator gods</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tl%C3%A1loc" title="Tláloc">Tláloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlaz%C5%8Dlte%C5%8Dtl" title="Tlazōlteōtl">Tlazōlteōtl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiuhtecuhtli" title="Xiuhtecuhtli">Xiuhtecuhtli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lords_of_the_Day" title="Lords of the Day">Lords of the Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citl%C4%81licue" title="Citlālicue">Citlālicue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mict%C4%93cacihu%C4%81tl" title="Mictēcacihuātl">Mictēcacihuātl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanahuatzin" title="Nanahuatzin">Nanahuatzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tl%C4%81huizcalpantecuhtli" title="Tlāhuizcalpantecuhtli">Tlāhuizcalpantecuhtli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlaltecuhtli" title="Tlaltecuhtli">Tlaltecuhtli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dnatiuh" title="Tōnatiuh">Tōnatiuh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acolnahuacatl_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Acolnahuacatl (god)">Acolnahuacatl</a></li> <li>Acuecueyotl (see <i>Chalchiuhtlicue</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlahua" title="Atlahua">Atlahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlacoya" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlacoya">Atlacoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalchiuhtotolin" title="Chalchiuhtotolin">Chalchiuhtotolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantico" title="Chantico">Chantico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicomec%C5%8D%C4%81tl" title="Chicomecōātl">Chicomecōātl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C4%ABmalm%C4%81" title="Chīmalmā">Chīmalmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cihuac%C5%8D%C4%81tl" title="Cihuacōātl">Cihuacōātl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cihuatecayotl" title="Cihuatecayotl">Cihuatecayotl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipactonal" title="Cipactonal">Cipactonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C5%8D%C4%81tl%C4%ABcue" title="Cōātlīcue">Cōātlīcue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coyolx%C4%81uhqui" title="Coyolxāuhqui">Coyolxāuhqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehecatl" title="Ehecatl">Ehecatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu%C4%93huecoy%C5%8Dtl" title="Huēhuecoyōtl">Huēhuecoyōtl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huitztlampaehecatl" title="Huitztlampaehecatl">Huitztlampaehecatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huixtocihuatl" title="Huixtocihuatl">Huixtocihuatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilamatecuhtli" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilamatecuhtli">Ilamatecuhtli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%AAtzp%C4%81p%C4%81l%C5%8Dtl" title="Ītzpāpālōtl">Ītzpāpālōtl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itzpapalotlcihuatl" class="mw-redirect" title="Itzpapalotlcihuatl">Itzpapalotlcihuatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itzpapalotltotec" class="mw-redirect" title="Itzpapalotltotec">Itzpapalotltotec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itztlacoliuhqui" title="Itztlacoliuhqui">Itztlacoliuhqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixtlilton" title="Ixtlilton">Ixtlilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macuiltochtli" title="Macuiltochtli">Macuiltochtli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macuilxochitl" class="mw-redirect" title="Macuilxochitl">Macuilxochitl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malinalxochitl" title="Malinalxochitl">Malinalxochitl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayahuel" title="Mayahuel">Mayahuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metztli" title="Metztli">Metztli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mictlanpachecatl" title="Mictlanpachecatl">Mictlanpachecatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixcoatl" title="Mixcoatl">Mixcoatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opochtli" title="Opochtli">Opochtli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxomoco" title="Oxomoco">Oxomoco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painal" title="Painal">Painal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patecatl" title="Patecatl">Patecatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C4%93ccizt%C4%93catl" title="Tēcciztēcatl">Tēcciztēcatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temazcalteci" title="Temazcalteci">Temazcalteci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepozt%C4%93catl" title="Tepoztēcatl">Tepoztēcatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlacotzontli" title="Tlacotzontli">Tlacotzontli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlalocayotl" title="Tlalocayotl">Tlalocayotl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlilhua" title="Tlilhua">Tlilhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toci" title="Toci">Toci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toltecatl" title="Toltecatl">Toltecatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonantzin" title="Tonantzin">Tonantzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicomec%C5%8D%C4%81tl" title="Chicomecōātl">Xilonen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%C5%8Dchipilli" title="Xōchipilli">Xōchipilli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%C5%8Dchiquetzal" title="Xōchiquetzal">Xōchiquetzal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xochitlicue" title="Xochitlicue">Xochitlicue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xocotl_(Aztec_god)" title="Xocotl (Aztec god)">Xocotl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xolotl" title="Xolotl">Xolotl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yacatecuhtli" title="Yacatecuhtli">Yacatecuhtli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacatzontli" title="Zacatzontli">Zacatzontli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahuiateteo" title="Ahuiateteo">Ahuiateteo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centzonm%C4%ABmixc%C5%8Da" title="Centzonmīmixcōa">Centzonmīmixcōa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centzonhu%C4%ABtzn%C4%81hua" title="Centzonhuītznāhua">Centzonhuītznāhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centzon_T%C5%8Dt%C5%8Dchtin" title="Centzon Tōtōchtin">Centzon Tōtōchtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cint%C4%93teo" title="Cintēteo">Cintēteo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cihuateteo" title="Cihuateteo">Cihuateteo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civateteo" class="mw-redirect" title="Civateteo">Civateteo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehecatotontli" title="Ehecatotontli">Ehecatotontli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ti%C4%81nquiztli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiānquiztli">Tiānquiztli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzitzimitl" title="Tzitzimitl">Tzitzimitl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiuhtotontli" title="Xiuhtotontli">Xiuhtotontli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anahuac_(Aztec)" title="Anahuac (Aztec)">Anahuac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztl%C3%A1n" title="Aztlán">Aztlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemanahuac" title="Cemanahuac">Cemanahuac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicomoztoc" title="Chicomoztoc">Chicomoztoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Templo_Mayor" title="Templo Mayor">Huēyi Teōcalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mictl%C4%81n" title="Mictlān">Mictlān</a> (The <i>Underworld</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamoanchan" title="Tamoanchan">Tamoanchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Heavens" title="Thirteen Heavens">Thirteen Heavens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tl%C4%81l%C5%8Dc%C4%81n" title="Tlālōcān">Tlālōcān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlillan-Tlapallan" title="Tlillan-Tlapallan">Tlillan-Tlapallan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dll%C4%81n" title="Tōllān">Tōllān</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beliefs and <br />practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Suns" title="Five Suns">Five Suns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Stinking_Corpse" title="The Stinking Corpse">The Stinking Corpse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_use_of_entheogens" title="Aztec use of entheogens">Use of entheogens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Codices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aubin_Codex" title="Aubin Codex">Aubin Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Codices" title="Mesoamerican Codices">Aubin Manuscript no. 20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aubin_Tonalamatl" title="Aubin Tonalamatl">Aubin Tonalamatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Azcatitlan" title="Codex Azcatitlan">Codex Azcatitlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Azoy%C3%BA" title="Codex Azoyú">Codices Azoyú I & II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libellus_de_Medicinalibus_Indorum_Herbis" title="Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis">Badianus Manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Codices" title="Mesoamerican Codices">Codices Becker I & II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:The_Boban_Aztec_Calendar_Wheel_WDL6760.png" title="File:The Boban Aztec Calendar Wheel WDL6760.png">Boban Aztec Calendar Wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Bodley" title="Codex Bodley">Codex Bodley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Borbonicus" title="Codex Borbonicus">Codex Borbonicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Borgia" title="Codex Borgia">Codex Borgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Boturini" title="Codex Boturini">Codex Boturini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapa_de_Cuauhtinchan_No._2" title="Mapa de Cuauhtinchan No. 2">Mapas de Cuauhtinchan 1-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimalpahin" title="Chimalpahin">Codex Chimalpahin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Chimalpopoca" title="Codex Chimalpopoca">Codex Chimalpopoca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Colombino" title="Codex Colombino">Codex Colombino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Cospi" title="Codex Cospi">Codex Cospi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_codex" title="Aztec codex">Codex Cozcatzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresden_Codex" title="Dresden Codex">Codex Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Dur%C3%A1n" title="Diego Durán">Codex Durán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Fej%C3%A9rv%C3%A1ry-Mayer" title="Codex Fejérváry-Mayer">Codex Fejérváry-Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_Codex" title="Florentine Codex">Codex Florentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Huamantla" title="Codex Huamantla">Codex Huamantla</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3dice_de_Huichapan" class="extiw" title="es:Códice de Huichapan">Códice de Huichapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huexotzinco_Codex" title="Huexotzinco Codex">Codex Huexotzinco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Codices" title="Mesoamerican Codices">Humboldt fragment 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Ixtlilxochitl" title="Codex Ixtlilxochitl">Codex Ixtlilxochitl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Laud" title="Codex Laud">Codex Laud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Le%C3%B3n_y_Gama" title="Antonio de León y Gama">Lienzo Antonio de León</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lienzo_Seler_Coixtlahuaca_II" class="extiw" title="es:Lienzo Seler Coixtlahuaca II">Lienzo de Coixtlahuaca I & II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Codices" title="Mesoamerican Codices">Lienzo de Santa María Nativitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Codices" title="Mesoamerican Codices">Lienzo de Santiago Ihuitlan</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lienzo_de_Zacatepec" class="extiw" title="es:Lienzo de Zacatepec">Lienzo de Zacatepec I & II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Madrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Codex Madrid">Codex Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Magliabechiano" title="Codex Magliabechiano">Codex Magliabechiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matr%C3%ADcula_de_Tributos" title="Matrícula de Tributos">Matrícula de Tributos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Mexicanus" title="Codex Mexicanus">Codex Mexicanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%B3nica_Mexicayotl" title="Crónica Mexicayotl">Crónica Mexicayotl</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Códice Maya de México</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Osuna" title="Codex Osuna">Codex Osuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oztoticpac_Lands_Map_of_Texcoco" title="Oztoticpac Lands Map of Texcoco">Oztoticpac Lands Map of Texcoco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Codex" title="Paris Codex">Paris Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Codices" title="Mesoamerican Codices">Plano en papel de maguey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primeros_Memoriales" title="Primeros Memoriales">Primeros Memoriales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Codex Porfirio Díaz">Codex Porfirio Díaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapa_Quinatzin" title="Mapa Quinatzin">Mapa Quinatzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%ADrez_Codex" title="Ramírez Codex">Codex Ramírez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_codex" title="Aztec codex">Codex Reese</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaci%C3%B3n_de_Michoac%C3%A1n" class="extiw" title="es:Relación de Michoacán">Relación de Michoacán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_R%C3%ADos" title="Codex Ríos">Codex Ríos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romances_de_los_se%C3%B1ores_de_Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Romances de los señores de Nueva España">Romances de los señores de Nueva España</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3dice_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_Asunci%C3%B3n" title="Códice de Santa María Asunción">Codex Santa Maria Asunción</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selden_Roll" title="Selden Roll">Selden Roll</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo:Mapa_de_Sig%C3%BCenza.jpg" class="extiw" title="es:Archivo:Mapa de Sigüenza.jpg">Mapa Sigüenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Telleriano-Remensis" title="Codex Telleriano-Remensis">Codex Telleriano-Remensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Codices" title="Mesoamerican Codices">Tira de Tepechpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anales_de_Tlatelolco" title="Anales de Tlatelolco">Anales de Tlatelolco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Tlatelolco" title="Codex Tlatelolco">Codex Tlatelolco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Codices" title="Mesoamerican Codices">Mapa Tloztin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historia_Tolteca-Chichimeca" title="Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca">Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Totomixtlahuaca" title="Codex Totomixtlahuaca">Codex Totomixtlahuaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Tudela" title="Codex Tudela">Codex Tudela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Codices" title="Mesoamerican Codices">Anales de Tula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus_B" title="Codex Vaticanus B">Codex Vaticanus B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Vindobonensis_Mexicanus_I" title="Codex Vindobonensis Mexicanus I">Codex Vindobonensis Mexicanus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Xolotl" title="Codex Xolotl">Codex Xolotl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Zouche-Nuttall" title="Codex Zouche-Nuttall">Codex Zouche-Nuttall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Maya_civilization" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color: #50C878; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Maya" title="Template:Maya"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Maya" title="Template talk:Maya"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Maya" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Maya"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Maya_civilization" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization"><span style="color:white">Maya civilization</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #50C878; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Maya_civilization" title="History of the Maya civilization"><span style="color:white">History</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preclassic_Maya" title="Preclassic Maya">Preclassic Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Maya_collapse" title="Classic Maya collapse">Classic Maya collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Spanish conquest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Codex_Lacambalam_l%C3%A1mina_15.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Codex_Lacambalam_l%C3%A1mina_15.png/80px-Codex_Lacambalam_l%C3%A1mina_15.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Codex_Lacambalam_l%C3%A1mina_15.png/120px-Codex_Lacambalam_l%C3%A1mina_15.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Codex_Lacambalam_l%C3%A1mina_15.png/160px-Codex_Lacambalam_l%C3%A1mina_15.png 2x" data-file-width="1432" data-file-height="2032" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #50C878; color:white;;width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maya_architecture" title="Maya architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E-Group" title="E-Group">E-Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triadic_pyramid" title="Triadic pyramid">Triadic pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-pyramid_complex" title="Twin-pyramid complex">Twin-pyramid complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_Revival_architecture" title="Mayan Revival architecture">Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_art" title="Ancient Maya art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_graffiti" title="Ancient Maya graffiti">Graffiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_ceramics" title="Maya ceramics">Ceramics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_cities" title="Mayan cities">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_cuisine" title="Ancient Maya cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_dance" title="Maya dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Maya_civilization" title="Economy of the Maya civilization">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trade_in_Maya_civilization" title="Trade in Maya civilization">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_trade_in_the_Maya_civilization" title="Maritime trade in the Maya civilization">Maritime trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Maya_language" title="Classic Maya language">Classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mayan_languages" title="List of Mayan languages">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayanist" title="Mayanist">Mayanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_medicine" title="Maya medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_music" title="Maya music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_mythology" title="Maya mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_numerals" title="Maya numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maya_sites" title="List of Maya sites">Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_stelae" title="Maya stelae">Stelae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_textiles" title="Maya textiles">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_warfare" title="Maya warfare">Warfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #50C878; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maya_society" title="Maya society"><span style="color:white">Society</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_in_Maya_society" title="Childhood in Maya society">Childhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Maya_society" title="Women in Maya society">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midwifery_in_Maya_society" title="Midwifery in Maya society">Midwifery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maya_priesthood" title="Maya priesthood">Priesthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice_in_Maya_culture" title="Sacrifice in Maya culture">Sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice_in_Maya_culture" title="Human sacrifice in Maya culture">Human sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_death_rituals" title="Maya death rituals">Death rituals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_social_classes" title="Maya social classes">Social classes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajaw" title="Ajaw">Ajaw</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_households" title="Maya households">Households</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #50C878; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar"><span style="color:white">Calendar</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajaw" title="Ajaw">Ajaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baktun" title="Baktun">Baktun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haab%CA%BC" title="Haabʼ">Haabʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCatun" title="Kʼatun">Kʼatun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCin" title="Kʼin">Kʼin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tun_(Maya_calendar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tun (Maya calendar)">Tun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzolk%CA%BCin" title="Tzolkʼin">Tzolkʼin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winal" title="Winal">Winal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #50C878; color:white;;width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_the_Cakchiquels" title="Annals of the Cakchiquels">Annals of the Cakchiquels</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chilam_Balam" title="Chilam Balam">Chilam Balam</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_codices" title="Maya codices">Codices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dresden_Codex" title="Dresden Codex"><i>Dresden</i></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Grolier</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Codex_(Maya)" title="Madrid Codex (Maya)"><i>Madrid</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Codex" title="Paris Codex"><i>Paris</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Popol_Vuh" title="Popol Vuh">Popol Vuh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rabinal_Ach%C3%AD" title="Rabinal Achí">Rabinal Achí</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ritual_of_the_Bacabs" title="Ritual of the Bacabs">Ritual of the Bacabs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_Dzitbalch%C3%A9" title="Songs of Dzitbalché">Songs of Dzitbalché</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADtulo_C%CA%BCoyoi" title="Título Cʼoyoi">Título Cʼoyoi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADtulo_de_Totonicap%C3%A1n" title="Título de Totonicapán">Título de Totonicapán</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #50C878; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maya_gods_and_supernatural_beings" title="List of Maya gods and supernatural beings"><span style="color:white">Deities</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Classic</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bacab" title="Bacab">Bacab</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chaac" title="Chaac">Chaac</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maya_death_gods" title="Maya death gods">Death gods</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/God_L" title="God L">God L</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Goddess_I" title="Goddess I">Goddess I</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maya_Hero_Twins" title="Maya Hero Twins">Hero Twins</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Howler_monkey_gods" title="Howler monkey gods">Howler monkey gods</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Itzamna" title="Itzamna">Itzamna</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ixchel" title="Ixchel">Ixchel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maya_jaguar_gods" title="Maya jaguar gods">Jaguar gods</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCawiil" title="Kʼawiil">Kʼawiil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kinich_Ahau" title="Kinich Ahau">Kinich Ahau</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maya_maize_god" title="Maya maize god">Maize god</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mam_(Maya_mythology)" title="Mam (Maya mythology)">Mam</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maya_moon_goddess" title="Maya moon goddess">Moon goddess</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yopaat" title="Yopaat">Yopaat</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Post-Classic</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Acat_(deity)" title="Acat (deity)">Acat</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ah-Muzen-Cab" title="Ah-Muzen-Cab">Ah-Muzen-Cab</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Akna_(Maya_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akna (Maya mythology)">Akna</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chin_(deity)" title="Chin (deity)">Chin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ixtab" title="Ixtab">Ixtab</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kukulkan" title="Kukulkan">Kukulkan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yum_Kaax" title="Yum Kaax">Yum Kaax</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i>Popol Vuh</i></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Awilix" title="Awilix">Awilix</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Camazotz" title="Camazotz">Camazotz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hun_Hunahpu" title="Hun Hunahpu">Hun Hunahpu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Huracan" title="Huracan">Huracan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jacawitz" title="Jacawitz">Jacawitz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Q%CA%BCuq%CA%BCumatz" title="Qʼuqʼumatz">Qʼuqʼumatz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tohil" title="Tohil">Tohil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vucub_Caquix" title="Vucub Caquix">Vucub Caquix</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Xmucane_and_Xpiacoc" title="Xmucane and Xpiacoc">Xmucane and Xpiacoc</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Xquic" title="Xquic">Xquic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zipacna" title="Zipacna">Zipacna</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #50C878; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maya_Kings_and_Queens" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya Kings and Queens"><span style="color:white">Kings</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%CA%BCalaj_Chan_K%CA%BCawiil" title="Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil">Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha%CA%BC_K%CA%BCin_Xook" title="Haʼ Kʼin Xook">Haʼ Kʼin Xook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itzam_K%CA%BCan_Ahk_II" title="Itzam Kʼan Ahk II">Itzam Kʼan Ahk II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCak%CA%BC_Tiliw_Chan_Yopaat" title="Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Yopaat">Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Yopaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCinich_Janaab%CA%BC_Pakal" title="Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal">Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCinich_Yat_Ahk_II" title="Kʼinich Yat Ahk II">Kʼinich Yat Ahk II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCinich_Yax_K%CA%BCuk%CA%BC_Mo%CA%BC" title="Kʼinich Yax Kʼukʼ Moʼ">Kʼinich Yax Kʼukʼ Moʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCinich_Yo%CA%BCnal_Ahk_I" title="Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk I">Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uaxaclajuun_Ub%CA%BCaah_K%CA%BCawiil" title="Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil">Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yo%CA%BCnal_Ahk_III" title="Yoʼnal Ahk III">Yoʼnal Ahk III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuknoom_Ch%CA%BCeen_II" title="Yuknoom Chʼeen II">Yuknoom Chʼeen II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuknoom_Yich%CA%BCaak_K%CA%BCahk%CA%BC" title="Yuknoom Yichʼaak Kʼahkʼ">Yuknoom Yichʼaak Kʼahkʼ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #50C878; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Women_rulers_in_Maya_society" title="Women rulers in Maya society"><span style="color:white">Queens</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Eveningstar" title="Lady Eveningstar">Lady Eveningstar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_of_Itzan" title="Lady of Itzan">Lady of Itzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_of_Tikal" title="Lady of Tikal">Lady of Tikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Xoc" title="Lady Xoc">Lady Xoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sak_K%CA%BCuk%CA%BC" title="Sak Kʼukʼ">Sak Kʼukʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wak_Chanil_Ajaw" title="Wak Chanil Ajaw">Wak Chanil Ajaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohl_Ik%CA%BCnal" title="Yohl Ikʼnal">Yohl Ikʼnal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381642#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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