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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Greek_colonisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_colonisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Greek colonisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek_colonisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Secondary_colonisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_colonisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Secondary colonisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_colonisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion_and_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_and_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Expansion and conflict</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion_and_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_Era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Roman Era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_Greek_poleis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Greek_poleis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>List of Greek <i>poleis</i></span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_Greek_poleis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of Greek <i>poleis</i> subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_Greek_poleis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mainland_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mainland_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Mainland Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mainland_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sicily" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sicily"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Sicily</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sicily-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Not_part_of_Magna_Graecia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Not_part_of_Magna_Graecia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Not part of Magna Graecia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Not_part_of_Magna_Graecia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coinage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coinage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Coinage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coinage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_and_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Art and architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Essential_timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Essential_timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Essential timeline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Essential_timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_and_contemporary_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_and_contemporary_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Modern and contemporary Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_and_contemporary_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites_related_to_Magna_Graecia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites_related_to_Magna_Graecia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>UNESCO World Heritage Sites related to Magna Graecia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites_related_to_Magna_Graecia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle UNESCO World Heritage Sites related to Magna Graecia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites_related_to_Magna_Graecia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Valle_dei_Templi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Valle_dei_Templi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Valle dei Templi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Valle_dei_Templi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poseidonia_and_Elea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poseidonia_and_Elea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Poseidonia and Elea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poseidonia_and_Elea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syracuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syracuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Syracuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syracuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeological_sites_related_to_Magna_Graecia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeological_sites_related_to_Magna_Graecia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Archaeological sites related to Magna Graecia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Archaeological_sites_related_to_Magna_Graecia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Archaeological sites related to Magna Graecia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Archaeological_sites_related_to_Magna_Graecia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Apulia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apulia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Apulia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apulia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basilicata" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basilicata"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Basilicata</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basilicata-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calabria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calabria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Calabria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calabria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.4</span> <span>Campania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sicily_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sicily_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.5</span> <span>Sicily</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sicily_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Magna Graecia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">66 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Magna Graecia" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A7_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ماجنا غراسيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماجنا غراسيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Grecia" title="Magna Grecia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Magna Grecia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Magna Graecia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Магна Греция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Магна Греция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Magna Graecia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Gr%C3%A8cia" title="Magna Grècia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Magna Grècia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BB%C4%83_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Аслă Греци – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Аслă Греци" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velk%C3%A9_%C5%98ecko" title="Velké Řecko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Velké Řecko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Magna Graecia" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Magna Graecia" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suur-Kreeka" title="Suur-Kreeka – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Suur-Kreeka" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B7_%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Μεγάλη Ελλάδα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεγάλη Ελλάδα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Grecia" title="Magna Grecia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Magna Grecia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granda_Grekio" title="Granda Grekio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Granda Grekio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Magna Graecia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%A7_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="مگنا گراسیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مگنا گراسیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande-Gr%C3%A8ce" title="Grande-Grèce – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grande-Grèce" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Grecia" title="Magna Grecia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Magna Grecia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EA%B7%B8%EB%82%98_%EA%B7%B8%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%ED%82%A4%EC%95%84" title="마그나 그라이키아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마그나 그라이키아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Magna Graecia" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%AE_%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Մեծ Հունաստան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մեծ Հունաստան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Magna Graecia" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Grekia" title="Magna Grekia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Magna Grekia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunani_Besar" title="Yunani Besar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yunani Besar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Magna Graecia" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Grecia" title="Magna Grecia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Magna Grecia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94" title="יוון הגדולה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יוון הגדולה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Magna Graecia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="დიდი საბერძნეთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დიდი საბერძნეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Magna Graecia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liel%C4%81_Grie%C4%B7ija" title="Lielā Grieķija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lielā Grieķija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Did%C5%BEioji_Graikija" title="Didžioji Graikija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Didžioji Graikija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Magna Graecia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Голема Грција – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Голема Грција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Magna Graecia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Magna Graecia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Magna Graecia" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Magna Graecia" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B0%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A8%E3%82%AD%E3%82%A2" title="マグナ・グラエキア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マグナ・グラエキア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Grecia" title="Magna Grecia – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Magna Grecia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Magna Graecia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granda_Gr%C3%A8cia" title="Granda Grècia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Granda Grècia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wielka_Grecja" title="Wielka Grecja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wielka Grecja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Gr%C3%A9cia" title="Magna Grécia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Magna Grécia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Magna Graecia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Великая Греция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Великая Греция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Magna Graecia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Grecia" title="Magna Grecia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Magna Grecia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Magna Graecia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Magna Graecia" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Велика Грчка – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Велика Грчка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Magna Graecia" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Magna Graecia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Magna Graecia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Magna Graecia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Grecie" title="Magna Grecie – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Magna Grecie" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2" title="มังนาไกรกิอา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มังนาไกรกิอา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Magna Graecia" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Велика Греція – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Велика Греція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%A7_%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="ماگنا گریسا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ماگنا گریسا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Magna Graecia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Magna Graecia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="大希腊 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="大希腊" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" title="大希臘 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="大希臘" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="大希腊 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="大希腊" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q184313#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Magna Grecia" redirects here. For the racehorse, see <a href="/wiki/Magna_Grecia_(horse)" title="Magna Grecia (horse)">Magna Grecia (horse)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historical region in Southern Italy, Italy</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Magna Graecia</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Μεγάλη Ἑλλάς</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Historical_region" title="Historical region">Historical region</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:287px;max-width:287px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:138px;max-width:138px"><div style="height:90px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paestum_Temples_(Italy,_October_2020)_-_16_(50562474147).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Paestum_Temples_%28Italy%2C_October_2020%29_-_16_%2850562474147%29.jpg/136px-Paestum_Temples_%28Italy%2C_October_2020%29_-_16_%2850562474147%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Paestum_Temples_%28Italy%2C_October_2020%29_-_16_%2850562474147%29.jpg/204px-Paestum_Temples_%28Italy%2C_October_2020%29_-_16_%2850562474147%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Paestum_Temples_%28Italy%2C_October_2020%29_-_16_%2850562474147%29.jpg/272px-Paestum_Temples_%28Italy%2C_October_2020%29_-_16_%2850562474147%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5426" data-file-height="3607" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div style="height:90px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Segesta_AncientGreekTemple_0932.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Segesta_AncientGreekTemple_0932.jpg/143px-Segesta_AncientGreekTemple_0932.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Segesta_AncientGreekTemple_0932.jpg/215px-Segesta_AncientGreekTemple_0932.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Segesta_AncientGreekTemple_0932.jpg/286px-Segesta_AncientGreekTemple_0932.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5173" data-file-height="3281" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div style="height:105px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eos_chariot_430-420_BC_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Eos_chariot_430-420_BC_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen.jpg/145px-Eos_chariot_430-420_BC_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Eos_chariot_430-420_BC_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen.jpg/218px-Eos_chariot_430-420_BC_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Eos_chariot_430-420_BC_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen.jpg/290px-Eos_chariot_430-420_BC_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2637" data-file-height="1921" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div style="height:105px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Youth_donkey_Louvre_Cp5103.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Youth_donkey_Louvre_Cp5103.jpg/134px-Youth_donkey_Louvre_Cp5103.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Youth_donkey_Louvre_Cp5103.jpg/201px-Youth_donkey_Louvre_Cp5103.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Youth_donkey_Louvre_Cp5103.jpg/268px-Youth_donkey_Louvre_Cp5103.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1980" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div><b>Clockwise from top left</b>: <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_of_Hera_(Paestum)" title="Second Temple of Hera (Paestum)">Second Temple of Hera</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Poseidonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>; Doric-styled temple, <a href="/wiki/Segesta" title="Segesta">Segesta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>; <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taras</a>' sculpture of a young man wearing <i>cucullus</i> and leading his donkey, <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>; depiction of <a href="/wiki/Eos" title="Eos">Eos</a> riding a two-horsed chariot, on a <a href="/wiki/Krater" title="Krater">krater</a> from Southern Italy, <a href="/wiki/Staatliche_Antikensammlungen" title="Staatliche Antikensammlungen">Staatliche Antikensammlungen</a>.</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Etymology: from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> ("Great[er] Greece")</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Magna_Graecia_ancient_colonies_and_dialects-eu.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancient Greek colonies and their dialect groupings in Magna Graecia."><img alt="Ancient Greek colonies and their dialect groupings in Magna Graecia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Magna_Graecia_ancient_colonies_and_dialects-eu.svg/250px-Magna_Graecia_ancient_colonies_and_dialects-eu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Magna_Graecia_ancient_colonies_and_dialects-eu.svg/375px-Magna_Graecia_ancient_colonies_and_dialects-eu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Magna_Graecia_ancient_colonies_and_dialects-eu.svg/500px-Magna_Graecia_ancient_colonies_and_dialects-eu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="414" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Ancient Greek colonies and their dialect groupings in Magna Graecia.</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Present country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Present territory</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">8th century BC</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sybaris_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sybaris-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/City-states" class="mw-redirect" title="City-states">city-states</a> administered by the <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Italiote" class="mw-redirect" title="Italiote">Italiote</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siceliote" class="mw-redirect" title="Siceliote">Siceliote</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Magna Graecia</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a term that was used for the Greek-speaking areas of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a>, in the present-day <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Italian regions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basilicata" title="Basilicata">Basilicata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>; these regions were <a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">extensively populated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> settlers starting from the 8th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Tozer2014_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tozer2014-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The settlements in this region, founded initially by their <i>metropoleis</i> (mother cities), eventually evolved into strong Greek <a href="/wiki/City-states" class="mw-redirect" title="City-states">city-states</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Poleis" class="mw-redirect" title="Poleis">poleis</a></i>), functioning independently. The settlers brought with them their <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenic civilization">Hellenic civilization</a>, and developed their own civilisation,<sup id="cite_ref-dizionario_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dizionario-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to the distance from the motherland and the influence of the indigenous peoples of southern Italy<sup id="cite_ref-dizionario_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dizionario-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which left a lasting imprint on Italy (such as in the culture of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>). They also influenced the native peoples, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sicels" title="Sicels">Sicels</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Oenotrians" title="Oenotrians">Oenotrians</a>, who became <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">hellenised</a> after they adopted the Greek culture as their own. In some fields such as architecture and urban planning, they sometimes surpassed the mother country.<sup id="cite_ref-magnagrecia_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magnagrecia-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ancient inhabitants of Magna Graecia are called <a href="/wiki/Italiotes" title="Italiotes">Italiotes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siceliotes" title="Siceliotes">Siceliotes</a>. </p><p>Remains of some of these Greek cities can be seen today, such as Neapolis ("New City", now <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>), Syrakousai (<a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Syracuse, Italy">Syracuse</a>), Akragas (<a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Agrigento</a>), Taras (<a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taranto</a>), Rhegion (<a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Reggio Calabria</a>), and Kroton (<a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Crotone</a>). The most populous city of Magna Graecia was <a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Sibari" title="Sibari">Sibari</a>) with an estimated population, from 600 BC to 510 BC, between 300,000 and 500,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Sybaris_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sybaris-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government of city-states was usually an <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a><sup id="cite_ref-ragazzi_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ragazzi-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the cities were often at war with each other.<sup id="cite_ref-Lazzarini_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lazzarini-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a> put an end to the independence of the cities of Magna Graecia, which were annexed to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> in 205<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC.<sup id="cite_ref-archeologiaviva_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archeologiaviva-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the motherland Greece, art, literature and philosophy decisively influenced the life of the colonies. In Magna Graecia much impetus was given to culture, especially in some cities such as Taras (now <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taranto</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-ragazzi_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ragazzi-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Noteworthy was the <a href="/wiki/South_Italian_ancient_Greek_pottery" title="South Italian ancient Greek pottery">South Italian ancient Greek pottery</a>, fabricated in Magna Graecia largely during the 4th century BC. The settlers of Magna Graecia had great successes in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Ancient Olympic Games</a> in their homeland. <a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Crotone</a>'s athletes won 18 titles in 25 Olympics.<sup id="cite_ref-olimpiadi_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olimpiadi-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although many of the Greek inhabitants of Magna Graecia were entirely <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_Latinisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic Latinisation">Latinized</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-unina_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unina-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pockets of Greek culture and language remained and have survived to the present day. One example is the <a href="/wiki/Griko_people" title="Griko people">Griko people</a> in <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bovesia" title="Bovesia">Bovesia</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Salento" title="Salento">Salento</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grec%C3%ACa_Salentina" title="Grecìa Salentina">Grecìa Salentina</a>), some of whom still maintain their Greek language (<a href="/wiki/Griko_language" title="Griko language">Griko language</a>) and customs.<sup id="cite_ref-affariregionali_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-affariregionali-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Griko language is the last living trace of the Greek elements that once formed Magna Graecia.<sup id="cite_ref-itinerarieluoghi_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itinerarieluoghi-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magna_Graecia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Napoli_-_Panoramica_su_Piazza_Bellini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Napoli_-_Panoramica_su_Piazza_Bellini.jpg/220px-Napoli_-_Panoramica_su_Piazza_Bellini.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Napoli_-_Panoramica_su_Piazza_Bellini.jpg/330px-Napoli_-_Panoramica_su_Piazza_Bellini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Napoli_-_Panoramica_su_Piazza_Bellini.jpg/440px-Napoli_-_Panoramica_su_Piazza_Bellini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Remains of the ancient Greek city of Neàpolis (now <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>) in Piazza Bellini, Naples</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iron_Age_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Iron_Age_Italy.svg/220px-Iron_Age_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Iron_Age_Italy.svg/330px-Iron_Age_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Iron_Age_Italy.svg/440px-Iron_Age_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>Ethnolinguistic map of Italy in the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, before the <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman conquest of Italy">Roman expansion and conquest of Italy</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The original Greek expression <i>Megálē Hellás</i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Great[er] Greece</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), later translated into Latin as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Magna Graecia</i></span>, is attested for the first time in a passage from the 2nd century BC by the Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (written around 150 BC), where he ascribed the term to <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">philosophical school</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ancient authors use "Magna Graecia" to mean different parts of southern Italy,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including or excluding Sicily, <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a> being the most prominent advocates of the wider definitions.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> used the term to refer to the territory that had been conquered by the Greeks.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CerchiaiJannelli2004_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CerchiaiJannelli2004-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are various hypotheses on the origin of the name <i>Megálē Hellás</i>. The term could be explained by the prosperity and cultural and economic splendour of the region (6th–5th century BC); notably by the Achaeans of the city of <a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Kroton</a>, to refer to the network of colonies they founded or controlled between the end of the 6th and mid-5th centuries at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-enciclopedia_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enciclopedia-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Context">Context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magna_Graecia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greek colonisation</a></div> <p>There were several reasons for the Greeks to establish overseas colonies; demographic crises (famine, overcrowding, etc.), <i><a href="/wiki/Stasis_(political_history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stasis (political history)">stasis</a></i>, a developing need for new commercial outlets and ports, and expulsion from their homeland after wars. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic period</a>, the Greek <a href="/wiki/Classical_demography#Ancient_Greece_and_Greek_colonies" title="Classical demography">population</a> grew beyond the capacity of the limited <a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable land</a> of Greece proper, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">large-scale establishment of colonies</a> elsewhere: according to one estimate, the population of the widening area of Greek settlement increased roughly tenfold from 800 BC to 400 BC, from 800,000 to as many as <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">7<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>-10 million.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was not simply for trade, but also to found settlements. These <a href="/wiki/Greek_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek colonies">Greek colonies</a> were not, as Roman colonies were, dependent on their mother-city, but were independent city-states in their own right.<sup id="cite_ref-BoardmanHammond-xiii_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BoardmanHammond-xiii-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Colonization_Archaic_Period.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Greek_Colonization_Archaic_Period.svg/390px-Greek_Colonization_Archaic_Period.svg.png" decoding="async" width="390" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Greek_Colonization_Archaic_Period.svg/585px-Greek_Colonization_Archaic_Period.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Greek_Colonization_Archaic_Period.svg/780px-Greek_Colonization_Archaic_Period.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="855" data-file-height="485" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Ancient Greek colonies</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Another reason was the strong economic growth with the consequent overpopulation of the motherland.<sup id="cite_ref-ragazzi_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ragazzi-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The terrain that some of these Greek city-states were in could not support a large city. Politics was also the reason as refugees from Greek city-states tended to settle away from these cities in the colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greeks settled outside of Greece in two distinct ways. The first was in permanent settlements founded by the Greeks, which formed as independent poleis. The second form was in what historians refer to as <i><a href="/wiki/Emporium_(antiquity)" title="Emporium (antiquity)">emporia</a></i>; trading posts which were occupied by both Greeks and non-Greeks and which were primarily concerned with the manufacture and sale of goods. Examples of this latter type of settlement are found at <a href="/wiki/Al_Mina" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Mina">Al Mina</a> in the east and <a href="/wiki/Pithekoussai" class="mw-redirect" title="Pithekoussai">Pithekoussai</a> in the west.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From about 750 BC the Greeks began 250 years of expansion, settling colonies in all directions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magna_Graecia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reggio_calabria_mura_greche_lungomare.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Reggio_calabria_mura_greche_lungomare.jpg/220px-Reggio_calabria_mura_greche_lungomare.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Reggio_calabria_mura_greche_lungomare.jpg/330px-Reggio_calabria_mura_greche_lungomare.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Reggio_calabria_mura_greche_lungomare.jpg/440px-Reggio_calabria_mura_greche_lungomare.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>Remains of the ancient Greek city of Rhegium (now <a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Reggio Calabria</a>) along the seafront of Reggio Calabria</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronzi_di_riace,_V_secolo_ac._01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Bronzi_di_riace%2C_V_secolo_ac._01.jpg/220px-Bronzi_di_riace%2C_V_secolo_ac._01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Bronzi_di_riace%2C_V_secolo_ac._01.jpg/330px-Bronzi_di_riace%2C_V_secolo_ac._01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Bronzi_di_riace%2C_V_secolo_ac._01.jpg/440px-Bronzi_di_riace%2C_V_secolo_ac._01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="2814" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Riace_Bronzes" class="mw-redirect" title="Riace Bronzes">Riace Bronzes</a></i> exhibited in the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Magna_Graecia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Magna Graecia">National Museum of Magna Graecia</a> in Reggio Calabria</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reggio_calabria_museo_nazionale_dioscuri_da_locri_statua_destra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Reggio_calabria_museo_nazionale_dioscuri_da_locri_statua_destra.jpg/220px-Reggio_calabria_museo_nazionale_dioscuri_da_locri_statua_destra.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Reggio_calabria_museo_nazionale_dioscuri_da_locri_statua_destra.jpg/330px-Reggio_calabria_museo_nazionale_dioscuri_da_locri_statua_destra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Reggio_calabria_museo_nazionale_dioscuri_da_locri_statua_destra.jpg/440px-Reggio_calabria_museo_nazionale_dioscuri_da_locri_statua_destra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Right statue from the <a href="/wiki/Dioscuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioscuri">Dioscuri</a> group from <a href="/wiki/Locri" title="Locri">Locri</a> exhibited in the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Magna_Graecia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Magna Graecia">National Museum of Magna Graecia</a> in Reggio Calabria</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek_colonisation">Greek colonisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magna_Graecia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Greek colonisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Geographica" title="Geographica">Geographica</a></i>, the colonisation of Magna Graecia had already begun by the time of the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a> and lasted for several centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Strabo_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strabo-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greeks began to settle in southern Italy in the 8th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-CerchiaiJannelli2004_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CerchiaiJannelli2004-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their first great migratory wave was by the <a href="/wiki/Euboea" title="Euboea">Euboeans</a> aimed at the Gulf of Naples (<a href="/wiki/Pithecusae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pithecusae">Pithecusae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a>) and the Strait of Messina (<a href="/wiki/Zancle" class="mw-redirect" title="Zancle">Zancle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhegium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhegium">Rhegium</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pithecusae on the island of <a href="/wiki/Ischia" title="Ischia">Ischia</a> is considered the oldest Greek settlement in Italy, and Cumae their first colony on the mainland of Italy. </p><p>The second wave was of the <a href="/wiki/Achaea" title="Achaea">Achaeans</a> who concentrated initially on the Ionian coast (<a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Metapontion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poseidonia" title="Poseidonia">Poseidonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Kroton</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shortly before 720<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC.<sup id="cite_ref-magna_grecia_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magna_grecia-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At an unknown date between the 8th and 6th centuries BC the Athenians, of Ionian lineage, founded <a href="/wiki/Scylletium" title="Scylletium">Scylletium</a> (near today's <a href="/wiki/Catanzaro" title="Catanzaro">Catanzaro</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With colonisation, <a href="/wiki/Greek_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek culture">Greek culture</a> was exported to Italy with its dialects of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek language</a>, its religious rites, and its traditions of the independent <i><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">polis</a></i>. An original <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenic civilization">Hellenic civilization</a> soon developed, and later interacted with the native <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a> civilisations. The most important cultural transplant was the <a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalcidean</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cumaean_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumaean alphabet">Cumaean</a> variety of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a>, which was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Etruscans" class="mw-redirect" title="Etruscans">Etruscans</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Italic alphabet">Old Italic alphabet</a> subsequently evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>, which became the most widely used alphabet in the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Secondary_colonisation">Secondary colonisation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magna_Graecia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Secondary colonisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over time, due to overpopulation and other political and commercial reasons, the new cities expanded their presence in Italy by founding other Greek cities; effectively expanding the Greek civilisation to the whole territory known today as Magna Graecia.<sup id="cite_ref-magna_grecia_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magna_grecia-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Remains of some of these Greek colonies can be seen today such as those of Neapolis ('new city', now <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>), Syracusae (<a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Syracuse, Italy">Syracuse</a>), Akragas (<a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Agrigento</a>), Taras (<a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taranto</a>) and Rhegion (<a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Reggio Calabria</a>). </p><p>An intense colonisation program was undertaken by <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the time of the tyranny of <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_I_of_Syracuse" title="Dionysius I of Syracuse">Dionysius I of Syracuse</a>, around 387–385 BC. This phenomenon affected the entire <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic</a> coast, and in particular led to the foundation in Italy of Ancon (now <a href="/wiki/Ancona" title="Ancona">Ancona</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Adria" title="Adria">Adria</a>; in the <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatian</a> coast he saw the foundation of Issa (current <a href="/wiki/Vis_(town)" title="Vis (town)">Vis</a>), Pharus (<a href="/wiki/Stari_Grad,_Croatia" title="Stari Grad, Croatia">Stari Grad</a>), Dimus (<a href="/wiki/Hvar_(town)" title="Hvar (town)">Hvar</a>); Lissus (now <a href="/wiki/Lezh%C3%AB" title="Lezhë">Lezhë</a>) was founded on the <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albanian</a> coast. Issa in turn then founded Tragurium (now <a href="/wiki/Trogir" title="Trogir">Trogir</a>), Corcyra Melaina (now <a href="/wiki/Kor%C4%8Dula" title="Korčula">Korčula</a>) and Epetium (now <a href="/wiki/Stobre%C4%8D" title="Stobreč">Stobreč</a>, a suburb of <a href="/wiki/Split,_Croatia" title="Split, Croatia">Split</a>). </p><p>Rhegium (now <a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Reggio Calabria</a>) founded Pyxus (<a href="/wiki/Policastro_Bussentino" title="Policastro Bussentino">Policastro Bussentino</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Lucania" title="Lucania">Lucania</a>; <a href="/wiki/Locri" title="Locri">Locri</a> founded Medma (<a href="/wiki/Rosarno" title="Rosarno">Rosarno</a>), <a href="/wiki/Polistena" title="Polistena">Polyxena</a> and Hipponium (<a href="/wiki/Vibo_Valentia" title="Vibo Valentia">Vibo Valentia</a>) in present-day Calabria; Sybaris (now <a href="/wiki/Sibari" title="Sibari">Sibari</a>) revitalised the indigenous centres of <a href="/wiki/La%C3%BCs" title="Laüs">Laüs</a> and Scydrus in Calabria and founded Poseidonia (<a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Paestum</a>), in Campania; Kroton (now <a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Crotone</a>) founded <a href="/wiki/Terina_(ancient_city)" title="Terina (ancient city)">Terina</a> and participated in the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Caulonia_(ancient_city)" title="Caulonia (ancient city)">Caulonia</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Monasterace" title="Monasterace">Monasterace</a> marina) in Calabria; Messana (now <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a>), in collaboration with Rhegium, founded Metaurus (<a href="/wiki/Gioia_Tauro" title="Gioia Tauro">Gioia Tauro</a>); Taras together with <a href="/wiki/Thurii" title="Thurii">Thurii</a> founded Heracleia (<a href="/wiki/Policoro" title="Policoro">Policoro</a>) in Lucania in 434 BC, and also <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli,_Apulia" title="Gallipoli, Apulia">Callipolis</a> ('beautiful city').<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion_and_conflict">Expansion and conflict</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magna_Graecia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Expansion and conflict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Greek_Sicily" title="History of Greek Sicily">History of Greek Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a></div> <p>At the beginning of the 6th century BC, all the main cities of Magna Graecia on the Ionian Sea had achieved a high economic and cultural development, which shifted their interests towards expansion of their territory by waging war on neighbouring cities. The 6th century was therefore characterised by great clashes between the colonies. Some of the clashes that established the new balance and the new relationships of force were the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sagra" title="Battle of the Sagra">Battle of the Sagra</a> river (the clash between Locri Epizefiri and Kroton), the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Siris,_Magna_Graecia" title="Siris, Magna Graecia">Siris</a> (by Sybaris and Metapontum), and the clash between Kroton and Sybaris (which ended with the destruction of the latter).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As with all the events of this period precise dates are unknown, but the destruction of Sybaris may have occurred around 510 BC, while the two other clashes are placed around 580-560 BC, with the destruction of Siris before the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sagra" title="Battle of the Sagra">Battle of the Sagra</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_Era">Roman Era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magna_Graecia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Roman Era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman expansion in Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sicilia_(Roman_province)" title="Sicilia (Roman province)">Sicilia (Roman province)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_conquest_of_Italy.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Roman_conquest_of_Italy.PNG/220px-Roman_conquest_of_Italy.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Roman_conquest_of_Italy.PNG/330px-Roman_conquest_of_Italy.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Roman_conquest_of_Italy.PNG/440px-Roman_conquest_of_Italy.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman expansion in Italy</a> from 500 BC to 218 BC</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_Punic_war_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Second_Punic_war_%28cropped%29.png/220px-Second_Punic_war_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Second_Punic_war_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="323" data-file-height="303" /></a><figcaption>The maximum extent of Carthaginian control c. 213 BC (blue)</figcaption></figure> <p>The first Greek city to be absorbed into the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> was Neàpolis in 327<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the beginning of the 3rd century, Rome was a great power but had not yet entered into conflict with most of Magna Graecia, which had been allies of the Samnites. However, the needs of the Roman populace determined their need for territorial expansion towards the south.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the Greek cities of southern Italy came under threat from the <a href="/wiki/Bruttii" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruttii">Bruttii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucanians" title="Lucanians">Lucanians</a> from the end of the 4th century BC, they asked for help from Rome, which exploited this opportunity by sending military garrisons in the 280s BC.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following Rome's victory over <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taras</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhic_War" title="Pyrrhic War">Pyrrhic War</a> in 272<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC, most of the cities of southern Italy were linked to Rome with pacts and treaties (<i>foedera</i>) which sanctioned a sort of indirect control.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sicilia_(Roman_province)" title="Sicilia (Roman province)">Sicily</a> was conquered by Rome during the <a href="/wiki/First_Punic_War" title="First Punic War">First Punic War</a>. Only Syracuse remained independent until 212 because its king <a href="/wiki/Hiero_II_of_Syracuse" title="Hiero II of Syracuse">Hiero II</a> was a devoted ally of the Romans. His grandson <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_of_Syracuse" title="Hieronymus of Syracuse">Hieronymus</a> however allied with <a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a>, which prompted the Romans to <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Syracuse_(213%E2%80%93212_BC)" title="Siege of Syracuse (213–212 BC)">besiege the city</a>, which fell in 212<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC. </p><p>After the second Punic War, Rome pursued an unprecedented program of reorganisation in the rest of Magna Graecia, where many of the cities were annexed to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> in 205<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC, as a consequence of their defection to Hannibal.<sup id="cite_ref-archeologiaviva_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archeologiaviva-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roman colonies (<i>civium romanorum</i>) were the main element of the new territorial control plan starting from the <i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Atinia" title="Lex Atinia">lex Atinia</a></i> of 197<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC. In 194<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC, garrisons of 300 Roman veterans were implanted in <a href="/wiki/Volturnum" class="mw-redirect" title="Volturnum">Volturnum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liternum" title="Liternum">Liternum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puteoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Puteoli">Puteoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salernum" class="mw-redirect" title="Salernum">Salernum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buxentum" class="mw-redirect" title="Buxentum">Buxentum</a>, and to <a href="/wiki/Sipontum" class="mw-redirect" title="Sipontum">Sipontum</a> on the Adriatic. This model was replicated in the territory of the Brettii; 194<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC saw the foundation of the Roman colonies of <a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Kroton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tempsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tempsa">Tempsa</a>, followed by the Latin colonies of <a href="/wiki/Copia_(ancient_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Copia (ancient city)">Copia</a> (193<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC) and Valentia (192<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The social, linguistic and administrative changes arising from the Roman conquest only took root in this region by the 1st century AD, while Greek culture remained strong and was actively cultivated as shown by epigraphic evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magna_Graecia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colonne_Doriche.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Colonne_Doriche.JPG/220px-Colonne_Doriche.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Colonne_Doriche.JPG/330px-Colonne_Doriche.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Colonne_Doriche.JPG/440px-Colonne_Doriche.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3672" data-file-height="4896" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Doric_columns" class="mw-redirect" title="Doric columns">Doric columns</a> from the Temple of Poseidon in Taras (now <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taranto</a>); legacy of its Greek origins</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>, following the disastrous <a href="/wiki/Gothic_War_(535%E2%80%93552)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic War (535–552)">Gothic War</a>, new waves of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine Christian Greeks</a> fleeing the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_migrations_to_Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe">Slavic invasion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a> settled in Calabria, further strengthened the Hellenic element in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The iconoclast emperor <a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III</a> appropriated lands that had been granted to the Papacy in southern Italy and the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire continued to govern the area in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Catapanate_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Catapanate of Italy">Catapanate of Italy</a> (965 -1071) through the Middle Ages, well after northern Italy fell to the Lombards.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time of the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Normans" title="Italo-Normans">Normans</a>' late medieval conquest of southern Italy and Sicily (in the late 12th century), the <a href="/wiki/Salento" title="Salento">Salento</a> peninsula (the "heel" of Italy), up to one-third of Sicily (concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/Val_Demone" title="Val Demone">Val Demone</a>), and much of Calabria and Lucania were still largely Greek-speaking. Some regions of southern Italy experienced demographic shifts as Greeks began to migrate northwards in significant numbers from regions further south; one such region was <a href="/wiki/Cilento" title="Cilento">Cilento</a>, which came to have a Greek-speaking majority.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this time the language had evolved into medieval Greek, also known as <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Greek">Byzantine Greek</a>, and its speakers were known as <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine Greeks</a>. The resultant fusion of local Byzantine Greek culture with Norman and Arab culture (from the Arab occupation of Sicily) gave rise to <a href="/wiki/Norman-Arab-Byzantine_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture">Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture</a> in Sicily. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 204px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 202px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paestum_BW_2013-05-17_15-01-57.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Greek temples of Paestum, Campania"><img alt="Greek temples of Paestum, Campania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Paestum_BW_2013-05-17_15-01-57.jpg/303px-Paestum_BW_2013-05-17_15-01-57.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Paestum_BW_2013-05-17_15-01-57.jpg/454px-Paestum_BW_2013-05-17_15-01-57.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Paestum_BW_2013-05-17_15-01-57.jpg/605px-Paestum_BW_2013-05-17_15-01-57.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3388" data-file-height="2016" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_of_Hera_(Paestum)" title="Second Temple of Hera (Paestum)">Greek temples</a> of <a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Paestum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 250px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 248px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reggio_calabria_museo_nazionale_mosaico_da_kaulon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mosaic from Caulonia, Calabria, National Museum of Magna Graecia"><img alt="Mosaic from Caulonia, Calabria, National Museum of Magna Graecia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Reggio_calabria_museo_nazionale_mosaico_da_kaulon.jpg/372px-Reggio_calabria_museo_nazionale_mosaico_da_kaulon.jpg" decoding="async" width="248" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Reggio_calabria_museo_nazionale_mosaico_da_kaulon.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="242" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mosaic from <a href="/wiki/Caulonia_(ancient_city)" title="Caulonia (ancient city)">Caulonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Magna_Graecia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Magna Graecia">National Museum of Magna Graecia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tavole-palatine_-_Hera_temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Temple of Hera in Metaponto, Basilicata"><img alt="Temple of Hera in Metaponto, Basilicata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Tavole-palatine_-_Hera_temple.jpg/240px-Tavole-palatine_-_Hera_temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Tavole-palatine_-_Hera_temple.jpg/360px-Tavole-palatine_-_Hera_temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Tavole-palatine_-_Hera_temple.jpg/480px-Tavole-palatine_-_Hera_temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1664" data-file-height="1248" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temple of</a> <a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a> in <a href="/wiki/Metaponto" title="Metaponto">Metaponto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basilicata" title="Basilicata">Basilicata</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 172px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Agrigent_BW_2012-10-07_12-24-45.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Temple "D", Valle dei Templi, Agrigento, Sicily"><img alt="The Temple "D", Valle dei Templi, Agrigento, Sicily" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Agrigent_BW_2012-10-07_12-24-45.JPG/255px-Agrigent_BW_2012-10-07_12-24-45.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Agrigent_BW_2012-10-07_12-24-45.JPG/382px-Agrigent_BW_2012-10-07_12-24-45.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Agrigent_BW_2012-10-07_12-24-45.JPG/509px-Agrigent_BW_2012-10-07_12-24-45.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3594" data-file-height="2542" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hera,_Agrigento" title="Temple of Hera, Agrigento">Temple "D"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valle_dei_Templi" title="Valle dei Templi">Valle dei Templi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Agrigento</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Milo_of_Croton_Dumont_Louvre_MR1839.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Milo of Croton"><img alt="Milo of Croton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Milo_of_Croton_Dumont_Louvre_MR1839.jpg/120px-Milo_of_Croton_Dumont_Louvre_MR1839.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Milo_of_Croton_Dumont_Louvre_MR1839.jpg/180px-Milo_of_Croton_Dumont_Louvre_MR1839.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Milo_of_Croton_Dumont_Louvre_MR1839.jpg/240px-Milo_of_Croton_Dumont_Louvre_MR1839.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2760" data-file-height="4140" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Milo_of_Croton" title="Milo of Croton">Milo of Croton</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Archytas_of_Taras.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Archytas of Taras"><img alt="Archytas of Taras" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Archytas_of_Taras.jpg/135px-Archytas_of_Taras.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Archytas_of_Taras.jpg/203px-Archytas_of_Taras.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Archytas_of_Taras.jpg/271px-Archytas_of_Taras.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5216" data-file-height="6925" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Archytas" title="Archytas">Archytas of Taras</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 252px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tarentum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="5th century BC Greek coins of Taras (now Taranto) with the eponym Taras hero riding a dolphin"><img alt="5th century BC Greek coins of Taras (now Taranto) with the eponym Taras hero riding a dolphin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Tarentum.jpg/375px-Tarentum.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Tarentum.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="240" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">5th century BC Greek coins of Taras (now <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taranto</a>) with the eponym <a href="/wiki/Taras_(mythology)" title="Taras (mythology)">Taras</a> hero riding a dolphin</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2547_-_Milano_-_Museo_archeologico_-_Piatto_apulo_-_Foto_di_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_1_feb_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The goddess Nike riding on a two-horse chariot, Apulian patera (tray), 4th century BC, Archaeological Museum of Milan"><img alt="The goddess Nike riding on a two-horse chariot, Apulian patera (tray), 4th century BC, Archaeological Museum of Milan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/2547_-_Milano_-_Museo_archeologico_-_Piatto_apulo_-_Foto_di_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_1_feb_2014.jpg/270px-2547_-_Milano_-_Museo_archeologico_-_Piatto_apulo_-_Foto_di_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_1_feb_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/2547_-_Milano_-_Museo_archeologico_-_Piatto_apulo_-_Foto_di_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_1_feb_2014.jpg/405px-2547_-_Milano_-_Museo_archeologico_-_Piatto_apulo_-_Foto_di_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_1_feb_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/2547_-_Milano_-_Museo_archeologico_-_Piatto_apulo_-_Foto_di_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_1_feb_2014.jpg/539px-2547_-_Milano_-_Museo_archeologico_-_Piatto_apulo_-_Foto_di_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_1_feb_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1880" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Nike_(mythology)" title="Nike (mythology)">goddess Nike</a> riding on a two-horse <a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">chariot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulian</a> <a href="/wiki/Patera" title="Patera">patera</a> (tray), 4th century BC, <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum,_Milan" title="Archaeological Museum, Milan">Archaeological Museum of Milan</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 95.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 93.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Head-Kantharos_of_a_Female_Faun_or_Io_(%3F)_LACMA_50.8.25.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Head-Kantharos of a Female Faun or Io, red-figure pottery, 75-350 BC, Los Angeles County Museum of Art"><img alt="Head-Kantharos of a Female Faun or Io, red-figure pottery, 75-350 BC, Los Angeles County Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Head-Kantharos_of_a_Female_Faun_or_Io_%28%3F%29_LACMA_50.8.25.jpg/140px-Head-Kantharos_of_a_Female_Faun_or_Io_%28%3F%29_LACMA_50.8.25.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Head-Kantharos_of_a_Female_Faun_or_Io_%28%3F%29_LACMA_50.8.25.jpg/210px-Head-Kantharos_of_a_Female_Faun_or_Io_%28%3F%29_LACMA_50.8.25.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Head-Kantharos_of_a_Female_Faun_or_Io_%28%3F%29_LACMA_50.8.25.jpg/280px-Head-Kantharos_of_a_Female_Faun_or_Io_%28%3F%29_LACMA_50.8.25.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1634" data-file-height="2100" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Head-<a href="/wiki/Kantharos" title="Kantharos">Kantharos</a> of a Female Faun or <a href="/wiki/Io_(mythology)" title="Io (mythology)">Io</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red-figure_pottery" title="Red-figure pottery">red-figure pottery</a>, 75-350 BC, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art" title="Los Angeles County Museum of Art">Los Angeles County Museum of Art</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_Greek_poleis">List of Greek <i>poleis</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magna_Graecia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: List of Greek poleis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mainland_Italy">Mainland Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magna_Graecia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mainland Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is a list of the 22 <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis"><i>poleis</i></a> ("<a href="/wiki/City-states" class="mw-redirect" title="City-states">city-states</a>") in Italy, according to <a href="/wiki/Mogens_Herman_Hansen" title="Mogens Herman Hansen">Mogens Herman Hansen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It does not list all the Hellenic settlements, only those organised around a <i>polis</i> structure. </p> <table class="wikitable width="> <tbody><tr> <td bgcolor="#FFEBAD"><b>Ancient name(s)</b> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFEBAD"><b>Location</b> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFEBAD"><b>Modern name(s)</b> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFEBAD"><b>Foundation date</b> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFEBAD"><b>Mother city</b> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFEBAD"><b>Founder(s)</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Lucania" title="Heraclea Lucania">Herakleia</a> (Lucania) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Basilicata" title="Basilicata">Basilicata</a> </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown"><i>(abandoned)</i> </td> <td>433–432 BC </td> <td>Taras (and Thourioi) </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vibo_Valentia" title="Vibo Valentia">Hipponion</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a> </td> <td>Vibo Valentia </td> <td>late 7th century BC </td> <td>Lokroi Epizephiroi </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Hyele</a>, or Elea, Velia (Roman name) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a> </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown"><i>(abandoned)</i> </td> <td>c.540–535 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phocaea" title="Phocaea">Phokaia</a>, Massalia </td> <td>Refugees from <a href="/wiki/Al%C3%A9ria" title="Aléria">Alalie</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Caulonia_(ancient_city)" title="Caulonia (ancient city)">Kaulonia</a> </td> <td>Calabria </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown"><i>(abandoned)</i> </td> <td>7th century BC </td> <td>Kroton </td> <td>Typhon of <a href="/wiki/Aigio" title="Aigio">Aigion</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Kroton</a> </td> <td>Calabria </td> <td>Crotone </td> <td>709–708 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhypes" title="Rhypes">Rhypes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achaea_(ancient_region)" title="Achaea (ancient region)">Achaia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Myscellus" title="Myscellus">Myscellus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Kyme</a>, Cumae (Roman name) </td> <td>Campania </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown"><i>(abandoned)</i> </td> <td>c.750–725 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalkis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eretria" title="Eretria">Eretria</a> </td> <td>Hippokles of <a href="/wiki/Kymi,_Greece" title="Kymi, Greece">Euboian Kyme</a> and Megasthenes of Chalkis </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/La%C3%BCs" title="Laüs">Laos</a> </td> <td>Calabria </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown"><i>(abandoned)</i> </td> <td>before 510 BC </td> <td>Sybaris </td> <td>Refugees from Sybaris </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Locri" title="Locri">Lokroi (Epizephiroi)</a> </td> <td>Calabria </td> <td>Locri </td> <td>early 7th century BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Locris" title="Locris">Lokris</a> </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Medma" title="Medma">Medma</a> </td> <td>Calabria </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown"><i>(abandoned)</i> </td> <td>7th century BC </td> <td>Lokroi Epizephiroi </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Metapontion</a> </td> <td>Basilicata </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metaponto" title="Metaponto">Metaponto</a> </td> <td>c. 630 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Achaea_(ancient_region)" title="Achaea (ancient region)">Achaia</a> </td> <td>Leukippos of <a href="/wiki/Achaea" title="Achaea">Achaia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gioia_Tauro" title="Gioia Tauro">Metauros</a> </td> <td>Calabria </td> <td>Gioia Tauro </td> <td>7th century BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Zankle</a> (or possibly Lokroi Epizephiroi) </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Neàpolis</a> </td> <td>Campania </td> <td>Naples </td> <td>6th–5th centuries BC (previously an 8th century BC harbour of Kyme known as Parthenope) </td> <td>Kyme </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ischia" title="Ischia">Pithekoussai</a> </td> <td>Campania </td> <td>Ischia </td> <td>8th century BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalkis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eretria" title="Eretria">Eretria</a> </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Poseidonia</a>, Paestum (Roman name) </td> <td>Campania </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown"><i>(abandoned)</i> </td> <td>c. 600 BC </td> <td>Sybaris (and perhaps <a href="/wiki/Troezen" title="Troezen">Troizen</a>) </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Policastro_Bussentino" title="Policastro Bussentino">Pyxous</a> </td> <td>Campania </td> <td>Policastro Bussentino </td> <td>471–470 BC </td> <td>Rhegion and Messena </td> <td>Mikythos, tyrant of Rhegion and Messena </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Rhegion</a> </td> <td>Calabria </td> <td>Reggio Calabria </td> <td>8th century BC </td> <td>Chalkis (with Zankle and <a href="/wiki/Messinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Messinia">Messenian</a> refugees) </td> <td>Antimnestos of Zankle (or perhaps Artimedes of Chalkis) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Siris_(Magna_Graecia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siris (Magna Graecia)">Siris</a> </td> <td>Basilicata </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown"><i>(abandoned)</i> </td> <td>c. 660 BC (or c. 700 BC) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colophon_(city)" title="Colophon (city)">Kolophon</a> </td> <td>Refugees from Kolophon </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a> </td> <td>Calabria </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sibari" title="Sibari">Sibari</a> </td> <td>721–720 (or 709–708) BC </td> <td>Achaia and Troizen </td> <td>Is of <a href="/wiki/Helike" title="Helike">Helike</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taras</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a> </td> <td>Taranto </td> <td>c. 706 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phalanthus_of_Tarentum" title="Phalanthus of Tarentum">Phalanthos</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Partheniae" title="Partheniae">Partheniai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Temesa_(ancient_city)" title="Temesa (ancient city)">Temesa</a> </td> <td>unknown, but in Calabria </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown"><i>(abandoned)</i> </td> <td colspan="3"><i>no Greek founder (<a href="/wiki/Ausones" title="Ausones">Ausones</a> who became Hellenised)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Terina_(ancient_city)" title="Terina (ancient city)">Terina</a> </td> <td>Calabria </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown"><i>(abandoned)</i> </td> <td>before 460 BC, perhaps c. 510 BC </td> <td>Kroton </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thurii" title="Thurii">Thourioi</a> </td> <td>Calabria </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown"><i>(abandoned)</i> </td> <td>446 and 444–443 BC </td> <td>Athens and many other cities </td> <td>Lampon and Xenokrates of Athens </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sicily">Sicily</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magna_Graecia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sicily"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is a list of the 46 <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis"><i>poleis</i></a> ("<a href="/wiki/City-states" class="mw-redirect" title="City-states">city-states</a>") in Sicily, according to Mogens Herman Hansen.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It does not list all the Hellenic settlements, only those organised around a <i>polis</i> structure. </p> <table class="wikitable width="> <tbody><tr> <td bgcolor="#FFEBAD"><b>Ancient name(s)</b> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFEBAD"><b>Location</b> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFEBAD"><b>Modern name(s)</b> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFEBAD"><b>Foundation date</b> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFEBAD"><b>Mother city</b> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFEBAD"><b>Founder(s)</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Abacaenum" title="Abacaenum">Abakainon</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Messina" title="Metropolitan City of Messina">Metropolitan City of Messina</a> </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown"><i>(abandoned)</i> </td> <td colspan="3"><i>no Greek founder (<a href="/wiki/Sicels" title="Sicels">Sicels</a> who became Hellenised)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Adranon" title="Adranon">Adranon</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Catania" title="Metropolitan City of Catania">Metropolitan City of Catania</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adrano" title="Adrano">Adrano</a> </td> <td>c.400 BC </td> <td>Syrakousai </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_I_of_Syracuse" title="Dionysius I of Syracuse">Dionysios I</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Agira" title="Agira">Agyrion</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Enna" title="Province of Enna">Province of Enna</a> </td> <td>Agira </td> <td colspan="3"><i>no Greek founder (Sicels who became Hellenised)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aetna_(city)" title="Aetna (city)">Aitna</a> </td> <td>Metropolitan City of Catania </td> <td>on the site of Katane </td> <td>476 BC </td> <td>Syrakousai </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hiero_I_of_Syracuse" title="Hiero I of Syracuse">Hieron</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Akragas</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Agrigento" title="Province of Agrigento">Province of Agrigento</a> </td> <td>Agrigento </td> <td>c.580 BC </td> <td>Gela </td> <td>Aristonoos and Pystilos </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Akrai" title="Akrai">Akrai</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Syracuse" title="Province of Syracuse">Province of Syracuse</a> </td> <td>near <a href="/wiki/Palazzolo_Acreide" title="Palazzolo Acreide">Palazzolo Acreide</a> </td> <td>664 BC </td> <td>Syrakousai </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Halaesa" title="Halaesa">Alaisa</a> </td> <td>Metropolitan City of Messina </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tusa,_Sicily" title="Tusa, Sicily">Tusa</a> </td> <td>403–402 BC </td> <td>Herbita </td> <td>Archonides of Herbita </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Marco_d%27Alunzio" title="San Marco d'Alunzio">Alontion</a>, Haluntium (Roman name) </td> <td>Metropolitan City of Messina </td> <td>San Marco d'Alunzio </td> <td colspan="3"><i>no Greek founder (Sicels who became Hellenised)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Sicily)" title="Apollonia (Sicily)">Apollonia</a> </td> <td>Metropolitan City of Messina </td> <td>Monte Vecchio near <a href="/wiki/San_Fratello" title="San Fratello">San Fratello</a> </td> <td>405–367 BC </td> <td>Syrakousai </td> <td>Possibly Dionysios I </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Engyon" title="Engyon">Engyon</a> </td> <td>Province of Enna </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Troina" title="Troina">Troina</a>? </td> <td colspan="3"><i>no Greek founder (Sicels who became Hellenised)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Licodia_Eubea" title="Licodia Eubea">Euboia</a> </td> <td>Metropolitan City of Catania </td> <td>Licodia Eubea </td> <td>7th century BC, perhaps late 8th century BC </td> <td>Leontinoi </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td>Galeria </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown"><i>(abandoned)</i> </td> <td colspan="3"><i>no Greek founder (Sicels who became Hellenised)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Caltanissetta" title="Province of Caltanissetta">Province of Caltanissetta</a> </td> <td>Gela </td> <td>689–688 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhodes_(city)" title="Rhodes (city)">Rhodes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lindos" title="Lindos">Lindos</a>), <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Cretans</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antiphemus" title="Antiphemus">Antiphemos of Rhodes</a> and Entimos the Cretan </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Helorus" title="Helorus">Heloron</a> </td> <td>Province of Syracuse </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown"><i>(abandoned)</i> </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown </td> <td>Syrakousai </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Enna" title="Enna">Henna</a> </td> <td>Province of Enna </td> <td>Enna </td> <td colspan="3"><i>no Greek founder (Sicels who became Hellenised)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Herakleia Minoa</a> </td> <td>Province of Agrigento </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cattolica_Eraclea" title="Cattolica Eraclea">Cattolica Eraclea</a> </td> <td>after 628 BC </td> <td>Selinous, Sparta </td> <td>refounded by Euryleon after c.510 BC </td></tr> <tr> <td>Herakleia </td> <td>unlocated in Western Sicily </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown"><i>(abandoned)</i> </td> <td>c.510 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dorieus" title="Dorieus">Dorieus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Herbessos" title="Herbessos">Herbessos</a> </td> <td>Province of Enna </td> <td>Montagna di Marzo </td> <td colspan="3"><i>no Greek founder (Sicels who became Hellenised)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Herbita </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown"><i>(abandoned)</i> </td> <td colspan="3"><i>no Greek founder (Sicels who became Hellenised)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Himera" title="Himera">Himera</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Palermo" title="Province of Palermo">Province of Palermo</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Termini_Imerese" title="Termini Imerese">Termini Imerese</a> </td> <td>648 BC </td> <td>Zankle, exiles from Syrakousai </td> <td>Eukleides, Simos and Sakon </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hippana </td> <td>Province of Palermo </td> <td><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_dei_Cavalli" class="extiw" title="it:Monte dei Cavalli">Monte dei Cavalli</a> </td> <td colspan="3"><i>no Greek founder (indigenous settlement that became Hellenised)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Imachara" title="Imachara">Imachara</a> </td> <td>Metropolitan City of Catania </td> <td><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendolito" class="extiw" title="it:Mendolito">Mendolito</a> </td> <td colspan="3"><i>no Greek founder (Sicels who became Hellenised)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kallipolis </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown"><i>(abandoned)</i> </td> <td>late 8th century BC </td> <td>Naxos (Sicily) </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kamarina,_Sicily" title="Kamarina, Sicily">Kamarina</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Ragusa" title="Province of Ragusa">Province of Ragusa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Santa_Croce_Camerina" title="Santa Croce Camerina">Santa Croce Camerina</a> </td> <td>c.598 BC </td> <td>Syrakousai, Korinth </td> <td>Daskon of Syracuse and Menekolos of Corinth </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Casmenae" title="Casmenae">Kasmenai</a> </td> <td>Province of Syracuse </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown"><i>(abandoned)</i> </td> <td>644–643 BC </td> <td>Syrakousai </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Katane</a> </td> <td>Metropolitan City of Catania </td> <td>Catania </td> <td>729 BC </td> <td>Naxos (Sicily) </td> <td>Euarchos </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Centuripe" title="Centuripe">Kentoripa</a> </td> <td>Province of Enna </td> <td>Centuripe </td> <td colspan="3"><i>no Greek founder (Sicels who became Hellenised)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cefal%C3%B9" title="Cefalù">Kephaloidion</a> </td> <td>Province of Palermo </td> <td>Cefalù </td> <td colspan="3"><i>no Greek founder (Sicels who became Hellenised)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lentini" title="Lentini">Leontinoi</a> </td> <td>Province of Syracuse </td> <td>Lentini </td> <td>729 BC </td> <td>Naxos (Sicily) </td> <td>Theokles? </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lipari" title="Lipari">Lipara</a> </td> <td>Metropolitan City of Messina </td> <td>Lipari </td> <td>580–576 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Knidos" title="Knidos">Knidos</a>, Rhodes </td> <td>Pentathlos, Gorgos, Thestor and Epithersides </td></tr> <tr> <td>Longane </td> <td>Metropolitan City of Messina </td> <td>near <a href="/wiki/Rod%C3%AC_Milici" title="Rodì Milici">Rodì Milici</a> </td> <td colspan="3"><i>no Greek founder (Sicels who became Hellenised)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Megara_Hyblaea" title="Megara Hyblaea">Megara Hyblaea</a> </td> <td>Province of Syracuse </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Augusta,_Sicily" title="Augusta, Sicily">Augusta</a> </td> <td>728 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara Nisaia</a> </td> <td>Theokles? </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Morgantina" title="Morgantina">Morgantina</a> </td> <td>Province of Enna </td> <td>near <a href="/wiki/Aidone" title="Aidone">Aidone</a> </td> <td colspan="3"><i>no Greek founder (Sicels who became Hellenised)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Milazzo" title="Milazzo">Mylai</a> </td> <td>Metropolitan City of Messina </td> <td>Milazzo </td> <td>700 BC? </td> <td>Zankle </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nakone </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown"><i>(abandoned)</i> </td> <td colspan="3"><i>no Greek founder (Sicels who became Hellenised)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Naxos_(Sicily)" title="Naxos (Sicily)">Naxos</a> </td> <td>Metropolitan City of Messina </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Giardini_Naxos" title="Giardini Naxos">Giardini Naxos</a> </td> <td>735–734 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalkis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naxos" title="Naxos">Naxos (Cyclades)</a> </td> <td>Theokles </td></tr> <tr> <td>Petra </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown"><i>(abandoned)</i> </td> <td colspan="3"><i>no Greek founder (indigenous settlement that became Hellenised)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Piakos </td> <td>Metropolitan City of Catania </td> <td><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendolito" class="extiw" title="it:Mendolito">Mendolito</a>? </td> <td colspan="3"><i>no Greek founder (Sicels who became Hellenised)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinous</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Trapani" title="Province of Trapani">Province of Trapani</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marinella_di_Selinunte" title="Marinella di Selinunte">Marinella di Selinunte</a> </td> <td>628–627 BC </td> <td>Megara Hyblaea </td> <td>Pammilos </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sileraioi" title="Sileraioi">Sileraioi</a> </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown"><i>(abandoned)</i> </td> <td colspan="3"><i>no Greek founder (indigenous settlement that became Hellenised)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Stielanaioi </td> <td>Metropolitan City of Catania? </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown"><i>(abandoned)</i> </td> <td colspan="3"><i>no Greek founder (indigenous settlement that became Hellenised)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syrakousai</a> </td> <td>Province of Syracuse </td> <td>Syracuse </td> <td>733 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Korinth</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Archias_of_Corinth" title="Archias of Corinth">Archias of Korinth</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Tauromenion</a> </td> <td>Metropolitan City of Catania </td> <td>Taormina </td> <td>392 BC </td> <td>Syrakousai </td> <td>perhaps Dionysios I </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tindari" title="Tindari">Tyndaris</a> </td> <td>Metropolitan City of Messina </td> <td>Tindari </td> <td>396 BC </td> <td>Syrakousai </td> <td>Dionysios I </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tyrrhenoi </td> <td>Province of Palermo? </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alimena" title="Alimena">Alimena</a>? </td> <td colspan="3"><i>no Greek founder (indigenous settlement that became Hellenised)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Zankle</a>/Messana </td> <td>Metropolitan City of Messina </td> <td>Messina </td> <td>c.730 </td> <td>Chalkis, <a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Kyme</a> </td> <td>Perieres of Kyme and Krataimenes of Chalkis </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Not_part_of_Magna_Graecia">Not part of Magna Graecia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magna_Graecia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Not part of Magna Graecia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable width="> <tbody><tr> <td bgcolor="#FFEBAD"><b>Ancient name(s)</b> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFEBAD"><b>Location</b> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFEBAD"><b>Modern name(s)</b> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFEBAD"><b>Foundation date</b> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFEBAD"><b>Mother city</b> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFEBAD"><b>Founder(s)</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Adria" title="Adria">Adrìa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a> </td> <td>Adria </td> <td>385 BC </td> <td>Syrakousai </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ancona" title="Ancona">Ankón</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marche" title="Marche">Marche</a> </td> <td>Ancona </td> <td>387 BC </td> <td>Syrakousai </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magna_Graecia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Locri_Pinax_Eros_Hermes_And_Aphrodite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Locri_Pinax_Eros_Hermes_And_Aphrodite.jpg/220px-Locri_Pinax_Eros_Hermes_And_Aphrodite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Locri_Pinax_Eros_Hermes_And_Aphrodite.jpg/330px-Locri_Pinax_Eros_Hermes_And_Aphrodite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Locri_Pinax_Eros_Hermes_And_Aphrodite.jpg/440px-Locri_Pinax_Eros_Hermes_And_Aphrodite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1094" data-file-height="1058" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pinax" title="Pinax">Pinax</a> of Eros, Hermes and Aphrodite exhibited in the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Magna_Graecia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Magna Graecia">National Museum of Magna Graecia</a> in Reggio Calabria</figcaption></figure> <p>The administrative organisation of Magna Graecia was inherited from the Hellenic poleis, taking up the concept of "<a href="/wiki/City-states" class="mw-redirect" title="City-states">city-states</a>" administered by the <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ragazzi_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ragazzi-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cities of Magna Graecia were independent like the Greek <i><a href="/wiki/Poleis" class="mw-redirect" title="Poleis">poleis</a></i> of the motherland,<sup id="cite_ref-romanoimpero.com_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-romanoimpero.com-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had an army and a military fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were also cases of tyranny as in Syracuse, governed by the tyrant <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_I_of_Syracuse" title="Dionysius I of Syracuse">Dionysius</a>, who fought the Carthaginians until his death.<sup id="cite_ref-romanoimpero.com_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-romanoimpero.com-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magna_Graecia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the cities of Magna Graecia, trade, agriculture and crafts developed. Initially oriented to the indigenous Italic populations, the trade was immediately an excellent channel of exchange with the Greeks of the motherland, even if today it is difficult to establish precisely the type of goods traded and the volume of these exchanges.<sup id="cite_ref-magna_grecia_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magna_grecia-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coinage">Coinage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magna_Graecia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Coinage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greek_coinage_of_Italy_and_Sicily" title="Greek coinage of Italy and Sicily">Greek coinage of Italy and Sicily</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SNGANS_259.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/SNGANS_259.jpg/220px-SNGANS_259.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/SNGANS_259.jpg/330px-SNGANS_259.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/SNGANS_259.jpg/440px-SNGANS_259.jpg 2x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="248" /></a><figcaption>A Syracusan <a href="/wiki/Tetradrachm" title="Tetradrachm">tetradrachm</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 415</span>–405 BC), sporting <a href="/wiki/Arethusa_(mythology)" title="Arethusa (mythology)">Arethusa</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Quadriga" title="Quadriga">quadriga</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Greek_coinage_of_Italy_and_Sicily" title="Greek coinage of Italy and Sicily">Greek coinage of Italy and Sicily</a> originated from local <a href="/wiki/Italiotes" title="Italiotes">Italiotes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siceliotes" title="Siceliotes">Siceliotes</a> who formed numerous <a href="/wiki/City-states" class="mw-redirect" title="City-states">city-states</a>. These <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> communities descended from Greek migrants. <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a> was so thoroughly Hellenized that it was known as the Magna Graecia. Each of the polities struck their own coinage. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taras</a> (or Tarentum) was among the most prominent city-states. </p><p>By the second century BC, some of these Greek coinages evolved under Roman rule, and can be classified as the first <a href="/wiki/Roman_provincial_currency" title="Roman provincial currency">Roman provincial currencies</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magna_Graecia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Greek colonists of Magna Graecia elaborated a civilization,<sup id="cite_ref-dizionario_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dizionario-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had peculiar characteristics, due to the distance from the motherland and the influence of the indigenous peoples of southern Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-dizionario_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dizionario-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the motherland Greece, art, literature and philosophy decisively influenced the life of the colonies. In Magna Graecia much impetus was given to culture, especially in some cities, such as Taras (now <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taranto</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-ragazzi_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ragazzi-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a> moved to Crotone where he founded <a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">his school in 530 BC</a>. Among others, <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xenophanes" title="Xenophanes">Xenophanes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> visited Magna Graecia. </p><p>Among the illustrious characters born in Magna Graecia are the philosophers <a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a> of <a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Elea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno</a> of Elea, <a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a> of Lentini and <a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a> of Agrigento; the Pythagoreans <a href="/wiki/Philolaus" title="Philolaus">Philolaus</a> of Crotone, <a href="/wiki/Archytas" title="Archytas">Archytas</a> of Taranto, <a href="/wiki/Lysis_of_Taras" title="Lysis of Taras">Lysis</a> of Taranto, <a href="/wiki/Echecrates_of_Phlius" title="Echecrates of Phlius">Echecrates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timaeus_of_Locri" title="Timaeus of Locri">Timaeus</a> of Locri; the mathematician <a href="/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a> of Syracuse; the poets <a href="/wiki/Theocritus" title="Theocritus">Theocritus</a> of Syracuse, <a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibycus" title="Ibycus">Ibycus</a> of Reggio Calabria, <a href="/wiki/Nossis" title="Nossis">Nossis</a> of Locri, <a href="/wiki/Alexis_(poet)" title="Alexis (poet)">Alexis</a> of Thuri and <a href="/wiki/Leonidas_of_Tarentum" title="Leonidas of Tarentum">Leonidas</a> of Taranto; the doctors <a href="/wiki/Alcmaeon_of_Croton" title="Alcmaeon of Croton">Alcmeon</a> of Crotone and <a href="/wiki/Democedes" title="Democedes">Democedes</a> of Crotone; the sculptor from Reggio <a href="/wiki/Clearchus_of_Rhegium" title="Clearchus of Rhegium">Clearchus</a>; the painter <a href="/wiki/Zeuxis_(painter)" title="Zeuxis (painter)">Zeuxis</a>, the musicologist <a href="/wiki/Aristoxenus" title="Aristoxenus">Aristoxenus</a> of Taranto and the legislator <a href="/wiki/Zaleucus" title="Zaleucus">Zaleucus</a> of Locri. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magna_Graecia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A remnant of Greek influence can be found in the survival of the Greek language in some villages of the above-mentioned Salento peninsula (the "heel" of Italy). This living dialect of Greek, known locally as <a href="/wiki/Griko_language" title="Griko language">Griko</a>, is found in the Italian regions of <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>. <i>Griko</i> is considered by linguists to be a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Greek">Byzantine Greek</a>, which had been the majority language of Salento through the Middle Ages, combining also some ancient <a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a> and local <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">romance</a> elements. There is a rich <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a> and Griko <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a>, limited now but once numerous, to around 30,000 people, most of them having abandoned their language in favour of Italian. Some scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Rohlfs" title="Gerhard Rohlfs">Gerhard Rohlfs</a>, argue that the origins of Griko may ultimately be traced to the colonies of Magna Graecia.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_and_architecture">Art and architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magna_Graecia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Art and architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/South_Italian_ancient_Greek_pottery" title="South Italian ancient Greek pottery">South Italian ancient Greek pottery</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Choregos_Painter_-_RVAp_1-123_-_the_stealers_of_daintings_-_Herakles_supporting_the_world_-_Milano_MA_A_0-9-2841_-_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Choregos_Painter_-_RVAp_1-123_-_the_stealers_of_daintings_-_Herakles_supporting_the_world_-_Milano_MA_A_0-9-2841_-_01.jpg/220px-Choregos_Painter_-_RVAp_1-123_-_the_stealers_of_daintings_-_Herakles_supporting_the_world_-_Milano_MA_A_0-9-2841_-_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Choregos_Painter_-_RVAp_1-123_-_the_stealers_of_daintings_-_Herakles_supporting_the_world_-_Milano_MA_A_0-9-2841_-_01.jpg/330px-Choregos_Painter_-_RVAp_1-123_-_the_stealers_of_daintings_-_Herakles_supporting_the_world_-_Milano_MA_A_0-9-2841_-_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Choregos_Painter_-_RVAp_1-123_-_the_stealers_of_daintings_-_Herakles_supporting_the_world_-_Milano_MA_A_0-9-2841_-_01.jpg/440px-Choregos_Painter_-_RVAp_1-123_-_the_stealers_of_daintings_-_Herakles_supporting_the_world_-_Milano_MA_A_0-9-2841_-_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3618" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Apulian_vase_painting" title="Apulian vase painting">Apulian pottery</a> exhibited in the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum,_Milan" title="Archaeological Museum, Milan">Archaeological Museum of Milan</a>, 380–370 BC</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reperti_-_Museo_di_Monasterace_Marina.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Reperti_-_Museo_di_Monasterace_Marina.JPG/220px-Reperti_-_Museo_di_Monasterace_Marina.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Reperti_-_Museo_di_Monasterace_Marina.JPG/330px-Reperti_-_Museo_di_Monasterace_Marina.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Reperti_-_Museo_di_Monasterace_Marina.JPG/440px-Reperti_-_Museo_di_Monasterace_Marina.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Archaeological finds exhibited in the <a href="/wiki/Monasterace_Archeological_Museum" title="Monasterace Archeological Museum">Monasterace Archeological Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Magna Graecia, in some fields such as architecture and urban planning, sometimes surpassed the mother country and the other Greek colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-magnagrecia_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magnagrecia-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Magna Graecia, as well as in the other Greek colonies, the <a href="/wiki/Doric_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Doric style">Doric style</a> enriched with showy decorations was adopted as the dominant architectural style. In Magna Graecia, in particular, a Doric style influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Ionic_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic style">Ionic</a> one was also used, especially in Sicily in the Achaean colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-magnagrecia_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magnagrecia-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Magna Graecia, limestone was used as a building material due to the difficulty in finding other materials. The Doric style in Magna Graecia reached its apogee, surpassing that of the motherland and the other Greek colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-magnagrecia_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magnagrecia-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regarding urban planning, the cities of Magna Graecia, as well as many cities of Greek colonies in other regions, were more orderly and rational in the distribution of spaces than those of the mother country, making the urban fabric more practical. The first examples of urbanistically more rational Greek cities belonged to Magna Graecia, in this case <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taranto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Metapontum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Megara_Hyblaea" title="Megara Hyblaea">Megara Hyblaea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-magnagrecia_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magnagrecia-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Characteristic of this new urban concept, which later spread also in the motherland to <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a>, was a checkerboard road network.<sup id="cite_ref-magnagrecia_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magnagrecia-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Magna Graecia painting and sculpture also reached a notable level of quality.<sup id="cite_ref-bronzi50_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bronzi50-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fotoartearchitettura_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fotoartearchitettura-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Magna Graecia there were examples of excellence in sculpture, coroplastics and bronzes.<sup id="cite_ref-bronzi50_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bronzi50-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As for vase painting, many famous Athenian potters moved to Magna Graecia creating works influenced by the culture of the place, making their paintings peculiar and different from those of the motherland,<sup id="cite_ref-fotoartearchitettura_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fotoartearchitettura-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> giving rise to the <a href="/wiki/South_Italian_ancient_Greek_pottery" title="South Italian ancient Greek pottery">South Italian ancient Greek pottery</a>. Also noteworthy are the mosaics, the goldsmith's art and wall painting.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Noteworthy sculptures from Magna Graecia are the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_of_Gaza" title="Apollo of Gaza">Apollo of Gaza</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_of_Piombino" title="Apollo of Piombino">Apollo of Piombino</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dancing_Satyr_of_Mazara_del_Vallo" title="Dancing Satyr of Mazara del Vallo">Dancing Satyr of Mazara del Vallo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_a_Philosopher" title="Head of a Philosopher">Head of a Philosopher</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Riace_bronzes" title="Riace bronzes">Riace bronzes</a></i>, while notable vases from Magna Graecia are the <a href="/wiki/Darius_Vase" title="Darius Vase">Darius Vase</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nestor%27s_Cup_(Pithekoussai)" title="Nestor's Cup (Pithekoussai)">Nestor's Cup</a>. Noteworthy temples of Magna Graecia are the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Concordia,_Agrigento" title="Temple of Concordia, Agrigento">Temple of Concordia, Agrigento</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hera_Lacinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Hera Lacinia">Temple of Hera Lacinia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Heracles,_Agrigento" title="Temple of Heracles, Agrigento">Temple of Heracles, Agrigento</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Temple_of_Juno_in_Agrigento" title="The Temple of Juno in Agrigento">The Temple of Juno in Agrigento</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Olympian_Zeus,_Agrigento" title="Temple of Olympian Zeus, Agrigento">Temple of Olympian Zeus, Agrigento</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Apollo_(Syracuse)" title="Temple of Apollo (Syracuse)">Temple of Apollo (Syracuse)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_(Syracuse)" title="Temple of Athena (Syracuse)">Temple of Athena (Syracuse)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_(Paestum)" title="Temple of Athena (Paestum)">Temple of Athena (Paestum)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Temple_C_(Selinus)" title="Temple C (Selinus)">Temple C (Selinus)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Temple_E_(Selinus)" title="Temple E (Selinus)">Temple E (Selinus)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Temple_F_(Selinus)" title="Temple F (Selinus)">Temple F (Selinus)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Juno_Lacinia_(Crotone)" title="Temple of Juno Lacinia (Crotone)">Temple of Juno Lacinia (Crotone)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_of_Hera_(Paestum)" title="Second Temple of Hera (Paestum)">Second Temple of Hera (Paestum)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Heraion_at_Foce_del_Sele" title="Heraion at Foce del Sele">Heraion at Foce del Sele</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Poseidon_(Taranto)" title="Temple of Poseidon (Taranto)">Temple of Poseidon (Taranto)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tavole_Palatine" title="Tavole Palatine">Tavole Palatine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Victory_(Himera)" title="Temple of Victory (Himera)">Temple of Victory (Himera)</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magna_Graecia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Italy" title="Theatre of Italy">Theatre of Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taormina_BW_2012-10-05_16-23-06.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Taormina_BW_2012-10-05_16-23-06.JPG/220px-Taormina_BW_2012-10-05_16-23-06.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Taormina_BW_2012-10-05_16-23-06.JPG/330px-Taormina_BW_2012-10-05_16-23-06.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Taormina_BW_2012-10-05_16-23-06.JPG/440px-Taormina_BW_2012-10-05_16-23-06.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ancient_theatre_of_Taormina" title="Ancient theatre of Taormina">Greek Theater of Taormina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicilian</a> Greek colonists in Magna Graecia, but also from <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>, also brought theatrical art from their motherland.<sup id="cite_ref-melogranoarte_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-melogranoarte-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Greek_Theatre_of_Syracuse" title="Greek Theatre of Syracuse">Greek Theatre of Syracuse</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_Theatre_of_Segesta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greek Theatre of Segesta (page does not exist)">Greek Theatre of Segesta</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro_di_Segesta" class="extiw" title="it:Teatro di Segesta">it</a>]</span>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_Theatre_of_Tindari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greek Theatre of Tindari (page does not exist)">Greek Theatre of Tindari</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro_greco_di_Tindari" class="extiw" title="it:Teatro greco di Tindari">it</a>]</span>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_Theatre_of_Hippana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greek Theatre of Hippana (page does not exist)">Greek Theatre of Hippana</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro_di_Hippana" class="extiw" title="it:Teatro di Hippana">it</a>]</span>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_Theatre_of_Akrai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greek Theatre of Akrai (page does not exist)">Greek Theatre of Akrai</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro_di_Akrai" class="extiw" title="it:Teatro di Akrai">it</a>]</span>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_Theatre_of_Monte_Jato&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greek Theatre of Monte Jato (page does not exist)">Greek Theatre of Monte Jato</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro_di_Monte_Jato" class="extiw" title="it:Teatro di Monte Jato">it</a>]</span>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_Theatre_of_Morgantina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greek Theatre of Morgantina (page does not exist)">Greek Theatre of Morgantina</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro_di_Morgantina" class="extiw" title="it:Teatro di Morgantina">it</a>]</span> and the most famous <a href="/wiki/Ancient_theatre_of_Taormina" title="Ancient theatre of Taormina">Greek Theater of Taormina</a>, amply demonstrate this. </p><p>Only fragments of original dramaturgical works are left, but the tragedies of the three great giants <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a> and the comedies of <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a> are known.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some famous playwrights in the Greek language came directly from Magna Graecia. Others, such as Aeschylus and <a href="/wiki/Epicharmus_of_Kos" title="Epicharmus of Kos">Epicharmus</a>, worked for a long time in Sicily. Epicharmus can be considered Syracusan in all respects, having worked all his life with the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tyrants_of_Syracuse" title="List of tyrants of Syracuse">tyrants of Syracuse</a>. His comedy preceded that of the more famous Aristophanes by staging the gods for the first time in comedy. While Aeschylus, after a long stay in the Sicilian colonies, died in Sicily in the colony of <a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a> in 456 BC. Epicarmus and <a href="/wiki/Phormis" title="Phormis">Phormis</a>, both of 6th century BC, are the basis, for <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, of the invention of the Greek comedy, as he says in his book on <i><a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a></i>:<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As for the composition of the stories (Epicharmus and Phormis) it came in the beginning from Sicily</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Aristotle, <i>Poetics</i></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Other native dramatic authors of Magna Graecia, in addition to the Syracusan Phormis mentioned, are <a href="/wiki/Achaeus_of_Syracuse" title="Achaeus of Syracuse">Achaeus of Syracuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apollodorus_of_Gela" title="Apollodorus of Gela">Apollodorus of Gela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philemon_(poet)" title="Philemon (poet)">Philemon of Syracuse</a> and his son Philemon the younger. From Calabria, precisely from the colony of <a href="/wiki/Thurii" title="Thurii">Thurii</a>, came the playwright <a href="/wiki/Alexis_(poet)" title="Alexis (poet)">Alexis</a>. While <a href="/wiki/Rhinthon" title="Rhinthon">Rhinthon</a>, although Sicilian from Syracuse, worked almost exclusively for the colony of <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taranto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magna_Graecia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capo_Colonna2_retouched.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Capo_Colonna2_retouched.png/220px-Capo_Colonna2_retouched.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Capo_Colonna2_retouched.png/330px-Capo_Colonna2_retouched.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Capo_Colonna2_retouched.png/440px-Capo_Colonna2_retouched.png 2x" data-file-width="1358" data-file-height="1036" /></a><figcaption>The ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Juno_Lacinia_(Crotone)" title="Temple of Juno Lacinia (Crotone)">Temple of Juno Lacinia</a> located on <a href="/wiki/Capo_Colonna" title="Capo Colonna">Capo Colonna</a>, a building of the ancient Greek city of Kroton (now <a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Crotone</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The colonies sent athletes of all disciplines to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Ancient Olympic Games</a> which were periodically held at <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a> in Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-olimpiadi_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olimpiadi-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The colonists of Magna Graecia were very fond of the Hellenic games where they could prove to the Greeks that they belonged to the same place of origin, their physical strength and skills in the games were also played by their ancestors dozens of generations earlier. And for this reason the greatest sovereigns demanded that teams be trained to be sent to Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sport was therefore a channel of communication with the Hellenic peninsula, a means by which the colonies of Magna Graecia showed themselves to the rest of the Hellenic world. The settlers of Magna Graecia had great success in sporting competitions in their homeland. <a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Crotone</a>'s athletes won 18 titles in 25 Olympics.<sup id="cite_ref-olimpiadi_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olimpiadi-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Essential_timeline">Essential timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magna_Graecia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Essential timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Italy" title="Category:History of Italy">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History of <span class="fn org label">Italy</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old map of Italian peninsula"><img alt="Old map of Italian peninsula" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg/150px-1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg/225px-1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg/300px-1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4584" data-file-height="6272" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Early</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistoric Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic civilization</a> (18th–3rd c. BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan civilization</a> (12th–6th c. BC)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Magna Graecia</a> (8th–3rd c. BC)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a> (753 BC–509 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a> (509 BC–27 BC) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman expansion in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Populares" class="mw-redirect" title="Populares">Populares</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Optimates" class="mw-redirect" title="Optimates">Optimates</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> (27 BC–286 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a> (286 AD–476 AD) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Italy" title="Praetorian prefecture of Italy">Praetorian prefecture of Italy</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Romano-Barbarian Kingdoms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Odoacer's</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 476–493</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 493–553</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 435–534</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombard</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 568–774</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Frankish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a>)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 774–962</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)#Imperial_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Germanic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 962–1801</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Italy in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantine reconquest of Italy</a> (6th–8th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a> in southern Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Early modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a> (14th–16th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a> (1494–1559)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic revival</a> (1545–1648)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">Mid-16th c. to early 19th c.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleonic</a> Italy (1801–1814)</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Republic_(Napoleonic)" title="Italian Republic (Napoleonic)">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Risorgimento</a></i> (1815–1871)</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Young_Italy" title="Young Italy">Young Italy</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Monarchy</a> (1861–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Colonial Empire</a> (1882–1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">Italy in World War I</a> (1914–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascism</a> (1922–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy in World War II</a> (1940–1945)</li> <li>Fascist <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Partisans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Italian Civil War</a> (1943–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Republic</a> (1946–<i>present</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a> (1970s–1980s) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a> (1986–1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></i> (1992–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a> (2007–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_European_migrant_crisis" title="2015 European migrant crisis">European migrant crisis</a> (2014–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">COVID-19 pandemic</a> (2020–<i>present</i>)</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railway</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <p><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history" title="Timeline of Italian history">Timeline</a><br /> </p> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/16px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/24px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history" title="Timeline of Italian history">Timeline of Italian history</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sibari-scavi-teatro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Sibari-scavi-teatro.jpg/220px-Sibari-scavi-teatro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Sibari-scavi-teatro.jpg/330px-Sibari-scavi-teatro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Sibari-scavi-teatro.jpg/440px-Sibari-scavi-teatro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Remains of the ancient Greek city of <a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Sibari" title="Sibari">Sibari</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Darius_Painter_-_RVAp_18-138_-_Dareios_-_Bellerophon_and_the_Chimaira_-_Napoli_MAN_3253_-_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Darius_Painter_-_RVAp_18-138_-_Dareios_-_Bellerophon_and_the_Chimaira_-_Napoli_MAN_3253_-_04.jpg/220px-Darius_Painter_-_RVAp_18-138_-_Dareios_-_Bellerophon_and_the_Chimaira_-_Napoli_MAN_3253_-_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Darius_Painter_-_RVAp_18-138_-_Dareios_-_Bellerophon_and_the_Chimaira_-_Napoli_MAN_3253_-_04.jpg/330px-Darius_Painter_-_RVAp_18-138_-_Dareios_-_Bellerophon_and_the_Chimaira_-_Napoli_MAN_3253_-_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Darius_Painter_-_RVAp_18-138_-_Dareios_-_Bellerophon_and_the_Chimaira_-_Napoli_MAN_3253_-_04.jpg/440px-Darius_Painter_-_RVAp_18-138_-_Dareios_-_Bellerophon_and_the_Chimaira_-_Napoli_MAN_3253_-_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5409" data-file-height="3606" /></a><figcaption>Combat scene between Greeks and Persians, on the neck of the <a href="/wiki/Darius_Vase" title="Darius Vase">Darius Vase</a>, exhibited in the <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum,_Naples" title="National Archaeological Museum, Naples">National Archaeological Museum of Naples</a>, 340–320 BC</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>8th century BC: the first historical colony of Magna Graecia was that of Pithekoussai (current island of <a href="/wiki/Ischia" title="Ischia">Ischia</a>) founded in the 8th century BC by settlers from <a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalcis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eretria" title="Eretria">Eretria</a> in <a href="/wiki/Euboea" title="Euboea">Euboea</a>. Probably, the island settlement of Pithekoussai was only a commercial establishment where the Greeks dealt with other peoples, especially with the Phoenician merchants, even if the issue is controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>720 BC: the first Greek colony in mainland Italy, <a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Kyme</a>, is founded.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>7th–6th century BC: maximum splendor of <a href="/wiki/Sibari" title="Sibari">Sibari</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-magna_grecia_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magna_grecia-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>6th century BC: maximum splendor of <a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Crotone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ragazzi_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ragazzi-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>6th–3rd century BC: minting of coins by the cities of Magna Graecia.<sup id="cite_ref-enciclopedia_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enciclopedia-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>6th–5th century BC: maximum splendour of Magna Graecia due to the Pythagorean reforms and institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-magna_grecia_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magna_grecia-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>510 BC: <a href="/wiki/Sibari" title="Sibari">Sibari</a> was defeated by <a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Crotone</a> whose troops were commanded by the famous athlete <a href="/wiki/Milo_of_Croton" title="Milo of Croton">Milo of Croton</a>. The city of Sibari was destroyed and its population was condemned to exile.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>5th century BC: maximum splendor of <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ragazzi_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ragazzi-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>480 BC: <a href="/wiki/Gelon" title="Gelon">Gelon</a>, tyrant of <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a>, defeated the troops of <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> at <a href="/wiki/Himera" title="Himera">Himera</a>, in the north of Sicily.</li> <li>474 BC: The fleet led by <a href="/wiki/Hiero_I_of_Syracuse" title="Hiero I of Syracuse">Hiero I</a>, tyrant of Syracuse, assisted Kyme threatened by the <a href="/wiki/Etruscans" class="mw-redirect" title="Etruscans">Etruscans</a>. This victory marked the end of the Etruscan extension in <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>459–454 BC: after an internal civil war in <a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Crotone</a>, the cities of Magna Graecia once linked to it, dissolve the bond of subjection.<sup id="cite_ref-magna_grecia_31-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magna_grecia-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>444–443 BC: foundation of <a href="/wiki/Thurii" title="Thurii">Thourioi</a>. An Athenian expedition, officially Panhellenic because it was made up of Greeks from the islands of the Aegean Sea, founded the city of Thourioi. In reality, the cities of the Aegean Sea were part of the <a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a>, a military league under the rule of Athens. The city of Thourioi hosted important people such as <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hippodamus_of_Miletus" title="Hippodamus of Miletus">Hippodamus of Miletus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lysias" title="Lysias">Lysias</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>415–413 BC: The <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Expedition" title="Sicilian Expedition">Sicilian Expedition</a> occurred. It was an <a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athenian</a> military expedition to <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, which took place from 415 to 413 BC, during the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a>, between <a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a> on one side and <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a> on the other. The expedition ended in a devastating defeat for the Athenian forces, severely impacting Athens. After the first Athenian victories, which put the Syracusan army in serious difficulty, the tide of the war was turned upside-down due to the Spartan reinforcements under the command of <a href="/wiki/Gylippus" title="Gylippus">Gylippus</a>. The defeat of the Athenian army led to the imprisonment of its soldiers in the Syracusan latomies, where they were forced to live in hardship and suffering until their death; few were the survivors who managed to return to their homeland. The failure of the expedition marked the beginning of the military and political decline of Athens, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Athenian_coup_of_411_BC" title="Athenian coup of 411 BC">aristocratic coup d'état of 411 BC</a>; it also marked Athens' definitive defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a> (404 BC). <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a>, an Athenian historian, dedicates two books of his work <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War" title="History of the Peloponnesian War">History of the Peloponnesian War</a></i> to the Athenian expedition, to underline the magnitude and exceptionality of the event.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus he began "a new work, a work on Sicily"<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which became the background of the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC). The <i><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Lives" title="Parallel Lives">Parallel Lives</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> (in particular the <i>Life of Nicias</i>) and the <i><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_historica" title="Bibliotheca historica">Bibliotheca historica</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> are other important sources on the expedition to Sicily.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>400 BC: the cities of Magna Graecia overlooking the <a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a> begin at the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-magna_grecia_31-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magna_grecia-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>4th century BC: the cultural decline of the cities of Magna Graecia begins.<sup id="cite_ref-magna_grecia_31-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magna_grecia-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>387 BC: <a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Reggio</a> is destroyed by Syracuse.<sup id="cite_ref-magna_grecia_31-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magna_grecia-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>303 BC: peace between Taranto and <a href="/wiki/Lucanians" title="Lucanians">Lucanians</a>, who had attempted to conquer the city.<sup id="cite_ref-magna_grecia_31-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magna_grecia-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>285 BC: Roman garrisons settle in <a href="/wiki/Thurii" title="Thurii">Thourioi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-magna_grecia_31-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magna_grecia-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>282–272 BC: <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taranto</a> was conquered by the Romans despite the intervention of <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus of Epirus">Pyrrhus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pyrrhic_War" title="Pyrrhic War">Pyrrhic War</a> in Italy).</li> <li>264–241 BC: <a href="/wiki/First_Punic_War" title="First Punic War">First Punic War</a>, Rome takes control of Sicily, with the exception of Syracuse, which becomes Rome's ally.</li> <li>215–205 BC: during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a> Syracuse and then Taranto sided with Carthage. The two cities were conquered by the Romans in 211 after a three-year siege. These events put an end to the independence of all the cities of Magna Graecia, which were annexed to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> in 205 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-archeologiaviva_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archeologiaviva-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_and_contemporary_Italy">Modern and contemporary Italy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magna_Graecia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Modern and contemporary Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GrikoSpeakingCommunitiesTodayV4.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/GrikoSpeakingCommunitiesTodayV4.png/220px-GrikoSpeakingCommunitiesTodayV4.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/GrikoSpeakingCommunitiesTodayV4.png 1.5x" data-file-width="265" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the areas where the <a href="/wiki/Griko_language" title="Griko language">Griko language</a> is still spoken (<a href="/wiki/Bovesia" title="Bovesia">Bovesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grec%C3%ACa_Salentina" title="Grecìa Salentina">Grecìa Salentina</a>); the last living trace of the Greek elements that once formed Magna Graecia.<sup id="cite_ref-itinerarieluoghi_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itinerarieluoghi-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Greek nobles started taking refuge in Italy following the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a> in 1453.<sup id="cite_ref-ChatzēdakēCorrer1993_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChatzēdakēCorrer1993-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greeks immigrated once again to the region in the 16th and 17th centuries in reaction to the conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. Especially after the end of the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Coron_(1533%E2%80%931534)" title="Siege of Coron (1533–1534)">Siege of Coron</a> (1534), large numbers of Greeks took refuge in the areas of Calabria, Salento and Sicily. Greeks from <a href="/wiki/Koroni" title="Koroni">Coroni</a>, the so-called Coronians, were nobles, who brought with them substantial movable property.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other Greeks who moved to Italy came from the <a href="/wiki/Mani_Peninsula" title="Mani Peninsula">Mani Peninsula</a> of the Peloponnese. The <a href="/wiki/Maniots" title="Maniots">Maniots</a> (their name originating from the Greek word <i>mania</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were known for their proud military traditions and for their bloody <a href="/wiki/Feud" title="Feud">vendettas</a>, many of which continue today.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another group of Maniot Greeks moved to <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a> in the 17th century under the protection of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although many of the Greek inhabitants of Magna Graecia were entirely <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_Latinisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic Latinisation">Latinized</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-unina_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unina-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pockets of Greek culture and language remained and have survived to the present day. One example is the <a href="/wiki/Griko_people" title="Griko people">Griko people</a> in <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bovesia" title="Bovesia">Bovesia</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Salento" title="Salento">Salento</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grec%C3%ACa_Salentina" title="Grecìa Salentina">Grecìa Salentina</a>), some of whom still maintain their Greek language (<a href="/wiki/Griko_language" title="Griko language">Griko language</a>) and customs.<sup id="cite_ref-affariregionali_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-affariregionali-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Griko language is the last living trace of the Greek elements that once formed Magna Graecia.<sup id="cite_ref-itinerarieluoghi_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itinerarieluoghi-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their working practices have been passed down through generations through storytelling and allowing the observation of work.<sup id="cite_ref-Agrifoglio2015_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agrifoglio2015-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Italian_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian parliament">Italian parliament</a> recognizes the Griko people as an ethnolinguistic minority under the official name of <i>Minoranze linguistiche Grike dell'Etnia Griko-Calabrese e Salentina</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-MolaPennarola2014_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MolaPennarola2014-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a> in Sicily is home to a small <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek-speaking</a> minority, which arrived from the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a> between 1533 and 1534 when fleeing the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. They were officially recognised in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites_related_to_Magna_Graecia">UNESCO World Heritage Sites related to Magna Graecia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magna_Graecia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: UNESCO World Heritage Sites related to Magna Graecia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Italy">List of World Heritage Sites in Italy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Valle_dei_Templi">Valle dei Templi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magna_Graecia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Valle dei Templi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Valle_dei_Templi" title="Valle dei Templi">Valle dei Templi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agrigento-Tempio_della_Concordia01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Agrigento-Tempio_della_Concordia01.JPG/220px-Agrigento-Tempio_della_Concordia01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Agrigento-Tempio_della_Concordia01.JPG/330px-Agrigento-Tempio_della_Concordia01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Agrigento-Tempio_della_Concordia01.JPG/440px-Agrigento-Tempio_della_Concordia01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Concordia,_Agrigento" title="Temple of Concordia, Agrigento">Temple of Concordia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valle_dei_Templi" title="Valle dei Templi">Valle dei Templi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Agrigento</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agrigento_Telamon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Agrigento_Telamon.jpg/220px-Agrigento_Telamon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Agrigento_Telamon.jpg/330px-Agrigento_Telamon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Agrigento_Telamon.jpg/440px-Agrigento_Telamon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="325" /></a><figcaption>Remains of one <a href="/wiki/Atlas_(architecture)" title="Atlas (architecture)">atlas</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Olympian_Zeus,_Agrigento" title="Temple of Olympian Zeus, Agrigento">Olympeion</a></i> field, <a href="/wiki/Valle_dei_Templi" title="Valle dei Templi">Valle dei Templi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Agrigento</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Valle_dei_Templi" title="Valle dei Templi">Valle dei Templi</a>, or Valley of the Temples, is an <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_site" title="Archaeological site">archaeological site</a> in <a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Agrigento</a> (ancient Greek <i>Akragas</i>), <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>. It is one of the most outstanding examples of ancient Greek art and architecture of Magna Graecia.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "valley" is a misnomer, the site is located on a ridge outside the town of Agrigento. </p><p>Since 1997, the entire area has been included in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Italy">UNESCO World Heritage List</a>. The archaeological and landscape park of the Valle dei Templi, with its 1,300 hectares, is the largest archaeological park in Europe and the Mediterranean basin.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Valley includes remains of seven temples, all in <a href="/wiki/Doric_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Doric style">Doric style</a>. The ascription of the names, apart from that of the <i><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Olympian_Zeus,_Agrigento" title="Temple of Olympian Zeus, Agrigento">Olympeion</a></i>, is a mere tradition established in Renaissance times. The temples are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Concordia,_Agrigento" title="Temple of Concordia, Agrigento">Temple of Concordia</a>, whose name comes from a Latin inscription found nearby, and which was built in the 5th century BC. Turned into a church in the 6th century AD, it is now one of the best preserved in the Valley.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Juno,_Agrigento" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Juno, Agrigento">Temple of Juno</a>, also built in the 5th century BC. It was burnt in 406 BC by the <a href="/wiki/Carthaginians" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthaginians">Carthaginians</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Heracles,_Agrigento" title="Temple of Heracles, Agrigento">Temple of Heracles</a>, who was one of the most venerated deities in the ancient <i>Akragas</i>. It is the most ancient in the Valley: destroyed by an earthquake, it consists today of only eight columns.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Olympian_Zeus,_Agrigento" title="Temple of Olympian Zeus, Agrigento">Temple of Olympian Zeus</a>, built in 480 BC to celebrate the city-state's victory over Carthage. It is characterized by the use of large-scale <a href="/wiki/Atlas_(architecture)" title="Atlas (architecture)">atlases</a>.</li> <li>Temple of <a href="/wiki/Castor_and_Pollux" title="Castor and Pollux">Castor and Pollux</a>. Despite its remains including only four columns, it is now the symbol of modern Agrigento.</li> <li>Temple of <a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(mythology)" title="Vulcan (mythology)">Vulcan</a>), also dating from the 5th century BC. It is thought to have been one of the most imposing constructions in the valley; it is now however one of the most eroded.</li> <li>Temple of <a href="/wiki/Asclepius" title="Asclepius">Asclepius</a>, located far from the ancient town's walls; it was the goal of pilgrims seeking cures for illness.</li></ul> <p>The Valley is also home to the so-called Tomb of <a href="/wiki/Theron_of_Akragas" class="mw-redirect" title="Theron of Akragas">Theron</a>, a large <a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">tuff</a> monument of pyramidal shape; scholars suppose it was built to commemorate the Romans killed in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poseidonia_and_Elea">Poseidonia and Elea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magna_Graecia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Poseidonia and Elea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Parco_Nazionale_del_Cilento,_Vallo_di_Diano_e_Alburni" title="Parco Nazionale del Cilento, Vallo di Diano e Alburni">Parco Nazionale del Cilento, Vallo di Diano e Alburni</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Velia_Excavation_and_Tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Velia_Excavation_and_Tower.jpg/220px-Velia_Excavation_and_Tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Velia_Excavation_and_Tower.jpg/330px-Velia_Excavation_and_Tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Velia_Excavation_and_Tower.jpg/440px-Velia_Excavation_and_Tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Remains of the ancient Greek city of <a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Elea</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Parco_Nazionale_del_Cilento,_Vallo_di_Diano_e_Alburni" title="Parco Nazionale del Cilento, Vallo di Diano e Alburni">Cilento, Vallo di Diano and Alburni National Park</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <i>Parco Nazionale del Cilento, Vallo di Diano e Alburni</i>) is an <a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Parks_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of National Parks of Italy">Italian national park</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Salerno" title="Province of Salerno">Province of Salerno</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a> in southern Italy. It includes much of the <a href="/wiki/Cilento" title="Cilento">Cilento</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vallo_di_Diano" title="Vallo di Diano">Vallo di Diano</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Monti_Alburni" class="mw-redirect" title="Monti Alburni">Monti Alburni</a>. It was founded in 1991, and was formerly known as the Parco Nazionale del Cilento e Vallo di Diano. In 1998 it became a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> of <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with the ancient Greek towns of <a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Poseidonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Elea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Padula" title="Padula">Padula</a><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Certosa_di_Padula" title="Certosa di Padula">Charterhouse</a>. </p><p>Much of the most celebrated features of the <a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Poseidonia</a> site today are the three large temples in the Archaic version of the Greek <a href="/wiki/Doric_order" title="Doric order">Doric order</a>, dating from about 550 to 450 BC. All are typical of the period,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with massive colonnades having a very pronounced <a href="/wiki/Entasis" title="Entasis">entasis</a> (widening as they go down), and very wide capitals resembling upturned mushrooms. Above the columns, only the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hera_(also_called_of_Neptune),_Paestum" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Hera (also called of Neptune), Paestum">second Temple of Hera</a> retains most of its <a href="/wiki/Entablature" title="Entablature">entablature</a>, the other two having only the <a href="/wiki/Architrave" title="Architrave">architrave</a> in place. These were dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a> (<a href="/wiki/Juno_(mythology)" title="Juno (mythology)">Juno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minerva" title="Minerva">Minerva</a> to the Romans), although previously they often have been identified otherwise, following eighteenth-century arguments. The two temples of Hera are right next to each other, while the Temple of Athena is on the other side of the town centre. There were other temples, both Greek and Roman, which are far less well preserved. </p><p>Remains of <a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Elea</a> walls, with traces of one gate and several towers, of a total length of over three miles, still exist, and belong to three different periods, in all of which the crystalline limestone of the locality is used. Bricks were also employed in later times; their form is peculiar to this place, each having two rectangular channels on one side, and being about 1.5 inches square, with a thickness of nearly 4 inches They all bear Greek brick-stamps. There are some remains of cisterns on the site, and, various other traces of buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syracuse">Syracuse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magna_Graecia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Syracuse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse, Sicily</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Veduta_aerea_di_Siracusa_e_con_l%27Etna_sullo_sfondo_(Foto_di_Angelo_Bonomo).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Veduta_aerea_di_Siracusa_e_con_l%27Etna_sullo_sfondo_%28Foto_di_Angelo_Bonomo%29.jpg/220px-Veduta_aerea_di_Siracusa_e_con_l%27Etna_sullo_sfondo_%28Foto_di_Angelo_Bonomo%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Veduta_aerea_di_Siracusa_e_con_l%27Etna_sullo_sfondo_%28Foto_di_Angelo_Bonomo%29.jpg/330px-Veduta_aerea_di_Siracusa_e_con_l%27Etna_sullo_sfondo_%28Foto_di_Angelo_Bonomo%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Veduta_aerea_di_Siracusa_e_con_l%27Etna_sullo_sfondo_%28Foto_di_Angelo_Bonomo%29.jpg/440px-Veduta_aerea_di_Siracusa_e_con_l%27Etna_sullo_sfondo_%28Foto_di_Angelo_Bonomo%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="961" data-file-height="573" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ortygia" title="Ortygia">Ortygia</a> island, where <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a> was founded in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greek</a> times</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a> was founded in 733 BC by Greek settlers from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tenea" title="Tenea">Tenea</a>, led by the <i><a href="/wiki/Oecist" class="mw-redirect" title="Oecist">oecist</a></i> (colonizer) <a href="/wiki/Archias_of_Corinth" title="Archias of Corinth">Archias</a>. There are many attested variants of the name of the city including <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Συράκουσαι</span></span> <i>Syrakousai</i>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Συράκοσαι</span></span> <i>Syrakosai</i> and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Συρακώ</span></span> <i>Syrakō</i>. In the modern day, the city is listed by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> as a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> along with the <a href="/wiki/Necropolis_of_Pantalica" title="Necropolis of Pantalica">Necropolis of Pantalica</a>. </p><p>The buildings of Syracuse from the Greek period are: </p> <ul><li>The city walls</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Apollo_(Syracuse)" title="Temple of Apollo (Syracuse)">Temple of Apollo</a>, at Piazza Emanuele Pancali, adapted to a church in Byzantine times and to a mosque under Arab rule.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_Arethusa" title="Fountain of Arethusa">Fountain of Arethusa</a>, on Ortygia island. According to a legend, the <a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">nymph</a> <a href="/wiki/Arethusa_(mythology)" title="Arethusa (mythology)">Arethusa</a>, hunted by <a href="/wiki/Alpheus_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpheus (mythology)">Alpheus</a>, was turned into a spring by <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a> and appeared here.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Greek_Theatre_of_Syracuse" title="Greek Theatre of Syracuse">Greek Theatre of Syracuse</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Cavea" title="Cavea">cavea</a> is one of the largest ever built by the ancient Greeks: it has 67 rows, divided into nine sections with eight aisles. Only traces of the scene and the orchestra remain. The edifice (still used today) was modified by the Romans, who adapted it to their different style of spectacles, including circus games. Near the theatre are the <i>latomìe</i>, stone quarries, also used as prisons in ancient times. The most famous <i>latomìa</i> is the <i><a href="/wiki/Ear_of_Dionysius" title="Ear of Dionysius">Orecchio di Dionisio</a></i> ("Ear of Dionysius").</li> <li>The Tomb of Archimede, in the Grotticelli Necropolis. Decorated with two Doric columns.</li> <li>The Temple of Olympian <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>, about 3 kilometres (2 miles) outside the city, built around the 6th century BC.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeological_sites_related_to_Magna_Graecia">Archaeological sites related to Magna Graecia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magna_Graecia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Archaeological sites related to Magna Graecia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_archaeological_sites_in_Italy" title="Category:Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Italy">Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Metapontum_2013.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Metapontum_2013.JPG/220px-Metapontum_2013.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Metapontum_2013.JPG/330px-Metapontum_2013.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Metapontum_2013.JPG/440px-Metapontum_2013.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3672" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tavole_Palatine" title="Tavole Palatine">Tavole Palatine</a>, the remains of a <a href="/wiki/Hexastyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexastyle">hexastyle</a> <a href="/wiki/Peripteros" title="Peripteros">peripteral</a> <a href="/wiki/Greek_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek temple">Greek temple</a> of the 6th century BC, dedicated to the goddess <a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a> and the god <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_view_of_the_excavations_-_Heraclea_Minoa_-_Italy_2015.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/General_view_of_the_excavations_-_Heraclea_Minoa_-_Italy_2015.JPG/220px-General_view_of_the_excavations_-_Heraclea_Minoa_-_Italy_2015.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/General_view_of_the_excavations_-_Heraclea_Minoa_-_Italy_2015.JPG/330px-General_view_of_the_excavations_-_Heraclea_Minoa_-_Italy_2015.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/General_view_of_the_excavations_-_Heraclea_Minoa_-_Italy_2015.JPG/440px-General_view_of_the_excavations_-_Heraclea_Minoa_-_Italy_2015.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Remains of the ancient Greek city of <a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaulon_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Kaulon_1.JPG/220px-Kaulon_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Kaulon_1.JPG/330px-Kaulon_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Kaulon_1.JPG/440px-Kaulon_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Remains of the ancient Greek city of <a href="/wiki/Caulonia_(ancient_city)" title="Caulonia (ancient city)">Caulonia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walls_at_Naxos,_Sicily_(71735239).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Walls_at_Naxos%2C_Sicily_%2871735239%29.jpg/220px-Walls_at_Naxos%2C_Sicily_%2871735239%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Walls_at_Naxos%2C_Sicily_%2871735239%29.jpg/330px-Walls_at_Naxos%2C_Sicily_%2871735239%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Walls_at_Naxos%2C_Sicily_%2871735239%29.jpg/440px-Walls_at_Naxos%2C_Sicily_%2871735239%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2581" data-file-height="1973" /></a><figcaption>Remains of the ancient Greek city of <a href="/wiki/Naxos_(Sicily)" title="Naxos (Sicily)">Naxos</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laos_nomos_161407.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Laos_nomos_161407.jpg/220px-Laos_nomos_161407.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Laos_nomos_161407.jpg/330px-Laos_nomos_161407.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Laos_nomos_161407.jpg/440px-Laos_nomos_161407.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="248" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stater" title="Stater">Stater</a> of <a href="/wiki/La%C3%BCs" title="Laüs">Laüs</a> with man-headed bull, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 490</span>–470 BC</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apulia">Apulia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magna_Graecia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Apulia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudiae" title="Rudiae">Rudiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siponto" title="Siponto">Siponto</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basilicata">Basilicata</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magna_Graecia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Basilicata"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Lucania" title="Heraclea Lucania">Heraclea Lucania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Metapontum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavole_Palatine" title="Tavole Palatine">Tavole Palatine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calabria">Calabria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magna_Graecia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Calabria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caulonia_(ancient_city)" title="Caulonia (ancient city)">Caulonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krimisa" title="Krimisa">Krimisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%BCs" title="Laüs">Laüs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylletium" title="Scylletium">Skylletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terina_(ancient_city)" title="Terina (ancient city)">Terina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurii" title="Thurii">Thurii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timpone_della_Motta" title="Timpone della Motta">Timpone della Motta</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campania">Campania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magna_Graecia&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Campania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Elea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraion_at_Foce_del_Sele" title="Heraion at Foce del Sele">Heraion at Foce del Sele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Poseidonia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sicily_2">Sicily</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magna_Graecia&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sicily"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abacaenum" title="Abacaenum">Abacaenum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adranon" title="Adranon">Adranon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aetna_(city)" title="Aetna (city)">Aetna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrai" title="Akrai">Akrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrillai" title="Akrillai">Akrillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Sicily)" title="Apollonia (Sicily)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casmenae" title="Casmenae">Casmenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eryx_(Sicily)" title="Eryx (Sicily)">Eryx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaesa" title="Halaesa">Halaesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helorus" title="Helorus">Helorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbessos" title="Herbessos">Herbessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himera" title="Himera">Himera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Gereatis" title="Hybla Gereatis">Hybla Gereatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maktorion" title="Maktorion">Maktorion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara_Hyblaea" title="Megara Hyblaea">Megara Hyblaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Adranone" title="Monte Adranone">Monte Adranone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgantina" title="Morgantina">Morgantina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motya" title="Motya">Motya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxos_(Sicily)" title="Naxos (Sicily)">Naxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segesta" title="Segesta">Segesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinunte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindari" title="Tindari">Tindari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valle_dei_Templi" title="Valle dei Templi">Valle dei Templi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magna_Graecia&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_diaspora" title="Greek diaspora">Greek diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Italy" title="Greeks in Italy">Greeks in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiotes" title="Italiotes">Italiotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graia" class="mw-redirect" title="Graia">Graia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gra%C3%AFke" class="mw-redirect" title="Graïke">Graïke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graecus" title="Graecus">Graecus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griko_people" title="Griko people">Griko people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griko_language" title="Griko language">Griko language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenic civilization">Hellenic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Greeks" title="Names of the Greeks">Names of the Greeks</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magna_Graecia&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">MAG</span>-nə <span style="font-size:90%">GREE</span>-see-ə, -⁠ <span style="font-size:90%">GREE</span>-shə</i></a>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/-<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">-⁠ <span style="font-size:90%">GRAY</span>-shə</i></a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Latin:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[ˈmaŋna<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈɡrae̯ki.a]</a></span>; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Great[er] Greece</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Μεγάλη Ἑλλάς</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Megálē Hellás</i></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[meɡálɛː<span class="wrap"> </span>hellás]</a></span>, with the same meaning; <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Magna Grecia</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[ˈmaɲɲa<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈɡrɛːtʃa]</a></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Municipality not included in the park but part of Vallo di Diano region.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Indeed, they very often are used to illustrate the style in architectural books.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magna_Graecia&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Sybaris-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sybaris_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sybaris_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.calabriaportal.com/antiche-citta/4625-sybaris.html#:~:text=Sybaris%20fu%20la%20pi%C3%B9%20importante,Roma%20dei%20Cesari%2C%20molti%20secoli">"Sybaris: la storia della più ricca città della Magna Grecia"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sybaris%3A+la+storia+della+pi%C3%B9+ricca+citt%C3%A0+della+Magna+Grecia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.calabriaportal.com%2Fantiche-citta%2F4625-sybaris.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DSybaris%2520fu%2520la%2520pi%25C3%25B9%2520importante%2CRoma%2520dei%2520Cesari%252C%2520molti%2520secoli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagna+Graecia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tozer2014-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tozer2014_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_Fanshawe_Tozer2014" class="citation book cs1">Henry Fanshawe Tozer (30 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lsS0BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43"><i>A History of Ancient Geography</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-07875-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-07875-7"><bdi>978-1-108-07875-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+Geography&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014-10-30&rft.isbn=978-1-108-07875-7&rft.au=Henry+Fanshawe+Tozer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlsS0BAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagna+Graecia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dizionario-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dizionario_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dizionario_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dizionario_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dizionario_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Magna Grecia", <i>Dizionario enciclopedico italiano</i> (in Italian), vol. VII, <a href="/wiki/Treccani" title="Treccani">Treccani</a>, 1970, p. 259</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Magna+Grecia&rft.btitle=Dizionario+enciclopedico+italiano&rft.pages=259&rft.pub=Treccani&rft.date=1970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagna+Graecia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-magnagrecia-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-magnagrecia_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-magnagrecia_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-magnagrecia_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-magnagrecia_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-magnagrecia_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-magnagrecia_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.magnagrecia.it/pagare/calabria/italiano/itinerar/arte/architet.html">"L'architettura in Grecia e nelle colonie"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%27architettura+in+Grecia+e+nelle+colonie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.magnagrecia.it%2Fpagare%2Fcalabria%2Fitaliano%2Fitinerar%2Farte%2Farchitet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagna+Graecia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ragazzi-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ragazzi_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ragazzi_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ragazzi_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ragazzi_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ragazzi_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ragazzi_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ragazzi_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/magna-grecia_%28Enciclopedia-dei-ragazzi%29/">"Magna Grecia"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Magna+Grecia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fmagna-grecia_%2528Enciclopedia-dei-ragazzi%2529%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagna+Graecia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lazzarini-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lazzarini_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazzarini1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lazzarini, Mario (1995). <i>La Magna Grecia</i> (in Italian). Scorpione Editrice. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-8099-027-6" title="Special:BookSources/88-8099-027-6"><bdi>88-8099-027-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Magna+Grecia&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Scorpione+Editrice&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=88-8099-027-6&rft.aulast=Lazzarini&rft.aufirst=Mario&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagna+Graecia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-archeologiaviva-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-archeologiaviva_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-archeologiaviva_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-archeologiaviva_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archeologiaviva.it/4139/le-arti-di-efesto-capolavori-in-metallo/">"Le arti di Efesto. Capolavori in metallo"</a> (in Italian). p. 11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+arti+di+Efesto.+Capolavori+in+metallo&rft.pages=11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archeologiaviva.it%2F4139%2Fle-arti-di-efesto-capolavori-in-metallo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagna+Graecia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-olimpiadi-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-olimpiadi_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-olimpiadi_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-olimpiadi_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/olimpiadi-antiche_%28Enciclopedia-dello-Sport%29/">"Olimpiadi antiche"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Getty Publications. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89236-751-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89236-751-1"><bdi>978-0-89236-751-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Cities+of+Magna+Graecia+and+Sicily&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Getty+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-89236-751-1&rft.au=Luca+Cerchiai&rft.au=Lorena+Jannelli&rft.au=Fausto+Longo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfH32nSiCue0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagna+Graecia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-enciclopedia-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-enciclopedia_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enciclopedia_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/magna-grecia">"Magna Grecia nell'Enciclopedia Treccani"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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ISBN 978-88-06-11741-2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DMITRIEV, S. (2017). The Status of Greek Cities in Roman Reception and Adaptation. Hermes, 145(2), 195–209. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/26650396">http://www.jstor.org/stable/26650396</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lane Fox, Robin (2005). The Classical World. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-102141-1. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.rgzm.de/foreigners/cfm/themen/309/309_uk.cfm?Language=uk">the original</a> on 24 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www2.rgzm.de&rft.atitle=Slavs+and+nomadic+populations+in+Greece&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.rgzm.de%2Fforeigners%2Fcfm%2Fthemen%2F309%2F309_uk.cfm%3FLanguage%3Duk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagna+Graecia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1979" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, T. S. (1979). 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A. (2007). <i>The Latin Church in Norman Italy</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 494. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25551-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25551-6"><bdi>978-0-521-25551-6</bdi></a>. <q>At the end of the twelfth century<span class="nowrap"> </span>... While in Apulia Greeks were in a majority – and indeed present in any numbers at all – only in the Salento peninsula in the extreme south, at the time of the conquest they had an overwhelming preponderance in Lucania and central and southern Calabria, as well as comprising anything up to a third of the population of Sicily, concentrated especially in the north-east of the island, the Val Demone.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Latin+Church+in+Norman+Italy&rft.pages=494&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-25551-6&rft.au=Loud%2C+G.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagna+Graecia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOldfield,_Paul2014" class="citation book cs1">Oldfield, Paul (2014). <i>Sanctity and Pilgrimage in Medieval Southern Italy, 1000–1200</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00028-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00028-5"><bdi>978-1-107-00028-5</bdi></a>. <q>However, the Byzantine revival of the tenth century generated a concomitant process Hellenization, while Muslim raids in southern Calabria, and instability in Sicily, may also have displaced Greek Christians further north on the mainland. Consequently, zones in northern Calabria, Lucania and central Apulia which were reintegrated into Byzantine control also experienced demographic shifts and the increasing establishment of immigrant Greek communities. These zones also acted as springboards for Greek migration further north, into regions such as the Cilento and areas around Salerno, which had never been under Byzantine control.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sanctity+and+Pilgrimage+in+Medieval+Southern+Italy%2C+1000%E2%80%931200&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-107-00028-5&rft.au=Oldfield%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagna+Graecia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinhenz,_Christopher2004" class="citation book cs1">Kleinhenz, Christopher (2004). <i>Medieval Italy: an encyclopedia, Volume 1</i>. 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La pittura parietale"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Storia+del+Teatro+nelle+citt%C3%A0+d%27Italia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.melogranoarte.it%2Fstoria-del-teatro-nelle-citta-ditalia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagna+Graecia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.studocu.com/it/document/liceo-italia/greco/il-teatro-eschilo-sofocle/16686977">"Il teatro"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Time Incorporated. 1960. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Time+Incorporated&rft.date=1960&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhVfgAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagna+Graecia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-uVXAAAAYAAJ"><i>Greece</i></a>. Michelin Tyre. 1991. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-06-701520-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-06-701520-3"><bdi>978-2-06-701520-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greece&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Michelin+Tyre&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-2-06-701520-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-uVXAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagna+Graecia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Agrifoglio2015-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Agrifoglio2015_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRocco_Agrifoglio2015" class="citation book cs1">Rocco Agrifoglio (29 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E1t4CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA49"><i>Knowledge Preservation Through Community of Practice: Theoretical Issues and Empirical Evidence</i></a>. Springer. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-22234-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-22234-9"><bdi>978-3-319-22234-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Knowledge+Preservation+Through+Community+of+Practice%3A+Theoretical+Issues+and+Empirical+Evidence&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015-08-29&rft.isbn=978-3-319-22234-9&rft.au=Rocco+Agrifoglio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE1t4CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagna+Graecia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MolaPennarola2014-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MolaPennarola2014_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapo_MolaFerdinando_PennarolaStefano_Za2014" class="citation book cs1">Lapo Mola; Ferdinando Pennarola; Stefano Za (16 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=afzYBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA108"><i>From Information to Smart Society: Environment, Politics and Economics</i></a>. Springer. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-09450-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-09450-2"><bdi>978-3-319-09450-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Information+to+Smart+Society%3A+Environment%2C+Politics+and+Economics&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014-10-16&rft.isbn=978-3-319-09450-2&rft.au=Lapo+Mola&rft.au=Ferdinando+Pennarola&rft.au=Stefano+Za&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DafzYBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagna+Graecia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130903123845/http://www.provincia.messina.it/repository/albo-pretorio/allegati/2012/Docs3047/44-C-2012.pdf">"Delimiting the territory of the Greek linguistic minority of Messina"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.provincia.messina.it/repository/albo-pretorio/allegati/2012/Docs3047/44-C-2012.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Delimiting+the+territory+of+the+Greek+linguistic+minority+of+Messina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.provincia.messina.it%2Frepository%2Falbo-pretorio%2Fallegati%2F2012%2FDocs3047%2F44-C-2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagna+Graecia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visititaly.it/info/992543-valle-dei-templi-agrigento.aspx">"Valle dei Templi"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Valle+dei+Templi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visititaly.it%2Finfo%2F992543-valle-dei-templi-agrigento.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagna+Graecia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parcodeitempli.net/">"Parco Valle dei Templi"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parco+Valle+dei+Templi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parcodeitempli.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagna+Graecia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/842">Info on whc.unesco.org</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshby1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ashby_(archaeologist)" title="Thomas Ashby (archaeologist)">Ashby, Thomas</a> (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Velia" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Velia">Velia</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 978.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Velia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=978&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Ashby&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagna+Graecia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCord2023" class="citation book cs1">Cord, David (2023). <i>The Spring of Arethusa</i>. pp. 7–9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spring+of+Arethusa&rft.pages=7-9&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Cord&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagna+Graecia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanino1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Canino, Antonio (1980). <i>Basilicata, Calabria</i> (in Italian). Touring Editore. p. 344. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788836500215" title="Special:BookSources/9788836500215"><bdi>9788836500215</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basilicata%2C+Calabria&rft.pages=344&rft.pub=Touring+Editore&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9788836500215&rft.aulast=Canino&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagna+Graecia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magna_Graecia&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Polyxeni Adam-Veleni and Dimitra Tsangari (editors), <i>Greek colonisation: New data, current approaches; Proceedings of the scientific meeting held in Thessaloniki (6 February 2015),</i> Athens, Alpha Bank, 2015.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntonaccio2007" class="citation book cs1">Antonaccio, Carla M. (2007). "Colonization: Greece on the Move 900–480". In Shapiro, H.A. (ed.). <i>The Cambridge Companion to Archaic Greece</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Colonization%3A+Greece+on+the+Move+900%E2%80%93480&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Archaic+Greece&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Antonaccio&rft.aufirst=Carla+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagna+Graecia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Michael J. Bennett, Aaron J. Paul, Mario Iozzo, & Bruce M. White, <i>Magna Graecia: Greek Art From South Italy and Sicily,</i> Cleveland, OH, Cleveland Museum of Art, 2002.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Boardman_(art_historian)" title="John Boardman (art historian)">John Boardman</a>, <a href="/wiki/N._G._L._Hammond" title="N. G. L. Hammond">N. G. L. Hammond</a> (editors), <i>The</i> <i>Cambridge Ancient History, vol. III, part 3, The Expansion of the Greek World, Eighth to Sixth Centuries B.C.</i>, Cambridge University Press, 1982.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoardmanHammond1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Boardman, John; Hammond, N.G.L. (1982). "Preface". In Boardman, John; Hammond, N.G.L (eds.). <i>The Cambridge Ancient History</i>. Vol. III.iii (2 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preface&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Boardman&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Hammond%2C+N.G.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagna+Graecia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Giovanni Casadio & Patricia A. Johnston, <i>Mystic Cults in Magna Graecia,</i> Austin, University of Texas Press, 2009.</li> <li>Lucia Cerchiai, Lorenna Jannelli, & Fausto Longo (editors), <i>The Greek cities of Magna Graecia and Sicily,</i> Photography by Mark E. Smith, Los Angeles, <a href="/wiki/J._Paul_Getty_Museum" title="J. Paul Getty Museum">J. Paul Getty Museum</a>, 2004.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89236-751-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-89236-751-2">0-89236-751-2</a></li> <li>Giovanna Ceserani, <i>Italy's Lost Greece: Magna Graecia and the Making of Modern Archaeology,</i> New York, Oxford University Press, 2012.</li> <li>T. J. Dunbabin, <i>The Western Greeks</i>, 1948.</li> <li>M. Gualtieri, <i>Fourth Century B.C. Magna Graecia: A Case Study,</i> Jonsered, Sweden, P. Åströms, 1993.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogens_Herman_Hansen" title="Mogens Herman Hansen">Mogens Herman Hansen</a> & Thomas Heine Nielsen, <i>An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis</i>, Oxford University Press, 2004.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Ross_Holloway" title="R. Ross Holloway">R. Ross Holloway</a>, <i>Art and Coinage in Magna Graecia,</i> Bellinzona, Edizioni arte e moneta, 1978.</li> <li>Margaret Ellen Mayo, <i>The Art of South Italy: Vases From Magna Graecia,</i> Richmond, Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, 1982.</li> <li>Giovanni Pugliese Carratelli, <i>The Greek World: Art and Civilization in Magna Graecia and Sicily,</i> New York: Rizzoli, 1996.</li> <li>———— (editor), <i>The Western Greeks: Catalog of an exhibition held in the Palazzo Grassi, Venice, March–Dec., 1996,</i> Milan, Bompiani, 1976.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)" title="William Smith (lexicographer)">William Smith</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0064%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DM%3Aentry+group%3D2%3Aentry%3Dmagna-graecia-geo">"Magna Graecia."</a> In <i>Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography</i>, 1854.</li> <li>A. G. Woodhead, <i>The Greeks in the West</i>, 1962.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Zuntz" title="Günther Zuntz">Günther Zuntz</a>, <i>Persephone: Three Essays on Religion and Thought in Magna Graecia,</i> Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1971.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magna_Graecia&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Magna_Graecia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Magna Graecia</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Magna+Graecia&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Magna+Graecia">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Magna+Graecia&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Magna Græcia"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Magna_Gr%C3%A6cia">"Magna Græcia" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. XI (9th ed.). 1880. pp. 30–31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Magna+Gr%C3%A6cia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=30-31&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1880&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagna+Graecia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshby1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ashby_(archaeologist)" title="Thomas Ashby (archaeologist)">Ashby, Thomas</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Magna Graecia"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Magna_Graecia">"Magna Graecia" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). p. 319.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Magna+Graecia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=319&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Ashby&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagna+Graecia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tjbuggey.ancients.info/maggrecia.html">Map</a>.</i> Ancient Coins.</li> <li>David Willey. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4116006.stm">Italy rediscovers Greek heritage</a>.</i> BBC News. 21 June 2005, 17:19 GMT 18:19 UK.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kallithalassa.info/">Gaze On The Sea</a>.</i> Salentine Peninsula, Greece and Greater Greece. (in Italian, Greek and English)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xVQJ41wgYzE">Oriamu pisulina</a>.</i> Traditional Griko song performed by <a href="/wiki/Ghetonia" title="Ghetonia">Ghetonia</a>.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ToZf8hWn8GE">Kalinifta</a>.</i> Traditional Griko song performed by amateur local group.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeological.org/events/19304">Second Interdisciplinary Symposium on the Hellenic Heritage of Southern Italy</a>.</i> Archaeological Institute of America (AIA). 11 June 2015. <small>(Dates: Monday, 30 May 2016 to Thursday, 2 June 2016.)</small></li> <li>Sergio Tofanelli et al. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/ejhg2015124a.html">The Greeks in the West: genetic signatures of the Hellenic colonisation in southern Italy and Sicily</a>.</i> European Journal of Human Genetics, (15 July 2015).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Italy_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italy_topics" title="Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italy_topics" title="Template talk:Italy topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italy_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italy_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Italy" title="Outline of Italy">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history" title="Timeline of Italian history">Timeline of Italian history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Italy" title="Neolithic Italy">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinaldone_culture" title="Rinaldone culture">Rinaldone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golasecca_culture" title="Golasecca culture">Golasecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">Ancient peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Celts</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li>Italy under <a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">the Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">the Sardinian Judicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">Early Modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus" title="Niçard exodus">Niçard exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Monarchy and the World Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Colonial Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Fourth War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Fall of the Fascist regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian%E2%80%93Dalmatian_exodus" title="Istrian–Dalmatian exodus">Istrian–Dalmatian exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Economic Boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italian geographical region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Italy" title="Climate of Italy">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Italy" title="Climate change in Italy">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Italy" title="Geology of Italy">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Italy" title="Fauna of Italy">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Italy" title="Flora of Italy">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Italy" title="List of mountains in Italy">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_foothills" title="Alpine foothills">Prealps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Italy" title="Volcanism of Italy">Volcanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Italy" title="List of volcanoes in Italy">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Italy" title="List of beaches in Italy">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_Italy" title="List of canals in Italy">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Italy" title="List of caves in Italy">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Italy" title="List of earthquakes in Italy">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy" title="List of islands of Italy">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Italy" title="List of lakes of Italy">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marine_Protected_Areas_of_Italy" title="List of Marine Protected Areas of Italy">Marine protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Italy" title="List of national parks of Italy">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_parks_of_Italy" title="List of regional parks of Italy">Regional parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Italy" title="List of rivers of Italy">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Italy" title="List of valleys of Italy">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Italy" title="Elections in Italy">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Italy" title="Foreign relations of Italy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Italy" title="Government of Italy">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Italy" title="Human rights in Italy">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Italy">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Italy" title="Judiciary of Italy">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Italy" title="Law of Italy">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Italy" title="Law enforcement in Italy">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces" title="Italian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationality_law" title="Italian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy" title="List of political parties in Italy">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Italy" title="List of presidents of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Italy" title="List of prime ministers of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Italy)" title="Council of Ministers (Italy)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy" title="Metropolitan cities of Italy">Metropolitan cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy" title="List of cities in Italy">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Italy" title="List of municipalities of Italy">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_intelligence_agencies" title="Italian intelligence agencies">Security and intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Italian regions by GDP">Italian regions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Italy" title="Agriculture in Italy">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy" title="Automotive industry in Italy">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Italy" title="Banking in Italy">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Italy" title="List of banks in Italy">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_brands" title="List of Italian brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Italy" title="List of companies of Italy">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Italy" title="Energy in Italy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Italy" title="List of exports of Italy">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Italy" title="Science and technology in Italy">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borsa_Italiana" title="Borsa Italiana">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Italy" title="Taxation in Italy">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy" title="Tourism in Italy">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Italy" title="List of trade unions in Italy">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Italy" title="Transport in Italy">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Italy" title="List of airports in Italy">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Italy" title="Rail transport in Italy">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_welfare_state" title="Italian welfare state">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Italy" title="Category:Society of Italy">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility of Italy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Italy" title="Censorship in Italy">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Italy" title="Corruption in Italy">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Italy" title="Crime in Italy">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Italy" title="Demographics of Italy">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Emigration and diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Italy" title="Gambling in Italy">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Italy" title="Health in Italy">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Italy" title="Healthcare in Italy">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Italy" title="Immigration to Italy">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Italian inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Italy" title="List of people from Italy">People</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Italian provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Italy" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Italy">Orders, decorations, and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Italy" title="Poverty in Italy">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Italy" title="Prostitution in Italy">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_public_administration" title="Italian public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Italy" title="Terrorism in Italy">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy" title="Water supply and sanitation in Italy">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Italy" title="Women in Italy">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seicento" title="Seicento">Seicento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_culture_(1700s)" title="History of Italian culture (1700s)">Settecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Neoclassical_and_19th-century_art" title="Italian Neoclassical and 19th-century art">Ottocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Canto_degli_Italiani" title="Il Canto degli Italiani">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Italy">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_art" title="Italian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Italy" title="List of castles in Italy">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Italy" title="List of cathedrals in Italy">Cathedrals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Italy" title="Emblem of Italy">Coat of arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_design" title="Italian design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fashion" title="Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Italy" title="Folklore of Italy">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gardens_in_Italy" title="List of gardens in Italy">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Italy" title="Internet in Italy">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italophilia" title="Italophilia">Italophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Italy" title="List of libraries in Italy">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Italy" title="Mass media in Italy">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Italy" title="List of museums in Italy">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Italy" title="Mythology of Italy">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Italy" title="National symbols of Italy">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces_in_Italy" title="List of palaces in Italy">Palaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_philosophy" title="Italian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Italy" title="Public holidays in Italy">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Italy" title="Sport in Italy">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Italy" title="Television in Italy">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Italy" title="Theatre of Italy">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_Italy" title="Traditions of Italy">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Italy">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/16px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/24px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Italy" title="Category:Italy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Greece" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Template:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Greece" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Timeline of ancient Greece">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="HistoryGeography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Roman_era" title="Greece in the Roman era">Roman Greece</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Hellespont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Taurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">Ancient Greek colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="City_statesPoliticsMilitary" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Argos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Argos">Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalcis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretria" title="Eretria">Eretria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Kerkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larissa" title="Larissa">Larissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolis,_Greece" title="Megalopolis, Greece">Megalopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lissus_(Crete)" title="Lissus (Crete)">Lissus (Crete)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bithynia" title="Kingdom of Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pergamon" title="Kingdom of Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federations</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doric Hexapolis</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1100</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 560 BC</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiotes#Italiote_League" title="Italiotes">Italiote League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span>–389 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_League" title="Ionian League">Ionian League</a> (c. 650–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_League" title="Peloponnesian League">Peloponnesian League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550</span>–366 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphictyonic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphictyonic League">Amphictyonic League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 595</span>–279 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acarnanian_League" title="Acarnanian League">Acarnanian League</a> (c. 500–31 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Hellenic League</a> (499–449 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a> (478–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcidian_League" title="Chalcidian League">Chalcidian League</a> (430–348 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeotia#Boeotian_League" title="Boeotia">Boeotian League</a> (c. 424–c. 395 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aetolian_League" title="Aetolian League">Aetolian League</a> (c. 400–188 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Athenian_League" title="Second Athenian League">Second Athenian League</a> (378–355 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessalian_League" title="Thessalian League">Thessalian League</a> (374–196 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadian_League" title="Arcadian League">Arcadian League</a> (370–c. 230 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_League" title="Epirote League">Epirote League</a> (370–168 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a> (338–322 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euboean_League" title="Euboean League">Euboean League</a> (c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_League" title="Achaean League">Achaean League</a> (280–146 BC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boule_(ancient_Greece)" title="Boule (ancient Greece)">Boule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_city_(classical_antiquity)" title="Free city (classical antiquity)">Free city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon" title="Koinon">Koinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxeny" title="Proxeny">Proxeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasis_(ancient_Greece)" title="Stasis (ancient Greece)">Stasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagus_(title)" title="Tagus (title)">Tagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">Tyrant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">Agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areopagus" title="Areopagus">Areopagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(ancient_Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesia (ancient Athens)">Ecclesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphe_paranomon" title="Graphe paranomon">Graphe paranomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliaia" title="Heliaia">Heliaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">Ostracism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spartan_Constitution" title="Spartan Constitution">Spartan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(Sparta)" title="Ecclesia (Sparta)">Ekklesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephor" title="Ephor">Ephor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerousia" title="Gerousia">Gerousia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synedrion" title="Synedrion">Synedrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon_of_Macedonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinon of Macedonians">Koinon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Greece" title="List of wars involving Greece">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_military" title="Athenian military">Athenian military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_archers" title="Scythian archers">Scythian archers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_Macedonian_army" title="Antigonid Macedonian army">Antigonid Macedonian army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army" title="Ancient Macedonian army">Army of Macedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_archers" title="Cretan archers">Cretan archers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_armies" title="Hellenistic armies">Hellenistic armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippeis" title="Hippeis">Hippeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">Hoplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_cavalry" title="Companion cavalry">Hetairoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phalanx" title="Macedonian phalanx">Macedonian phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Mycenaean_Greece" title="Military of Mycenaean Greece">Military of Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx" title="Phalanx">Phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">Peltast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pezhetairos" title="Pezhetairos">Pezhetairos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa">Sarissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Band_of_Thebes" title="Sacred Band of Thebes">Sacred Band of Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciritae" title="Sciritae">Sciritae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_army" title="Seleucid army">Seleucid army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartan_army" title="Spartan army">Spartan army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">Strategos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxotai" title="Toxotai">Toxotai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiphos" title="Xiphos">Xiphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xyston" title="Xyston">Xyston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greeks" title="Category:Ancient Greeks">People</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="List_of_ancient_Greeks"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">List of ancient Greeks</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rulers_of_Greece#Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of rulers of Greece">Rulers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Argos" title="List of kings of Argos">Kings of Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponymous_archon" title="Eponymous archon">Archons of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Athens" title="List of kings of Athens">Kings of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Commagene">Kings of Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Macedonia" title="List of kings of Macedonia">Kings of Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Thrace_and_Dacia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia">Kings of Paionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalid dynasty">Attalid kings of Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Pontus">Kings of Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty" title="Seleucid dynasty">Seleucid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Sparta" title="List of kings of Sparta">Kings of Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tyrants_of_Syracuse" title="List of tyrants of Syracuse">Tyrants of Syracuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists & scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_astronomers" title="List of ancient Greek astronomers">Astronomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_historians" title="List of ancient Greek historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_mathematicians" title="List of ancient Greek mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_philosophers" title="List of ancient Greek philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_playwrights" title="List of ancient Greek playwrights">Playwrights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_poets" title="List of ancient Greek poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_Greece" title="Seven Sages of Greece">Seven Sages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_writers" title="List of ancient Greek writers">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus">Leucippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Authors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archilochus" title="Archilochus">Archilochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipponax" title="Hipponax">Hipponax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibycus" title="Ibycus">Ibycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimnermus" title="Mimnermus">Mimnermus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyassis" title="Panyassis">Panyassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philocles" title="Philocles">Philocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonides_of_Ceos" title="Simonides of Ceos">Simonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theognis_of_Megara" title="Theognis of Megara">Theognis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timocreon" title="Timocreon">Timocreon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrtaeus" title="Tyrtaeus">Tyrtaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Athenian_statesmen" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Athenian statesmen">Athenian statesmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_lawgivers" title="List of ancient Greek lawgivers">Lawgivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Olympic_victors" title="List of ancient Olympic victors">Olympic victors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tyrants" title="List of ancient Greek tyrants">Tyrants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">Ancient Greek tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thracian_Greeks" title="List of Thracian Greeks">Thracian Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Macedonians" title="List of ancient Macedonians">Ancient Macedonians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="SocietyCulture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece" title="Clothing in ancient Greece">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emporium_(antiquity)" title="Emporium (antiquity)">Emporium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euergetism" title="Euergetism">Euergetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_festivals" title="Athenian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_folklore" title="Ancient Greek folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_law" title="Ancient Greek law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Prostitution in ancient Greece">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Greece" title="Marriage in ancient Greece">Wedding customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Arts</a> and science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Greece" title="Music of ancient Greece">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_system_of_ancient_Greece" title="Musical system of ancient Greece">Musical system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_technology" title="Ancient Greek technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">Funeral and burial practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mythological_figures" title="List of Greek mythological figures">mythological figures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Underworld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;text-align:left;">Sacred places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dion,_Pieria" title="Dion, Pieria">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_Treasury" title="Athenian Treasury">Athenian Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Gate" title="Lion Gate">Lion Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Walls" title="Long Walls">Long Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippeion" title="Philippeion">Philippeion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus" title="Theatre of Dionysus">Theatre of Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_of_Eupalinos" title="Tunnel of Eupalinos">Tunnel of Eupalinos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Aphaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Aphaea">Aphaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_Nike" title="Temple of Athena Nike">Athena Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erechtheion" title="Erechtheion">Erechtheion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hephaestus" title="Temple of Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hera,_Olympia" title="Temple of Hera, Olympia">Hera, Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Zeus, Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_Greek" title="Epirote Greek">Epirote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">Writing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Greek_colonisation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greek colonisation</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Magna Graecia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mainland<br />Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lecce" title="Lecce">Alision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brentesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caulonia_(ancient_city)" title="Caulonia (ancient city)">Caulonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casabona" title="Casabona">Chone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Croton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Elea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Lucania" title="Heraclea Lucania">Heraclea Lucania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibo_Valentia" title="Vibo Valentia">Hipponion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otranto" title="Otranto">Hydrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krimisa" title="Krimisa">Krimisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%BCs" title="Laüs">Laüs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locri" title="Locri">Locri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medma" title="Medma">Medma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metauros" title="Metauros">Metauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Metapontion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Neápolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandosia_(Lucania)" title="Pandosia (Lucania)">Pandosia (Lucania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Poseidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policastro_Bussentino" title="Policastro Bussentino">Pixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Rhegion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylletium" title="Scylletium">Scylletium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siris_(Magna_Graecia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siris (Magna Graecia)">Siris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris_on_the_Traeis" title="Sybaris on the Traeis">Sybaris on the Traeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terina_(ancient_city)" title="Terina (ancient city)">Terina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurii" title="Thurii">Thurii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Akragas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrai" title="Akrai">Akrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrillai" title="Akrillai">Akrillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Sicily)" title="Apollonia (Sicily)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caronia" title="Caronia">Calacte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casmenae" title="Casmenae">Casmenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helorus" title="Helorus">Helorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enna" title="Enna">Henna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himera" title="Himera">Himera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Gereatis" title="Hybla Gereatis">Hybla Gereatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Heraea" title="Hybla Heraea">Hybla Heraea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarina,_Sicily" title="Kamarina, Sicily">Kamarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentini" title="Lentini">Leontinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara_Hyblaea" title="Megara Hyblaea">Megara Hyblaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxos_(Sicily)" title="Naxos (Sicily)">Naxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segesta" title="Segesta">Segesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Tauromenion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciacca" title="Sciacca">Thermae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindari" title="Tindari">Tyndaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salina,_Sicily" title="Salina, Sicily">Didyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panarea" title="Panarea">Euonymos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alicudi" title="Alicudi">Ereikousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiluzzo" title="Basiluzzo">Hycesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipari" title="Lipari">Lipara/Meligounis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filicudi" title="Filicudi">Phoenicusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromboli" title="Stromboli">Strongyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcano" title="Vulcano">Therassía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayda,_Libya" title="Bayda, Libya">Balagrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barca_(ancient_city)" title="Barca (ancient city)">Barca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Berenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollonia,_Cyrenaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia, Cyrenaica">Apollonia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais,_Cyrenaica" title="Ptolemais, Cyrenaica">Ptolemais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucentum" title="Lucentum">Akra Leuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villajoyosa" title="Villajoyosa">Alonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%BAries" title="Empúries">Emporion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elche" title="Elche">Helike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9nia" title="Dénia">Hemeroscopion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aljaraque" title="Aljaraque">Kalathousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mart%C3%AD_d%27Emp%C3%BAries" title="Sant Martí d'Empúries">Kypsela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainake_(Greek_settlement)" title="Mainake (Greek settlement)">Mainake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="El Puerto de Santa María">Menestheus's Limin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Pola" title="Santa Pola">Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roses,_Girona" class="mw-redirect" title="Roses, Girona">Rhode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salou" title="Salou">Salauris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagunto" title="Sagunto">Zacynthos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspalathos" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspalathos">Aspalathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB#Early_history" title="Vlorë">Aulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidamnos" title="Epidamnos">Epidamnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidaurum" title="Epidaurum">Epidauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issa_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Issa (polis)">Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melaina_Korkyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melaina Korkyra">Melaina Korkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum_(Illyria)" title="Nymphaeum (Illyria)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricum" title="Oricum">Orikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharos_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharos (polis)">Pharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragurion" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragurion">Tragurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thronion_(Illyria)" title="Thronion (Illyria)">Thronion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a><br />basin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akra_(Crimmerian_Bosporus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akra (Crimmerian Bosporus)">Akra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berezan_Island" title="Berezan Island">Borysthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charax,_Crimea" title="Charax, Crimea">Charax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chersonesus" title="Chersonesus">Chersonesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Dioscurias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapa" title="Anapa">Gorgippia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmutarakan" title="Tmutarakan">Hermonassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalos_Limen" title="Kalos Limen">Kalos Limen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepoi" title="Kepoi">Kepoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria" title="Yevpatoria">Kerkinitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimmerikon" title="Kimmerikon">Kimmerikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmekion" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrmekion">Myrmekion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikonion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikonion">Nikonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaion_(Crimea)" title="Nymphaion (Crimea)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olbia_(Pontic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olbia (Pontic)">Olbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantikapaion" title="Pantikapaion">Pantikapaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanagoria" title="Phanagoria">Phanagoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitsunda" title="Pitsunda">Pityus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanais" title="Tanais">Tanais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Theodosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyras" title="Tyras">Tyras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyritake" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyritake">Tyritake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abonoteichos" title="Abonoteichos">Abonoteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Amisos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomorie" title="Pomorie">Anchialos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozopol" title="Sozopol">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazar,_Rize" title="Pazar, Rize">Athina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Bathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balchik" title="Balchik">Dionysopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordu" title="Ordu">Cotyora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytorus" title="Cytorus">Cytorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupatoria_(Pontus)" title="Eupatoria (Pontus)">Eupatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Kerasous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesebar" title="Nesebar">Mesambria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Odessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cnye" title="Ünye">Oinòe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasis_(town)" title="Phasis (town)">Phasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatsa" title="Fatsa">Polemonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rize" title="Rize">Rhizos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1y%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Kıyıköy">Salmydessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasra" title="Amasra">Sesamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terme" title="Terme">Thèrmae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tium" title="Tium">Tium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trapezous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolis_(Pontus)" title="Tripolis (Pontus)">Tripolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaliche" title="Zaliche">Zaliche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_cities" title="List of ancient Greek cities">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_ancient_Epirus" title="List of cities in ancient Epirus">in Epirus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stoae" title="List of stoae">Stoae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Greek_temples" title="List of Ancient Greek temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_theatres" title="List of ancient Greek theatres">Theatres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greece" title="Category:Ancient Greece">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" title="Portal:Ancient Greece">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Outline of ancient Greece">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Campania&#124;link=Campania_Campania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campania" title="Template:Campania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campania" title="Template talk:Campania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Campania&#124;link=Campania_Campania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania"><img alt="Campania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_Campania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Campania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_Campania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Campania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_Campania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Campania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Avellino" title="Province of Avellino">Avellino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Benevento" title="Province of Benevento">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Caserta" title="Province of Caserta">Caserta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Naples" title="Metropolitan City of Naples">Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Salerno" title="Province of Salerno">Salerno</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_region_of_Campania,_Italy,_with_provinces-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Map_of_region_of_Campania%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg/150px-Map_of_region_of_Campania%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Map_of_region_of_Campania%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg/225px-Map_of_region_of_Campania%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Map_of_region_of_Campania%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg/300px-Map_of_region_of_Campania%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1861" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Campania" title="Geography of Campania">Places</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amalfi_Coast" title="Amalfi Coast">Amalfi Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilento" title="Cilento">Cilento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irpinia" title="Irpinia">Irpinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campanian_Archipelago" title="Campanian Archipelago">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnium" title="Samnium">Samnium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorrento_Peninsula" title="Sorrento Peninsula">Sorrentine Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_di_Lavoro" title="Terra di Lavoro">Terra di Lavoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallo_di_Diano" title="Vallo di Diano">Vallo di Diano</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_and_towns_in_Campania" title="Category:Cities and towns in Campania">Cities, towns and villages</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communes_of_Campania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of communes of Campania">List of communes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Naples">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_Naples" title="List of viceroys of Naples">Viceroys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnite_Wars" title="Samnite Wars">Samnite Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italia province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Naples" title="Duchy of Naples">Duchy of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">Duchy of Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Capua" title="Principality of Capua">Principality of Capua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Salerno" title="Principality of Salerno">Principality of Salerno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Duchy of Amalfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Sorrento" title="Duchy of Sorrento">Duchy of Sorrento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Apulia_and_Calabria" title="County of Apulia and Calabria">Duchy of Apulia and Calabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Campania" title="Ancient Campania">Ancient Campania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Campania" title="Politics of Campania">Politics and<br />government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Campania" title="Elections in Campania">Elections in Campania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Campania" title="List of presidents of Campania">List of presidents of Campania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Campania" title="Demographics of Campania">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Campania" title="Geography of Campania">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Campania" title="Music of Campania">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Campania" title="Flag of Campania">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Campania" title="Coat of arms of Campania">Coat of arms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:Campania" title="Category:Campania">Categories</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184313#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184313#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184313#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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