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Toxicological Effects of Heavy Metals on Aquatic Life – Toxicology
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category-aquatic-life tag-aquatic-life tag-bioaccumulation tag-biomagnification tag-ecological-risk-assessment tag-fish tag-heavy-metals tag-invertebrates tag-remediation tag-sediment-contamination tag-toxicology" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope> <div class="inside-article"> <div class="featured-image page-header-image-single "> <img width="800" height="419" src="https://toxicology.blog/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/banner-16-01.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="" itemprop="image" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://toxicology.blog/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/banner-16-01.jpg 800w, https://toxicology.blog/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/banner-16-01-300x157.jpg 300w, https://toxicology.blog/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/banner-16-01-768x402.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /> </div> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline">Toxicological Effects of Heavy Metals on Aquatic Life</h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-10-11T13:09:55+05:30" itemprop="datePublished">October 11, 2024</time></span> <span class="byline">by <span class="author vcard" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" itemscope><a class="url fn n" href="https://toxicology.blog/archive/author/toxicology/" title="View all posts by toxicology" rel="author" itemprop="url"><span class="author-name" itemprop="name">toxicology</span></a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content" itemprop="text"> <h3><b>Introduction</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Heavy metals have assumed a more prominent position as an environmental concern in aquatic systems because of the toxic impact that most of them have on different forms of aquatic biota. This has resulted in pollution of water from lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and all other metals that have been released to water bodies through industrial effluents, agricultural leachates, and growing urbanization. In the aquatic environment, heavy metals can settle in sediments and living organisms; this results in the bioaccumulation and biomagnification of the heavy metals in the food pyramid. The level of toxicity of these metals is, however, different, though the concentration of these metals in water, sediment, and organisms has been observed to hurt fish, invertebrates, and other wildlife and pose risks to humans from the consumption of hazardous seafood. To design appropriate measures to reduce the potential of heavy metals to harm aquatic inhabitants, it is pertinent to determine the toxicological response of the metals to aquatic life.</span></p> <h3><b>Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Bioaccumulation was among the major ways heavy metals caused impacts on aquatic life. Bioaccumulation, on the other hand, is the process through which the concentration of certain substances, such as heavy metals, is accumulated in the tissues of an organism, and the rate at which they are accumulated is higher than the rate at which they are removed. This in turn results in the accumulation of these metals in the tissues of the organisms that inhabit the water system in question, which exceeds the concentration of the same metals in the water system. Although almost all forms of reproductive tissues may be impacted by bioaccumulation, fish, mollusks, and other water creatures are most affected because they live in water and sediment, which is continually in contact with toxic chemicals.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The other remarkable process is biomagnification, which is the ability of the concentration of heavy metals to accumulate through the food chain. The level of heavy metals in the tissues of marine animals and wildlife increases with the prey consumed by the predators, such as fish, birds, and mammals. There is a sort of magnification effect that may be very disastrous to the higher-ranking species, such as humans and other top predators, who are susceptible to getting into various kinds of ailments when they consume seafood that has been affected by pollution.</span></p> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Yearwise Publication Trend on <b>“<a href="https://toxicology.blog/publication-trends/index/aquatic life" target="_blank" title="aquatic life - yearwise publication trends">aquatic life</a>”</b></h2> </div> </div><div class="results-container"><div class="chart-block" style="padding:15px;"> <div class="left"> <div id="results" class="results"></div> </div> <div class="right"> <div class="chart-container"><canvas id="publicationChart"></canvas></div> </div> <div class="keywordsdiv"> <div style="text-align:center;"><b>Find publication trends on relevant topics</b> </div> <span class="gp-icon icon-tags"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M20 39.5c-8.836 0-16 7.163-16 16v176c0 4.243 1.686 8.313 4.687 11.314l224 224c6.248 6.248 16.378 6.248 22.626 0l176-176c6.244-6.244 6.25-16.364.013-22.615l-223.5-224A15.999 15.999 0 00196.5 39.5H20zm56 96c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24s24 10.745 24 24-10.745 24-24 24-24-10.745-24-24z"></path><path d="M259.515 43.015c4.686-4.687 12.284-4.687 16.97 0l228 228c4.686 4.686 4.686 12.284 0 16.97l-180 180c-4.686 4.687-12.284 4.687-16.97 0-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97L479.029 279.5 259.515 59.985c-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97z"></path></svg></span> <span id="keyword-stats"></span> </div> </div></div></div><div class="inside-article"><style> table { margin: 0 0 1.5em; 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Various heavy metals can be deposited in the gills, liver, muscles, and other organs of fish, and the toxicity level of each metal varies. For example, histopathological alteration of the gills, liver, and kidneys of fish at different concentrations of cadmium exposure has been reported. These can affect the respiratory systems, slow down growth, and even enhance mortality among the fish.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Lead is also another heavy metal that is toxic to fish, and its impact is also severe. Lead toxicity affects the brain and reproductive ability and exhibits behavioral changes in fish. Since lead poisoning could also lead to paralysis and death, it is correct to conclude that it is dangerous. In addition, this metallic lead constituent of water affects the normal working of enzymes and other biochemical processes in fish, resulting in the deterioration of the population of fish in water bodies.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Mercury poses a severe threat to aquatic life because it forms methyl mercury, which has the quality of biomagnification in fish. Experimentation with methylmercury in fish raises severe neurological impairment in their motor proficiency, behavioral effect, or reproductive process. Also, when fish embryos and larvae are exposed to methylmercury, the metal may negatively affect human health when fish containing the poison are consumed because methylmercury can accumulate in human tissues and cause severe neurological diseases.</span></p> <h3><b>Effects on Invertebrates</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Other groups of organisms, including mollusks and crustaceans, which are in the invertebrate class, are also very sensitive to heavy metal pollution. These organisms are generally placed at the base of the food chains and therefore play a key role in transferring heavy metals to species in higher systems. Heavy metals do pose a toxicity problem to invertebrates, as these organisms store these metals in their tissues.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">For instance, mollusks that ingest cadmium suffer from oxidative stress damage to their cells and consequent negative impacts on their activities. Cadmium interferes with the usual functioning of enzymes that are involved in the calcium process, shell deposition, and other essential functions. Also echoing the latter, lead can harm the development of mollusk populations in various ways, including a limitation of growth and development.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Fish and those organisms that dwell on the seabed, like crabs and shrimp, are also affected by heavy metal toxicity. These organisms can store heavy metals such as copper, zinc, and cadmium in their external and internal structures. These metals are very toxic to Crustaceans when accumulated, so they elicit developmental disorders, impaired reproductive efficiency, and a high death rate in Crustaceans.</span></p> <h3><b>Sediment Contamination and its Impacts</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Personally, heavy metals can accumulate in the sediments of aquatic sites as they serve as depots for these compounds. Heavy metals that settle and collect in sediment can have severe impacts on benthos or on organisms that dwell at or near the sediment and are subject to the direct and indirect toxicity of those contaminants. Measures of heavy metals have been found in direct ethnic invertebrates like worms and mollusks, whereby the heavier the metal content in the hydro sediments, the heavier the accumulation in this invertebrate, who in turn biomagnify the metals at higher trophic levels.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Polluted sediments may also influence the general viability of watersheds with aquatic life. The mobilization of heavy metals from sediments to the overlying water can enhance the bioavailability of the toxicants to the aquatic biota rather than protect them; hence, it poses a threat to aquatic life. For instance, although the mercury contained in sediments is largely bound and not very bioavailable, desorption and methylation by microbial action occur, making it more available in the water column and thus more toxic.</span></p> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Recent Publications on <b>“<a href="https://toxicology.blog/recent-publications/index/aquatic life" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="aquatic life - yearwise publication list">aquatic life</a>”</b></h2> </div> </div> <div class="pb-main"><div class="article-scroll"><div id="results_recent" class="results"></div></div><div class="keywordsdiv" style="margin: 0px 15px;margin-top:20px;"> <div style="text-align:center;"><b>Find publications on relevant topics</b> </div> <span class="gp-icon icon-tags"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M20 39.5c-8.836 0-16 7.163-16 16v176c0 4.243 1.686 8.313 4.687 11.314l224 224c6.248 6.248 16.378 6.248 22.626 0l176-176c6.244-6.244 6.25-16.364.013-22.615l-223.5-224A15.999 15.999 0 00196.5 39.5H20zm56 96c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24s24 10.745 24 24-10.745 24-24 24-24-10.745-24-24z"></path><path d="M259.515 43.015c4.686-4.687 12.284-4.687 16.97 0l228 228c4.686 4.686 4.686 12.284 0 16.97l-180 180c-4.686 4.687-12.284 4.687-16.97 0-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97L479.029 279.5 259.515 59.985c-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97z"></path></svg></span> <span id="keyword-papers"></span> </div></div></div><div class="inside-article"> <style> .pb-main{ border: solid 1px #ccc; border-top: none; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-bottom: 25px; background:#fff; } .author-main { border: solid 1px #ccc; border-top: none; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-bottom: 25px; background:#fff; } .publication-block { padding: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f9f9f9; text-align: left; background: #FFF; border-bottom: solid 1px #ccc; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; } .publication-block h3 { margin: 0 0 10px; color: #000!important; } .publication-block a { font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 1em; font-weight: 600; text-transform: none; color: #000; padding: 0px; } .publication-block a:hover{ color: #227cdc; text-decoration:underline; } .article-scroll { max-height: 445px; overflow-y: auto; overflow-x: hidden; } ::-webkit-scrollbar-track { -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 0 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.3); background-color: #efefef; border-radius:30px; } ::-webkit-scrollbar { width: 6px; background-color: #efefef; border-radius:30px; } ::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb { background-color: #ababab; border-radius:30px; } .publication-block p { margin-bottom: .5em; font-size: 15px; color: #000; } h3 { font-size: 18px !important; margin-bottom: 20px; line-height: 1.2em; font-weight: 600; text-transform: none; } a { padding: 5px; color: #a71c49; } #keyword-papers{ margin-top: 20px; text-align: center; } </style> <script> function decodeString(str) { str = str.replace(/\\'/g, "'"); str = str.replace(/\\'/g, "'"); str = str.replace(/\\'/g, "'"); return str; } function displayResults_recent(papers) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('results_recent'); if (!papers || papers.length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No recent publications found.</p>'; return; } papers.forEach(paper => { var publicationBlock = document.createElement('div'); publicationBlock.className = 'publication-block'; var title_de = decodeString(paper.title); var publicationHTML = ` <div style="margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: 24px;"><a href="${paper.url}" target="_blank" title="${title_de}">${title_de}</a></div> <p><strong>Issue Release:</strong> ${paper.publishedDate}</p> `; publicationBlock.innerHTML = publicationHTML; resultsContainer.appendChild(publicationBlock); }); } function displayKeywordPapers(keywords) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('keyword-papers'); resultsContainer.innerHTML = ''; if (!keywords || keywords.length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No data found.</p>'; return; } var keywordHTML = ''; keywords.forEach((key, index) => { let key_replace = key.replace(/ /g, '-'); key_replace = key_replace.toLowerCase(); keywordHTML += `<a href="https://toxicology.blog/recent-publications/index/${key_replace}" target="_blank" title="${key} - publication list">${key}</a>`; if (index < keywords.length - 1) { keywordHTML += ', '; } }); resultsContainer.innerHTML = keywordHTML; } // Call the function with the PHP data var recent_papers = [ { "title": "Selenium bioaccumulation in Daphnia pulex\u00a0via aqueous and dietary exposure.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38888677", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Exploring uncharted territory: new frontiers in environmental DNA for tropical fisheries management.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38874640", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Tree of life metabarcoding can serve as a biotic benchmark for shifting baselines in urbanized estuaries.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38906450", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Marine aquaculture can deliver 40% lower carbon footprints than freshwater aquaculture based on feed, energy and biogeochemical cycles.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38907010", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "The global apparel industry is a significant yet overlooked source of plastic leakage.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38866823", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "A Facile Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles using Canthium Parviflorum Extract Sustainable and Energy Efficient Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants for Environmental Remediation.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38914256", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "The Role of Physical Exercise as a Therapeutic Tool to Improve Lipedema: A Consensus Statement from the Italian Society of Motor and Sports Sciences (Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Scienze Motorie e Sportive, SISMeS) and the\u00a0Italian Society of Phlebology (Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Flebologia, SIF).", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38958868", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Exploring spatial and temporal symptoms of the freshwater salinization syndrome in a rural to urban watershed.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38960200", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Chloride Modulates Central pH Sensitivity and Plasticity of Brainstem Breathing-Related Biorhythms in Zebra Finch Embryos.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38924086", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Tire and road wear particles in the aquatic organisms - A review of source, properties, exposure routes, and biological effects.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38917645", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Fish with slow life-history cope better with chronic manganese exposure than fish with fast life-history.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/39119176", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Developmental temperature modulates microplastics impact on amphibian life history without affecting ontogenetic microplastic transfer.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/39098196", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Host-specific effects of a generalist parasite of mosquitoes.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/39112600", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Integrated organismal responses induced by projected levels of CO and temperature exposures in the early life stages of lake sturgeon.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38887831", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "The Expansion of Sirtuin Gene Family in Gilthead Sea Bream ()-Phylogenetic, Syntenic, and Functional Insights across the Vertebrate\/Fish Lineage.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38892461", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Effects of Metabolic Disruption on Lipid Metabolism and Yolk Retention in Zebrafish Embryos.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38860666", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "The genetic determination of alternate stages in polyphenic insects.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38867484", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Size, polyglycerol grafting, and net surface charge of iron oxide nanoparticles determine their interaction and toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38648981", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Comparative life cycle analysis between commercial porcelain stoneware and new ones designed by using volcanic scraps.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38685435", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Combined exposure of emamectin benzoate and microplastics induces tight junction disorder, immune disorder and inflammation in carp midgut via lysosome\/ROS\/ferroptosis pathway.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38688190", "publishedDate": "2024" } ]; var keywordsArray = ["Heavy metals","Aquatic life","Bioaccumulation","Biomagnification","Toxicology","Fish","Invertebrates","Sediment contamination","Ecological risk assessment","Remediation"]; displayResults_recent(recent_papers); displayKeywordPapers(keywordsArray); // function stripslashes(str) { // if (typeof str === 'string') { // return str.replace(/\/g, ''); // } // } </script></p> <h3><b>Ecological Risk Assessment</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The objective of evaluating the likelihood of heavy metal pollution and its impacts on water ecosystems can help us predict possible effects on species and the services they provide. Some of the indices and models widely used in the assessment of heavy metals include metal concentration, availability, and toxicity levels, among others.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">PLI is the Pollution Load Index; it gives a general picture of the degree of pollution by heavy metals in the sediment. This means that whatever impacts are being assessed, a high value for PLI will show a strong relationship with pollution and other negative effects on water organisms. Further, the Enrichment Factor (EF) biochemistry is applied to evaluate the level of anthropogenic influence on the heavy metal content in the sediments to establish the source of pollution.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Ecological risk assessments also factor in the likely bioaccumulation and biomagnification of heavy metals in the aquatic food web. To this effect, the present study sought to establish the bioaccumulation trends, transport routes, and consequences of heavy metal pollution to promote the formulation of intervention measures for the protection of aquatic life.</span></p> <h3><b>Mitigation and Remediation Strategies</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In response to the impacts of heavy metals on the toxicity of aquatic life, there are distinctive ways of implementing mitigation and remedial measures. Such strategies are aimed at reducing the input of heavy metals into water systems, the removal of contaminants from water and/or sediments, and the rehabilitation of damaged ecosystems.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">One of the measures that need to be taken is tighter control over the emissions from industries and agricultural practices that are known for causing heavy metal dispersal. With the reduction of the employment of heavy metals in production procedures and the application of metals containing fertilizers or pesticides, the introduction of these pollutants into water bodies can be controlled to a great extent.</span></p> <h3><strong>fertilizers</strong></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Another main strategy is the remediation of contaminated sediments. Irascible aspects for the removal or stabilization of heavy metal-contaminated sediments include dredging, capping, or in-situ treatment that significantly minimize the availability and toxic effects of the metals on benthic organisms. Phytoremediation is the process in which plants with the capacity to recover such metals are used to uptake and bioaccumulation of heavy metals from the sediments of water bodies is another suitable approach to restoration.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">However, vigilance programs are crucial for evaluating the concentrations of heavy metals in the water systems and the results of remedial activities. This way, signs of contamination not previously detected can be noticed, and the necessary measures can be taken to preserve aquatic bioresources.</span></p> <h3><b>Conclusion</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Among the water pollutants, heavy metals rank highly as pollutants due to their toxicity, ability to accumulate, and concentrated effects in food chains due to biological magnification. Aquatic animals, including fish, invertebrates, and other water organisms, are very sensitive to the toxic impacts of several metals. Cadmium, lead, and mercury inhibit physiological processes affecting reproduction and the density of species. These problems are further compounded when the sediments are contaminated because they then act as a source of heavy metals that can adversely affect benthic organisms and other animals.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Measures to prevent the input of heavy metals and methods for the remediation of affected ecosystems are equally crucial for preserving endangered species. Only by determining the general process and impacts of heavy metal pollution can researchers and other officials better work toward protecting the environment and people who rely on water sources.</span></p> <p></p> <h3><b>References</b></h3> <ol> <li>Ali, H. and Khan, E., 2019. <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10807039.2018.1469398">Trophic transfer, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification of non-essential hazardous heavy metals and metalloids in food chains/webs—Concepts and implications for wildlife and human health.</a> <i>Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal</i>, <i>25</i>(6), pp.1353-1376.</li> <li>Ali Azadi, N., Mansouri, B., Spada, L., Sinkakarimi, M.H., Hamesadeghi, Y. and Mansouri, A., 2018. <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02757540.2018.1508462">Contamination of lead (Pb) in the coastal sediments of north and south of Iran: a review study.</a> <i>Chemistry and Ecology</i>, <i>34</i>(9), pp.884-900.</li> <li>Afzal, M.S., Ashraf, A. and Nabeel, M., 2018. <a href="http://chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/viewer.html?pdfurl=https%3A%2F%2Fd1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net%2F86624958%2Faaeoa_00013-libre.pdf%3F1653784725%3D%26response-content-disposition%3Dinline%253B%2Bfilename%253DCharacterization_of_industrial_effluents.pdf%26Expires%3D1728635758%26Signature%3DFMCGR6J7SkRf5luo8oVvdtI5ptrpGsf4qRT9QbwC93R7kLK4HmunkXwXf2-y5iEk7Q9lUebTx0E0ic81rkr6w7a-bvZ7zdCIPP80MX9NaedEB2f9ae8wiulskfNCnf2jzwDXN7JP193Shxv~nUdoLYI8xIV78A3ikQ6nPHaoInN296Bpo62qcgXkpFpRQzYGpV17coeJUPNtKollHRQUWu7CPf17KIgZP-v6rLvVyjkAf4ILfYTCmm7Y-vGK6kwum4SMM18UDzTE2bRvJtmBi-a8IPt9UGXLCdHGpNQYKXnGVX0GX1I6DF-4iFp8I-1Slc14BZjsZcs96Q65KgXLxw__%26Key-Pair-Id%3DAPKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA&tabId=1533486900&clen=500798&chunk=true&pdffilename=Characterization_of_industrial_effluents.pdf">Characterization of industrial effluents and groundwater of Hattar industrial estate, Haripur.</a> <i>Advances in Agriculture and Environmental Science: Open Access (AAEOA)</i>, <i>1</i>(2), pp.70-77.</li> <li>Islam, M.S., Proshad, R. and Ahmed, S., 2018. <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10807039.2017.1397499">Ecological risk of heavy metals in sediment of an urban river in Bangladesh.</a> <i>Human and ecological risk assessment: an international journal</i>, <i>24</i>(3), pp.699-720.</li> <li>Ali, H. and Khan, E., 2018. <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10807039.2018.1438175">Assessment of potentially toxic heavy metals and health risk in water, sediments, and different fish species of River Kabul, Pakistan.</a> <i>Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal</i>, <i>24</i>(8), pp.2101-2118.</li> <li>Yousafzai, A.M., Ullah, F., Bari, F., Raziq, S., Riaz, M., Khan, K., Nishan, U., Sthanadar, I.A., Shaheen, B., Shaheen, M. and Ahmad, H., 2017. <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1155/2017/5801432">Bioaccumulation of some heavy metals: analysis and comparison of Cyprinus carpio and Labeo rohita from Sardaryab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.</a> <i>BioMed Research International</i>, <i>2017</i>(1), p.5801432.</li> <li>Ahmed, M.K., Parvin, E., Islam, M.M., Akter, M.S., Khan, S. and Al-Mamun, M.H., 2014. <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02757540.2014.889123">Lead-and cadmium-induced histopathological changes in gill, kidney and liver tissue of freshwater climbing perch Anabas testudineus (Bloch, 1792).</a> <i>Chemistry and Ecology</i>, <i>30</i>(6), pp.532-540.</li> <li>Malik, D.S. and Maurya, P.K., 2014. <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02772248.2015.1015296">Heavy metal concentration in water, sediment, and tissues of fish species (Heteropneustis fossilis and Puntius ticto) from Kali River, India.</a> <i>Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry</i>, <i>96</i>(8), pp.1195-1206.</li> </ol> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Top Experts on “<b style="color:#000;font-size:22px;">aquatic life</b>“</h2> </div> </div><div class="author-main"><div id="results_author"></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a class="register-button" href="https://toxicology.blog/expert-search" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Find experts on any field</a></div></div><div class="inside-article" style="background: none;border: none;box-shadow: none;margin-top: -70px;"> <style> .author-block { padding: 15px; 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