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class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Projekt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Obsah" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Obsah</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">přesunout do postranního panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skrýt</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(úvod)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aštádhjájí" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aštádhjájí"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Aštádhjájí</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aštádhjájí-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Odkazy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Odkazy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Odkazy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Odkazy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Přepnout podsekci Odkazy</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Odkazy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Reference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Literatura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Související_články" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Související_články"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Související články</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Související_články-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externí_odkazy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externí_odkazy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Externí odkazy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externí_odkazy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Obsah" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Přepnout obsah" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Přepnout obsah</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pánini</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Přejděte k článku v jiném jazyce. Je dostupný v 67 jazycích" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">67 jazyků</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panini" title="Panini – němčina (Švýcarsko)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Panini" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="němčina (Švýcarsko)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A" title="بانيني – arabština" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بانيني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="পাণিনি – ásámština" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পাণিনি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="ásámština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="पाणिनी – awadhština" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="पाणिनी" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF" title="पाणिनि – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पाणिनि" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="পাণিনি – bengálština" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পাণিনি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengálština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81nini" title="Pānini – bretonština" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pānini" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0nini" title="Pànini – katalánština" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pànini" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81nini" title="Pānini – korsičtina" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Pānini" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="korsičtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panini_(sprogforsker)" title="Panini (sprogforsker) – dánština" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Panini (sprogforsker)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panini_(Grammatiker)" title="Panini (Grammatiker) – němčina" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Panini (Grammatiker)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="němčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini – angličtina" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Pāṇini" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angličtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paninio" title="Paninio – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Paninio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panini_(gram%C3%A1tico)" title="Panini (gramático) – španělština" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Panini (gramático)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španělština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81nini" title="Pānini – estonština" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pānini" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini – baskičtina" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pāṇini" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskičtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81nini" title="Pānini – extremadurština" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Pānini" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="extremadurština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="پانینی – perština" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پانینی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini – finština" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pāṇini" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panini_(grammairien)" title="Panini (grammairien) – francouzština" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Panini (grammairien)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francouzština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini – galicijština" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pāṇini" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF" title="पाणिनि – hindština" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पाणिनि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panini" title="Panini – hindština (Fidži)" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Panini" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindština (Fidži)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB" title="Պանինի – arménština" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պանինի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pāṇini" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini – indonéština" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pāṇini" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonéština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini – italština" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pāṇini" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%8B" title="パーニニ – japonština" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パーニニ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini – javánština" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pāṇini" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF" title="ಪಾಣಿನಿ – kannadština" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪಾಣಿನಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannadština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EB%8B%88%EB%8B%88" title="파니니 – korejština" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파니니" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panines" title="Panines – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Panines" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paninis" title="Paninis – litevština" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Paninis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litevština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini – malgaština" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Pāṇini" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF" title="പാണിനി – malajálamština" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പാണിനി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajálamština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="पाणिनी – maráthština" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पाणिनी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="maráthština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF" title="पाणिनि – nepálština" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पाणिनि" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepálština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF" title="पाणिनि – névárština" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पाणिनि" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="névárština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panini_(taalkundige)" title="Panini (taalkundige) – nizozemština" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Panini (taalkundige)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panini" title="Panini – norština (nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Panini" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norština (nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini – norština (bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pāṇini" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norština (bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini – okcitánština" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pāṇini" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okcitánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF" title="ପାଣିନି – urijština" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପାଣିନି" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="urijština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80" title="ਪਾਣਿਨੀ – paňdžábština" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਾਣਿਨੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="paňdžábština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panini_(gramatyk)" title="Panini (gramatyk) – polština" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Panini (gramatyk)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DD%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="پاݨینی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پاݨینی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%BC%D9%8A%DA%BC%D9%8A" title="پاڼيڼي – paštština" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پاڼيڼي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paštština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81nini" title="Pānini – portugalština" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pānini" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini – rumunština" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pāṇini" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Панини – ruština" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Панини" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83" title="पाणिनिः – sanskrt" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पाणिनिः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini – skotština" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pāṇini" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini – srbochorvatština" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pāṇini" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srbochorvatština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini – slovinština" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pāṇini" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovinština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panini" title="Panini – srbština" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Panini" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srbština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panini_(vetenskapsman)" title="Panini (vetenskapsman) – švédština" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Panini (vetenskapsman)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švédština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="பாணினி – tamilština" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாணினி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF" title="పాణిని – telugština" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పాణిని" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4" title="ปาณินิ – thajština" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปาณินิ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thajština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panini" title="Panini – turečtina" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Panini" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turečtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Панини – tatarština" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Панини" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Паніні – ukrajinština" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Паніні" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="پانینی – urdština" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پانینی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini – vietnamština" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pāṇini" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E4%BD%A0%E5%B0%BC" title="波你尼 – čínština (dialekty Wu)" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="波你尼" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="čínština (dialekty Wu)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E4%BD%A0%E5%B0%BC" title="波你尼 – čínština" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="波你尼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="čínština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E4%BD%A0%E5%B0%BC" title="波你尼 – kantonština" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="波你尼" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q189725#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Editovat mezijazykové odkazy" class="wbc-editpage">Upravit odkazy</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Jmenné prostory"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nini" title="Zobrazit obsahovou stránku [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Článek</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diskuse:P%C3%A1nini&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Diskuse ke stránce (stránka neexistuje) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskuse</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Změnit variantu jazyka" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">čeština</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Zobrazení"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nini"><span>Číst</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A1nini&veaction=edit" title="Editovat tuto stránku [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Editovat</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A1nini&action=edit" title="Editovat zdrojový kód této stránky [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Editovat zdroj</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A1nini&action=history" title="Starší verze této stránky. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Zobrazit historii</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Nástroje ke stránce"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Nástroje" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Nástroje</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Nástroje</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">přesunout do postranního panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">skrýt</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Další možnosti" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Akce </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nini"><span>Číst</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A1nini&veaction=edit" title="Editovat tuto stránku [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Editovat</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A1nini&action=edit" title="Editovat zdrojový kód této stránky [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Editovat zdroj</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A1nini&action=history"><span>Zobrazit historii</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Obecné </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Co_odkazuje_na/P%C3%A1nini" title="Seznam všech wikistránek, které sem odkazují [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Odkazuje sem</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Souvisej%C3%ADc%C3%AD_zm%C4%9Bny/P%C3%A1nini" rel="nofollow" title="Nedávné změny stránek, na které je odkazováno [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Související změny</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=cs" title="Nahrát obrázky či jiná multimédia [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Načíst soubor</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_str%C3%A1nky" title="Seznam všech speciálních stránek [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Speciální stránky</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A1nini&oldid=22225387" title="Trvalý odkaz na současnou verzi této 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encyklopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="cs" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:22em;width: 22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="fn" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold">Pánini</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom: 1px solid #bbb;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soubor:Panini_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Panini_1.jpg/250px-Panini_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Panini_1.jpg/375px-Panini_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Panini_1.jpg/500px-Panini_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left">Narození</th><td style="text-align: left;"><span class="wd"><a href="/wiki/520_p%C5%99._n._l." title="520 př. n. l.">520 př. n. l.</a></span><br /><span class="wd"><span lang="en">Shalatula</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left">Úmrtí</th><td style="text-align: left;"><span class="wd"><a href="/wiki/460_p%C5%99._n._l." title="460 př. n. l.">460 př. n. l.</a> (ve věku 59–60 let)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left">Povolání</th><td style="text-align: left;"><span class="wd">jazykovědec, <a href="/wiki/Spisovatel" title="Spisovatel">spisovatel</a> a gramatik</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left">Témata</th><td style="text-align: left;"><span class="wd">Vjákarana a <a href="/wiki/Lingvistika" title="Lingvistika">lingvistika</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Logo Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Logo Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Pāṇini">multimediální obsah</a></b> na <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Commons</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/20px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/30px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/40px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <b><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?ccl_term=wau=jo2009479209+or+wkw=jo2009479209&func=find-c&local_base=skc">Seznam děl</a></b> v <a href="/wiki/Souborn%C3%BD_katalog_%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_republiky" title="Souborný katalog České republiky">Souborném katalogu ČR</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size: smaller; white-space: nowrap;">Některá data mohou pocházet z <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189725" class="extiw" title="d:Q189725">datové položky</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pánini</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrt" title="Sanskrt">v sanskrtu</a> <span class="cizojazycne" lang="sa" title="sanskrt">पाणिनि</span> <i>Pāṇini</i>) je jméno <a href="/wiki/Starov%C4%9Bk" title="Starověk">starověkého</a> indického <a href="/wiki/Lingvistika" title="Lingvistika">jazykovědce</a> odvozené od <a href="/wiki/Sanskrt" title="Sanskrt">sanskrtského</a> výrazu <i>pani</i>, což znamená <i>potomek pániů</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Je znám svým spisem <i>Vjákarana</i> (mluvnice), který obsahuje 3959 gramatických a fonetických pravidel sanskrtu. Tento originální spis komentoval později Mahariši <a href="/wiki/Pata%C5%88d%C5%BEali" title="Pataňdžali">Pataňdžali</a> ve spise <i>Mahábhášja</i>. Vjákarana patří mezi odvětví <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9dsk%C3%A1_literatura" class="mw-redirect" title="Védská literatura">védské literatury</a>, <i>védángy</i> (doslova údy véd), zahrnující všechny disciplíny umožňující studium véd: šikšá (<a href="/wiki/Fonetika" title="Fonetika">fonetika</a>), kalpa (<a href="/wiki/Ob%C5%99ad" class="mw-redirect" title="Obřad">obřad</a>), vjákarana (<a href="/wiki/Gramatika" title="Gramatika">mluvnice</a>), nirukta (<a href="/wiki/Etymologie" title="Etymologie">etymologie</a> a <a href="/wiki/Lexikologie" title="Lexikologie">lexikologie</a>), čhanda (<a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9dsk%C3%A1_metrika" title="Védská metrika">védská metrika</a>) a džjótišá (<a href="/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie">astronomie</a> a <a href="/wiki/Astrologie" title="Astrologie">astrologie</a>). Toto souhrnné dílo v Indii ukončilo období védského sanskrtu a zahájilo období klasického <a href="/wiki/Sanskrt" title="Sanskrt">sanskrtu</a>, kdežto v moderní době slouží jako podklad pro <a href="/wiki/Lingvistika" title="Lingvistika">lingvistiku</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historie">Historie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A1nini&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editace sekce: Historie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A1nini&action=edit&section=1" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Historie"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>O životě Pániniho se nic určitého neví, dokonce i o století, ve kterém žil, se názory jazykovědců rozcházejí. Nejpravděpodobnější doba Pániniho života je 4. stol. př. n. l., ale podle jiných názorů to mohlo být i dříve, 5. stol. př. n. l. nebo dokonce i 6. stol. př. n. l. Podle legend se narodil ve městě <i>Šatula</i> na pobřeží řeky <i>Indus</i> v provincii <i>Gandharva</i> - tato provincie se nyní jmenuje <i>Attock</i> v nynější pákistánské provincii <a href="/wiki/Pa%C5%88d%C5%BE%C3%A1b" title="Paňdžáb">Paňdžáb</a> a leží mezi městy <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1valpind%C3%AD" title="Rávalpindí">Rávalpindí</a> a <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9%C5%A1%C3%A1var" title="Péšávar">Péšávar</a>. Jisté je, že Pánini žil na konci védského období, protože vytvořil speciální pravidla, podle nichž bylo možné rozluštit archaický védský sanskrt, který se stával nečitelným, ale byl ještě srozumitelným dialektem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aštádhjájí"><span id="A.C5.A1t.C3.A1dhj.C3.A1j.C3.AD"></span>Aštádhjájí</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A1nini&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Editace sekce: Aštádhjájí" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A1nini&action=edit&section=2" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Aštádhjájí"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aštádhjájí, v dévanágarí अष्टाध्यायी, neboli Osmero pojednání, je Pániniho hlavní spis založený na gramatickém rozboru slov ve slovnících <i>Dhátupatha</i> a <i>Ganapatha</i>. Je to velice systematický morfematický a fonematický výklad sanskrtských slovních kořenů. Jeho výklad je tak dokonalý, že jazykovědci teprve o dva tisíce let později pochopili celý jeho dosah. Jeho dílo beze zbytku popisuje sanskrtskou lingvistickou morfologii. </p><p>Aštádhjájí se skládá z 3959 <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BAtra" title="Sútra">súter</a> (aforismů), jinak také pravidel rozdělených do osmi pojednání, která jsou dále rozdělena do čtyř oddílů (<i>padani</i>). </p> <dl><dd>Příklad:</dd> <dd>1.1.1 <i>vrddhir áT-aiC</i></dd> <dd>1.1.2 <i>auT-éN gunáh</i></dd></dl> <dl><dd>Velká písmena označují zdroj, sanskrtské výrazy <i>vrddhir</i> a <i>gunáh</i> jsou názvy jmenovaných hlásek.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Tedy:</dd> <dd>1.1.1. á a ai jsou v T a C vrddhir,</dd> <dd>1.1.2. au a é jsou v T a N gunáh.</dd></dl> <p>Pániniho Aštádhjájí rozebírají text ve spisu Šiva sútry a zároveň ve slovnících sanskrtských slovních kořenů Dhátupatha a Ganapatha. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Odkazy">Odkazy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A1nini&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Editace sekce: Odkazy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A1nini&action=edit&section=3" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Odkazy"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reference">Reference</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A1nini&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Editace sekce: Reference" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A1nini&action=edit&section=4" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Reference"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Frits Staal, <i>Euclid and Pánini, Philosophy East and West</i>, 1965; R. A. Jairazbhoy, On Mundkur on Diffusion, <i>Current Anthropology</i> (1979)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">CAMBRIDGE, University of. Ancient grammatical puzzle solved after 2,500 years. <i>phys.org</i> [online]. [cit. 2022-12-15]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2022-12-ancient-grammatical-puzzle-years.html">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2022-12-ancient-grammatical-puzzle-years.html&rft.atitle=Ancient+grammatical+puzzle+solved+after+2%2C500+years&rft.aulast=Cambridge&rft.aufirst=University+of"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literatura">Literatura</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A1nini&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Editace sekce: Literatura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A1nini&action=edit&section=5" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Literatura"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Černý, J., <i>Dějiny lingvistiky</i>. Olomouc: Votobia 1996. Str. 58-61.</li> <li>Katre, Sumitra M., <i>Astadhyayi of Panini</i>, Austin: University of Texas Press, 1987. Reprint Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1989. <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Zdroje_knih/0-292-70394-5" title="Speciální:Zdroje knih/0-292-70394-5"><span class="ISBN">0-292-70394-5</span></a></span></li> <li>Prince, Alan and Paul Smolensky (2004): Optimality Theory: Constraint Interaction in Generative Grammar. Oxford: Blackwell.</li> <li>T.R.N. Rao. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/t_es/t_es_rao-t_syntax.htm"><i>Panini-backus form of languages</i>.</a> 1998.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Související_články"><span id="Souvisej.C3.ADc.C3.AD_.C4.8Dl.C3.A1nky"></span>Související články</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A1nini&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Editace sekce: Související články" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A1nini&action=edit&section=6" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Související články"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9dy" title="Védy">Védy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pata%C5%88d%C5%BEali" title="Pataňdžali">Pataňdžali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrt" title="Sanskrt">Sanskrt</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Externí_odkazy"><span id="Extern.C3.AD_odkazy"></span>Externí odkazy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A1nini&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Editace sekce: Externí odkazy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A1nini&action=edit&section=7" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Externí odkazy"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="wd"><span class="sisterproject sisterproject-commons"><span class="sisterproject_image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Logo Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></span> <span class="sisterproject_text">Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu <span class="sisterproject_text_target"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Pāṇini">Pánini</a></span> na <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></span></span><i> </i></li> <li><span style="cursor:help;" data-lang="en" title="Jazyk cíle odkazu: angličtina">(anglicky)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404165812/https://sanskrit.sai.uni-heidelberg.de/">PaSSim - Paninian Sanskrit Simulator</a></li> <li><span style="cursor:help;" data-lang="en" title="Jazyk cíle odkazu: angličtina">(anglicky)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.languageinindia.com/feb2004/panini.html">The system of Panini</a></li> <li><span style="cursor:help;" data-lang="en" title="Jazyk cíle odkazu: angličtina">(anglicky)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101208155616/http://www.taralabalu.org/panini/">Ganakastadhyayi</a></li> <li><span style="cursor:help;" data-lang="en" title="Jazyk cíle odkazu: angličtina">(anglicky)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ontology.co/indian-philosophy.htm">Indian Logic and Ontology: A Survey of Contemporary Studies</a></li> <li><span style="cursor:help;" data-lang="en" title="Jazyk cíle odkazu: angličtina">(anglicky)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081120003537/http://forizslaszlo.com/filozofia/relevance_of_whitehead/forizs_relevance_of_whitehead.pdf">Panini, Nagarjuna and Whitehead - The Relevance of Whitehead for Contemporary Buddhist Philosophy</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox noprint" title="Indická filosofie"><table title="" class="navbox-navbox mw-collapsible autocollapse nowraplinks noprint" cellspacing="0" data-collapsetext="skrýt" data-expandtext="zobrazit"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r17064757">.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .mw-collapsible-toggle{font-weight:normal}</style><tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <span class="navbox-titletext"><a href="/wiki/Indick%C3%A1_filosofie" class="mw-redirect" title="Indická filosofie">Indická filosofie</a> a <a href="/wiki/Hinduismus" title="Hinduismus">hinduismus</a></span> </th> </tr><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group">Ortodoxní školy</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div> <a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%A1ja" title="Njája">Njája</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%A1%C3%A9%C5%A1ika" title="Vaišéšika">Vaišéšika</a> • <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1nkhja" title="Sánkhja">Sánkhja</a> • <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3ga" title="Jóga">Jóga</a> • <a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADm%C3%A1ns%C3%A1" title="Mímánsá">Mímánsá</a> • <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9d%C3%A1nta" title="Védánta">Védánta</a> • <a href="/wiki/Advaita-v%C3%A9d%C3%A1nta" title="Advaita-védánta">Advaita</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vi%C5%A1i%C5%A1t%C3%A1dvaita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Višištádvaita (stránka neexistuje)">Višištádvaita</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dvaita-v%C3%A9d%C3%A1nta" title="Dvaita-védánta">Dvaita</a></div> </td> </tr><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group">Neortodoxní školy</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div> <a href="/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%A1rv%C3%A1ka" title="Čárváka">Čárváka</a> • <a href="/wiki/D%C5%BEinismus" title="Džinismus">Džinismus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Buddhismus" title="Buddhismus">Buddhismus</a> • <a href="/wiki/H%C3%ADnaj%C3%A1na" title="Hínajána">Hínajána</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%A1j%C3%A1na" title="Mahájána">Mahájána</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vad%C5%BEraj%C3%A1na" title="Vadžrajána">Vadžrajána</a> • <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9rav%C3%A1da" title="Théraváda">Théraváda</a></div> </td> </tr><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group">Osobnosti</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div> </div><table title="" class="navbox-subgroup nowraplinks noprint" cellspacing="0" data-collapsetext="skrýt" data-expandtext="zobrazit"><tbody><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group">Starověk</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div> <a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pata%C5%88d%C5%BEali" title="Pataňdžali">Pataňdžali</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha Gautama (Gótama)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kan%C3%A1da" title="Kanáda">Kanáda</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C5%BEaimini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Džaimini (stránka neexistuje)">Džaimini</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vj%C3%A1sa" title="Vjása">Vjása</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A1rkand%C3%A9ja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Márkandéja (stránka neexistuje)">Márkandéja</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pánini</a></div> </td> </tr><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group">Středověk</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div> <a href="/wiki/%C3%81di_%C5%A0ankara" title="Ádi Šankara">Ádi Šankara</a> • <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1m%C3%A1nud%C5%BEa" title="Rámánudža">Rámánudža</a> • <a href="/wiki/Madhva" title="Madhva">Madhva</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nimb%C3%A1rka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nimbárka (stránka neexistuje)">Nimbárka</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vallabha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vallabha (stránka neexistuje)">Vallabha</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tuls%C3%ADd%C3%A1s" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulsídás">Tulsídás</a> • <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Caitanja_Mah%C3%A1prabhu" title="Čaitanja Maháprabhu">Čaitanja Maháprabhu</a> • <a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADr%C3%A1b%C3%A1%C3%AD" title="Mírábáí">Mírábáí</a></div> </td> </tr><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group">Novověk</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div> <a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktiv%C3%A9d%C3%A1nta_Sv%C3%A1m%C3%AD_Prabhup%C3%A1da" title="A. C. Bhaktivédánta Svámí Prabhupáda">A. C. Bhaktivédánta Svámí Prabhupáda</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sv%C3%A1mi_Daj%C3%A1nanda_Sarasvat%C3%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Svámi Dajánanda Sarasvatí (stránka neexistuje)">Svámi Dajánanda Sarasvatí</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rab%C3%ADndran%C3%A1th_Th%C3%A1kur" title="Rabíndranáth Thákur">Rabíndranáth Thákur</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%A1tma_G%C3%A1ndh%C3%AD" title="Mahátma Gándhí">Mahátma Gándhí</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_R%C3%A1dhakri%C5%A1nan" title="Sarvepalli Rádhakrišnan">Sarvepalli Rádhakrišnan</a> • <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0r%C3%AD_R%C3%A1makr%C5%A1na" title="Šrí Rámakršna">Šrí Rámakršna</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sv%C3%A1m%C3%AD_Viv%C3%A9k%C3%A1nanda" title="Svámí Vivékánanda">Svámí Vivékánanda</a> • <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0r%C3%AD_Aurobindo" title="Šrí Aurobindo">Šrí Aurobindo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ramana_Mahar%C5%A1i" title="Ramana Maharši">Ramana Maharši</a> • <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0iv%C3%A1nanda_Sarasvat%C3%AD" title="Šivánanda Sarasvatí">Šivánanda Sarasvatí</a> • <a 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