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saccades</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: saccades"> <meta name="keywords" content="saccades"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="saccades"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 7</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: saccades</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7</span> Noise of Aircraft Flyovers Affects Reading Saccades</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Svea%20Missfeldt">Svea Missfeldt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rainer%20H%C3%B6ger"> Rainer Höger</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A number of studies show that aircraft noise around airports negatively affects the reading comprehension of children attending schools in the neighbourhood. Yet little is known about the underlying mechanisms. Explanatory approaches discuss the attention capturing effect of noise sources which occupy mental capacity. Research suggests that attentional capacities are especially demanded when different modalities are involved at the same time. To explore whether aircraft noise affects reading processes in specific manners, students read texts in variable sound conditions while their eye movements were recorded. Besides noise caused by aircraft flyovers, which represent moving sound sources, saccades were also recorded under the condition of white noise, a natural sound setting and silence for comparison. Data showed an increase in regressive saccades when the sound of moving sources was presented. Interestingly, this effect was significantly high when the aircrafts moved in the opposite of the reading direction. Especially the latter result is not compatible with the hypothesis of a general impairment of cognitive processes by noise where the direction of movement should not have an influence. Reading is assumed to be based on two different attentional mechanisms: overt and covert attention, where the latter supports control and pre-planning of eye movements during reading. We believe that covert attention is affected by moving sound sources, resulting in an enhanced number of backwardly directed saccades. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aircraft%20noise" title="aircraft noise">aircraft noise</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=attentional%20processes" title=" attentional processes"> attentional processes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cognition" title=" cognition"> cognition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=eye%20movements" title=" eye movements"> eye movements</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reading%20saccades" title=" reading saccades"> reading saccades</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41983/noise-of-aircraft-flyovers-affects-reading-saccades" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41983.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">329</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> Analyze and Visualize Eye-Tracking Data</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aymen%20Sekhri">Aymen Sekhri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emmanuel%20Kwabena%20Frimpong"> Emmanuel Kwabena Frimpong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bolaji%20Mubarak%20Ayeyemi"> Bolaji Mubarak Ayeyemi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aleksi%20Hirvonen"> Aleksi Hirvonen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Matias%20Hirvonen"> Matias Hirvonen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tedros%20Tesfay%20Andemichael"> Tedros Tesfay Andemichael</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fixation identification, which involves isolating and identifying fixations and saccades in eye-tracking protocols, is an important aspect of eye-movement data processing that can have a big impact on higher-level analyses. However, fixation identification techniques are frequently discussed informally and rarely compared in any meaningful way. With two state-of-the-art algorithms, we will implement fixation detection and analysis in this work. The velocity threshold fixation algorithm is the first algorithm, and it identifies fixation based on a threshold value. For eye movement detection, the second approach is U'n' Eye, a deep neural network algorithm. The goal of this project is to analyze and visualize eye-tracking data from an eye gaze dataset that has been provided. The data was collected in a scenario in which individuals were shown photos and asked whether or not they recognized them. The results of the two-fixation detection approach are contrasted and visualized in this paper. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human-computer%20interaction" title="human-computer interaction">human-computer interaction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=eye-tracking" title=" eye-tracking"> eye-tracking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CNN" title=" CNN"> CNN</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fixations" title=" fixations"> fixations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=saccades" title=" saccades"> saccades</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149628/analyze-and-visualize-eye-tracking-data" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149628.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">135</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> Memory-Guided Oculomotor Task in High School Football Players with ADHD, Post-Concussive Injuries, and Controls</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20McGovern">B. McGovern</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20F.%20Luck"> J. F. Luck</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Gade"> A. Gade</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20V.%20Lake"> I. V. Lake</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20O%E2%80%99Connell"> D. O’Connell</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20C.%20Cutcliffe"> H. C. Cutcliffe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20P.%20Shah"> K. P. Shah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20E.%20Ginalis"> E. E. Ginalis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20M.%20Lambert"> C. M. Lambert</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Christian"> N. Christian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20R.%20Kait"> J. R. Kait</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20W.%20Yu"> A. W. Yu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20P.%20Eckersley"> C. P. Eckersley</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20R.%20Bass"> C. R. Bass</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in the form of post-concussive injuries and attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) share similar cognitive impairments, including impaired working memory and executive function. The memory-guided oculomotor task separates working memory and inhibitory components to provide further information on the nature of these deficits in each pathology. Eleven subjects with ADHD, fifteen control subjects, and ten subjects with recent concussive injury were matched on age, gender, and education (all high school-age males). Eye movements were recorded during memory-guided oculomotor tasks with varying delays using EyeLink 1000 (SR Research). The percentage of premature saccades and the latency of correct response are the analyzed measures for response inhibition and working memory, respectively. No significant differences were found in latencies between controls subjects and subjects with ADHD or post-concussive injuries, in accordance with previous studies. Subjects with ADHD and post-concussive injuries both demonstrated a trend of increased percentages of premature saccades compared to control subjects in the same oculomotor task. This trend reached statistical significance between the post-concussive and control groups (p < 0.05). These findings support the primary nature of the executive function deficits in response inhibition in ADHD and mTBI. The interpretation of results is limited by the small sample size and the exploratory nature of the study. Further investigation into oculomotor performance differences in mTBI and ADHD may help in differentiating these pathologies in consequent diagnoses and provide insight into the interaction of these deficits in mTBI. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=attention%20deficit%20%2F%20hyperactivity%20disorder%20%28ADHD%29" title="attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)">attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concussion" title=" concussion"> concussion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diagnosis" title=" diagnosis"> diagnosis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oculomotor" title=" oculomotor"> oculomotor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pediatrics" title=" pediatrics"> pediatrics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71357/memory-guided-oculomotor-task-in-high-school-football-players-with-adhd-post-concussive-injuries-and-controls" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71357.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">299</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> Binocular Heterogeneity in Saccadic Suppression</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Evgeny%20Kozubenko">Evgeny Kozubenko</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dmitry%20Shaposhnikov"> Dmitry Shaposhnikov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mikhail%20Petrushan"> Mikhail Petrushan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This work is focused on the study of the binocular characteristics of the phenomenon of perisaccadic suppression in humans when perceiving visual objects. This phenomenon manifests in a decrease in the subject's ability to perceive visual information during saccades, which play an important role in purpose-driven behavior and visual perception. It was shown that the impairment of perception of visual information in the post-saccadic time window is stronger (p < 0.05) in the ipsilateral eye (the eye towards which the saccade occurs). In addition, the observed heterogeneity of post-saccadic suppression in the contralateral and ipsilateral eyes may relate to depth perception. Taking the studied phenomenon into account is important when developing ergonomic control panels in modern operator systems. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=eye%20movement" title="eye movement">eye movement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20vision" title=" natural vision"> natural vision</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=saccadic%20suppression" title=" saccadic suppression"> saccadic suppression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=visual%20perception" title=" visual perception"> visual perception</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/137677/binocular-heterogeneity-in-saccadic-suppression" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/137677.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">156</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> Eye Tracking: Biometric Evaluations of Instructional Materials for Improved Learning </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Janet%20Holland">Janet Holland</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Eye tracking is a great way to triangulate multiple data sources for deeper, more complete knowledge of how instructional materials are really being used and emotional connections made. Using sensor based biometrics provides a detailed local analysis in real time expanding our ability to collect science based data for a more comprehensive level of understanding, not previously possible, for teaching and learning. The knowledge gained will be used to make future improvements to instructional materials, tools, and interactions. The literature has been examined and a preliminary pilot test was implemented to develop a methodology for research in Instructional Design and Technology. Eye tracking now offers the addition of objective metrics obtained from eye tracking and other biometric data collection with analysis for a fresh perspective. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=area%20of%20interest" title="area of interest">area of interest</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=eye%20tracking" title=" eye tracking"> eye tracking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biometrics" title=" biometrics"> biometrics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fixation" title=" fixation"> fixation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fixation%20count" title=" fixation count"> fixation count</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fixation%20sequence" title=" fixation sequence"> fixation sequence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fixation%20time" title=" fixation time"> fixation time</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gaze%20points" title=" gaze points"> gaze points</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20map" title=" heat map"> heat map</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=saccades" title=" saccades"> saccades</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=time%20to%20first%20fixation" title=" time to first fixation"> time to first fixation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104914/eye-tracking-biometric-evaluations-of-instructional-materials-for-improved-learning" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104914.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">131</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> Investigation of the Functional Impact of Amblyopia on Visual Skills in Children</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chinmay%20V.%20Deshpande">Chinmay V. Deshpande</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Purpose: To assess the efficiency of visual functions and visual skills in strabismic & anisometropic amblyopes and to assess visual acuity and contrast sensitivity in anisometropic amblyopes with spectacles & contact lenses. Method: In a prospective clinical study, 32 children ageing from 5 to 15 years presenting with amblyopia in a pediatric department of Shri Ganapati Netralaya Jalna, India, were assessed for a period of three & half months. Visual acuity was measured with Snellen’s and Bailey-Lovie log MAR charts whereas contrast sensitivity was measured with Pelli-Robson chart with spectacles and contact lenses. Saccadic movements were assessed with SCCO scoring criteria and accommodative facility was checked with ±1.50 DS flippers. Stereopsis was assessed with TNO test. Results: By using Wilcoxon sign rank test p-value < 0.05 (< 0.001), the mean linear visual acuity was 0.29 (≈ 6/21) and mean single optotype visual acuity found to be 0.36 (≈ 6/18). Mean visual acuity of 0.27(≈ 6/21) with spectacles improved to 0.33 (≈ 6/18) with contact lenses in amblyopic eyes. The mean Log MAR visual acuity with spectacles and contact lens were found to be 0.602( ≈6/24) and 0.531(≈ 6/21) respectively. The contrast threshold out of 20 amblyopic eyes shows that mean contrast threshold changed in 9 patients from spectacles 0.27 to contact lens 0.19 respectively. The mean accommodative facility assessed was 5.31(± 2.37). 24 subjects (75%) revealed marked saccadic defects on the test applied. 78% subjects didn’t show even gross stereoscopic ability on TNO test. Conclusion: This study supports the facts about amblyopia and associated deficits in visual skills which are claimed in previous studies. In addition, anisometropic amblyopia can be managed better with contact lenses. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strabismus" title="strabismus">strabismus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anisometropia" title=" anisometropia"> anisometropia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=amblyopia" title=" amblyopia"> amblyopia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contrast%20sensitivity" title=" contrast sensitivity"> contrast sensitivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=saccades" title=" saccades"> saccades</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stereopsis" title=" stereopsis"> stereopsis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3335/investigation-of-the-functional-impact-of-amblyopia-on-visual-skills-in-children" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3335.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">421</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1</span> Applying the Eye Tracking Technique for the Evaluation of Oculomotor System in Patients Survived after Cerebellar Tumors</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marina%20Shurupova">Marina Shurupova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Victor%20Anisimov"> Victor Anisimov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alexander%20Latanov"> Alexander Latanov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: The cerebellar lesions inevitably provoke oculomotor impairments in patients of different age. Symptoms of subtentorial tumors, particularly medulloblastomas, include static and dynamic coordination disorders (ataxia, asynergia, imbalance), hypo-muscle tonus, disruption of the cranial nerves, and within the oculomotor system - nystagmus (fine or gross). Subtentorial tumors can also affect the areas of cerebellum that control the oculomotor system. The noninvasive eye-tracking technology allows obtaining multiple oculomotor characteristics such as the number of fixations and their duration, amplitude, latency and velocity of saccades, trajectory and scan path of gaze during the process of the visual field navigation. Eye tracking could be very useful in clinical studies serving as convenient and effective tool for diagnostics. The aim: We studied the dynamics of oculomotor system functioning in patients undergoing remission from cerebellar tumors removal surgeries and following neurocognitive rehabilitation. Methods: 38 children (23 boys, 15 girls, 9-17 years old) that have recovered from the cerebellar tumor-removal surgeries, radiation therapy and chemotherapy and were undergoing course of neurocognitive rehabilitation participated in the study. Two tests were carried out to evaluate oculomotor performance - gaze stability test and counting test. The monocular eye movements were recorded with eye tracker ArringtonResearch (60 Hz). Two experimental sessions with both tests were conducted before and after rehabilitation courses. Results: Within the final session of both tests we observed remarkable improvement in oculomotor performance: 1) in the gaze stability test the spread of gaze positions significantly declined compared to the first session, and 2) the visual path in counting test significantly shortened both compared to the first session. Thus, neurocognitive rehabilitation improved the functioning of the oculomotor system in patients following the cerebellar tumor removal surgeries and subsequent therapy. Conclusions: The experimental data support the effectiveness of the utilization of the eye tracking technique as diagnostic tool in the field of neurooncology. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=eye%20tracking" title="eye tracking">eye tracking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rehabilitation" title=" rehabilitation"> rehabilitation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cerebellar%20tumors" title=" cerebellar tumors"> cerebellar tumors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oculomotor%20system" title=" oculomotor system"> oculomotor system</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91009/applying-the-eye-tracking-technique-for-the-evaluation-of-oculomotor-system-in-patients-survived-after-cerebellar-tumors" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91009.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">161</span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); 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