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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconstruction_and_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Reconstruction and development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconstruction_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Domestic policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Easing_of_arms_embargo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Easing_of_arms_embargo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 Easing of arms embargo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Easing_of_arms_embargo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_reconciliation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_reconciliation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.2 National reconciliation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_reconciliation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vote_of_no_confidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vote_of_no_confidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.3 Vote of no confidence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vote_of_no_confidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benadir_administration_and_Chief_of_Staff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benadir_administration_and_Chief_of_Staff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.4 Benadir administration and Chief of Staff </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benadir_administration_and_Chief_of_Staff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Youth_development_initiatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Youth_development_initiatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.5 Youth development initiatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Youth_development_initiatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_Bank_of_Somalia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_Bank_of_Somalia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.6 International Bank of Somalia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_Bank_of_Somalia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_vote_of_no_confidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_vote_of_no_confidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.7 Second vote of no confidence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_vote_of_no_confidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Somali_language_regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Somali_language_regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.8 Somali language regulation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Somali_language_regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judicial_Service_Commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_Service_Commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.9 Judicial Service Commission </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial_Service_Commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Somali_Disabled_People_Council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Somali_Disabled_People_Council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.10 Somali Disabled People Council </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Somali_Disabled_People_Council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_Task_Force_on_Remittances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_Task_Force_on_Remittances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.11 Special Task Force on Remittances </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_Task_Force_on_Remittances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Tree_Week" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Tree_Week"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.12 National Tree Week </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Tree_Week-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Foreign policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cotonou_Agreement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cotonou_Agreement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.1 Cotonou Agreement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cotonou_Agreement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Deal_Compact_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Deal_Compact_for_Reconstruction_and_Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.2 New Deal Compact for Reconstruction and Development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Deal_Compact_for_Reconstruction_and_Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.3 Convention on the Rights of the Child </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Second Administration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitutional_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Constitutional crisis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Controversies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Controversies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Corruption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corruption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Corruption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corruption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nepotism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nepotism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Nepotism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nepotism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Son's_traffic_accident" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Son's_traffic_accident"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Son's traffic accident </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Son's_traffic_accident-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Honours </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Hassan Sheikh Mohamud</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" > 47 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86_%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF" title="حسن شيخ محمود – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حسن شيخ محمود" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%99s%C9%99n_%C5%9Eeyx_Mahmud" title="Həsən Şeyx Mahmud – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Həsən Şeyx Mahmud" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A8%D1%8D%D0%B9%D1%85_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Хасан Шэйх Махмуд – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хасан Шэйх Махмуд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud" title="Hassan Sheikh Mohamud – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Hassan Sheikh Mohamud" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%85_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Хасан Шейх Мохамуд – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хасан Шейх Мохамуд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xasan_Sheekh_Maxamuud" title="Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_%C5%A0ejk_Moham%C3%BAd" title="Hasan Šejk Mohamúd – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hasan Šejk Mohamúd" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud" title="Hassan Sheikh Mohamud – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Hassan Sheikh Mohamud" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud" title="Hassan Sheikh Mohamud – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hassan Sheikh Mohamud" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud" title="Hassan Sheikh Mohamud – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hassan Sheikh Mohamud" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xasan_Shiikh_Maxamuud" title="Xasan Shiikh Maxamuud – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Xasan Shiikh Maxamuud" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AC%CE%BD_%CE%A3%CE%B5%CE%90%CF%87_%CE%9C%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Χασάν Σεΐχ Μοχάμουντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χασάν Σεΐχ Μοχάμουντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud" title="Hassan Sheikh Mohamud – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hassan Sheikh Mohamud" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud" title="Hassan Sheikh Mohamud – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hassan Sheikh Mohamud" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF" title="حسن شیخ محمود – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حسن شیخ محمود" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamoud" title="Hassan Sheikh Mohamoud – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hassan Sheikh Mohamoud" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EC%82%B0_%EC%85%B0%ED%9D%90_%EB%A7%88%ED%95%98%EB%AC%B4%EB%93%9C" title="하산 셰흐 마하무드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하산 셰흐 마하무드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud" title="Hassan Sheikh Mohamud – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hassan Sheikh Mohamud" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud" title="Hassan Sheikh Mohamud – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hassan Sheikh Mohamud" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%99%D7%97%27_%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93" title="חסן שייח' מחמוד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חסן שייח' מחמוד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ჰასან შეიხ მუჰამადი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰასან შეიხ მუჰამადი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud" title="Hassan Sheikh Mohamud – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hassan Sheikh Mohamud" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasanus_Sheekh_Maxamuud" title="Hasanus Sheekh Maxamuud – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hasanus Sheekh Maxamuud" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud" title="Hassan Sheikh Mohamud – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Hassan Sheikh Mohamud" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasanas_Mohamudas" title="Hasanas Mohamudas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hasanas Mohamudas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamoud" title="Hassan Sheikh Mohamoud – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hassan Sheikh Mohamoud" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud" title="Hassan Sheikh Mohamud – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hassan Sheikh Mohamud" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud" title="Hassan Sheikh Mohamud – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hassan Sheikh Mohamud" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%83%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A2%E3%83%8F%E3%83%A0%E3%83%89" title="ハッサン・シェイク・モハムド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハッサン・シェイク・モハムド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud" title="Hassan Sheikh Mohamud – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hassan Sheikh Mohamud" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xasan_Sheekh_Maxamuud" title="Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud" title="Hassan Sheikh Mohamud – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hassan Sheikh Mohamud" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud" title="Hassan Sheikh Mohamud – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hassan Sheikh Mohamud" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4,_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%85" title="Махмуд, Хасан Шейх – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Махмуд, Хасан Шейх" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud" title="Hassan Sheikh Mohamud – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hassan Sheikh Mohamud" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xasan_Sheekh_Maxamuud" title="Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%95%D8%B3%DB%95%D9%86_%D8%B4%DB%8E%D8%AE_%D9%85%DB%95%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AF" title="حەسەن شێخ مەحموود – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="حەسەن شێخ مەحموود" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Хасан Шеик Мохамуд – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хасан Шеик Мохамуд" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud" title="Hassan Sheikh Mohamud – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hassan Sheikh Mohamud" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud" title="Hassan Sheikh Mohamud – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hassan Sheikh Mohamud" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%84_%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94" title="ฮัสซัน ชีค โมฮามุด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฮัสซัน ชีค โมฮามุด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%85_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Ҳасан Шайх Маҳмуд – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳасан Шайх Маҳмуд" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_%C5%9Eeyh_Mahmud" title="Hasan Şeyh Mahmud – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hasan Şeyh Mahmud" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%85_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Хасан Шейх Махмуд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хасан Шейх Махмуд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF" title="حسن شیخ محمود – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حسن شیخ محمود" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud" title="Hassan Sheikh Mohamud – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hassan Sheikh Mohamud" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E6%A1%91%C2%B7%E8%B0%A2%E8%B5%AB%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%93%88%E8%8C%82%E5%BE%B7" title="哈桑·谢赫·马哈茂德 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="哈桑·谢赫·马哈茂德" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q319153#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a person whose name includes a <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a>. The article properly refers to the person by his given name, Hassan, and not as Sheikh Mohamud.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/His_Excellency" class="mw-redirect" title="His Excellency">His Excellency</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Hassan Sheikh Mohamud</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><div class="nickname" lang="ar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>حسن الشيخ محمود</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:His_Excellency_President_Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud_(3x4_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/His_Excellency_President_Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/220px-His_Excellency_President_Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/His_Excellency_President_Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/330px-His_Excellency_President_Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/His_Excellency_President_Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/440px-His_Excellency_President_Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2092" data-file-height="2799" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official Portrait, 2022</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">8th & 10th <a href="/wiki/President_of_Somalia" title="President of Somalia">President of Somalia</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; margin:0; color: black; background-color: lavender"><a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">Incumbent</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">Assumed office 23 May 2022</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hamza_Abdi_Barre" title="Hamza Abdi Barre">Hamza Abdi Barre</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Abdullahi_Mohamed" title="Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed">Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed Farmajo</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 16 September 2012 – 16 February 2017</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Abdi_Farah_Shirdon" title="Abdi Farah Shirdon">Abdi Farah Shirdon</a> (2012–2013)</div></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Abdiweli_Sheikh_Ahmed" title="Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed">Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed</a> (2013–2014)</div></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Omar_Sharmarke" title="Omar Sharmarke">Omar Sharmarke</a> (2014–2017)</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sharif_Sheikh_Ahmed" title="Sharif Sheikh Ahmed">Sharif Sheikh Ahmed</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Abdullahi_Mohamed" title="Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed">Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/Union_for_Peace_and_Development_Party" title="Union for Peace and Development Party">Chairman of the Union for Peace and Development Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; margin:0; color: black; background-color: lavender"><a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">Incumbent</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">Assumed office 4 October 2018</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Position Established</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Development_Party" title="Peace and Development Party">Chairman of the Peace and Development Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 20 April 2011 – 4 October 2018</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Position Established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Position Abolished</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"> (1955-11-29) 29 November 1955 (age 69) <a href="/wiki/Jalalaqsi" title="Jalalaqsi">Jalalaqsi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland" title="Trust Territory of Somaliland">Trust Territory of Somaliland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Development_Party" title="Peace and Development Party">Peace and Development Party</a> (2011–2018) <a href="/wiki/Union_for_Peace_and_Development_Party" title="Union for Peace and Development Party">Union for Peace and Development Party</a> (2018–present)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Sahro Hassan</li><li>Qamar Ali Omar</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">9</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_National_University" title="Somali National University">Somali National University</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Barkatullah_University" title="Barkatullah University">Barkatullah University</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_for_Peace" title="University for Peace">University for Peace</a> (Ph.D.)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hassansheikh.so/">hassansheikh.so</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Hassan Sheikh Mohamud (<a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>: Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud; <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>: حسن شيخ محمود; born 29 November 1955)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> is a Somali politician serving as the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Somalia" title="President of Somalia">president of Somalia</a> since 15 May 2022. He previously held the office from 2012 to 2017.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Hassan was previously a university professor and <a href="/wiki/Dean_(education)" title="Dean (education)">dean</a> at <a href="/wiki/SIMAD_University" title="SIMAD University">SIMAD University</a>, which he co-founded.<a href="#cite_note-Amensp-3">[3]</a> During 2012 he was elected President of the <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Federal_Government_of_Somalia" title="Transitional Federal Government of Somalia">Transitional Federal Government</a> (TFG).<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine placed him on an annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-Tttolhsm-5">[5]</a> During 2014 he controversially welcomed the entry of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_National_Defense_Force" title="Ethiopian National Defense Force">Ethiopian troops</a> into the <a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">African Union mission</a> in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="War in Somalia (2006–2009)">2006 invasion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> His first administration faced serious criticism for rampant <a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">corruption</a>, <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">media restrictions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abuse_of_power" title="Abuse of power">abuse of power</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[7]</a> After losing power in 2017, he became the founder and current chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Union_for_Peace_and_Development_Party" title="Union for Peace and Development Party">Union for Peace and Development Party</a>. He was <a href="/wiki/2022_Somali_presidential_election" title="2022 Somali presidential election">indirectly elected</a> as President of the Federal Republic of Somalia on 15 May 2022.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education">edit</a>]</div> Hassan was born in <a href="/wiki/Jalalaqsi" title="Jalalaqsi">Jalalaqsi</a> in the central region of <a href="/wiki/Hiiraan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiiraan">Hiiraan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> From a <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a> background, his father is from the <a href="/wiki/Abgaal" title="Abgaal">Abgaal</a> clan and a mother from the <a href="/wiki/Hawadle" title="Hawadle">Hawadle</a> clan. Hassan attended primary and secondary schools in his hometown.<a href="#cite_note-Tnposwihsm-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bhsmsnpp-11">[11]</a> He later moved to the capital <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a> in 1978, where he studied for three years at the local <a href="/wiki/Somali_National_University" title="Somali National University">Somali National University</a>. In 1981, he earned an undergraduate diploma in <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a> from the institution.<a href="#cite_note-Dnposnep-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rrhsmpp-13">[13]</a> In 1986, Hassan journeyed to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and began attending <a href="/wiki/Barkatullah_University" title="Barkatullah University">Bhopal University (now Barkatullah University)</a> where he completed a <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's degree</a> in technical education in 1988.<a href="#cite_note-Rrhsmpp-13">[13]</a> Hassan is also a graduate of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mennonite_University" title="Eastern Mennonite University">Eastern Mennonite University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Justice_and_Peacebuilding" title="Center for Justice and Peacebuilding">Summer Peacebuilding Institute</a> based in <a href="/wiki/Harrisonburg,_Virginia" title="Harrisonburg, Virginia">Harrisonburg, Virginia</a>. In 2001, he completed three of the SPI's intensive courses, studying mediation, trauma healing, and designing learner-centered trainings.<a href="#cite_note-Shibboleth-14">[14]</a> Hassan is married to Qamar Ali Omar and has seven children.<a href="#cite_note-Rrhsmpp-13">[13]</a> Following his second term election for the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_for_Peace" title="University for Peace">University for Peace</a> revealed that Hassan is a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Ph.D.</a> candidate at the university.<a href="#cite_note-UPEACE1-15">[15]</a> In October 2022, the presidency announced that Hassan defended his doctoral dissertation in <a href="/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies" title="Peace and conflict studies">Peace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">Governance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Development_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Development Studies">Development</a>, the first sitting <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Somalia" title="List of presidents of Somalia">Somali president</a> to do so.<a href="#cite_note-HO20221108-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career">Early career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early career">edit</a>]</div> In a professional capacity, Hassan accepted a position as an instructor and trainer at the Lafole Technical Secondary School.<a href="#cite_note-Tnposwihsm-10">[10]</a> He later joined the Somali National University-affiliated Technical Teachers' Training College in 1984.<a href="#cite_note-Tnposwihsm-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bseohsags-17">[17]</a> In 1986, he became the department's head.<a href="#cite_note-Tnposwihsm-10">[10]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">civil war</a> broke out in the early 1990s, Hassan remained in Somalia and acted as a consultant with various <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">NGOs</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a> bureaus, and peace and development projects.<a href="#cite_note-Bseohsags-17">[17]</a> He worked as an education officer for <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> in the central and southern parts of the country from 1993 to 1995. In 1999, he also co-established the Somali Institute of Management and Administration (SIMAD) in the capital. The institution subsequently grew into the <a href="/wiki/SIMAD_University" title="SIMAD University">SIMAD University</a>, with Hassan acting as <a href="/wiki/Dean_(education)" title="Dean (education)">dean</a> until 2010.<a href="#cite_note-Spostpc-18">[18]</a> Hassan entered Somali politics the following year, when he established the independent <a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Development_Party" title="Peace and Development Party">Peace and Development Party</a> (PDP).<a href="#cite_note-Spostpc-18">[18]</a> PDP members unanimously elected him as the party's chairman in April 2011, with a mandate to serve as leader for the next three years.<a href="#cite_note-Asnipppl-19">[19]</a> In August 2012, Hassan was selected as a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Members_of_the_Federal_Parliament_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Members of the Federal Parliament of Somalia">Member of Parliament</a> (MP) in the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Federal_Parliament_of_Somalia" title="Federal Parliament of Somalia">Federal Parliament of Somalia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bseohsags-17">[17]</a> Besides academic and civic work, he is also a successful entrepreneur.<a href="#cite_note-Gosssvnsmifrope-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="President_of_Somalia">President of Somalia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: President of Somalia">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Administration">First Administration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First Administration">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud-vf2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud-vf2.jpg/250px-Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud-vf2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud-vf2.jpg/330px-Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud-vf2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud-vf2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption>Hassan Sheikh Mohamud at his presidential inauguration ceremony, September 2012.</figcaption></figure> On 10 September 2012, legislators elected Hassan <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Somalia">President of Somalia</a> during the country's <a href="/wiki/2012_Somali_presidential_election" title="2012 Somali presidential election">2012 presidential elections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rslemanp-21">[21]</a> After the first round of voting, former president <a href="/wiki/Sharif_Sheikh_Ahmed" title="Sharif Sheikh Ahmed">Sharif Sheikh Ahmed</a> emerged as the frontrunner, amassing 64 votes. Hassan was a close second with 60 votes, and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Abdiweli_Mohamed_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdiweli Mohamed Ali">Abdiweli Mohamed Ali</a> placed third with 32 votes.<a href="#cite_note-Gsssvnsmifrope-22">[22]</a> Hassan went on to earn a lopsided win in the final round, defeating Sharif.<a href="#cite_note-Gsfpehsmap-23">[23]</a> Despite allegations of corruption and bribery securing the votes required for Hassan's election, Sharif and others did not dispute the results.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Hassan's appointment was welcomed throughout the world. The UN Special Representative for Somalia <a href="/wiki/Augustine_Mahiga" title="Augustine Mahiga">Augustine Mahiga</a> issued a statement describing the election as a "great step forward on the path to peace and prosperity". Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">AU</a> Commission for Somalia hailed the selection and pledged to support the new leadership.<a href="#cite_note-Xspewh-25">[25]</a> On 16 September 2012, Hassan was formally inaugurated as President of Somalia.<a href="#cite_note-Pimnefssune-26">[26]</a> On 6 October 2012, Hassan appointed political newcomer <a href="/wiki/Abdi_Farah_Shirdon" title="Abdi Farah Shirdon">Abdi Farah Shirdon</a> as the new <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Somalia">Prime Minister of Somalia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rspnpnapm-27">[27]</a> On 4 November 2012, Shirdon named a new Cabinet,<a href="#cite_note-Smnspmuhnc-28">[28]</a> which was later endorsed by the legislature on 13 November 2012.<a href="#cite_note-Agapspedc-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Targeted_attacks">Targeted attacks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Targeted attacks">edit</a>]</div> On 12 September 2012, while Hassan was meeting with foreign delegates in <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a>, suicide bombers and gunmen attempted an attack on the Jazeera Hotel where the dignitaries had convened. There were reportedly around 10 casualties,<a href="#cite_note-Gsnephafdsmbb-30">[30]</a> though one of the assembled statesmen were unharmed.<a href="#cite_note-lwarj-31">[31]</a> Seemingly unfazed by the incidents, Hassan continued his speech before the gathered press and foreign officials, stating that "things like what's happening now outside will continue for some time, but I'm sure and I'm confident it's the last things that's taking place here in Somalia"<a href="#cite_note-Vsbtnsp-32">[32]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">al-Shabaab</a> militant group later claimed responsibility for the attacks.<a href="#cite_note-Gsnephafdsmbb-30">[30]</a> On 3 September 2013, a roadside bomb detonated near vehicles in Hassan's convoy in <a href="/wiki/Merca" title="Merca">Merca</a>. One Somali soldier was injured in the blast, but Hassan was unharmed and continued on to his destination. <a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al-Shabaab</a> later claimed responsibility for the explosion. Abdirahman Omar Osman, a spokesman for the president, dismissed the group's statement as propaganda, indicating that Hassan's convoy was not targeted and that it was uncertain what might have happened to an earlier convoy.<a href="#cite_note-Vspuiba-33">[33]</a> On 7 October 2015, al-Shabaab gunmen ambushed and killed Dr Liban Osman, nephew of Hassan, and one other man as their car was traveling through the Wadajir neighborhood of the capital city <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> On 18 March 2025, al-Shabaab <a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud" title="Attempted assassination of Hassan Sheikh Mohamud">attempted to assassinate</a> Hassan in Mogadishu with roadside bombs near <a href="/wiki/Villa_Somalia" title="Villa Somalia">Villa Somalia</a> while his entourage headed for <a href="/wiki/Aden_Adde_International_Airport" title="Aden Adde International Airport">Aden Adde International Airport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reconstruction_and_development">Reconstruction and development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reconstruction and development">edit</a>]</div> Mohamud had prioritized the enhancement of basic services like health and education, with a view to improving the living conditions of Somalis. This goal was actualized through the implementation of several development projects, such as Mogadishu Port Rehabilitation Project and the reconstruction of Mogadishu airport, roads, schools, and hospitals, amongst other infrastructure developments, which have had a demonstrably positive effect on the lives of many Somalis.<a href="#cite_note-AFRICAN_DEVELOPMENT_BANK_REPORT-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_policy">Domestic policy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Domestic policy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Easing_of_arms_embargo">Easing of arms embargo</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Easing of arms embargo">edit</a>]</div> Upon assuming office, Hassan and his Cabinet resumed efforts by Somali and international stakeholders to end the 21-year UN <a href="/wiki/Arms_embargo" title="Arms embargo">arms embargo</a> on Somalia,<a href="#cite_note-Ustesae-37">[37]</a> the oldest such global weapons blockade.<a href="#cite_note-Aueoaefs-38">[38]</a> The Security Council had imposed the prohibition in 1992, shortly after the start of the civil war and the toppling of the <a href="/wiki/Siad_Barre" title="Siad Barre">Siad Barre</a> regime, in order to stop the flow of weapons to feuding militia groups.<a href="#cite_note-Ustesae-37">[37]</a> An eventual repeal of the embargo had been among the future objectives of the signatories in the transitional Roadmap political process of 2011–2012.<a href="#cite_note-Cmotssotpfett-39">[39]</a> Hassan's government, Somali security analysts and military experts argued that lifting the ban on the procurement of arms would facilitate the Somali authorities' attempts at strengthening the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Armed_Forces" title="Somali Armed Forces">Somali Armed Forces</a>, and would more effectively equip the military to quash the remnants of the Islamist insurgency.<a href="#cite_note-Sscoaetsgis-40">[40]</a> The United States,<a href="#cite_note-Ustesae-37">[37]</a> African Union,<a href="#cite_note-Sscoaetsgis-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Bksdmmwuae-41">[41]</a> and <a href="/wiki/IGAD" class="mw-redirect" title="IGAD">IGAD</a> all backed the proposal.<a href="#cite_note-Asshwid-42">[42]</a> In March 2013, UN Secretary-General <a href="/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon" title="Ban Ki-moon">Ban Ki-moon</a> likewise urged Security Council members to vote to remove the sanctions so as to help the Somali authorities fortify their security apparatus and consolidate military gains.<a href="#cite_note-Tutlsae-43">[43]</a> Although Britain and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> reportedly expressed reservations over increasing the general flow of arms into Somalia, UK officials began drafting a resolution to ease the embargo on weapons purchases by the Somali government for a provisional period of one year.<a href="#cite_note-Ustesae-37">[37]</a> The draft resolution would require either the Somali authorities or the state supplying the military equipment to notify the council "at least five days in advance of any deliveries of weapons and military equipment[...] providing details of such deliveries and assistance and the specific place of delivery in Somalia." Additionally, the proposal mandates that the Somali government should routinely provide updates on the army's structural status, as well as information on the extant infrastructure and protocols designed to ensure the weaponry's safe delivery, storage and maintenance.<a href="#cite_note-Tutlsae-43">[43]</a> In January 2014, at an African Union Summit in Addis Ababa, Hassan requested an extension of the UN Security Council's weapons purchasing mandate for Somalia. He indicated that the Somali defence forces required better military equipment and arms to more effectively combat militants.<a href="#cite_note-Spwutewpm-44">[44]</a> On 5 March 2014, the UN Security Council unanimously voted to extend the partial easing of the arms embargo on Somalia until 25 October of the year.<a href="#cite_note-Husceaelostem-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_reconciliation">National reconciliation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: National reconciliation">edit</a>]</div> In April 2013, Hassan resumed national reconciliation talks between the central government in <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a> and the authorities in <a href="/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa">Hargeisa</a>. Organized by the government of <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, the meeting ended with a signed agreement between Hassan and <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Mahamoud_Silanyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Mahamoud Silanyo">Ahmed Mahamoud Silanyo</a>, President of secessionist <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a> in the northwest, agreeing to allocate fairly to the Somaliland its portion of the development aid earmarked for Somalia as a whole and to cooperate on security.<a href="#cite_note-Sphapsmit-46">[46]</a> In August 2013, the Somali federal government signed a national reconciliation agreement in <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a> with the autonomous <a href="/wiki/Jubaland" title="Jubaland">Jubaland</a> administration based in Kismayu,southern Somalia. Endorsed by the federal State Minister for the Presidency Farah Abdulkadir on behalf of Hassan, the pact was brokered by the Foreign Ministry of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> and came after protracted bilateral talks. Under the terms of the agreement, Jubaland will be administered for a two-year period by a Juba Interim Administration and led by the region's incumbent president, <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Mohamed_Islam" title="Ahmed Mohamed Islam">Ahmed Mohamed Islam</a> (Madobe). The regional president will serve as the chairperson of a new Executive Council, to which he will appoint three deputies. Management of <a href="/wiki/Kismayo" title="Kismayo">Kismayo</a>'s seaport and airport will also be transferred to the Federal Government after a period of six months, and revenues and resources generated from these infrastructures will be earmarked for Jubaland's service delivery and security sectors as well as local institutional development. Additionally, the agreement includes the integration of Jubaland's military forces under the central command of the <a href="/wiki/Somali_National_Army" title="Somali National Army">Somali National Army</a> (SNA), and stipulates that the Juba Interim Administration will command the regional police.<a href="#cite_note-Sjgraibtie-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sgrtjia-48">[48]</a> UN Special Envoy to Somalia Nicholas Kay hailed the pact as "a breakthrough that unlocks the door for a better future for Somalia,"<a href="#cite_note-Sfajsapd-49">[49]</a> with AUC, UN, EU and IGAD representatives also present at the signing.<a href="#cite_note-Sgrtjia-48">[48]</a> In February 2015, Hassan chaired a three-day consultation forum in <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a> with presidents <a href="/wiki/Abdiweli_Mohamed_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdiweli Mohamed Ali">Abdiweli Mohamed Ali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Mohamed_Islam" title="Ahmed Mohamed Islam">Ahmed Mohamed Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sharif_Hassan_Sheikh_Adan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharif Hassan Sheikh Adan">Sharif Hassan Sheikh Adan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Puntland" title="Puntland">Puntland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jubaland" title="Jubaland">Jubaland</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_West_State" class="mw-redirect" title="South West State">South West State</a> regional administrations, respectively. Under the rubric of the New Deal for Somalia, Hassan held additional national reconciliation talks with the regional leaders in <a href="/wiki/Garowe" class="mw-redirect" title="Garowe">Garowe</a> in April and May of the year.<a href="#cite_note-Gphsrg-50">[50]</a> The officials therein signed a seven-point agreement in <a href="/wiki/Garowe" class="mw-redirect" title="Garowe">Garowe</a> authorizing the immediate deployment of the 3,000 troops from Puntland toward the Somali National Army.<a href="#cite_note-Gslcfbpragc-51">[51]</a> They also agreed to integrate soldiers from the other regional states into the SNA.<a href="#cite_note-Gcofarsmig-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vote_of_no_confidence">Vote of no confidence</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Vote of no confidence">edit</a>]</div> In November 2013, Hassan asked Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Abdi_Farah_Shirdon" title="Abdi Farah Shirdon">Abdi Farah Shirdon</a> to resign from office on the grounds that Shirdon was allegedly ineffective in the job. Hassan was reportedly acting on the advice of the State Minister for Presidency, Farah Abdulkadir.<a href="#cite_note-Gspmatsd-53">[53]</a> On 12 November 2013, Shirdon confirmed that there was a dispute between himself and the president, but indicated that the row was constitutional rather than political. He also asserted that the matter should be resolved in parliament.<a href="#cite_note-Sspmarwp-54">[54]</a> According to MP Mohamed Abdi Yusuf, the rift between Hassan and Shirdon centered over through what constitutional mechanism and by whom the Cabinet was ultimately to be formed.<a href="#cite_note-Ssccoroppmap-55">[55]</a> On 24 November 2013, 168 MPs led by former TFG Parliament Speaker <a href="/wiki/Sharif_Hassan_Sheikh_Adan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharif Hassan Sheikh Adan">Sharif Hassan Sheikh Adan</a> endorsed a document submitted to parliament, which outlined a motion against Prime Minister Shirdon's administration.<a href="#cite_note-Gsptfvtw-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gosfmdimap-57">[57]</a> A parliamentary <a href="/wiki/Vote_of_confidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote of confidence">vote of confidence</a> was later held against Shirdon on 2 December 2013. Parliament Speaker <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Osman_Jawari" title="Mohamed Osman Jawari">Mohamed Osman Jawari</a> subsequently announced that 184 of the present MPs had voted against Shirdon, whereas 65 legislators had voted to retain him.<a href="#cite_note-Rspmvobl-58">[58]</a> On 5 December 2013, Shirdon released a statement confirming that he and his Cabinet accepted the legislature's decision.<a href="#cite_note-Qpmtc-59">[59]</a> UN Special Representative for Somalia <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Kay" title="Nicholas Kay">Nicholas Kay</a> paid tribute to the outgoing prime minister, noting that Shirdon had endeavoured to promote growth and progress and was an important principal in establishing the New Deal Compact between Somalia and its international partners. He also commended the legislators on adhering to procedural rules during the vote, and pledged to work constructively with the succeeding administration.<a href="#cite_note-Rsnkptsopmafss-60">[60]</a> On 12 December 2013, Hassan named veteran economist <a href="/wiki/Abdiweli_Sheikh_Ahmed" title="Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed">Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed</a> as the new prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-Msphmwbaasaatnp-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Benadir_administration_and_Chief_of_Staff">Benadir administration and Chief of Staff</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Benadir administration and Chief of Staff">edit</a>]</div> In February–March 2014, Hassan began a reformation of the Pisun Chief of Staff and Benadir regional administration in an effort to strengthen their senior leadership.<a href="#cite_note-Rstmgsvscsnadg-62">[62]</a> On 27 February 2014, he issued a presidential decree naming former military court chairman <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Mohamed_Hussein_Mungab" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan Mohamed Hussein Mungab">Hassan Mohamed Hussein Mungab</a> as the new Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a> and Governor of the <a href="/wiki/Banaadir" title="Banaadir">Banaadir</a> region. Part of an effort to firm up on municipal security, the appointment came after consultations with Prime Minister Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed and Interior Minister <a href="/wiki/Abdullahi_Godah_Barre" title="Abdullahi Godah Barre">Abdullahi Godah Barre</a>. Mungab replaced <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Nur" title="Mohamed Nur">Mohamed Nur</a> (Tarsan) in the mayorship.<a href="#cite_note-Gsphnnmm-63">[63]</a> The same month, President Mohamud also replaced Kamal Dahir Hassan "Gutale" as Chief of Staff. Through a presidential decree issued on 10 March, Hassan likewise sacked the General Secretary of the Benadir regional administration Abdikafi Hassan, as well as Benadir's Deputy Governors Ali Iikar Gure and Warsame Mohamed Ahmed "Jodah". Hassan concurrently reassigned former Chief of Staff Hassan as the Benadir administration's new Deputy Governor.<a href="#cite_note-Rstmgsvscsnadg-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Youth_development_initiatives">Youth development initiatives</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Youth development initiatives">edit</a>]</div> In August 2014, on the occasion of the U.S.-Africa summit in Washington, D.C., Hassan announced a number of new development projects aimed at Somalia's youth. The conference was the largest of its kind to be held by an incumbent United States administration, and was attended by the heads of state and government of all of Africa's countries. Of the new youth initiatives that the Federal Government of Somalia is slated to implement, Hassan indicated that a comprehensive youth empowerment framework would be prioritized, with attendant legislation and policies. A university accreditation system, an employment creation program, and youth enterprise would also be developed. Additionally, local and regional youth representation in civil, political and governmental activities would be enhanced. To this end, two Youth Advisers would be named to the Office of the President, and the minimum age for prospective officeholders would be lowered to 18. Leadership of Somalia's first <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national parks of Somalia">national park</a> would also be assigned to young managers so as to strengthen environmental preservation and potential tourism opportunities. In coastal areas, jobs in marine ecosystem management and sustainable fishing would be generated. Additional opportunities would be made available through the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">fiber optics</a> and <a href="/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a>. The federal government would likewise support the establishment of the Somali Film Council. According to Hassan, the Somali federal government delegation is scheduled to meet with its U.S. partners to discuss further ways to promote economic growth and investment in Somalia, with the objective of creating new opportunities, empowering youth, and strengthening ties between both nations.<a href="#cite_note-Iitngctffsy-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="International_Bank_of_Somalia">International Bank of Somalia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: International Bank of Somalia">edit</a>]</div> In October 2014, Hassan officially opened the <a href="/wiki/International_Bank_of_Somalia" title="International Bank of Somalia">International Bank of Somalia</a> (IBS) at a ceremony in Mogadishu. A number of invited officials attended the inauguration event, including Mayor of Mogadishu and Benadir Governor Hassan Mohamed Hussein Mungab, Minister of Finance Hussein Abdi Halane, Minister of Public Works and Reconstruction <a href="/wiki/Nadifo_Mohamed_Osman" title="Nadifo Mohamed Osman">Nadifo Mohamed Osman</a>, Vice Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Somalia" title="Central Bank of Somalia">Central Bank of Somalia</a>, Chamber of Commerce representatives, and businesspeople. The bank was established by a group of entrepreneurs, whom the gathered officials commended for their commitment to providing international banking services to facilitate local commercial activities. Additionally, the chairman of the bank indicated that the institution possessed a <a href="/wiki/Swift_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Swift code">swift code</a> permitting international banking, and that its emphasis would be on developing the nation's livestock, agricultural and other economic resources.<a href="#cite_note-Spubtitc-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_vote_of_no_confidence">Second vote of no confidence</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Second vote of no confidence">edit</a>]</div> In October–November 2014, a rift developed between Hassan and new prime minister Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed over a cabinet reshuffle by Ahmed. On 25 October, Premier Ahmed transferred former Minister of Justice and Constitutional Affairs <a href="/wiki/Farah_Sh._Abdulkadir_Mohamed" title="Farah Sh. Abdulkadir Mohamed">Farah Sh. Abdulkadir Mohamed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Development_Party" title="Peace and Development Party">Peace and Development Party</a> member and former Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs <a href="/wiki/Mahad_Mohamed_Salad" title="Mahad Mohamed Salad">Mahad Mohamed Salad</a>, and other key allies of Hassan to other positions within the Council of Ministers.<a href="#cite_note-Gbsprhc-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Soplmcr-67">[67]</a> Hassan immediately issued a statement declaring the cabinet reshuffle null and void, arguing that he had not been consulted about the move. He also ordered all of the reassigned ministers to carry on with their ordinary duties.<a href="#cite_note-Sphspcrinav-68">[68]</a> On 27 October, UN Special Envoy to Somalia Nicholas Kay met with Hassan and Ahmed at the Villa Somalia compound in an unsuccessful attempt to broker an agreement between the two officials. Puntland Information Minister Abdiweli Hirsi Abdulle also suggested that the row should be resolved through constitutional means, asserted that the Puntland regional administration was prepared to mediate between the two federal leaders, and called on international representatives to do the same.<a href="#cite_note-Sumbpparr-69">[69]</a> Similarly, Speaker of the Federal Parliament Mohamed Osman Jawari indicated that he was confident that the disagreement could be resolved through legal channels.<a href="#cite_note-Ssppmdocr-70">[70]</a> In early November, UN Ambassador Kay and EU representatives Alexander Rondos and Michele Cervone issued separate press statements urging Hassan and Ahmed to set aside their differences for the greater communal good, and to continue instead working toward the goals enshrined in Vision 2016. Kay also expressed concern about the possibility of vote buying marring a parliamentary vote of confidence, and indicated that any such potential political disruption would be reported to the UN Security Council. Similarly, Rondos and Cervone in their capacity as financial stakeholders urged the Federal MPs to adhere to standard legislative protocols.<a href="#cite_note-Uetsedcoptuuc-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Esrarmcpts-72">[72]</a> On 3 November, President Mohamud issued a statement assuring the international community of his administration's continued commitment to fulfilling Vision 2016. He also called on foreign partners to respect Somalia's sovereignty and allow its legislative process to proceed constitutionally.<a href="#cite_note-Saicpilwsda-73">[73]</a> On 4 November, during a special parliamentary session, several federal lawmakers expressed disappoint over Ambassador Kay's statement, asking that he either apologize or step down from office.<a href="#cite_note-Smcueesdfsoa-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smdafue-75">[75]</a> Other legislators from Puntland supported Kay's press release, which emphasized governmental continuity and unity.<a href="#cite_note-Sphmwmotfpofp-76">[76]</a> Hassan and Ahmed concurrently began holding consultations with various Federal MPs to gather support ahead of a potential vote of confidence.<a href="#cite_note-Sphmwmotfpofp-76">[76]</a> On 6 November, IGAD Special Envoy to Somalia Ambassador Abdi Afey met with the two leaders to try and broker an agreement, and also conferred with Parliament Speaker Jawari.<a href="#cite_note-Siemppsai-77">[77]</a> Additionally, almost 100 MPs concurrently lodged a no confidence motion against Prime Minister Ahmed. Although Federal Parliament Speaker Jawari received the motion, a date of deliberation in the legislature was not specified.<a href="#cite_note-Spphmlncm-78">[78]</a> On 9 November, Federal Parliament Speaker Jawari and international representatives began separate mediation efforts in a final attempt to resolve the differences between Hassan and Ahmed.<a href="#cite_note-Spsmlmebmapgd-79">[79]</a> The Egyptian government also called for an urgent meeting of the Somalia Committee within the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> to assist in the reconciliation talks.<a href="#cite_note-Ecfumosc-80">[80]</a> On 10 November, the U.S. Department of State issued a statement likewise indicating that a parliamentary vote of confidence would be counterproductive. It instead urged the Federal Government of Somalia's leaders to unite, and suggested that the U.S. authorities would not attend a conference in Copenhagen on Somalia's New Deal as long as the FGS's leadership was divided.<a href="#cite_note-Uedcoptis-81">[81]</a> On 11 November, legislators met in parliament to deliberate on the no-confidence motion. Supporters of Ahmed subsequently began to make noise, effectively precluding any discussion. Consequently, Federal Parliament Speaker Jawari indefinitely adjourned the session.<a href="#cite_note-Sbispdpv-82">[82]</a> On 11 November, a spokesman for the UK Foreign & Commonwealth Office reiterated the international community's call for all Somali parties to set aside their differences, respect parliamentary protocol, and work together for the greater good.<a href="#cite_note-Pruecopiis-83">[83]</a> Due to the political infighting, the Danish government also canceled a planned meeting in Copenhagen between Hassan and global Somali community members ahead of the New Deal conference on Somalia.<a href="#cite_note-Tgdcmspwsc-84">[84]</a> On 14 November, the U.S. government likewise warned that it would cut financial assistance to Somalia if the top Somali Federal Government officials did not resolve their differences.<a href="#cite_note-Suttws-85">[85]</a> On 15 November, a second attempt to hold a parliamentary vote of confidence again failed. Over 100 lawmakers sang the national anthem and held up placards supporting Ahmed, prompting Federal Parliament Speaker Jawari to indefinitely adjourn the session.<a href="#cite_note-Sncvipfaprp-86">[86]</a> On 16 November, MP supporters of Hassan presented a letter to Federal Parliament Speaker Jawari calling for him to convene the legislature so that the vote of confidence could take place.<a href="#cite_note-Slttspsmoj-87">[87]</a> Deputy Prime Minister Ridwan Hersi Mohamed and a number of cabinet ministers and lawmakers supporting Ahmed concurrently met in the capital, and issued a four-point statement defending the cabinet's independence and demanding an end to outside interference with its functions.<a href="#cite_note-Sspopadticcsoi-88">[88]</a> On 17 November 14 ministers within the 50 member cabinet signed a counter-petition asking the Prime Minister to resign in order to safeguard national interests. Believed to be supporters of the President, the ministerial officials also indicated that they themselves would step down from their positions if the Premier declined to do so within 24 hours.<a href="#cite_note-Sfocmspcpatr-89">[89]</a> On 18 November, Ahmed convened the first Cabinet meeting in several weeks, after which Deputy Prime Minister Ridwan Hersi Mohamed announced that any minister who was unable to work with the government was free to resign and make way for a replacement.<a href="#cite_note-Grhamwcwwgftrpwfr-90">[90]</a> On 24 November, a third attempt to hold a parliamentary vote of confidence ended in chaos. Lawmakers supporting Ahmed shredded the attendance register as well as their copies of the motion. They also immediately began yelling when Federal Parliament Speaker Jawari entered the hall, prompting the legislative leader to indefinitely adjourn the session.<a href="#cite_note-Gbnspseic-91">[91]</a> Jawari subsequently issued a statement postponing all parliamentary sessions until a lasting and effective resolution to the rift could be found.<a href="#cite_note-Ssotpatpoapsdtpr-92">[92]</a> On 24 November, Ahmed released a statement indicating that he made the Cabinet reshuffle to ameliorate the performance of the Council of Ministers and resolve internal wrangles. He likewise indicated that the directive was in line with Article 100 (a) and (b) of the Provisional Constitution, and that the Office of the President's decree attempting to nullify the reshuffle contravened those constitutional clauses. Additionally, Ahmed asserted that the ensuing motion of no confidence was motivated by displeasure over the transfer of one particular Cabinet minister to another portfolio. He also suggested that the motion was regarded by most legislators and the general public as having been driven by graft, that the attempts to table it bypassed the rules and procedures of the parliament, and that it ultimately was an obstacle toward fulfilling the goals enshrined in Vision 2016. Ahmed also commended lawmakers for countering the motion, and applauded the House of the People's leadership for acknowledging that the motion was an impediment on the legislature's functions and instead calling for reconciliatory dialogue to resolve the impasse.<a href="#cite_note-Stncmiaotvt-93">[93]</a> On 4 December, a League of Arab States delegation led by Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Affairs Minister of <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> <a href="/wiki/Sabah_Al-Khalid_Al-Sabah" title="Sabah Al-Khalid Al-Sabah">Sabah al-Khalid al-Sabah</a> held a meeting in Mogadishu with the federal government leaders, wherein they discussed the parliamentary motion and Arab League affairs.<a href="#cite_note-Aldmtslim-94">[94]</a> On 6 December, the Federal Parliament again convened to hold the vote of confidence. 153 of the present MPs voted in favor of the motion, 80 voted against it, and 2 abstained, thereby ending Ahmed's term as Prime Minister of Somalia.<a href="#cite_note-Bntncmapas-95">[95]</a> On 17 December 2014, Hassan appointed former premier <a href="/wiki/Omar_Abdirashid_Ali_Sharmarke" class="mw-redirect" title="Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke">Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke</a> as the new prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-Gbnphasauatp-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Somali_language_regulation">Somali language regulation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Somali language regulation">edit</a>]</div> In January 2015, at an event commemorating the 42nd anniversary of the official adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Somali_alphabets" title="Somali alphabets">Somali Latin script</a>, Hassan announced that the <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali language</a> would be used for all government documents at every state office in Somalia. The President indicated that foreign languages would thereafter be reserved for communication with foreign representatives. He also noted that Somali was part of UNESCO's cross-border languages category, and asserted that no nation achieved significant development without first ensuring the primacy of its native language. Additionally, Hassan announced several associated initiatives, including a new educational curriculum with Somali as the primary language of instruction, rehabilitation of monuments for fallen heroes, completion of renovations on the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Somalia" title="National Museum of Somalia">National Museum</a>, and finalization of the <a href="/wiki/Regional_Somali_Language_Academy" title="Regional Somali Language Academy">Regional Somali Language Academy</a> in conjunction with the governments of Djibouti and Ethiopia.<a href="#cite_note-Gspouslod-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Judicial_Service_Commission">Judicial Service Commission</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Judicial Service Commission">edit</a>]</div> In March 2015, Hassan issued a presidential decree dissolving the extant <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Service_Commission_(Somalia)" title="Judicial Service Commission (Somalia)">Judicial Service Commission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gphdnc-98">[98]</a> The order did not pertain to the Attorney General and Chief Judge of the High Court positions. Additionally, the dissolution letter from the Office of the President indicated that the panel was inconsistent with the Provisional Constitution and the judicial service law. It recommended instead reformation of the Judicial Service Commission in accordance with Article 109 of the national constitution.<a href="#cite_note-Psdjsc-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Somali_Disabled_People_Council">Somali Disabled People Council</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Somali Disabled People Council">edit</a>]</div> In March 2015, Hassan held a meeting with Somali Disabled People Council (SDPC) representatives in Mogadishu. The officials touched on ways in which the government can assist differently abled individuals, among various other matters. Hassan therein vowed to earmark a governmental agency for the disabled, which would liaise with other state offices and gather data on the subpopulation. Additionally, he indicated that the government would organize a nationwide conference devoted to the differently abled. SDPC representative Ali Abdullahi Salad in turn applauded Hassan for his dedication to the disabled cause.<a href="#cite_note-Gphmsdpc-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Special_Task_Force_on_Remittances">Special Task Force on Remittances</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Special Task Force on Remittances">edit</a>]</div> In April 2015, Hassan and Prime Minister Sharmarke in conjunction with the Federal Cabinet officially launched the Special Task Force on Remittances (STFR). The multi-agency initiative is mandated with facilitating the Federal Government of Somalia's new national policy pertaining to the money transfer industry. Its main priority is centered on establishing a comprehensive strategy and a consultative implementation plan for the formalization of the local financial sector. Additionally, the STFR is tasked with helping to foster a business environment and financial infrastructure conducive to growth. It is also empowered to coordinate and speed up the endorsement of financial governance instruments and transparency associated legislation, such as the laws on Anti-Money Laundering (AML) and Counter Financing of Terrorism (CFT). In accordance with the Financial Action Task Force (FATF)'s recommendations, the STFR is in turn slated to oversee the Somali federal government's campaign to ratify various international treaties. The Task Forces' membership is scheduled to be announced shortly, and will be drawn from government institutions, the remittance industry, banks and other key private sector stakeholders.<a href="#cite_note-Gsgestfor-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_Tree_Week">National Tree Week</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: National Tree Week">edit</a>]</div> In April 2015, Hassan officially inaugurated National Tree Week at a ceremony in Mogadishu. He therein planted a tree at the Daljirka-Daahsoon junction as a symbol of the environmental importance of plants. Hassan also announced that his administration was slated to launch an ecological preservation project as part of the broader national reconstruction process, and noted the centrality of flora in human society and wildlife. He encouraged the citizenry to avail itself of the occasion to plant as many trees as possible.<a href="#cite_note-Gphocntw-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Foreign policy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:220915-D-XI929-3016_(52360158831).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/220915-D-XI929-3016_%2852360158831%29.jpg/250px-220915-D-XI929-3016_%2852360158831%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/220915-D-XI929-3016_%2852360158831%29.jpg/330px-220915-D-XI929-3016_%2852360158831%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/220915-D-XI929-3016_%2852360158831%29.jpg/500px-220915-D-XI929-3016_%2852360158831%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4723" data-file-height="3149" /></a><figcaption>Hassan in the US at <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">The Pentagon</a> in 2022</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary_Blinken_Poses_for_a_Photo_With_Somali_President_Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud_(52362908573).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Secretary_Blinken_Poses_for_a_Photo_With_Somali_President_Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud_%2852362908573%29.jpg/220px-Secretary_Blinken_Poses_for_a_Photo_With_Somali_President_Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud_%2852362908573%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Secretary_Blinken_Poses_for_a_Photo_With_Somali_President_Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud_%2852362908573%29.jpg/330px-Secretary_Blinken_Poses_for_a_Photo_With_Somali_President_Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud_%2852362908573%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Secretary_Blinken_Poses_for_a_Photo_With_Somali_President_Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud_%2852362908573%29.jpg/440px-Secretary_Blinken_Poses_for_a_Photo_With_Somali_President_Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud_%2852362908573%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3725" data-file-height="2731" /></a><figcaption>Hassan with US Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Antony_Blinken" title="Antony Blinken">Antony Blinken</a> in 2022</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cotonou_Agreement">Cotonou Agreement</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Cotonou Agreement">edit</a>]</div> In June 2013, attendants at the ministerial meeting of the European Union and over 70 nations in the <a href="/wiki/African,_Caribbean_and_Pacific_Group_of_States" class="mw-redirect" title="African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States">African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States</a> (ACP) approved the Somali government's request to join the <a href="/wiki/Cotonou_Agreement" title="Cotonou Agreement">Cotonou Agreement</a>. Somalia was immediately granted observer status, with full membership earmarked for 2014. The Cotonou Agreement promotes sustainable development and the reduction and eventual elimination of poverty in ACP member nations. It also aims to integrate ACP countries into the world economy via stronger participation in the drafting of national development strategies, and to advance criminal justice and fight against impunity through the International Criminal Court. President Mohamud welcomed the decision and asserted that the treaty would facilitate the ongoing national reconstruction process, as Somalia would be eligible to receive EU development projects. According to <a href="/wiki/Joe_Costello_(politician)" title="Joe Costello (politician)">Joe Costello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>'s Minister of State for Trade and Development, the endorsement "opens a new chapter in relations between the EU and Somalia and constitutes a visible sign that Somalia has regained its status as a fully-fledged member of the international community."<a href="#cite_note-Ssjca-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smpsmica-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Deal_Compact_for_Reconstruction_and_Development">New Deal Compact for Reconstruction and Development</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: New Deal Compact for Reconstruction and Development">edit</a>]</div> In November 2014, Hassan along with UN Under-Secretary for Political Affairs <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_D._Feltman" title="Jeffrey D. Feltman">Jeffrey D. Feltman</a> co-chaired an international conference in Copenhagen on the New Deal Compact for Reconstruction and Development. Representatives from Somalia's Puntland, Jubaland, Galmudug and Southwestern federal states also attended the summit, as well as delegations from over 140 countries. Hassan indicated therein that the New Deal Compact was a Somali-led initiative, through which the Federal Government of Somalia developed legal frameworks, initiated state and political reform, re-structured key institutions, and established a foundation for allocating international development assistance toward the central authorities' priority areas. Additionally, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Egypt <a href="/wiki/Sameh_Shoukry" title="Sameh Shoukry">Sameh Shoukry</a> reaffirmed his administration's support for Somalia's social and security sectors, and noted the Egyptian government's various political brokering efforts.<a href="#cite_note-Sdsuidapd-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child">Convention on the Rights of the Child</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Convention on the Rights of the Child">edit</a>]</div> In January 2015, Hassan signed the UN <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Convention on the Rights of the Child">Convention on the Rights of the Child</a> on behalf of the Federal Republic of Somalia at a ceremony in Mogadishu. It is the most widely ratified global human rights treaty, with all but two countries party to it. The signing event was held at the Hamar Jab Jab School in the capital and was attended by various domestic and international officials, including Interim Minister for Information Mustaf Sheikh Ali Dhuhulow, Interim Minister for Women and Human Rights Khadijo Mohamed Diriye, Interim Minister for Agriculture Abdi Mohamed Bafo, Interim Minister for Justice Farah Sheikh Abdulkadir, various federal legislators, UN Special Representative for Somalia Nicholas Kay, and UNICEF Representative for Somalia Steven Lauwerier. The Federal Parliament had already ratified the agreement in December 2014. Following the subsequent signing of the treaty by Hassan, the Federal Government is now slated to formulate and adopt child friendly systems and policies, implement steps geared toward child development, survival, protection and participation, and produce periodic reports on its progress toward that end for the <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Committee on the Rights of the Child">Committee on the Rights of the Child</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tpapcrapsf-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Administration">Second Administration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Second Administration">edit</a>]</div> On 16 May 2022, Hassan Sheikh Mohamud regained presidential power after winning the election against the outgoing President Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed Farmaajo.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> The elected president vowed to restore stability in Somalia.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Following his second term election for the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_for_Peace" title="University for Peace">University for Peace</a> revealed that Hassan is a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Ph.D.</a> candidate at the university.<a href="#cite_note-UPEACE1-15">[15]</a> In October 2022, the presidency announced that Hassan defended his doctoral dissertation in <a href="/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies" title="Peace and conflict studies">Peace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">Governance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Development_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Development Studies">Development</a>, the first sitting <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Somalia" title="List of presidents of Somalia">Somali president</a> to do so.<a href="#cite_note-HO20221108-16">[16]</a> On 15 June 2022, Hassan appointed <a href="/wiki/Hamza_Abdi_Barre" title="Hamza Abdi Barre">Hamza Abdi Barre</a> as Prime Minister of Somalia.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutional_crisis">Constitutional crisis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Constitutional crisis">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_crisis_in_Somalia" title="Constitutional crisis in Somalia">Constitutional crisis in Somalia</a> and <a href="/wiki/2024_Jubaland_presidential_election" title="2024 Jubaland presidential election">2024 Jubaland presidential election</a></div> On 28 November 2024, amid a dispute over the holding of regional elections in <a href="/wiki/Jubaland" title="Jubaland">Jubaland</a>, a judge in the latter region issued an arrest warrant against Mohamud on charges of treason, inciting a civil war, and organizing an armed uprising to disrupt the constitutional order. In response, the federal government issued an arrest warrant against Jubaland president <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Madobe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Madobe">Ahmed Madobe</a> for treason and revealing classified information to foreign entities.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Controversies">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corruption">Corruption</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Corruption">edit</a>]</div> His first administration that operated from 2012 to 2017 faced serious criticism for rampant <a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">corruption</a>, <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">media restrictions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abuse_of_power" title="Abuse of power">abuse of power</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> Monitoring Group accused the administration of arming al-Shabab. A 2013 report alleged a conspiracy between President Mohamoud and a US law firm to steal public funds.<a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[7]</a> He failed to address the rampant corruption during his first term as President of Somalia.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nepotism">Nepotism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Nepotism">edit</a>]</div> In March 2023, President Mohamoud appointed his daughter Jehan Hassan Sheikh Mohamoud as his international affairs advisor. This move, unprecedented in post-1991 Somalia, sparked widespread discussion and controversy across social media platforms. The appointment resulted in a rare resignation from a high-ranking Somali official. Following the 32nd <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League Summit</a>, which marked Syria's reinstatement after a decade-long suspension, Somalia's ambassador to <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, Salim Ma'ow Haji, resigned from his position. Haji cited insults and violations of diplomatic norms by the President's inner circle, notably led by his cousin, Hinda Culusow, alleging that they had obstructed his participation in the summit. While Ambassador Haji found himself excluded from the summit hall, Jehan Mohamoud was prominently present alongside her father. In response to inquiries regarding his daughter's prominent governmental role and her perceived lack of experience, Mohamoud defended the appointment by asserting that his children and relatives are "citizens just like everyone else."<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Son's_traffic_accident">Son's traffic accident</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Son's traffic accident">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Yunus_Emre_G%C3%B6%C3%A7er" title="Death of Yunus Emre Göçer">Death of Yunus Emre Göçer</a></div> On 30 November 2023, a son of Mohamud, Mohammed Hassan Sheikh Mohamud killed a Turkish citizen <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Yunus_Emre_G%C3%B6%C3%A7er" title="Death of Yunus Emre Göçer">Yunus Emre Göçer</a> riding a <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle" title="Motorcycle">motorcycle</a> in an accident in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Mohamed Hassan Sheikh Mahomud caused the <a href="/wiki/Traffic_collision" title="Traffic collision">accident</a> while driving a vehicle belonging to the Somali Embassy in Ankara.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> The <a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_of_Security_(Turkey)" title="General Directorate of Security (Turkey)">Turkish police</a> later took him into custody. The victim, a <a href="/wiki/Courier" title="Courier">motor courier</a>, died on 6 December 2023.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> The vehicle belonged to the Somali embassy and donned diplomatic plates, although the son was not directly connected with the embassy.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-118">[118]</a> Although the court initially imposed a two-and-a-half-year prison sentence, it was later commuted to a fine. This decision was influenced, in part, by the remorse demonstrated by the individual during the trial. Additionally, he was prohibited from driving for a period of six months.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Honours">edit</a>]</div> In April 2013, Hassan was named to the <a href="/wiki/Time_100" title="Time 100">Time 100</a>, <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">TIME</a> magazine's annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world. His efforts at<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-118">[118]</a> advancing national reconciliation, anti-corruption measures, and socio-economic and security sector reforms in Somalia were cited as reasons for the selection.<a href="#cite_note-Tttolhsm-5">[5]</a> Some of the state Honours received by Hassan are as under; <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Ribbon </th> <th>Decoration </th> <th width="150px">Country </th> <th width="150px">Date </th> <th width="500px">Note </th> <th>Ref. </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hilal-e-Imtiaz_(Civilian).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Hilal-e-Imtiaz_%28Civilian%29.png/120px-Hilal-e-Imtiaz_%28Civilian%29.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Hilal-e-Imtiaz_%28Civilian%29.png/250px-Hilal-e-Imtiaz_%28Civilian%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hilal-i-Imtiaz" title="Hilal-i-Imtiaz">Hilal-i-Imtiaz</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> </td> <td>18 August 2015 </td> <td>The second-highest civilian honour of Pakistan. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Bahrain,_1st_class.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Order_of_Bahrain%2C_1st_class.png/75px-Order_of_Bahrain%2C_1st_class.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Order_of_Bahrain%2C_1st_class.png/113px-Order_of_Bahrain%2C_1st_class.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Order_of_Bahrain%2C_1st_class.png/150px-Order_of_Bahrain%2C_1st_class.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/King_Hamad_Order_of_the_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="King Hamad Order of the Renaissance">King Hamad Order of the Renaissance</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/60px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> </td> <td>17 January 2016 </td> <td>First Class, the third-highest civilian honour of Bahrain. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_King_Abdulaziz,_1st_Class_(Saudi_Arabia).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Order_of_King_Abdulaziz%2C_1st_Class_%28Saudi_Arabia%29.png/120px-Order_of_King_Abdulaziz%2C_1st_Class_%28Saudi_Arabia%29.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Order_of_King_Abdulaziz%2C_1st_Class_%28Saudi_Arabia%29.png/250px-Order_of_King_Abdulaziz%2C_1st_Class_%28Saudi_Arabia%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_King_Abdulaziz" title="Order of King Abdulaziz">Order of King Abdulaziz</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> </td> <td>24 October 2023 </td> <td>First Class, the highest civilian honour of Saudi Arabia awarded to foreign dignitaries. </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output 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class="external text" href="http://www.simad.edu.so">SIMAD University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120913224812/http://www.raxanreeb.com/2012/09/profile-somalia-president-hassan-sheikh-mohamud/">Hassan Sheikh Mohamud - Resume</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Osman_Jawari" title="Mohamed Osman Jawari">Mohamed Osman Jawari</a> Acting</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Somalia" title="President of Somalia">President of Somalia</a> 2012–2017 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Abdullahi_Mohamed" title="Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed">Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Abdullahi_Mohamed" title="Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed">Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Somalia" title="President of Somalia">President of Somalia</a> 2022–present </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Incumbent </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_Somalia" title="Template:Presidents of Somalia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_Somalia" title="Template talk:Presidents of Somalia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_Somalia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of Somalia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Somalia&#124;link=Somalia_Presidents_of_Somalia_(list)572" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia"><img alt="Somalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Somalia" title="President of Somalia">Presidents of</a> <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Somalia" title="List of presidents of Somalia">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Somali_Republic" title="Somali Republic">Somali Republic</a> (1960–1969)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Adde" title="Aden Adde">Aden Adde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdirashid_Shermarke" title="Abdirashid Shermarke">Abdirashid Shermarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mukhtar_Mohamed_Hussein" title="Sheikh Mukhtar Mohamed Hussein">Sheikh Mukhtar</a>*</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Somalia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the President of Somalia"><img alt="Seal of the President of Somalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Somalia.svg/70px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Somalia.svg/105px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Somalia.svg/140px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="727" /></a><figcaption>Seal of the President of Somalia</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somali Democratic Republic</a> (1969–1991)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siad_Barre" title="Siad Barre">Siad Barre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Government_of_Somalia" title="Interim Government of Somalia">Interim Government of Somalia</a> (1991–1997)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Mahdi_Muhammad" title="Ali Mahdi Muhammad">Ali Mahdi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transitional_National_Government_of_Somalia" title="Transitional National Government of Somalia">Transitional National Government of Somalia</a> (2000–2004)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdiqasim_Salad_Hassan" title="Abdiqasim Salad Hassan">Abdiqasim Salad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transitional_Federal_Government_of_Somalia" title="Transitional Federal Government of Somalia">Transitional Federal Government of Somalia</a> (2004–2012)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdullahi_Yusuf_Ahmed" title="Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed">Abdullahi Yusuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Madobe" title="Aden Madobe">Aden Madobe</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharif_Sheikh_Ahmed" title="Sharif Sheikh Ahmed">Sharif Ahmed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Government_of_Somalia" title="Federal Government of Somalia">Federal Republic of Somalia</a> (since 2012)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muse_Hassan_Sheikh_Sayid_Abdulle" title="Muse Hassan Sheikh Sayid Abdulle">Musa Abdulle</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Osman_Jawari" title="Mohamed Osman Jawari">Mohamed Jawari</a>*</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hassan Sheikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Abdullahi_Mohamed" title="Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed">Mohamed Farmajo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hassan Sheikh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>* Acting</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Current_heads_of_state_of_republics264" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_state_of_republics" title="Template:Heads of state of republics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_state_of_republics" title="Template talk:Heads of state of republics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_state_of_republics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of state of republics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Current_heads_of_state_of_republics264" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government" title="List of current heads of state and government">Current heads of state of republics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria"><img alt="Algeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/40px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/60px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Abdelmadjid_Tebboune" title="Abdelmadjid Tebboune">Abdelmadjid Tebboune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola"><img alt="Angola" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/23px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/35px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/45px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Louren%C3%A7o" title="João Lourenço">João Lourenço</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin"><img alt="Benin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Patrice_Talon" title="Patrice Talon">Patrice Talon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana"><img alt="Botswana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/40px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/60px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Duma_Boko" title="Duma Boko">Duma Boko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso"><img alt="Burkina Faso" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/45px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Traor%C3%A9" title="Ibrahim Traoré">Ibrahim Traoré</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi"><img alt="Burundi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/46px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89variste_Ndayishimiye" title="Évariste Ndayishimiye">Évariste Ndayishimiye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon"><img alt="Cameroon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/40px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/60px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Biya" title="Paul Biya">Paul Biya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde"><img alt="Cape Verde" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/40px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/60px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Maria_Neves" title="José Maria Neves">José Maria Neves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic"><img alt="Central African Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Faustin-Archange_Touad%C3%A9ra" title="Faustin-Archange Touadéra">Faustin-Archange Touadéra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad"><img alt="Chad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/40px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/60px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mahamat_D%C3%A9by" title="Mahamat Déby">Mahamat Déby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros"><img alt="Comoros" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Azali_Assoumani" title="Azali Assoumani">Azali Assoumani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Democratic Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Tshisekedi" title="Félix Tshisekedi">Félix Tshisekedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso" title="Denis Sassou Nguesso">Denis Sassou Nguesso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti"><img alt="Djibouti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/40px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/60px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Isma%C3%AFl_Omar_Guelleh" title="Ismaïl Omar Guelleh">Ismaïl Omar Guelleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><img alt="Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi" title="Abdel Fattah el-Sisi">Abdel Fattah el-Sisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea"><img alt="Equatorial Guinea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/40px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/60px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo">Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea"><img alt="Eritrea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Isaias_Afwerki" title="Isaias Afwerki">Isaias Afwerki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia"><img alt="Ethiopia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Taye_Atske_Selassie" title="Taye Atske Selassie">Taye Atske Selassie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon"><img alt="Gabon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/20px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/40px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Brice_Oligui_Nguema" title="Brice Oligui Nguema">Brice Oligui Nguema</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia"><img alt="The Gambia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/40px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/60px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Adama_Barrow" title="Adama Barrow">Adama Barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana"><img alt="Ghana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/John_Mahama" title="John Mahama">John Mahama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea"><img alt="Guinea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mamady_Doumbouya" title="Mamady Doumbouya">Mamady Doumbouya</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau"><img alt="Guinea-Bissau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Umaro_Sissoco_Embal%C3%B3" title="Umaro Sissoco Embaló">Umaro Sissoco Embaló</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast"><img alt="Ivory Coast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/35px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/45px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alassane_Ouattara" title="Alassane Ouattara">Alassane Ouattara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya"><img alt="Kenya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/60px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/William_Ruto" title="William Ruto">William Ruto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia"><img alt="Liberia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Boakai" title="Joseph Boakai">Joseph Boakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya"><img alt="Libya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_al-Menfi" title="Mohamed al-Menfi">Mohamed al-Menfi</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar"><img alt="Madagascar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/40px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/60px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Andry_Rajoelina" title="Andry Rajoelina">Andry Rajoelina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi"><img alt="Malawi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Chakwera" title="Lazarus Chakwera">Lazarus Chakwera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali"><img alt="Mali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/40px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/60px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Assimi_Go%C3%AFta" title="Assimi Goïta">Assimi Goïta</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania"><img alt="Mauritania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/40px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/60px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ould_Ghazouani" title="Mohamed Ould Ghazouani">Mohamed Ould Ghazouani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius"><img alt="Mauritius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dharam_Gokhool" title="Dharam Gokhool">Dharam Gokhool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique"><img alt="Mozambique" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Chapo" title="Daniel Chapo">Daniel Chapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia"><img alt="Namibia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Netumbo_Nandi-Ndaitwah" title="Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah">Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger"><img alt="Niger" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Abdourahamane_Tchiani" title="Abdourahamane Tchiani">Abdourahamane Tchiani</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria"><img alt="Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bola_Tinubu" title="Bola Tinubu">Bola Tinubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda"><img alt="Rwanda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame">Paul Kagame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic"><img alt="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Brahim_Ghali" title="Brahim Ghali">Brahim Ghali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe"><img alt="São Tomé and Príncipe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/23px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/35px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/46px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Vila_Nova" title="Carlos Vila Nova">Carlos Vila Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal"><img alt="Senegal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bassirou_Diomaye_Faye" title="Bassirou Diomaye Faye">Bassirou Diomaye Faye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles"><img alt="Seychelles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/23px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/35px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/46px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Wavel_Ramkalawan" title="Wavel Ramkalawan">Wavel Ramkalawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone"><img alt="Sierra Leone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Julius_Maada_Bio" title="Julius Maada Bio">Julius Maada Bio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia"><img alt="Somalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hassan Sheikh Mohamud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland"><img alt="Somaliland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Abdirahman_Mohamed_Abdullahi" title="Abdirahman Mohamed Abdullahi">Abdirahman Mohamed Abdullahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/40px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/60px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Cyril Ramaphosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan"><img alt="South Sudan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/40px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/60px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="570" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Salva_Kiir_Mayardit" title="Salva Kiir Mayardit">Salva Kiir Mayardit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan"><img alt="Sudan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Sovereignty_Council" title="Transitional Sovereignty Council">Transitional Sovereignty Council</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania"><img alt="Tanzania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/40px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/60px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Samia_Suluhu_Hassan" title="Samia Suluhu Hassan">Samia Suluhu Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo"><img alt="Togo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Faure_Gnassingb%C3%A9" title="Faure Gnassingbé">Faure Gnassingbé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia"><img alt="Tunisia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kais_Saied" title="Kais Saied">Kais Saied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda"><img alt="Uganda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Yoweri_Museveni" title="Yoweri Museveni">Yoweri Museveni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia"><img alt="Zambia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hakainde_Hichilema" title="Hakainde Hichilema">Hakainde Hichilema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe"><img alt="Zimbabwe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/40px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/60px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Emmerson_Mnangagwa" title="Emmerson Mnangagwa">Emmerson Mnangagwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia"><img alt="Abkhazia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Badra_Gunba" title="Badra Gunba">Badra Gunba</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia"><img alt="Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vahagn_Khachaturyan" title="Vahagn Khachaturyan">Vahagn Khachaturyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan"><img alt="Azerbaijan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev" title="Ilham Aliyev">Ilham Aliyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh"><img alt="Bangladesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Shahabuddin" title="Mohammed Shahabuddin">Mohammed Shahabuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor-Leste" title="Timor-Leste"><img alt="Timor-Leste" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/23px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/35px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/46px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ramos-Horta" title="José Ramos-Horta">José Ramos-Horta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"><img alt="Georgia (country)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Salome_Zourabichvili" title="Salome Zourabichvili">Salome Zourabichvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Droupadi_Murmu" title="Droupadi Murmu">Droupadi Murmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Prabowo_Subianto" title="Prabowo Subianto">Prabowo Subianto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Latif_Rashid" title="Abdul Latif Rashid">Abdul Latif Rashid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Herzog" title="Isaac Herzog">Isaac Herzog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan"><img alt="Kazakhstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kassym-Jomart_Tokayev" title="Kassym-Jomart Tokayev">Kassym-Jomart Tokayev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan"><img alt="Kyrgyzstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sadyr_Japarov" title="Sadyr Japarov">Sadyr Japarov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos"><img alt="Laos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Thongloun_Sisoulith" title="Thongloun Sisoulith">Thongloun Sisoulith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon"><img alt="Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1920" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Aoun" title="Joseph Aoun">Joseph Aoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives"><img alt="Maldives" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Muizzu" title="Mohamed Muizzu">Mohamed Muizzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia"><img alt="Mongolia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ukhnaagiin_Kh%C3%BCrels%C3%BCkh" title="Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh">Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar"><img alt="Myanmar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Min_Aung_Hlaing" title="Min Aung Hlaing">Min Aung Hlaing</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal"><img alt="Nepal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/16px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/33px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ram_Chandra_Poudel" title="Ram Chandra Poudel">Ram Chandra Poudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea"><img alt="North Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/40px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/60px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Asif_Ali_Zardari" title="Asif Ali Zardari">Asif Ali Zardari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine"><img alt="Palestine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/40px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/60px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas" title="Mahmoud Abbas">Mahmoud Abbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines"><img alt="Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Bongbong Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore"><img alt="Singapore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tharman_Shanmugaratnam" title="Tharman Shanmugaratnam">Tharman Shanmugaratnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/40px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/60px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Choi_Sang-mok" title="Choi Sang-mok">Choi Sang-mok</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia"><img alt="South Ossetia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Gagloev" title="Alan Gagloev">Alan Gagloev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka"><img alt="Sri Lanka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/60px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Anura_Kumara_Dissanayake" title="Anura Kumara Dissanayake">Anura Kumara Dissanayake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_al-Sharaa" title="Ahmed al-Sharaa">Ahmed al-Sharaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lai_Ching-te" title="Lai Ching-te">Lai Ching-te</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan"><img alt="Tajikistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="280" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Emomali_Rahmon" title="Emomali Rahmon">Emomali Rahmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan"><img alt="Turkmenistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Serdar_Berdimuhamedow" title="Serdar Berdimuhamedow">Serdar Berdimuhamedow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan"><img alt="Uzbekistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Shavkat_Mirziyoyev" title="Shavkat Mirziyoyev">Shavkat Mirziyoyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam"><img alt="Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/L%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_C%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng" title="Lương Cường">Lương Cường</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen"><img alt="Yemen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/40px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/60px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Rashad_al-Alimi" title="Rashad al-Alimi">Rashad al-Alimi</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania"><img alt="Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/40px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/60px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bajram_Begaj" title="Bajram Begaj">Bajram Begaj</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Van_der_Bellen" title="Alexander Van der Bellen">Alexander Van der Bellen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus"><img alt="Belarus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/40px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/60px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko" title="Alexander Lukashenko">Alexander Lukashenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina"><img alt="Bosnia and Herzegovina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/60px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Denis_Be%C4%87irovi%C4%87" title="Denis Bećirović">Denis Bećirović</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljka_Cvijanovi%C4%87" title="Željka Cvijanović">Željka Cvijanović</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljko_Kom%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Željko Komšić">Željko Komšić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Rumen_Radev" title="Rumen Radev">Rumen Radev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia"><img alt="Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Zoran_Milanovi%C4%87" title="Zoran Milanović">Zoran Milanović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus"><img alt="Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nikos_Christodoulides" title="Nikos Christodoulides">Nikos Christodoulides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Petr_Pavel" title="Petr Pavel">Petr Pavel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia"><img alt="Estonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alar_Karis" title="Alar Karis">Alar Karis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stubb" title="Alexander Stubb">Alexander Stubb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/60px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier" title="Frank-Walter Steinmeier">Frank-Walter Steinmeier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/40px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/60px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Tasoulas" title="Konstantinos Tasoulas">Konstantinos Tasoulas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/60px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tam%C3%A1s_Sulyok" title="Tamás Sulyok">Tamás Sulyok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland"><img alt="Iceland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Halla_T%C3%B3masd%C3%B3ttir" title="Halla Tómasdóttir">Halla Tómasdóttir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><img alt="Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Higgins" title="Michael D. Higgins">Michael D. Higgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/60px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Mattarella" title="Sergio Mattarella">Sergio Mattarella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo"><img alt="Kosovo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/60px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vjosa_Osmani" title="Vjosa Osmani">Vjosa Osmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia"><img alt="Latvia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Edgars_Rink%C4%93vi%C4%8Ds" title="Edgars Rinkēvičs">Edgars Rinkēvičs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania"><img alt="Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/40px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/60px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gitanas_Naus%C4%97da" title="Gitanas Nausėda">Gitanas Nausėda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta"><img alt="Malta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Myriam_Spiteri_Debono" title="Myriam Spiteri Debono">Myriam Spiteri Debono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova"><img alt="Moldova" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/40px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/60px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Maia_Sandu" title="Maia Sandu">Maia Sandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro"><img alt="Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/40px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/60px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jakov_Milatovi%C4%87" title="Jakov Milatović">Jakov Milatović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia"><img alt="North Macedonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gordana_Siljanovska-Davkova" title="Gordana Siljanovska-Davkova">Gordana Siljanovska-Davkova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus"><img alt="Northern Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ersin_Tatar" title="Ersin Tatar">Ersin Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Duda" title="Andrzej Duda">Andrzej Duda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Rebelo_de_Sousa" title="Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa">Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ilie_Bolojan" title="Ilie Bolojan">Ilie Bolojan</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino"><img alt="San Marino" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/20px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/31px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/40px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Francesca_Civerchia" title="Francesca Civerchia">Francesca Civerchia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalibor_Riccardi" title="Dalibor Riccardi">Dalibor Riccardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia"><img alt="Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Vu%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Aleksandar Vučić">Aleksandar Vučić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia"><img alt="Slovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Pellegrini" title="Peter Pellegrini">Peter Pellegrini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia"><img alt="Slovenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nata%C5%A1a_Pirc_Musar" title="Nataša Pirc Musar">Nataša Pirc Musar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland"><img alt="Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Viola_Amherd" title="Viola Amherd">Viola Amherd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karin_Keller-Sutter" title="Karin Keller-Sutter">Karin Keller-Sutter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guy_Parmelin" title="Guy Parmelin">Guy Parmelin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ignazio_Cassis" title="Ignazio Cassis">Ignazio Cassis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_R%C3%B6sti" title="Albert Rösti">Albert Rösti</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Baume-Schneider" title="Élisabeth Baume-Schneider">Élisabeth Baume-Schneider</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beat_Jans" title="Beat Jans">Beat Jans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria"><img alt="Transnistria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vadim_Krasnoselsky" title="Vadim Krasnoselsky">Vadim Krasnoselsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados"><img alt="Barbados" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/40px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/60px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Mason" title="Sandra Mason">Sandra Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica"><img alt="Costa Rica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/40px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/60px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Chaves_Robles" title="Rodrigo Chaves Robles">Rodrigo Chaves Robles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba"><img alt="Cuba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/40px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/60px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Miguel_D%C3%ADaz-Canel" title="Miguel Díaz-Canel">Miguel Díaz-Canel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica"><img alt="Dominica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sylvanie_Burton" title="Sylvanie Burton">Sylvanie Burton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic"><img alt="Dominican Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Luis_Abinader" title="Luis Abinader">Luis Abinader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador"><img alt="El Salvador" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/23px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/35px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/46px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nayib_Bukele" title="Nayib Bukele">Nayib Bukele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala"><img alt="Guatemala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Ar%C3%A9valo" title="Bernardo Arévalo">Bernardo Arévalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti"><img alt="Haiti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/40px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/60px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Jean" title="Fritz Jean">Fritz Jean</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras"><img alt="Honduras" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/40px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/60px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Xiomara_Castro" title="Xiomara Castro">Xiomara Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Sheinbaum" title="Claudia Sheinbaum">Claudia Sheinbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua"><img alt="Nicaragua" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ortega" title="Daniel Ortega">Daniel Ortega</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rosario_Murillo" title="Rosario Murillo">Rosario Murillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama"><img alt="Panama" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/40px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/60px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ra%C3%BAl_Mulino" title="José Raúl Mulino">José Raúl Mulino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago"><img alt="Trinidad and Tobago" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/40px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/60px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Christine_Kangaloo" title="Christine Kangaloo">Christine Kangaloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Javier_Milei" title="Javier Milei">Javier Milei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia"><img alt="Bolivia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Luis_Arce" title="Luis Arce">Luis Arce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/40px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/60px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile"><img alt="Chile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/40px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/60px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Boric" title="Gabriel Boric">Gabriel Boric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia"><img alt="Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Petro" title="Gustavo Petro">Gustavo Petro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador"><img alt="Ecuador" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Noboa" title="Daniel Noboa">Daniel Noboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana"><img alt="Guyana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Irfaan_Ali" title="Irfaan Ali">Irfaan Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay"><img alt="Paraguay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/40px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/60px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="660" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Santiago Peña">Santiago Peña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru"><img alt="Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dina_Boluarte" title="Dina Boluarte">Dina Boluarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname"><img alt="Suriname" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/40px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/60px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Chan_Santokhi" title="Chan Santokhi">Chan Santokhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay"><img alt="Uruguay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Yamand%C3%BA_Orsi" title="Yamandú Orsi">Yamandú Orsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela"><img alt="Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji"><img alt="Fiji" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/23px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/35px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/46px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Naiqama_Lalabalavu" title="Naiqama Lalabalavu">Naiqama Lalabalavu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati"><img alt="Kiribati" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kiribati.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kiribati.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kiribati.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Taneti_Maamau" title="Taneti Maamau">Taneti Maamau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands"><img alt="Marshall Islands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hilda_Heine" title="Hilda Heine">Hilda Heine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia"><img alt="Federated States of Micronesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Wesley_Simina" title="Wesley Simina">Wesley Simina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru"><img alt="Nauru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Nauru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nauru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Nauru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nauru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Nauru.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nauru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="/wiki/David_Adeang" title="David Adeang">David Adeang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau"><img alt="Palau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Palau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Palau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Palau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Surangel_Whipps_Jr." title="Surangel Whipps Jr.">Surangel Whipps Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa"><img alt="Samoa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/40px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/60px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tuimaleali%CA%BBifano_Va%CA%BBaleto%CA%BBa_Sualauvi_II" title="Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II">Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu"><img alt="Vanuatu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg/46px-Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nikenike_Vurobaravu" title="Nikenike Vurobaravu">Nikenike Vurobaravu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Asterisk (*) indicate an acting head of state · Italics indicate a head of state of non-UN member state</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/40px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/60px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdelmadjid_Tebboune" title="Abdelmadjid Tebboune">Abdelmadjid Tebboune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_Larbaoui" title="Nadir Larbaoui">Nadir Larbaoui</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/60px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamad_bin_Isa_Al_Khalifa" title="Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa">Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman,_Crown_Prince_of_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Salman, Crown Prince of Bahrain">Salman</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azali_Assoumani" title="Azali Assoumani">Azali Assoumani</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/40px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/60px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isma%C3%AFl_Omar_Guelleh" title="Ismaïl Omar Guelleh">Ismaïl Omar Guelleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdoulkader_Kamil_Mohamed" title="Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed">Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi" title="Abdel Fattah el-Sisi">Abdel Fattah el-Sisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moustafa_Madbouly" class="mw-redirect" title="Moustafa Madbouly">Moustafa Madbouly</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Latif_Rashid" title="Abdul Latif Rashid">Abdul Latif Rashid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani" title="Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani">Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_II_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah II of Jordan">Abdullah II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jafar_Hassan" title="Jafar Hassan">Jafar Hassan</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishal_Al-Ahmad_Al-Jaber_Al-Sabah" title="Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah">Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Al-Abdullah_Al-Sabah" title="Ahmad Al-Abdullah Al-Sabah">Ahmad Al-Abdullah Al-Sabah</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1920" /> <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Aoun" title="Joseph Aoun">Joseph Aoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawaf_Salam" title="Nawaf Salam">Nawaf Salam</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_al-Menfi" title="Mohamed al-Menfi">Mohamed al-Menfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_Dbeibeh" title="Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh">Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/40px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/60px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ould_Ghazouani" title="Mohamed Ould Ghazouani">Mohamed Ould Ghazouani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokhtar_Ould_Djay" title="Mokhtar Ould Djay">Mokhtar Ould Djay</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_VI_of_Morocco" title="Mohammed VI of Morocco">Mohammed VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aziz_Akhannouch" title="Aziz Akhannouch">Aziz Akhannouch</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/40px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/60px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitham_bin_Tariq" title="Haitham bin Tariq">Haitham bin Tariq</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/40px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/60px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas" title="Mahmoud Abbas">Mahmoud Abbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mustafa_(politician)" title="Mohammad Mustafa (politician)">Mohammad Mustafa</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamim_bin_Hamad_Al_Thani" title="Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani">Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Abdulrahman_bin_Jassim_Al_Thani" title="Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani">Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Salman of Saudi Arabia">Salman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Salman" title="Mohammed bin Salman">Mohammed bin Salman</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hassan Sheikh Mohamud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_Abdi_Barre" title="Hamza Abdi Barre">Hamza Abdi Barre</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_Sovereignty_Council" title="Transitional Sovereignty Council">Transitional Sovereignty Council</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osman_Hussein_(politician)" title="Osman Hussein (politician)">Osman Hussein</a>*</li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_al-Sharaa" title="Ahmed al-Sharaa">Ahmed al-Sharaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_al-Bashir" title="Mohammed al-Bashir">Mohammed al-Bashir</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kais_Saied" title="Kais Saied">Kais Saied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamel_Madouri" title="Kamel Madouri">Kamel Madouri</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan" title="Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan">Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Rashid_Al_Maktoum" title="Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum">Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/40px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/60px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashad_al-Alimi" title="Rashad al-Alimi">Rashad al-Alimi</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Awad_bin_Mubarak" title="Ahmad Awad bin Mubarak">Ahmad Awad bin Mubarak</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Somali_Civil_War_(2009–present)274" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)" title="Template:Somali Civil War (2009–present)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)" title="Template talk:Somali Civil War (2009–present)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Somali Civil War (2009–present)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Somali_Civil_War_(2009–present)274" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)" title="Somali Civil War (2009–present)">Somali Civil War (2009–present)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Timeline</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="2009 timeline of the Somali Civil War">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="2010 timeline of the Somali Civil War">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="2011 timeline of the Somali Civil War">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="2012 timeline of the Somali Civil War">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="2013 timeline of the Somali Civil War">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="2014 timeline of the Somali Civil War">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="2015 timeline of the Somali Civil War">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="2016 timeline of the Somali Civil War">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="2017 timeline of the Somali Civil War">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="2018 timeline of the Somali Civil War">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="2019 timeline of the Somali Civil War">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="2020 timeline of the Somali Civil War">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="2021 timeline of the Somali Civil War">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="2022 timeline of the Somali Civil War">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="2023 timeline of the Somali Civil War">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="2024 timeline of the Somali Civil War">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="2025 timeline of the Somali Civil War">2025</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia_(1991%E2%80%932006)" title="History of Somalia (1991–2006)">History of Somalia (1991–2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Somalia" title="Greater Somalia">Greater Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Horn_of_Africa" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa">Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="Factions in the Somali Civil War">Factions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_and_humanitarian_efforts_in_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="Diplomatic and humanitarian efforts in the Somali Civil War">Diplomatic and humanitarian efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_War_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda in the War in Somalia">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disarmament_in_Somalia" title="Disarmament in Somalia">Disarmament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Islamic_Courts_Union_offensive" title="2006 Islamic Courts Union offensive">2006 Islamic Courts Union offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mogadishu_(2006)" title="Battle of Mogadishu (2006)">Battle of Mogadishu (2006)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_conflict" title="Ethiopian–Somali conflict">Ethiopian–Somali conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Ogaden" title="Insurgency in Ogaden">Insurgency in Ogaden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_at_reconciliation_in_Somalia_(1991%E2%80%932004)" title="Attempts at reconciliation in Somalia (1991–2004)">Somali Reconciliation Conferences</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conference_on_National_Reconciliation_in_Somalia" title="Conference on National Reconciliation in Somalia">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Somali_Reconciliation_Conference" title="2002 Somali Reconciliation Conference">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Somali_National_Reconciliation_Conference" title="2007 Somali National Reconciliation Conference">2007</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations and battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Mogadishu" title="Battle of South Mogadishu">Battle of South Mogadishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mogadishu_(2009)" title="Battle of Mogadishu (2009)">Battle of Mogadishu (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Central_Somalia_(2009)" title="Battle for Central Somalia (2009)">Battle for Central Somalia (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wabho" title="Battle of Wabho">Battle of Wabho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kismayo_(2009)" title="Battle of Kismayo (2009)">Battle of Kismayo (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beledweyne_(2010)" title="Battle of Beledweyne (2010)">Battle of Beledweyne (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93Somaliland_border" title="Ethiopia–Somaliland border">2010 Ayn clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Kenya%E2%80%93Al-Shabaab_border_clash" title="2010 Kenya–Al-Shabaab border clash">2010 Kenya–Al-Shabaab border clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mogadishu_(2010%E2%80%932011)" title="Battle of Mogadishu (2010–2011)">Battle of Mogadishu (2010–2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jubbada_Hoose" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jubbada Hoose">Battle of Jubbada Hoose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gedo" title="Battle of Gedo">Battle of Gedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elwaq" title="Battle of Elwaq">Battle of Elwaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Linda_Nchi" title="Operation Linda Nchi">Operation Linda Nchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Deynile" title="Battle of Deynile">Battle of Deynile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beledweyne_(2011)" title="Battle of Beledweyne (2011)">Battle of Beledweyne (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yurkud_(2012)" title="Battle of Yurkud (2012)">Battle of Yurkud (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kismayo_(2012)" title="Battle of Kismayo (2012)">Battle of Kismayo (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulo_Marer_hostage_rescue_attempt" title="Bulo Marer hostage rescue attempt">Bulo Marer hostage rescue attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Indian_Ocean" title="Operation Indian Ocean">Operation Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galgala_campaign" title="Galgala campaign">Galgala campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baure" title="Battle of Baure">Battle of Baure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leego_(2015)" title="Battle of Leego (2015)">Battle of Leego (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Janale_(2015)" title="Battle of Janale (2015)">Battle of Janale (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Adde" title="Battle of El Adde">Battle of El Adde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qandala_campaign" title="Qandala campaign">Qandala campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kulbiyow" title="Battle of Kulbiyow">Battle of Kulbiyow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_raid_on_Barii" title="2017 raid on Barii">2017 raid on Barii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Af_Urur" title="Battle of Af Urur">Battle of Af Urur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Golweyn_ambush" title="2017 Golweyn ambush">2017 Golweyn ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2017_Somalia_airstrike" title="November 2017 Somalia airstrike">November 2017 Somalia airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_African_Union_base_attack_in_Bulo_Marer" title="2018 African Union base attack in Bulo Marer">2018 African Union base attack in Bulo Marer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2018_airstrikes_in_Gandarshe" title="December 2018 airstrikes in Gandarshe">December 2018 airstrikes in Gandarshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Simba_attack" title="Camp Simba attack">Camp Simba attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Mogadishu_mutiny" title="2021 Mogadishu mutiny">2021 Mogadishu mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Golweyn_ambush" title="2021 Golweyn ambush">2021 Golweyn ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Galmudug_clashes" title="2021 Galmudug clashes">2021 Galmudug clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_al-Shabaab_invasion_of_Ethiopia" title="2022 al-Shabaab invasion of Ethiopia">2022 al-Shabaab invasion of Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bal%27ad" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Bal'ad">Battle of Bal'ad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Runirgod" title="Battle of Runirgod">Battle of Runirgod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buulo_Mareer" title="Battle of Buulo Mareer">Battle of Buulo Mareer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Shabelle_offensive" title="2025 Shabelle offensive">2025 Shabelle offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attacks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_African_Union_base_bombings_in_Mogadishu" title="2009 African Union base bombings in Mogadishu">2009 African Union base bombings in Mogadishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Beledweyne_bombing" title="2009 Beledweyne bombing">2009 Beledweyne bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Hotel_Shamo_bombing" title="2009 Hotel Shamo bombing">2009 Hotel Shamo bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2010_Mogadishu_bombings" title="May 2010 Mogadishu bombings">May 2010 Mogadishu bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Kampala_bombings" title="2010 Kampala bombings">2010 Kampala bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muna_Hotel_attack" title="Muna Hotel attack">Muna Hotel attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Mogadishu_bombing" title="2011 Mogadishu bombing">2011 Mogadishu bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2013_Mogadishu_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="June 2013 Mogadishu attack">June 2013 Mogadishu attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Mogadishu_Turkish_embassy_attack" title="2013 Mogadishu Turkish embassy attack">2013 Mogadishu Turkish embassy attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westgate_shopping_mall_attack" title="Westgate shopping mall attack">Westgate shopping mall attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Beledweyne_attacks" title="2013 Beledweyne attacks">2013 Beledweyne attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Villa_Somalia_attack" title="2014 Villa Somalia attack">2014 Villa Somalia attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Hotel_Amalo_attack" title="2014 Hotel Amalo attack">2014 Hotel Amalo attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Hotel_attack" title="Central Hotel attack">Central Hotel attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makka_al-Mukarama_hotel_attack" title="Makka al-Mukarama hotel attack">Makka al-Mukarama hotel attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garissa_University_College_attack" title="Garissa University College attack">Garissa University College attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Ministry_of_Higher_Education_attack" title="2015 Ministry of Higher Education attack">2015 Ministry of Higher Education attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garowe_attack" title="Garowe attack">Garowe attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazeera_Palace_Hotel_bombing" title="Jazeera Palace Hotel bombing">Jazeera Palace Hotel bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahafi_Hotel_attacks" title="Sahafi Hotel attacks">Sahafi Hotel attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2016_Mogadishu_attack" title="January 2016 Mogadishu attack">January 2016 Mogadishu attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daallo_Airlines_Flight_159" title="Daallo Airlines Flight 159">Daallo Airlines Flight 159</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2016_Mogadishu_attack" title="February 2016 Mogadishu attack">February 2016 Mogadishu attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baidoa_suicide_bombing" title="Baidoa suicide bombing">Baidoa suicide bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2016_Mogadishu_attacks" title="June 2016 Mogadishu attacks">June 2016 Mogadishu attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Galkayo_bombings" title="2016 Galkayo bombings">2016 Galkayo bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2016_Mogadishu_car_bombing" title="November 2016 Mogadishu car bombing">November 2016 Mogadishu car bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2016_Mogadishu_suicide_bombing" title="December 2016 Mogadishu suicide bombing">December 2016 Mogadishu suicide bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_January_2017_Mogadishu_bombings" title="2 January 2017 Mogadishu bombings">2 January 2017 Mogadishu bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayah_Hotel_attack" title="Dayah Hotel attack">Dayah Hotel attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2017_Mogadishu_bombing" title="February 2017 Mogadishu bombing">February 2017 Mogadishu bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_October_2017_Mogadishu_bombings" title="14 October 2017 Mogadishu bombings">14 October 2017 Mogadishu bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28_October_2017_Mogadishu_attacks" title="28 October 2017 Mogadishu attacks">28 October 2017 Mogadishu attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2018_Mogadishu_attacks" title="February 2018 Mogadishu attacks">February 2018 Mogadishu attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2018_Mogadishu_bombing" title="March 2018 Mogadishu bombing">March 2018 Mogadishu bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2018_Mogadishu_bombings" title="July 2018 Mogadishu bombings">July 2018 Mogadishu bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_September_2018_Mogadishu_bombing" title="2 September 2018 Mogadishu bombing">2 September 2018 Mogadishu bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahafi_Hotel_attacks" title="Sahafi Hotel attacks">Sahafi Hotel attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2018_Mogadishu_bombing" title="December 2018 Mogadishu bombing">December 2018 Mogadishu bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nairobi_DusitD2_complex_attack" title="Nairobi DusitD2 complex attack">Nairobi DusitD2 complex attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nairobi_Latema_Road_blast" title="Nairobi Latema Road blast">Nairobi Latema Road blast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_February_2019_Mogadishu_bombing" title="4 February 2019 Mogadishu bombing">4 February 2019 Mogadishu bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28_February_2019_Mogadishu_bombings" title="28 February 2019 Mogadishu bombings">28 February 2019 Mogadishu bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asasey_Hotel_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Asasey Hotel attack">Asasey Hotel attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/22_July_2019_Mogadishu_bombing" title="22 July 2019 Mogadishu bombing">22 July 2019 Mogadishu bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24_July_2019_Mogadishu_bombing" title="24 July 2019 Mogadishu bombing">24 July 2019 Mogadishu bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Kenya_bus_shooting" title="2019 Kenya bus shooting">2019 Kenya bus shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2019_Mogadishu_bombing" title="December 2019 Mogadishu bombing">December 2019 Mogadishu bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Afgooye_bombing" title="2020 Afgooye bombing">2020 Afgooye bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Mogadishu_army_base_bombing" title="2020 Mogadishu army base bombing">2020 Mogadishu army base bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Mogadishu_hotel_attack" title="2020 Mogadishu hotel attack">2020 Mogadishu hotel attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Galkayo_bombing" title="2020 Galkayo bombing">2020 Galkayo bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2021_Mogadishu_bombing" title="March 2021 Mogadishu bombing">March 2021 Mogadishu bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2021_Mogadishu_bombing" title="June 2021 Mogadishu bombing">June 2021 Mogadishu bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2021_Mogadishu_bombing" title="November 2021 Mogadishu bombing">November 2021 Mogadishu bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Mandera_attack" title="2022 Mandera attack">2022 Mandera attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2022_Beledweyne_bombing" title="February 2022 Beledweyne bombing">February 2022 Beledweyne bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2022_Somalia_attacks" title="March 2022 Somalia attacks">March 2022 Somalia attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2022_Mogadishu_bombing" title="April 2022 Mogadishu bombing">April 2022 Mogadishu bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2022_Mogadishu_attack" title="August 2022 Mogadishu attack">August 2022 Mogadishu attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2022_Beledweyne_attack" title="September 2022 Beledweyne attack">September 2022 Beledweyne attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2022_Beledweyne_bombings" title="October 2022 Beledweyne bombings">October 2022 Beledweyne bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Kismayo_hotel_attack" title="2022 Kismayo hotel attack">2022 Kismayo hotel attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2022_Mogadishu_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="October 2022 Mogadishu bombings">October 2022 Mogadishu bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Villa_Rossa_Hotel" title="Siege of the Villa Rossa Hotel">Siege of the Villa Rossa Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahas_bombings" title="Mahas bombings">Mahas bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Mogadishu_hotel_attack" title="2023 Mogadishu hotel attack">2023 Mogadishu hotel attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogadishu_military_academy_bombing" title="Mogadishu military academy bombing">Mogadishu military academy bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Beledweyne_bombing" title="2023 Beledweyne bombing">2023 Beledweyne bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogadishu_tea_shop_bombing" title="Mogadishu tea shop bombing">2023 Mogadishu tea shop bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Mogadishu_market_bombing" title="2024 Mogadishu market bombing">2024 Mogadishu market bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Mogadishu_SYL_Hotel_attack_and_siege" title="2024 Mogadishu SYL Hotel attack and siege">2024 Mogadishu SYL Hotel attack and siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_El_Dher_attack" title="2024 El Dher attack">2024 El Dher attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Mogadishu_prison_attack" title="2024 Mogadishu prison attack">2024 Mogadishu prison attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_Coffee_bombing" title="Top Coffee bombing">Top Coffee bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Lido_Beach_attack" title="2024 Lido Beach attack">2024 Lido Beach attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Mogadishu_tea_shop_bombing" title="2024 Mogadishu tea shop bombing">2024 Mogadishu tea shop bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Beledweyne_hotel_attack" title="2025 Beledweyne hotel attack">2025 Beledweyne hotel attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud" title="Attempted assassination of Hassan Sheikh Mohamud">Attempted assassination of Hassan Sheikh Mohamud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Garissa_attack" title="2025 Garissa attack">2025 Garissa attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Horn_of_Africa" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa">OEF–HOA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_Baraawe_raid" title="2009 Baraawe raid">2009 Baraawe raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulo_Marer_hostage_rescue_attempt" title="Bulo Marer hostage rescue attempt">Bulo Marer hostage rescue attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_raid_on_Barawe" title="2013 raid on Barawe">2013 raid on Barawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_raid_on_Barii" title="2017 raid on Barii">2017 raid on Barii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Noramfaizul_Mohd_Nor" title="Death of Noramfaizul Mohd Nor">Death of Noramfaizul Mohd Nor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Somalia_Conference" title="London Somalia Conference">London Somalia Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdiaziz_Abdinur_Ibrahim_controversy" title="Abdiaziz Abdinur Ibrahim controversy">Abdiaziz Abdinur Ibrahim controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daallo_Airlines_Flight_159" title="Daallo Airlines Flight 159">Daallo Airlines Flight 159</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awdiinle_massacre" title="Awdiinle massacre">Awdiinle massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key players</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al-Shabaab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mukhtar_Robow" title="Mukhtar Robow">Mukhtar Robow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Dhere" title="Ali Dhere">Ali Dhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuad_Qalaf" title="Fuad Qalaf">Fuad Qalaf</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/20px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Hizbul_Islam" title="Hizbul Islam">Hizbul Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Dahir_Aweys" title="Hassan Dahir Aweys">Hassan Dahir Aweys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Abdullah_Hersi_al-Turki" title="Hassan Abdullah Hersi al-Turki">Hassan Abdullah Hersi al-Turki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia"><img alt="Somalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Government_of_Somalia" title="Federal Government of Somalia">Federal Government of Somalia</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hassan Sheikh Mohamud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Sharmarke" title="Omar Sharmarke">Omar Sharmarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Sheikh_Hassan" title="Mohamed Sheikh Hassan">Mohamed Sheikh Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia"><img alt="Somalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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alt="Somalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Galmudug" title="Galmudug">Galmudug</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdi_Hasan_Awale" title="Abdi Hasan Awale">Abdi Hasan Awale</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Puntland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Puntland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Puntland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Puntland.svg.png 1.5x, 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States Africa Command">AFRICOM</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/40px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State in Somalia">Islamic State in Somalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Previous phase: <a href="/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="War in Somalia (2006–2009)">War in Somalia (2006–2009)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output 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