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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Predecessors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predecessors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_first_disc_records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_first_disc_records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>The first disc records</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_first_disc_records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-78_rpm_disc_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#78_rpm_disc_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>78 rpm disc developments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-78_rpm_disc_developments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 78 rpm disc developments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-78_rpm_disc_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_speeds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_speeds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Early speeds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_speeds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acoustic_recording" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acoustic_recording"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Acoustic recording</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acoustic_recording-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electrical_recording" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electrical_recording"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Electrical recording</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electrical_recording-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-78_rpm_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#78_rpm_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>78 rpm materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-78_rpm_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-78_rpm_recording_time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#78_rpm_recording_time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>78 rpm recording time</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-78_rpm_recording_time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Record_albums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Record_albums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Record albums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Record_albums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-78_rpm_releases_in_the_microgroove_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#78_rpm_releases_in_the_microgroove_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>78 rpm releases in the microgroove era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-78_rpm_releases_in_the_microgroove_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_sizes_and_materials_after_WWII" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_sizes_and_materials_after_WWII"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>New sizes and materials after WWII</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-New_sizes_and_materials_after_WWII-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle New sizes and materials after WWII subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-New_sizes_and_materials_after_WWII-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Speeds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speeds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Speeds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speeds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shellac_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shellac_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Shellac era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shellac_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microgroove_and_vinyl_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microgroove_and_vinyl_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Microgroove and vinyl era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microgroove_and_vinyl_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_fidelity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_fidelity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>High fidelity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_fidelity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stereophonic_sound" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stereophonic_sound"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Stereophonic sound</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stereophonic_sound-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noise_reduction_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noise_reduction_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Noise reduction systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noise_reduction_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Formats</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Formats-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Formats subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Types_of_records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Types of records</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standard_formats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_formats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Standard formats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Less_common_formats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Less_common_formats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Less common formats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Less_common_formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Recent developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vinyl_quality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vinyl_quality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Vinyl quality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vinyl_quality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Limitations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Limitations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Limitations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shellac" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shellac"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Shellac</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shellac-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vinyl" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vinyl"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Vinyl</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vinyl-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sound_fidelity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sound_fidelity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Sound fidelity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sound_fidelity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LP_versus_CD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LP_versus_CD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>LP versus CD</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LP_versus_CD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Preservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popularity_and_current_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popularity_and_current_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Popularity and current status</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Popularity_and_current_status-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Popularity and current status subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Popularity_and_current_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Revival_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revival_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Revival era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revival_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Present production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Less_common_recording_formats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Less_common_recording_formats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Less common recording formats</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Less_common_recording_formats-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Less common recording formats subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Less_common_recording_formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-VinylVideo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#VinylVideo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>VinylVideo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-VinylVideo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capacitance_Electronic_Disc" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capacitance_Electronic_Disc"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Capacitance Electronic Disc</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capacitance_Electronic_Disc-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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<div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammofoonplaat" title="Grammofoonplaat – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Grammofoonplaat" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B5_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81" title="قرص فونوغراف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قرص فونوغراف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khek-p%C3%B4a%E2%81%BF" title="Khek-pôaⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Khek-pôaⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Грамафонная пласцінка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Грамафонная пласцінка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Грамофонна плоча – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Грамофонна плоча" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_fonogr%C3%A0fic" title="Disc fonogràfic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Disc fonogràfic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramofonov%C3%A1_deska" title="Gramofonová deska – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gramofonová deska" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammofonplade" title="Grammofonplade – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Grammofonplade" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schallplatte" title="Schallplatte – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schallplatte" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliplaat" title="Heliplaat – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Heliplaat" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%86%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Δίσκος γραμμοφώνου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δίσκος γραμμοφώνου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco_fonogr%C3%A1fico" title="Disco fonográfico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Disco fonográfico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramofondisko" title="Gramofondisko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gramofondisko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disko_fonografiko" title="Disko fonografiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Disko fonografiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D9%87_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86" title="صفحه گرامافون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صفحه گرامافون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disque_phonographique" title="Disque phonographique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Disque phonographique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B6%95%EC%9D%8C%EA%B8%B0_%EC%9D%8C%EB%B0%98" title="축음기 음반 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="축음기 음반" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%81%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Ձայնապնակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ձայնապնակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="फोनोग्राफ मशीन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फोनोग्राफ मशीन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramofonska_plo%C4%8Da" title="Gramofonska ploča – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gramofonska ploča" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramofon-disko" title="Gramofon-disko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Gramofon-disko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piringan_hitam" title="Piringan hitam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Piringan hitam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlj%C3%B3mplata" title="Hljómplata – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hljómplata" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco_fonografico" title="Disco fonografico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Disco fonografico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98" title="תקליט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תקליט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90" title="გრამფირფიტა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გრამფირფიტა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Граммофон табағы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Граммофон табағы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonodiscus" title="Phonodiscus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Phonodiscus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska%C5%86uplate" title="Skaņuplate – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Skaņuplate" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schallplack" title="Schallplack – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Schallplack" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammofoonplaat" title="Grammofoonplaat – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Grammofoonplaat" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanglemez" title="Hanglemez – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hanglemez" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Грамофонска плоча – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Грамофонска плоча" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piring_hitam" title="Piring hitam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Piring hitam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammofoonplaat" title="Grammofoonplaat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Grammofoonplaat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="ग्रामोफोन रेकर्ड – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ग्रामोफोन रेकर्ड" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="レコード – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レコード" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammofonplate" title="Grammofonplate – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Grammofonplate" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammofonplate" title="Grammofonplate – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Grammofonplate" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammofon_plastinkasi" title="Grammofon plastinkasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Grammofon plastinkasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%82yta_gramofonowa" title="Płyta gramofonowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Płyta gramofonowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_de_gramofon" title="Disc de gramofon – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Disc de gramofon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruqyay_phiruru" title="Ruqyay phiruru – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ruqyay phiruru" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Грампластинка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Грампластинка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramophone_record" title="Gramophone record – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gramophone record" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramof%C3%B3nov%C3%A1_plat%C5%88a" title="Gramofónová platňa – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gramofónová platňa" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramofonska_plo%C5%A1%C4%8Da" title="Gramofonska plošča – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gramofonska plošča" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%81%DB%86%D9%86%DB%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81" title="تۆماری فۆنۆگراف – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تۆماری فۆنۆگراف" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Грамофонска плоча – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Грамофонска плоча" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramofonska_plo%C4%8Da" title="Gramofonska ploča – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gramofonska ploča" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammofonskiva" title="Grammofonskiva – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Grammofonskiva" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D" title="ఫోనోగ్రాఫ్ రికార్డ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఫోనోగ్రాఫ్ రికార్డ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87" title="แผ่นเสียง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แผ่นเสียง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plak" title="Plak – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Plak" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Грамофонна платівка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Грамофонна платівка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C4%A9a_than" title="Đĩa than – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đĩa than" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E8%83%B6%E5%94%B1%E7%89%87" title="黑胶唱片 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="黑胶唱片" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E8%86%A0%E7%A2%9F" title="黑膠碟 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="黑膠碟" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E8%86%A0%E5%94%B1%E7%89%87" title="黑膠唱片 – Chinese" lang="zh" 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class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Kvng">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Kvng" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Kvng">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Extended_confirmed_editors" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Extended confirmed editors">Extended confirmed users</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:New_pages_patrol/Reviewers" title="Wikipedia:New pages patrol/Reviewers">New page reviewers</a></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>106,980</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle3"> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses">Reverted <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AGF" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AGF">good faith</a> edits by <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/HarlambiDaabrev" title="Special:Contributions/HarlambiDaabrev">HarlambiDaabrev</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:HarlambiDaabrev" title="User talk:HarlambiDaabrev">talk</a>): No significant improvement</span></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle5"><span class="mw-tag-markers"><a href="/wiki/Special:Tags" title="Special:Tags">Tags</a>: <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-twinkle"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Twinkle" title="Wikipedia:Twinkle">Twinkle</a></span> <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-mw-undo"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Undo" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Undo">Undo</a></span></span></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonograph_record&diff=prev&oldid=1259514426" title="Phonograph record" id="differences-prevlink">← Previous edit</a></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-ntitle diff-side-added"><div id="mw-diff-ntitle1"><strong><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonograph_record&oldid=1259839852" title="Phonograph record">Revision as of 10:15, 27 November 2024</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonograph_record&action=edit&oldid=1259839852" title="Phonograph record">edit</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2024-11-27T10:15:46Z"></span> <span class="mw-diff-undo"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonograph_record&action=edit&undoafter=1259514426&undo=1259839852" title=""Undo" reverts this edit and opens the edit form in preview mode. It allows adding a reason in the summary.">undo</a></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/85.172.89.22" class="mw-userlink mw-anonuserlink" title="Special:Contributions/85.172.89.22" data-mw-revid="1259839852"><bdi>85.172.89.22</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=User_talk:85.172.89.22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:85.172.89.22 (page does not exist)">talk</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AES" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AES">←</a>Redirected page to <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">Feces</a></span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"><span class="mw-tag-markers"><a href="/wiki/Special:Tags" title="Special:Tags">Tags</a>: <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-mw-new-redirect">New redirect</span> <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-mw-reverted">Reverted</span> <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-mobile_edit">Mobile edit</span> <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-mobile_web_edit">Mobile web edit</span></span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonograph_record&diff=next&oldid=1259839852" title="Phonograph record" id="differences-nextlink">Next edit →</a></div></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>#REDIRECT [[Feces]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Short description|Disc-shaped analog sound storage medium}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Short description|Disc-shaped analog sound storage medium}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{For-multi|the magazine|Phonograph Record (magazine){{!}}''Phonograph Record'' (magazine)|cylinder recordings formerly commonly called phonograph records|Phonograph cylinder}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{For-multi|the magazine|Phonograph Record (magazine){{!}}''Phonograph Record'' (magazine)|cylinder recordings formerly commonly called phonograph records|Phonograph cylinder}}</div></td> </tr>  </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Revision as of 10:15, 27 November 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="redirectMsg"><p>Redirect to:</p><ul class="redirectText"><li><a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">Feces</a></li></ul></div><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Disc-shaped analog sound storage medium</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the magazine, see <a href="/wiki/Phonograph_Record_(magazine)" title="Phonograph Record (magazine)"><i>Phonograph Record</i> (magazine)</a>. For cylinder recordings formerly commonly called phonograph records, see <a href="/wiki/Phonograph_cylinder" title="Phonograph cylinder">Phonograph cylinder</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vinilos_distintos_tama%C3%B1os.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Vinilos_distintos_tama%C3%B1os.jpg/300px-Vinilos_distintos_tama%C3%B1os.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Vinilos_distintos_tama%C3%B1os.jpg/450px-Vinilos_distintos_tama%C3%B1os.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Vinilos_distintos_tama%C3%B1os.jpg/600px-Vinilos_distintos_tama%C3%B1os.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1878" data-file-height="734" /></a><figcaption>Three vinyl records of different formats, from left to right: a 12 inch <a href="/wiki/LP_record" title="LP record">LP</a>, a 10 inch LP, a 7 inch <a href="/wiki/Single_(music)" title="Single (music)">single</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>phonograph record</b> (also known as a <b>gramophone record</b>, especially in British English) or a <b>vinyl record</b> (for later varieties only) is an <a href="/wiki/Analog_signal" title="Analog signal">analog</a> sound <a href="/wiki/Recording_medium" class="mw-redirect" title="Recording medium">storage medium</a> in the form of a flat disc with an inscribed, modulated spiral groove. The groove usually starts near the outside edge and ends near the center of the disc. The stored sound information is made audible by playing the record on a <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">phonograph</a> (or "gramophone", "turntable", or "record player"). </p><p>Records have been produced in different formats with playing times ranging from a few minutes to around 30 minutes per side. For about half a century, the discs were commonly made from <a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">shellac</a> and these records typically ran at a rotational speed of 78 <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute" title="Revolutions per minute">rpm</a>, giving it the nickname "<b>78s</b>" ("seventy-eights"). After the 1940s, "vinyl" records made from <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">polyvinyl chloride</a> (PVC) became standard replacing the old 78s and remain so to this day; they have since been produced in various sizes and speeds, most commonly 7-inch discs played at 45 rpm (typically for <a href="/wiki/Single_(music)" title="Single (music)">singles</a>, also called <b>45s</b> ("forty-fives")), and 12-inch discs played at 33⅓ rpm (known as an <a href="/wiki/LP_record" title="LP record">LP</a>, "long-playing records", typically for full-length <a href="/wiki/Album" title="Album">albums</a>) – the latter being the most prevalent format today. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:78tours.ogv" title="File:78tours.ogv">78 rpm video</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/78tours.ogv/232px--78tours.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" height="174" data-durationhint="12" data-mwtitle="78tours.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4b/78tours.ogv/78tours.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/78tours.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4b/78tours.ogv/78tours.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4b/78tours.ogv/78tours.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4b/78tours.ogv/78tours.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4b/78tours.ogv/78tours.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="description">Video of a 1936 spring-motor-driven 78 rpm acoustic (non-electronic) gramophone playing a <a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">shellac</a> record.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>The phonograph record was the primary medium used for music reproduction throughout the 20th century. It had co-existed with the <a href="/wiki/Phonograph_cylinder" title="Phonograph cylinder">phonograph cylinder</a> from the late 1880s and had effectively superseded it by around 1912. Records retained the largest market share even when new formats such as the <a href="/wiki/Compact_cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact cassette">compact cassette</a> were mass-marketed. By the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">digital media</a>, in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">compact disc</a>, had gained a larger market share, and the record left the mainstream in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1990s, records continue to be manufactured and sold on a smaller scale, and during the 1990s and early 2000s were commonly used by <a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">disc jockeys</a> (DJs), especially in dance music genres. They were also listened to by a growing number of <a href="/wiki/Audiophile" title="Audiophile">audiophiles</a>. The phonograph record has made a niche resurgence in the early 21st century,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> growing increasingly popular throughout the 2010s and 2020s.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ida_1924_recording_cast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ida_1924_recording_cast.jpg/220px-Ida_1924_recording_cast.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ida_1924_recording_cast.jpg/330px-Ida_1924_recording_cast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ida_1924_recording_cast.jpg/440px-Ida_1924_recording_cast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption>Conductor and cast members of the <a href="/wiki/D%27Oyly_Carte_Opera_Company" title="D'Oyly Carte Opera Company">D'Oyly Carte Opera Company</a> with <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoustic recording">acoustic recording</a> horn at <a href="/wiki/HMV" title="HMV">HMV</a>, c. 1924</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">Phonograph</a> records are generally described by their <a href="/wiki/Diameter" title="Diameter">diameter</a> in inches (12-inch, 10-inch, 7-inch), the <a href="/wiki/Rotational_speed" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotational speed">rotational speed</a> in <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute" title="Revolutions per minute">revolutions per minute</a> (rpm) at which they are played (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">16<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">2</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">33<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span>, 45, 78),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and their time capacity, determined by their diameter and speed (LP [long play], 12-inch disc, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">33<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> rpm; EP [extended play], 12-inch disc or 7-inch disc, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">33<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> or 45 rpm; Single, 7-inch or 10-inch disc, 45 or 78 rpm); their reproductive quality, or level of <a href="/wiki/Fidelity" title="Fidelity">fidelity</a> (high-fidelity, orthophonic, full-range, etc.); and the number of audio channels (<a href="/wiki/Monaural" class="mw-redirect" title="Monaural">mono</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stereophonic_sound" title="Stereophonic sound">stereo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quadraphonic_sound" title="Quadraphonic sound">quad</a>, etc.).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The phrase <i><a href="#Vinyl">broken record</a></i> refers to a malfunction when the needle skips/jumps back to the previous groove and plays the same section over and over again indefinitely.<sup id="cite_ref-BrokenRec.IW_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BrokenRec.IW-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naming">Naming</h3></div> <p>The various names have included <b>phonograph record</b> (American English), <b>gramophone record</b> (British English), record, vinyl, <a href="/wiki/LP_record" title="LP record">LP</a> (originally a trademark of <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia Records</a>), black disc,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> album, and more <a href="/wiki/Slang" title="Slang">informally</a> platter,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wax,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or liquorice pizza.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_development">Early development</h2></div> <p>Manufacture of disc records began in the late 19th century, at first competing with earlier cylinder records. Price, ease of use and storage made the disc record dominant by the 1910s. The standard format of disc records became known to later generations as "78s" after their playback speed in revolutions per minute, although that speed only became standardized in the late 1920s. In the late 1940s new formats pressed in vinyl, the 45 rpm single and 33 rpm long playing "LP", were introduced, gradually overtaking the formerly standard "78s" over the next decade. The late 1950s saw the introduction of stereophonic sound on commercial discs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predecessors">Predecessors</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_sound_recording" title="History of sound recording">History of sound recording</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Phonautograph" title="Phonautograph">phonautograph</a> was invented by 1857 by Frenchman Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville.<sup id="cite_ref-TimeGraphics_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TimeGraphics-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It could not, however, play back recorded sound,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as Scott intended for people to read back the tracings,<sup id="cite_ref-Time5.1.18_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time5.1.18-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which he called phonautograms.<sup id="cite_ref-FirstSounds_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FirstSounds-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to this, <a href="/wiki/Tuning_fork" title="Tuning fork">tuning forks</a> had been used in this way to create direct tracings of the vibrations of sound-producing objects, as by English physicist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Young_(scientist)" title="Thomas Young (scientist)">Thomas Young</a> in 1807.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1877, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a> invented the first <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">phonograph</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which etched sound recordings onto <a href="/wiki/Phonograph_cylinders" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonograph cylinders">phonograph cylinders</a>. Unlike the phonautograph, Edison's phonograph could both record and reproduce sound, via two separate needles, one for each function.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_first_disc_records">The first disc records</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emile_Berliner_with_phonograph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Emile_Berliner_with_phonograph.jpg/220px-Emile_Berliner_with_phonograph.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Emile_Berliner_with_phonograph.jpg/330px-Emile_Berliner_with_phonograph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Emile_Berliner_with_phonograph.jpg/440px-Emile_Berliner_with_phonograph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3647" data-file-height="2750" /></a><figcaption>Emile Berliner with disc record gramophone</figcaption></figure> <p>The first commercially sold disc records were created by <a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a> in the 1880s. Emile Berliner improved the quality of recordings while his manufacturing associate <a href="/wiki/Eldridge_R._Johnson" title="Eldridge R. Johnson">Eldridge R. Johnson</a>, who owned a machine shop in <a href="/wiki/Camden,_New_Jersey" title="Camden, New Jersey">Camden, New Jersey</a>, eventually improved the mechanism of the gramophone with a spring motor and a speed regulating governor, resulting in a sound quality equal to Edison's cylinders. Abandoning Berliner's "Gramophone" trademark for legal reasons in the United States, Johnson's and Berliner's separate companies reorganized in 1901 to form the <a href="/wiki/Victor_Talking_Machine_Company" title="Victor Talking Machine Company">Victor Talking Machine Company</a> in Camden, New Jersey, whose products would come to dominate the market for several decades.<sup id="cite_ref-life_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-life-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Berliner's Montreal factory, which became the Canadian branch of <a href="/wiki/RCA_Victor" class="mw-redirect" title="RCA Victor">RCA Victor</a>, still exists. There is a dedicated museum in Montreal for Berliner (<a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_ondes_Emile_Berliner" title="Musée des ondes Emile Berliner">Musée des ondes Emile Berliner</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="78_rpm_disc_developments">78 rpm disc developments</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_speeds">Early speeds</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Path%C3%A9_Schallplatte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Path%C3%A9_Schallplatte.jpg/170px-Path%C3%A9_Schallplatte.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Path%C3%A9_Schallplatte.jpg/255px-Path%C3%A9_Schallplatte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Path%C3%A9_Schallplatte.jpg/340px-Path%C3%A9_Schallplatte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1593" data-file-height="1548" /></a><figcaption>Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9" title="Pathé">Pathé</a> record, 90 to 100 rpm</figcaption></figure> <p>Early disc recordings were produced in a variety of speeds ranging from 60 to 130 rpm, and a variety of sizes. As early as 1894, <a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a>'s <a href="/wiki/United_States_Gramophone_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Gramophone Company">United States Gramophone Company</a> was selling single-sided 7-inch discs with an advertised standard speed of "about 70 rpm".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One standard audio recording handbook describes speed regulators, or <a href="/wiki/Governor_(device)" title="Governor (device)">governors</a>, as being part of a wave of improvement introduced rapidly after 1897. A picture of a hand-cranked 1898 Berliner Gramophone shows a governor and says that spring drives had replaced hand drives. It notes that: </p> <blockquote><p>The speed regulator was furnished with an indicator that showed the speed when the machine was running so that the records, on reproduction, could be revolved at exactly the same speed...The literature does not disclose why 78 rpm was chosen for the phonograph industry, apparently this just happened to be the speed created by one of the early machines and, for no other reason continued to be used.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schellackplatte_1908.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Schellackplatte_1908.jpg/170px-Schellackplatte_1908.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Schellackplatte_1908.jpg/255px-Schellackplatte_1908.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Schellackplatte_1908.jpg/340px-Schellackplatte_1908.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="4286" /></a><figcaption>A multinational product: an operatic duet sung by <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Caruso" title="Enrico Caruso">Enrico Caruso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Scotti" title="Antonio Scotti">Antonio Scotti</a>, recorded in the US in 1906 by the <a href="/wiki/Victor_Talking_Machine_Company" title="Victor Talking Machine Company">Victor Talking Machine Company</a>, manufactured <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1908</span> in Hanover, Germany, for the <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_Company" title="Gramophone Company">Gramophone Company</a>, Victor's affiliate in England</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1912, the Gramophone Company set 78 rpm as their recording standard, based on the average of recordings they had been releasing at the time, and started selling players whose governors had a <a href="/wiki/Real_versus_nominal_value" title="Real versus nominal value">nominal</a> speed of 78 rpm.<sup id="cite_ref-copeland_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-copeland-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1925, 78 rpm was becoming standardized across the industry. However, the exact speed differed between places with <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating current</a> electricity supply at 60 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">hertz</a> (cycles per second, Hz) and those at 50 Hz. Where the mains supply was 60 Hz, the actual speed was 78.26 rpm:<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that of a 60 Hz <a href="/wiki/Stroboscope" title="Stroboscope">stroboscope</a> illuminating 92-bar calibration markings. Where it was 50 Hz, it was 77.92 rpm: that of a 50 Hz stroboscope illuminating 77-bar calibration markings.<sup id="cite_ref-copeland_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-copeland-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EdisonDiscLabelBunk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/EdisonDiscLabelBunk.jpg/170px-EdisonDiscLabelBunk.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/EdisonDiscLabelBunk.jpg/255px-EdisonDiscLabelBunk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/EdisonDiscLabelBunk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="274" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption>Edison Records Diamond Disc label, early 1920s. <a href="/wiki/Edison_Disc_Record" title="Edison Disc Record">Edison Disc Records</a> always ran at 80 rpm.</figcaption></figure> <p>At least one attempt to lengthen playing time was made in the early 1920s. World Records produced records that played at a <a href="/wiki/Constant_linear_velocity" title="Constant linear velocity">constant linear velocity</a>, controlled by <a href="/wiki/Noel_Pemberton_Billing" title="Noel Pemberton Billing">Noel Pemberton Billing</a>'s patented add-on speed governor.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acoustic_recording">Acoustic recording</h3></div> <p>Early recordings were made entirely acoustically, the sound was collected by a horn and piped to a <a href="/wiki/Diaphragm_(acoustics)" title="Diaphragm (acoustics)">diaphragm</a>, which vibrated the cutting stylus. Sensitivity and frequency range were poor, and frequency response was irregular, giving acoustic recordings an instantly recognizable tonal quality. A singer almost had to put their face in the recording horn. A way of reducing resonance was to wrap the recording horn with tape.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even drums, if planned and placed properly, could be effectively recorded and heard on even the earliest jazz and military band recordings. The loudest instruments such as the drums and trumpets were positioned the farthest away from the collecting horn. <a href="/wiki/Lillian_Hardin_Armstrong" class="mw-redirect" title="Lillian Hardin Armstrong">Lillian Hardin Armstrong</a>, a member of <a href="/wiki/King_Oliver%27s_Creole_Jazz_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band">King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band</a>, which recorded at <a href="/wiki/Gennett_Records" title="Gennett Records">Gennett Records</a> in 1923, remembered that at first Oliver and his young second trumpet, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong" title="Louis Armstrong">Louis Armstrong</a>, stood next to each other and Oliver's horn could not be heard. "They put Louis about fifteen feet over in the corner, looking all sad."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electrical_recording">Electrical recording</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gloria_G.O._13078b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Gloria_G.O._13078b.jpg/170px-Gloria_G.O._13078b.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Gloria_G.O._13078b.jpg/255px-Gloria_G.O._13078b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Gloria_G.O._13078b.jpg/340px-Gloria_G.O._13078b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1765" /></a><figcaption>An electronically recorded disc from <a href="/wiki/Carl_Lindstr%C3%B6m_Company" title="Carl Lindström Company">Carl Lindström</a> AG, Germany, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1930</span></figcaption></figure> <p>During the first half of the 1920s, engineers at <a href="/wiki/Western_Electric" title="Western Electric">Western Electric</a>, as well as independent inventors such as <a href="/wiki/Orlando_R._Marsh" title="Orlando R. Marsh">Orlando Marsh</a>, developed technology for capturing sound with a <a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">microphone</a>, amplifying it with <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tubes</a><sup id="cite_ref-40KYearsMusic_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40KYearsMusic-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (known as <i>valves</i> in the UK<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and then using the amplified signal to drive an electromechanical recording head. Western Electric's innovations resulted in a broader and smoother frequency response, which produced a dramatically fuller, clearer and more natural-sounding recording. Soft or distant sounds that were previously impossible to record could now be captured. Volume was now limited only by the groove spacing on the record and the amplification of the playback device. Victor and Columbia licensed the new <a href="/wiki/Electrical" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical">electrical</a> system from Western Electric and recorded the first electrical discs during the spring of 1925. The first electrically recorded Victor <a href="/wiki/RCA_Red_Seal" class="mw-redirect" title="RCA Red Seal">Red Seal</a> record was <a href="/wiki/Chopin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chopin">Chopin</a>'s "Impromptus" and <a href="/wiki/Schubert" class="mw-redirect" title="Schubert">Schubert</a>'s "Litanei" performed by pianist <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Cortot" title="Alfred Cortot">Alfred Cortot</a> at Victor's studios in <a href="/wiki/Camden,_New_Jersey" title="Camden, New Jersey">Camden, New Jersey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40KYearsMusic_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40KYearsMusic-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 1926 <a href="/wiki/Wanamaker%27s" title="Wanamaker's">Wanamaker's</a> ad in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> offers records "by the latest Victor process of electrical recording".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was recognized as a breakthrough; in 1930, a <i>Times</i> music critic stated: </p> <blockquote><p>... the time has come for serious musical criticism to take account of performances of great music reproduced by means of the records. To claim that the records have succeeded in exact and complete reproduction of all details of symphonic or operatic performances ... would be extravagant ... [but] the article of today is so far in advance of the old machines as hardly to admit classification under the same name. Electrical recording and reproduction have combined to retain vitality and color in recitals by proxy.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:78_rpm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/78_rpm.jpg/220px-78_rpm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/78_rpm.jpg/330px-78_rpm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/78_rpm.jpg/440px-78_rpm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption>Examples of Congolese 78 rpm records</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gramophone_Record_Decelith_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Gramophone_Record_Decelith_II.jpg/220px-Gramophone_Record_Decelith_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Gramophone_Record_Decelith_II.jpg/330px-Gramophone_Record_Decelith_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Gramophone_Record_Decelith_II.jpg/440px-Gramophone_Record_Decelith_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="708" /></a><figcaption>A 10-inch blank for making an individually cut one-off recording made from Decelith, a proprietary PVC-based material produced by a German Company ECW that was used to make commercial flexible blanks prior to World War II<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Orthophonic_Victrola" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthophonic Victrola">Orthophonic Victrola</a> had an interior folded exponential horn, a sophisticated design informed by impedance-matching and <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker_enclosure#Transmission_line" title="Loudspeaker enclosure">transmission-line</a> theory, and designed to provide a relatively flat frequency response. Victor's first public demonstration of the Orthophonic Victrola on 6 October 1925, at the <a href="/wiki/Waldorf-Astoria_(1893%E2%80%931929)" title="Waldorf-Astoria (1893–1929)">Waldorf-Astoria Hotel</a> was front-page news in <i>The New York Times</i>, which reported: </p> <blockquote><p>The audience broke into applause ... <a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa" title="John Philip Sousa">John Philip Sousa</a> [said]: '[Gentlemen], that is a band. This is the first time I have ever heard music with any soul to it produced by a mechanical talking machine' ... The new instrument is a feat of mathematics and physics. It is not the result of innumerable experiments, but was worked out on paper in advance of being built in the laboratory ... The new machine has a range of from 100 to 5,000 [cycles per second], or five and a half octaves ... The 'phonograph tone' is eliminated by the new recording and reproducing process.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Sales of records plummeted precipitously during the early years of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> of the 1930s, and the entire record industry in America nearly foundered. In 1932, RCA Victor introduced a basic, inexpensive turntable called the Duo Jr., which was designed to be connected to their radio receivers. According to Edward Wallerstein (the general manager of the RCA Victor Division), this device was "instrumental in revitalizing the industry".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="78_rpm_materials">78 rpm materials</h3></div> <p>The production of shellac records continued throughout the 78 rpm era, which lasted until 1948 in industrialized nations.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Second World War, the United States Armed Forces produced thousands of 12-inch vinyl 78 rpm <a href="/wiki/V-Disc" title="V-Disc">V-Discs</a> for use by the troops overseas.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war, the use of vinyl became more practical as new record players with lightweight crystal pickups and precision-ground styli made of <a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">sapphire</a> or an exotic <a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">osmium</a> alloy proliferated. In late 1945, RCA Victor began offering "De Luxe" transparent red vinylite pressings of some <a href="/wiki/RCA_Red_Seal_Records" title="RCA Red Seal Records">Red Seal</a> classical 78s, at a <i>de luxe</i> price. Later, <a href="/wiki/Decca_Records" title="Decca Records">Decca Records</a> introduced vinyl Deccalite 78s, while other record companies used various vinyl formulations trademarked as Metrolite, Merco Plastic, and Sav-o-flex, but these were mainly used to produce "unbreakable" children's records and special thin vinyl DJ pressings for shipment to radio stations.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="78_rpm_recording_time">78 rpm recording time</h3></div> <p>The playing time of a phonograph record is directly proportional to the available groove length divided by the turntable speed. Total groove length in turn depends on how closely the grooves are spaced, in addition to the record diameter. At the beginning of the 20th century, the early discs played for two minutes, the same as cylinder records.<sup id="cite_ref-Millard_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millard-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 12-inch disc, introduced by Victor in 1903, increased the playing time to three and a half minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-Welch_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Welch-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the standard 10-inch 78 rpm record could hold about three minutes of sound per side, most popular recordings were limited to that duration.<sup id="cite_ref-WRD-20140711_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WRD-20140711-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, when <a href="/wiki/King_Oliver" title="King Oliver">King Oliver</a>'s Creole Jazz Band, including <a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong" title="Louis Armstrong">Louis Armstrong</a> on his first recordings, recorded 13 sides at <a href="/wiki/Gennett_Records" title="Gennett Records">Gennett Records</a> in Richmond, Indiana, in 1923, one side was 2:09 and four sides were 2:52–2:59.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1938, <a href="/wiki/Milt_Gabler" title="Milt Gabler">Milt Gabler</a> started recording for <a href="/wiki/Commodore_Records" title="Commodore Records">Commodore Records</a>, and to allow for longer continuous performances, he recorded some 12-inch discs. <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Condon" title="Eddie Condon">Eddie Condon</a> explained: "Gabler realized that a jam session needs room for development." The first two 12-inch recordings did not take advantage of their capability: "Carnegie Drag" was 3m 15s; "Carnegie Jump", 2m 41s. But at the second session, on 30 April, the two 12-inch recordings were longer: "Embraceable You" was 4m 05s; "Serenade to a Shylock", 4m 32s.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another way to overcome the time limitation was to issue a selection extending to both sides of a single record. Vaudeville stars <a href="/wiki/Gallagher_and_Shean" title="Gallagher and Shean">Gallagher and Shean</a> recorded "Mr. Gallagher and Mr. Shean", written by themselves or, allegedly, by Bryan Foy, as two sides of a 10-inch 78 in 1922 for <a href="/wiki/Victor_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Records">Victor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Longer musical pieces were released as a set of records. In 1903 <a href="/wiki/His_Master%27s_Voice" title="His Master's Voice">His Master's Voice</a> in England made the first complete recording of an opera, <a href="/wiki/Verdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Verdi">Verdi</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Ernani" title="Ernani">Ernani</a></i>, on 40 single-sided discs.<sup id="cite_ref-sandiego1_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sandiego1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1940, Commodore released <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Condon" title="Eddie Condon">Eddie Condon</a> and his Band's recording of "<a href="/wiki/A_Good_Man_Is_Hard_to_Find_(song)" title="A Good Man Is Hard to Find (song)">A Good Man Is Hard to Find</a>" in four parts, issued on both sides of two 12-inch 78s. The limited duration of recordings persisted from their advent until the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/LP_record" title="LP record">LP record</a> in 1948. In popular music, the time limit of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> minutes on a 10-inch 78 rpm record meant that singers seldom recorded long pieces. One exception is <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a>'s recording of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodgers" title="Richard Rodgers">Rodgers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Hammerstein_II" title="Oscar Hammerstein II">Hammerstein</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Soliloquy_(song)" title="Soliloquy (song)">Soliloquy</a>", from <i><a href="/wiki/Carousel_(musical)" title="Carousel (musical)">Carousel</a></i>, made on 28 May 1946. Because it ran 7m 57s, longer than both sides of a standard 78 rpm 10-inch record, it was released on <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia</a>'s Masterwork label (the classical division) as two sides of a 12-inch record.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 78 era, classical-music and spoken-word items generally were released on the longer 12-inch 78s, about 4–5 minutes per side. For example, on 10 June 1924, four months after the 12 February premier of <i><a href="/wiki/Rhapsody_in_Blue" title="Rhapsody in Blue">Rhapsody in Blue</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/George_Gershwin" title="George Gershwin">George Gershwin</a> recorded an abridged version of the seventeen-minute work with <a href="/wiki/Paul_Whiteman" title="Paul Whiteman">Paul Whiteman</a> and His Orchestra. It was released on two sides of Victor 55225 and ran for 8m 59s.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Record_albums">Record albums</h3></div> <p>"Record albums" were originally booklets containing collections of multiple disc records of related material, the name being related to photograph albums or scrap albums. <sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German record company <a href="/wiki/Odeon_Records" title="Odeon Records">Odeon</a> pioneered the album in 1909 when it released the <i><a href="/wiki/Nutcracker_Suite" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutcracker Suite">Nutcracker Suite</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Tchaikovsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a> on four double-sided discs in a specially designed package.<sup id="cite_ref-sandiego1_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sandiego1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not until the LP era that an entire album of material could be included on a single record. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="78_rpm_releases_in_the_microgroove_era">78 rpm releases in the microgroove era</h3></div> <p>In 1968, when the hit movie <i><a href="/wiki/Thoroughly_Modern_Millie" title="Thoroughly Modern Millie">Thoroughly Modern Millie</a></i> was inspiring revivals of <a href="/wiki/Jazz_Age" title="Jazz Age">Jazz Age</a> music, <a href="/wiki/Reprise_Records" title="Reprise Records">Reprise</a> planned to release a series of 78-rpm singles from their artists on their label at the time, called the Reprise Speed Series. Only one disc actually saw release, <a href="/wiki/Randy_Newman" title="Randy Newman">Randy Newman</a>'s "I Think It's Going to Rain Today", a track from his <a href="/wiki/Randy_Newman_(album)" title="Randy Newman (album)">self-titled</a> debut album (with "The Beehive State" on the flipside).<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reprise did not proceed further with the series due to a lack of sales for the single, and a lack of general interest in the concept.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1978, guitarist and vocalist <a href="/wiki/Leon_Redbone" title="Leon Redbone">Leon Redbone</a> released a promotional 78-rpm <a href="/wiki/Single_(music)" title="Single (music)">single</a> featuring two songs ("Alabama Jubilee" and "Please Don't Talk About Me When I'm Gone") from his <i><a href="/wiki/Champagne_Charlie_(album)" title="Champagne Charlie (album)">Champagne Charlie</a></i> album.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the same vein of <a href="/wiki/Tin_Pan_Alley" title="Tin Pan Alley">Tin Pan Alley</a> revivals, <a href="/wiki/R._Crumb_%26_His_Cheap_Suit_Serenaders" title="R. Crumb & His Cheap Suit Serenaders">R. Crumb & His Cheap Suit Serenaders</a> issued a number of 78-rpm singles on their Blue Goose record label. The most familiar of these releases is probably <i>R. Crumb & His Cheap Suit Serenaders' Party Record</i> (1980, issued as a "Red Goose" record on a 12-inch single), with the double-entendre "<a href="/wiki/My_Girl%27s_Pussy" title="My Girl's Pussy">My Girl's Pussy</a>" on the "A" side and the X-rated "Christopher Columbus" on the "B" side. </p><p>In the 1990s <a href="/wiki/Rhino_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhino Records">Rhino Records</a> issued a series of boxed sets of 78-rpm reissues of early rock and roll hits, intended for owners of vintage <a href="/wiki/Jukebox" title="Jukebox">jukeboxes</a>. The records were made of vinyl, however, and some of the earlier vintage 78-rpm jukeboxes and record players (the ones that were pre-war) were designed with heavy tone arms to play the hard slate-impregnated shellac records of their time. These vinyl Rhino 78s were softer and would be destroyed by old juke boxes and old record players, but play well on newer 78-capable turntables with modern lightweight tone arms and jewel needles.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a special release for <a href="/wiki/Record_Store_Day" title="Record Store Day">Record Store Day</a> 2011, Capitol re-released <a href="/wiki/The_Beach_Boys" title="The Beach Boys">The Beach Boys</a> single "<a href="/wiki/Good_Vibrations" title="Good Vibrations">Good Vibrations</a>" in the form of a 10-inch 78-rpm record (b/w "Heroes and Villains"). More recently, <a href="/wiki/The_Reverend_Peyton%27s_Big_Damn_Band" title="The Reverend Peyton's Big Damn Band">The Reverend Peyton's Big Damn Band</a> has released their tribute to blues guitarist <a href="/wiki/Charley_Patton" title="Charley Patton">Charley Patton</a> <i>Peyton on Patton</i> on both 12-inch LP and 10-inch 78s.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_sizes_and_materials_after_WWII">New sizes and materials after WWII</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/LP_record" title="LP record">LP record</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cartridge_macro_shot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Cartridge_macro_shot.jpg/220px-Cartridge_macro_shot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Cartridge_macro_shot.jpg/330px-Cartridge_macro_shot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Cartridge_macro_shot.jpg/440px-Cartridge_macro_shot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A 12-inch LP being played. The stylus is in contact with the surface.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:12in-LP-Vinyl-Record-Macro-Grooves.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/12in-LP-Vinyl-Record-Macro-Grooves.jpg/220px-12in-LP-Vinyl-Record-Macro-Grooves.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/12in-LP-Vinyl-Record-Macro-Grooves.jpg/330px-12in-LP-Vinyl-Record-Macro-Grooves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/12in-LP-Vinyl-Record-Macro-Grooves.jpg/440px-12in-LP-Vinyl-Record-Macro-Grooves.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Grooves on a modern 33 rpm record</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbia7inch_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Columbia7inch_001.jpg/220px-Columbia7inch_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Columbia7inch_001.jpg/330px-Columbia7inch_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Columbia7inch_001.jpg/440px-Columbia7inch_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2144" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption>Uncommon Columbia 7-inch vinyl <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">33<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> rpm <i>microgroove</i> ZLP from 1948</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/CBS_Laboratories" title="CBS Laboratories">CBS Laboratories</a> had long been at work for <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia Records</a> to develop a phonograph record that would hold at least 20 minutes per side.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research began in 1939, was suspended during World War II, and then resumed in 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-Billboard6.26.48_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Billboard6.26.48-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia Records</a> unveiled the LP at a press conference in the <a href="/wiki/Waldorf_Astoria_New_York" title="Waldorf Astoria New York">Waldorf-Astoria</a> on 21 June 1948, in two formats: 10 inches (25 centimetres) in diameter, matching that of <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramophone record">78 rpm</a> singles, and 12 inches (30 centimetres) in diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-Billboard6.26.48_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Billboard6.26.48-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LoC_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LoC-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RCA_45_rpm_phonograph_and_record_Arthur_Fiedler_1949.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/RCA_45_rpm_phonograph_and_record_Arthur_Fiedler_1949.JPG/170px-RCA_45_rpm_phonograph_and_record_Arthur_Fiedler_1949.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/RCA_45_rpm_phonograph_and_record_Arthur_Fiedler_1949.JPG/255px-RCA_45_rpm_phonograph_and_record_Arthur_Fiedler_1949.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/RCA_45_rpm_phonograph_and_record_Arthur_Fiedler_1949.JPG/340px-RCA_45_rpm_phonograph_and_record_Arthur_Fiedler_1949.JPG 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="917" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Boston_Pops" title="Boston Pops">Boston Pops</a> conductor <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Fiedler" title="Arthur Fiedler">Arthur Fiedler</a> demonstrating the new RCA Victor 45 rpm player and record in February 1949</figcaption></figure> <p>Unwilling to accept and license Columbia's system, in February 1949, RCA Victor released the first 45 rpm single, 7 inches in diameter with a large center hole. The 45 rpm player included a changing mechanism that allowed multiple disks to be stacked, much as a conventional changer handled 78s. Also like 78s, the short playing time of a single 45 rpm side meant that long works, such as symphonies and operas, had to be released on multiple 45s instead of a single LP, but RCA Victor claimed that the new high-speed changer rendered side breaks so brief as to be inconsequential. Early 45 rpm records were made from either vinyl or <a href="/wiki/Polystyrene" title="Polystyrene">polystyrene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had a playing time of eight minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At first the two systems were marketed in competition, in what was called "<i>The War of the Speeds</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speeds">Speeds</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shellac_era">Shellac era</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:45rpminsert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/45rpminsert.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="194" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="194" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/RCA_Victor" class="mw-redirect" title="RCA Victor">RCA Victor</a>'s competition extended to equipment. Some turntables included <a href="/wiki/45_rpm_adapter" title="45 rpm adapter">spindle size adapters</a>, but other turntables required snap-in inserts like this one to adapt Victor's larger 45 rpm spindle size to the smaller spindle size available on nearly all turntables.<sup id="cite_ref-spindle_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spindle-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shown is one popular design in use for many years.</figcaption></figure> <p>The older 78 rpm format continued to be mass-produced alongside the newer formats using new materials in decreasing numbers until the summer of 1958 in the U.S., and in a few countries, such as the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (both countries issued recordings by <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a> on 78s), into the late 1960s. For example, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia Records</a>' last reissue of <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a> songs on 78 rpm records was an album called <i>Young at Heart</i>, issued in November 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Microgroove_and_vinyl_era">Microgroove and vinyl era</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1959_Seeburg_16_rpm_record.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/1959_Seeburg_16_rpm_record.jpg/220px-1959_Seeburg_16_rpm_record.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/1959_Seeburg_16_rpm_record.jpg/330px-1959_Seeburg_16_rpm_record.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/1959_Seeburg_16_rpm_record.jpg/440px-1959_Seeburg_16_rpm_record.jpg 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption>1959 <a href="/wiki/Seeburg_Corporation" title="Seeburg Corporation">Seeburg</a> 16 rpm record (label only)</figcaption></figure> <p>Columbia and RCA Victor each pursued their <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">R&D</a> secretly.<sup id="cite_ref-Popular_Science_1949_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Popular_Science_1949-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The commercial rivalry between RCA Victor and Columbia Records led to RCA Victor's introduction of what it had intended to be a competing vinyl format, the 7-inch (175 mm) 45 rpm disc, with a much larger center hole. For a two-year period from 1948 to 1950, record companies and consumers faced uncertainty over which of these formats would ultimately prevail in what was known as the "War of the Speeds" (see also <a href="/wiki/Format_war" title="Format war">Format war</a>). In 1949 Capitol and Decca adopted the new LP format and RCA Victor gave in and issued its first LP in January 1950. The 45 rpm size was gaining in popularity, too, and Columbia issued its first 45s in February 1951. By 1954, 200 million 45s had been sold.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eventually the 12-inch (300 mm) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">33<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> rpm LP prevailed as the dominant format for musical albums, and 10-inch LPs were no longer issued. The last <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia Records</a> reissue of any <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a> songs on a 10-inch LP record was an album called <i>Hall of Fame</i>, CL 2600, issued on 26 October 1956, containing six songs, one each by <a href="/wiki/Tony_Bennett" title="Tony Bennett">Tony Bennett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Clooney" title="Rosemary Clooney">Rosemary Clooney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johnnie_Ray" title="Johnnie Ray">Johnnie Ray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doris_Day" title="Doris Day">Doris Day</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Frankie_Laine" title="Frankie Laine">Frankie Laine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:45rpm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/45rpm.jpg/220px-45rpm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/45rpm.jpg/330px-45rpm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/45rpm.jpg/440px-45rpm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2265" data-file-height="2258" /></a><figcaption>45 rpm vinyl record from 1965</figcaption></figure> <p>The 45 rpm discs also came in a variety known as <a href="/wiki/Extended_play" title="Extended play">extended play</a> (EP), which achieved up to 10–15 minutes play at the expense of attenuating (and possibly compressing) the sound to reduce the width required by the groove. EP discs were cheaper to produce and were used in cases where unit sales were likely to be more limited or to reissue LP albums on the smaller format for those people who had only 45 rpm players. LP albums could be purchased one EP at a time, with four items per EP, or in a boxed set with three EPs or twelve items. The large center hole on 45s allows easier handling by <a href="/wiki/Jukebox" title="Jukebox">jukebox</a> mechanisms. EPs were generally discontinued by the late 1950s in the U.S. as three- and four-speed record players replaced the individual 45 players. One indication of the decline of the 45 rpm EP is that the last <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia Records</a> reissue of <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a> songs on 45 rpm EP records, called <i>Frank Sinatra</i> (Columbia B-2641) was issued on 7 December 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Seeburg_Corporation" title="Seeburg Corporation">Seeburg Corporation</a> introduced the <a href="/wiki/Seeburg_1000" title="Seeburg 1000">Seeburg Background Music System</a> in 1959, using a <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">16<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">2</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> rpm 9-inch record with 2-inch center hole. Each record held 40 minutes of music per side, recorded at 420 grooves per inch.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the mid-1950s through the 1960s, in the U.S. the common home record player or "stereo" (after the introduction of stereo recording) would typically have had these features: a three- or four-speed player (78, 45, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">33<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span>, and sometimes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">16<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">2</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> rpm); with changer, a tall spindle that would hold several records and automatically drop a new record on top of the previous one when it had finished playing, a combination cartridge with both 78 and microgroove styli and a way to flip between the two; and some kind of adapter for playing the 45s with their larger center hole. The adapter could be a small solid circle that fit onto the bottom of the spindle (meaning only one 45 could be played at a time) or a larger adapter that fit over the entire spindle, permitting a stack of 45s to be played.<sup id="cite_ref-spindle_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spindle-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>RCA Victor 45s were also adapted to the smaller spindle of an LP player with a plastic snap-in insert known as a "<a href="/wiki/45_rpm_adapter" title="45 rpm adapter">45 rpm adapter</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-spindle_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spindle-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These inserts were commissioned by RCA president <a href="/wiki/David_Sarnoff" title="David Sarnoff">David Sarnoff</a> and were invented by Thomas Hutchison.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Capacitance_Electronic_Disc" title="Capacitance Electronic Disc">Capacitance Electronic Discs</a> were <a href="/wiki/Videodisc" title="Videodisc">videodiscs</a> invented by RCA, based on mechanically tracked ultra-microgrooves (9541 grooves/inch) on a 12-inch conductive vinyl disc.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_fidelity">High fidelity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/High_fidelity" title="High fidelity">High fidelity</a></div> <p>The term "high fidelity" was coined in the 1920s by some manufacturers of radio receivers and phonographs to differentiate their better-sounding products claimed as providing "perfect" sound reproduction.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term began to be used by some audio engineers and consumers through the 1930s and 1940s. After 1949 a variety of improvements in recording and playback technologies, especially stereo recordings, which became widely available in 1958, gave a boost to the "hi-fi" classification of products, leading to sales of individual components for the home such as amplifiers, loudspeakers, phonographs, and tape players.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/High_Fidelity_(magazine)" title="High Fidelity (magazine)"><i>High Fidelity</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Audio_(magazine)" title="Audio (magazine)"><i>Audio</i></a> were two magazines that hi-fi consumers and engineers could read for reviews of playback equipment and recordings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stereophonic_sound">Stereophonic sound</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plattenschrift_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Plattenschrift_en.svg/220px-Plattenschrift_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Plattenschrift_en.svg/330px-Plattenschrift_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Plattenschrift_en.svg/440px-Plattenschrift_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Decoding the left channel</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Stereophonic_sound" title="Stereophonic sound">stereophonic</a> phonograph provides two channels of audio, one left and one right. This is achieved by adding another vertical dimension of movement to the needle in addition to the horizontal one. As a result, the needle now moves not only left and right, but also up and down. But since those two dimensions do not have the same sensitivity to vibration, the difference needs to be evened out by having each channel take half its information from each direction by turning the channels 45 degrees from horizontal.<sup id="cite_ref-VRS_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VRS-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of the 45-degree turn and some <a href="/wiki/Vector_addition" class="mw-redirect" title="Vector addition">vector addition</a>, it can be demonstrated that out of the new horizontal and vertical directions, one would represent the sum of the two channels, and the other representing the difference. Record makers decide to pick the directions such that the traditional horizontal direction codes for the sum. As a result, an ordinary mono disk is decoded correctly as "no difference between channels", and an ordinary mono player would simply play the sum of a stereophonic record without too much loss of information.<sup id="cite_ref-VRS_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VRS-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1957 the first commercial <a href="/wiki/Stereophonic_sound" title="Stereophonic sound">stereo</a> two-channel records were issued first by Audio Fidelity followed by a translucent blue vinyl on Bel Canto Records, the first of which was a multi-colored-vinyl sampler featuring A Stereo Tour of Los Angeles narrated by <a href="/wiki/Jack_Wagner_(announcer)" title="Jack Wagner (announcer)">Jack Wagner</a> on one side, and a collection of tracks from various Bel Canto albums on the back.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noise_reduction_systems">Noise reduction systems</h3></div> <p>A similar scheme aiming at the high-end audiophile market, and achieving a noise reduction of about 20 to 25 dB(A), was the <a href="/wiki/Telefunken" title="Telefunken">Telefunken</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nakamichi" title="Nakamichi">Nakamichi</a> <a href="/wiki/High-Com_II" class="mw-redirect" title="High-Com II">High-Com II</a> <a href="/wiki/Audio_noise_reduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio noise reduction">noise reduction</a> system being adapted to vinyl in 1979. A decoder was commercially available<sup id="cite_ref-Nakamichi_High-Com_II_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakamichi_High-Com_II-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but only one demo record<sup id="cite_ref-Nakamichi_1979_NAK-100_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakamichi_1979_NAK-100-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is known to have been produced in this format. </p><p>The availability of encoded disks in any of these formats stopped in the mid-1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_2017_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor_2017-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yet another noise reduction system for vinyl records was the <a href="/wiki/UC_compander_system" class="mw-redirect" title="UC compander system">UC compander system</a> developed by <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Zentrum Wissenschaft und Technik</i></span> (ZWT) of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rundfunk-_und_Fernmelde-Technik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rundfunk- und Fernmelde-Technik (page does not exist)"><i>Kombinat Rundfunk und Fernsehen</i></a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rundfunk-_und_Fernmelde-Technik" class="extiw" title="de:Rundfunk- und Fernmelde-Technik">de</a>]</span> (RFT).<sup id="cite_ref-Hohmuth_1987_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hohmuth_1987-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system deliberately reduced disk noise by 10 to 12 dB(A) only<sup id="cite_ref-Milde_1987_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milde_1987-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to remain virtually free of recognizable acoustical artifacts even when records were played back without an UC expander. In fact, the system was undocumented yet introduced into the market by several East-German record labels since 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-Milde_1987_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milde_1987-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wonneberg_2000_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wonneberg_2000-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mueller_2018_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mueller_2018-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 500 UC-encoded titles were produced<sup id="cite_ref-Wonneberg_2000_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wonneberg_2000-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> without an expander becoming available to the public. The only<sup id="cite_ref-Mueller_2018_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mueller_2018-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UC expander was built into a turntable manufactured by <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Phonotechnik Pirna/Zittau</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Seiffert_2013_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seiffert_2013-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formats">Formats</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_records">Types of records</h3></div> <p>The usual diameters of the holes on an EP record are 0.286 inches (7.26 mm).<sup id="cite_ref-aardvark_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aardvark-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sizes of records in the United States and the UK are generally measured in inches, e.g. 7-inch records, which are generally 45 rpm records. LPs were 10-inch records at first, but soon the 12-inch size became by far the most common. Generally, 78s were 10-inch, but 12-inch and 7-inch and even smaller were made—the so-called "little wonders".<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standard_formats">Standard formats</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:45_rpm_disk_%22War%22_by_Wailing_Souls_%26_Rankin_Trevor_1978.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/45_rpm_disk_%22War%22_by_Wailing_Souls_%26_Rankin_Trevor_1978.jpg/220px-45_rpm_disk_%22War%22_by_Wailing_Souls_%26_Rankin_Trevor_1978.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/45_rpm_disk_%22War%22_by_Wailing_Souls_%26_Rankin_Trevor_1978.jpg/330px-45_rpm_disk_%22War%22_by_Wailing_Souls_%26_Rankin_Trevor_1978.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/45_rpm_disk_%22War%22_by_Wailing_Souls_%26_Rankin_Trevor_1978.jpg/440px-45_rpm_disk_%22War%22_by_Wailing_Souls_%26_Rankin_Trevor_1978.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A standard wide-hole 7-inch vinyl record from 1978 on its sleeve</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ccc;"> <th>Diameter </th> <th>Finished Diameter<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Name</th> <th>Revolutions per minute</th> <th>Approximate duration (minutes) per side </th></tr> <tr> <td>16 in (41 cm) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">15<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">15</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span>″ ±<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span>″ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Electrical_transcription#Transcription_discs" title="Electrical transcription">Transcription disc</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">33<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> </td> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">12 in (30 cm) </td> <td rowspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">11<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">7</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span>″ ±<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span>″</td> <td><a href="/wiki/LP_record" title="LP record">LP</a> (Long Play)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">33<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span></td> <td>22 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Maxi Single, <a href="/wiki/12-inch_single" class="mw-redirect" title="12-inch single">12-inch single</a></td> <td>45</td> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Single_(music)" title="Single (music)">Single</a></td> <td>78</td> <td>4–5 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">10 in (25 cm) </td> <td rowspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">9<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">7</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span>″ ±<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span>″</td> <td><a href="/wiki/LP_record" title="LP record">LP</a> (Long Play)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">33<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span></td> <td>12–15 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Extended_play" title="Extended play">EP</a> (Extended Play)</td> <td>45</td> <td>9–12 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Single_(music)" title="Single (music)">Single</a></td> <td>78</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">7 in (18 cm) </td> <td rowspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">6<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">7</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span>″ ±<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span>″</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Extended_play" title="Extended play">EP</a> (Extended Play)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">33<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>B<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EP (Extended Play) </td> <td>45 </td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Single_(music)" title="Single (music)">Single</a></td> <td>45</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:7inchsinglewithnotchedhole_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/7inchsinglewithnotchedhole_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-7inchsinglewithnotchedhole_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/7inchsinglewithnotchedhole_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-7inchsinglewithnotchedhole_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/7inchsinglewithnotchedhole_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-7inchsinglewithnotchedhole_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1406" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>Example of 7″ EMI single with notched center hole</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd><b>Notes:</b></dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Original hole diameters were 0.286″ ±0.001″ for <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">33<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> and 78.26 rpm records, and 1.504″ ±0.002″ for 45 rpm records.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Columbia pressed many 7-inch <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">33<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> rpm vinyl singles in 1949, but they were dropped in early 1950 due to the popularity of the RCA Victor 45.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (March 2019)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Less_common_formats">Less common formats</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Unusual_types_of_gramophone_records" title="Unusual types of gramophone records">Unusual types of gramophone records</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Flexi_disc" title="Flexi disc">Flexi discs</a> were thin flexible records that were distributed with magazines and as promotional gifts from the 1960s to the 1980s. </p><p>In March 1949, as RCA Victor released the 45, Columbia released several hundred 7-inch, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">33<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> rpm, small-spindle-hole singles. This format was soon dropped as it became clear that the RCA Victor 45 was the single of choice and the Columbia 12-inch LP would be the album of choice.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first release of the 45 came in seven colors: black 47-xxxx popular series, yellow 47-xxxx juvenile series, green (teal) 48-xxxx country series, deep red 49-xxxx classical series, bright red (cerise) 50-xxxx blues/spiritual series, light blue 51-xxxx international series, dark blue 52-xxxx light classics. Most colors were soon dropped in favor of black because of production problems. However, yellow and deep red were continued until about 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first 45 rpm record created for sale was "PeeWee the Piccolo" RCA Victor 47-0147 pressed in yellow translucent vinyl at the Sherman Avenue plant, Indianapolis on 7 December 1948, by R. O. Price, plant manager.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1950s and 1960s <a href="/wiki/Ribs_(recordings)" title="Ribs (recordings)">Ribs</a> were created within Soviet Union countries as a result of cultural censorship. These black market records were of banned music, printed onto x-ray films scavenged from hospital bins.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1970s, the government of <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> produced now-collectible postage stamps on playable vinyl mini-discs.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_developments">Recent developments</h3></div> <p>In 2018, an Austrian startup, Rebeat Innovation GmBH, received <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$</span>4.8 million in funding to develop high definition vinyl records that purport to contain longer play times, louder volumes and higher fidelity than conventional vinyl LPs.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rebeat Innovation, headed by CEO Günter Loibl, has called the format 'HD Vinyl'.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The HD process works by converting audio to a digital 3D topography map that is then inscribed onto the vinyl stamper via lasers, resulting in less loss of information. Many critics have expressed skepticism regarding the cost and quality of HD records.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2019, at the Making Vinyl conference in Berlin, Loibl unveiled the software "Perfect Groove" for creating 3D topographic audio data files.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The software provides a map for laser-engraving for HD Vinyl stampers. The audio engineering software was created with mastering engineers <a href="/wiki/Scott_Hull_(mastering_engineer)" title="Scott Hull (mastering engineer)">Scott Hull</a> and <a href="/wiki/Darcy_Proper" title="Darcy Proper">Darcy Proper</a>, a four-time Grammy winner. The demonstration offered the first simulations of what HD Vinyl records are likely to sound like, ahead of actual HD vinyl physical record production. Loibl discussed the software "Perfect Groove" at a presentation titled "Vinyl 4.0 The next generation of making records" before offering demonstrations to attendees.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comparison_disk_storage.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Comparison_disk_storage.svg/260px-Comparison_disk_storage.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Comparison_disk_storage.svg/390px-Comparison_disk_storage.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Comparison_disk_storage.svg/520px-Comparison_disk_storage.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of several forms of disk storage showing tracks (tracks not to scale); green denotes start and red denotes end.<br />* Some CD-R(W) and DVD-R(W)/DVD+R(W) recorders operate in ZCLV, CAA or CAV modes.</figcaption></figure> <p>Increasingly from the early 20th century, and almost exclusively since the 1920s, both sides of the record have been used to carry the grooves. Occasional records have been issued since then with a recording on only one side. In the 1980s Columbia records briefly issued a series of less expensive one-sided 45 rpm singles.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since its inception in 1948, vinyl record standards for the United States follow the guidelines of the <a href="/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America" title="Recording Industry Association of America">Recording Industry Association of America</a> (RIAA).<sup id="cite_ref-aardvark_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aardvark-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vinyl_quality">Vinyl quality</h3></div> <p>The composition of vinyl used to press records (a blend of <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">polyvinyl chloride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_acetate" title="Polyvinyl acetate">polyvinyl acetate</a>) has varied considerably over the years. Virgin vinyl is preferred, but during the <a href="/wiki/1970s_energy_crisis" title="1970s energy crisis">1970s energy crisis</a>, as a cost-cutting move, much of the industry began reducing the thickness and quality of vinyl used in mass-market manufacturing. Sound quality suffered, with increased ticks, pops, and other surface noises.<sup id="cite_ref-NS80_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NS80-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/RCA_Records" title="RCA Records">RCA Records</a> marketed their lightweight LP as <a href="/wiki/Dynaflex_(RCA)" title="Dynaflex (RCA)">Dynaflex</a>, which, at the time, was considered inferior by many record collectors.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It became commonplace to use recycled vinyl. New or "virgin" heavy/heavyweight (180–220 g) vinyl is commonly used for modern audiophile vinyl releases in all <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genres</a>. Many collectors prefer to have heavyweight vinyl albums, which have been reported to have better sound than normal vinyl because of their higher tolerance against deformation caused by normal play.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Vinyl_revival" title="Vinyl revival">vinyl revival</a> of the 21st century, select manufacturers adopted <a href="/wiki/Bioplastic" title="Bioplastic">bioplastic</a>-based records due to concerns over the environmental impact of widespread PVC use.<sup id="cite_ref-Mcdill_2022_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mcdill_2022-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dredge_2023_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dredge_2023-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limitations">Limitations</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Phonograph_record" title="Special:EditPage/Phonograph record">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Phonograph+record%22">"Phonograph record"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Phonograph+record%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Phonograph+record%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Phonograph+record%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Phonograph+record%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Phonograph+record%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shellac">Shellac</h3></div> <p>One problem with shellac was that the size of the disks tended to be larger because it was limited to 80–100 groove walls per inch before the risk of groove collapse became too high, whereas vinyl could have up to 260 groove walls per inch.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCMusic-Vinyl_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCMusic-Vinyl-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Officialchart-Album_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Officialchart-Album-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vinyl">Vinyl</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Broken record" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Broken_Record_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Broken Record (disambiguation)">Broken Record (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>Although vinyl records are strong and do not break easily, they scratch due to its soft material sometimes resulting in ruining the record. Vinyl readily acquires a static charge, attracting <a href="/wiki/Dust" title="Dust">dust</a> that is difficult to remove completely. Dust and scratches cause audio clicks and pops. In extreme cases, they can cause the needle to <a href="/wiki/Skip_(audio_playback)" title="Skip (audio playback)">skip</a> over a series of grooves, or worse yet, cause the needle to skip backward, creating a "locked groove" that repeats over and over. This is the origin of the phrase "<b>like a broken record</b>" or "like a scratched record", which is often used to describe a person or thing that continually repeats itself.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vinyl_very_dusty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Vinyl_very_dusty.jpg/220px-Vinyl_very_dusty.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Vinyl_very_dusty.jpg/330px-Vinyl_very_dusty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Vinyl_very_dusty.jpg/440px-Vinyl_very_dusty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1184" /></a><figcaption>A dusty/scratched vinyl record being played. The dust settles into the grooves.</figcaption></figure> <p>A further limitation of the gramophone record is that fidelity steadily declines as playback progresses; there is more vinyl per second available for fine reproduction of high frequencies at the large-diameter beginning of the groove than exist at the smaller diameters close to the end of the side. At the start of a groove on an LP there are 510 mm of vinyl per second traveling past the stylus while the ending of the groove gives 200–210 mm of vinyl per second—less than half the linear resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is controversy about the relative quality of CD sound and LP sound when the latter is heard under the best conditions (see <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_analog_and_digital_recording" title="Comparison of analog and digital recording">Comparison of analog and digital recording</a>). One technical advantage with vinyl compared to the optical CD is that if correctly handled and stored, the vinyl record can be playable for decades and possibly centuries,<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is longer than some versions of the optical CD.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For vinyl records to be playable for years to come, they need to be handled with care and stored properly. Guidelines for proper vinyl storage include not stacking records on top of each other, avoiding heat or direct sunlight and placing them in a temperature-controlled area that help prevent vinyl records from warping and scratching. Collectors store their records in a variety of boxes, cubes, shelves and racks.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sound_fidelity">Sound fidelity</h3></div> <p>At the time of the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">compact disc</a> (CD) in 1982, the stereo LP pressed in vinyl continued to suffer from a variety of limitations: </p><p>The stereo image was not made up of fully discrete left and right channels; each channel's signal coming out of the cartridge contained a small amount of the signal from the other channel, with more crosstalk at higher frequencies. High-quality disc cutting equipment was capable of making a master disc with 30–40 dB of stereo separation at 1,000 Hz, but the playback cartridges had lesser performance of about 20 to 30 dB of separation at 1000 Hz, with separation decreasing as frequency increased, such that at 12 kHz the separation was about 10–15 dB.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A common modern view is that stereo isolation must be higher than this to achieve a proper stereo soundstage. However, in the 1950s the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> determined in a series of tests that only 20–25 dB is required for the impression of full stereo separation.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thin, closely spaced spiral grooves that allow for increased playing time on a <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">33<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> rpm microgroove LP lead to a tinny pre-echo warning of upcoming loud sounds. The cutting stylus unavoidably transfers some of the subsequent groove wall's impulse signal into the previous groove wall. It is discernible by some listeners throughout certain recordings, but a quiet passage followed by a loud sound allows anyone to hear a faint pre-echo of the loud sound occurring 1.8 seconds ahead of time.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="LP_versus_CD">LP versus CD</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_analog_and_digital_recording" title="Comparison of analog and digital recording">Comparison of analog and digital recording</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Audiophile" title="Audiophile">Audiophiles</a> have differed over the relative merits of the LP versus the <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CD</a> since the digital disc was introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In large part, the claim for vinyl superiority is due to the necessity for digital recordings to presume upper and lower bounds, sampling the tones and soundwaves within those limits and using the resulting information to store and recall the audio. Effectively, the digital recording is an idealized representation of a physical soundwave, while an analog recording captures the physical vibrations across their full frequency. Because most modern vinyl records are made from playbacks of files recorded digitally, there is no out-of-bounds audio to transfer to the disc.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vinyl's drawbacks, however, include surface noise, less resolution due to a lower dynamic range, and greater sensitivity to handling.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern <a href="/wiki/Anti-aliasing_filter" title="Anti-aliasing filter">anti-aliasing filters</a> and oversampling systems used in digital recordings have eliminated perceived problems observed with early CD players.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a theory that vinyl records can audibly represent higher frequencies than compact discs, though most of this is noise and not relevant to human hearing. According to <a href="/wiki/Red_Book_(audio_CD_standard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Book (audio CD standard)">Red Book specifications</a>, the compact disc has a frequency response of 20 Hz up to 22,050 Hz, and most CD players measure flat within a fraction of a decibel from at least 0 Hz to 20 kHz at full output. Due to the distance required between grooves, it is not possible for an LP to reproduce as low frequencies as a CD. Additionally, turntable rumble and acoustic feedback obscures the low-end limit of vinyl but the upper end can be, with some cartridges, reasonably flat within a few decibels to 30 kHz, with gentle roll-off. Carrier signals of Quad LPs popular in the 1970s were at 30 kHz to be out of the range of human hearing. The average human auditory system is sensitive to frequencies from 20 Hz to a maximum of around 20,000 Hz.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The upper and lower frequency limits of human hearing vary per person. High frequency sensitivity decreases as a person ages, a process called <a href="/wiki/Presbycusis" title="Presbycusis">presbycusis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-presbycusis_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-presbycusis-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preservation">Preservation</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:45rpm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/45rpm.jpg/220px-45rpm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/45rpm.jpg/330px-45rpm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/45rpm.jpg/440px-45rpm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2265" data-file-height="2258" /></a><figcaption>45 rpm records, like this <a href="/wiki/Single_(music)" title="Single (music)">single</a> from 1956, usually had a chosen A-side, for radio promotion as a possible hit, with a flip side or <a href="/wiki/B-side" class="mw-redirect" title="B-side">B-side</a> by the same artist—though some had two A-sides.</figcaption></figure> <p>As the playing of gramophone records causes gradual degradation of the recording, they are best preserved by transferring them onto other media and playing the records as rarely as possible. They need to be stored on edge, and do best under environmental conditions that most humans would find comfortable.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The longevity and optimal performance of vinyl records can be improved through certain accessories and cleaning supplies. Slipmats provide a soft and cushioned surface between the record and the turntable platter, minimizing friction and preventing potential scratches or damage to the vinyl surface.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Where old disc recordings are considered to be of artistic or historic interest, from before the era of tape or where no tape master exists, archivists play back the disc on suitable equipment and record the result, typically onto a digital format, which can be copied and manipulated to remove analog flaws without any further damage to the source recording. For example, <a href="/wiki/Nimbus_Records" title="Nimbus Records">Nimbus Records</a> uses a specially built horn record player to transfer 78s.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anyone can do this using a standard record player with a suitable pickup, a phono-preamp (pre-amplifier) and a typical personal computer. However, for accurate transfer, professional archivists carefully choose the correct stylus shape and diameter, tracking weight, equalisation curve and other playback parameters and use high-quality analogue-to-digital converters.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As an alternative to playback with a stylus, a recording can be read optically, processed with software that calculates the velocity that the stylus would be moving in the mapped grooves and converted to a <a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">digital recording</a> format. This does no further damage to the disc and generally produces a better sound than normal playback. This technique also has the potential to allow for reconstruction of broken or otherwise damaged discs.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popularity_and_current_status">Popularity and current status</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Album_era" title="Album era">Album era</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vinyl_revival" title="Vinyl revival">Vinyl revival</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spooky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Spooky.jpg/170px-Spooky.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Spooky.jpg/255px-Spooky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Spooky.jpg/340px-Spooky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/DJ" class="mw-redirect" title="DJ">DJ</a> mixing vinyl records with a <a href="/wiki/DJ_mixer" title="DJ mixer">DJ mixer</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Sundance_Film_Festival" title="Sundance Film Festival">Sundance Film Festival</a> in 2003</figcaption></figure> <p>Groove recordings, first designed in the final quarter of the 19th century, held a predominant position for nearly a century—withstanding competition from <a href="/wiki/Reel-to-reel_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Reel-to-reel tape">reel-to-reel tape</a>, the <a href="/wiki/8-track_cartridge" title="8-track cartridge">8-track cartridge</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Audio_cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio cassette">compact cassette</a>. The widespread popularity of Sony's <a href="/wiki/Walkman" title="Walkman">Walkman</a> was a factor that contributed to the vinyl's lessening usage in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1988, the <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">compact disc</a> surpassed the gramophone record in unit sales. Vinyl records experienced a sudden decline in popularity between 1988 and 1991,<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when the major label distributors restricted their return policies, which retailers had been relying on to maintain and swap out stocks of relatively unpopular titles. First the distributors began charging retailers more for new products if they returned unsold vinyl, and then they stopped providing any credit at all for returns. Retailers, fearing they would be stuck with anything they ordered, only ordered proven, popular titles that they knew would sell, and devoted more shelf space to CDs and cassettes. Record companies also removed many vinyl titles from production and distribution, further undermining the availability of the format and leading to the closure of pressing plants. This rapid decline in the availability of records accelerated the format's decline in popularity, and is seen by some as a deliberate ploy to make consumers switch to CDs, which unlike today, were more profitable for the record companies.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The more modern CD format held numerous advantages over the record such as its portability, <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">digital audio</a> and its elimination of background hiss and surface noise, instant switching and searching of tracks, longer playing time, lack of continuous degradation (<a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_analog_and_digital_recording" title="Comparison of analog and digital recording">analog formats</a> wear out as they get played),<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> programmability (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Shuffle_play" title="Shuffle play">shuffle</a>, repeat),<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ability to be played on and copied to a <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In spite of their flaws, records continued to have enthusiastic supporters, partly due to a preference of its "warmer" sound and its larger sleeve artwork.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Records continued to be format of choice by <a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">disc jockeys</a> in dance clubs during the 1990s and 2000s due to its better mixing capabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revival_era">Revival era</h3></div> <p>A niche <a href="/wiki/Vinyl_revival" title="Vinyl revival">resurgence of vinyl records</a> began in the late 2000s, mainly among rock fans.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Entertainment Retailers Association in the United Kingdom found in 2011 that consumers were willing to pay on average £16.30 (€19.37, US$25.81) for a single vinyl record, as opposed to £7.82 (€9.30, US$12.38) for a CD and £6.80 (€8.09, US$10.76) for a <a href="/wiki/Music_download" title="Music download">digital download</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resurgence accelerated throughout the 2010s,<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2015 reached $416 million revenue in the US, their highest level since 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2017, it comprised 14% of all physical album sales.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America" title="Recording Industry Association of America">RIAA</a>'s midyear report in 2020, phonograph record revenues surpassed those of CDs for the first time since the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, <a href="/wiki/Taylor_Swift" title="Taylor Swift">Taylor Swift</a> sold 102,000 copies of her ninth studio album <i><a href="/wiki/Evermore_(Taylor_Swift_album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Evermore (Taylor Swift album)">Evermore</a></i> on vinyl in one week. The sales of the record beat the largest sales in one week on vinyl since Nielsen started tracking vinyl sales in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sales record was previously held by <a href="/wiki/Jack_White" title="Jack White">Jack White</a>, who sold 40,000 copies of his second solo release, <i><a href="/wiki/Lazaretto_(album)" title="Lazaretto (album)">Lazaretto</a></i>, on vinyl in its first week of release in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Approximately 180 million LP records are produced annually at global pressing plants, as of 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Present_production">Present production</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Making_records_at_the_trade_show_at_SXSW_2014--2-2_(15815410775).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Making_records_at_the_trade_show_at_SXSW_2014--2-2_%2815815410775%29.jpg/220px-Making_records_at_the_trade_show_at_SXSW_2014--2-2_%2815815410775%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Making_records_at_the_trade_show_at_SXSW_2014--2-2_%2815815410775%29.jpg/330px-Making_records_at_the_trade_show_at_SXSW_2014--2-2_%2815815410775%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Making_records_at_the_trade_show_at_SXSW_2014--2-2_%2815815410775%29.jpg/440px-Making_records_at_the_trade_show_at_SXSW_2014--2-2_%2815815410775%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>Vinyl record making demonstration at <a href="/wiki/South_by_Southwest" title="South by Southwest">SXSW</a> 2014</figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2017<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phonograph_record&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, 48 record pressing facilities exist worldwide. The increased popularity of the record has led to the investment in new and modern record-pressing machines.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only two producers of <a href="/wiki/Acetate_disc" title="Acetate disc">lacquer master discs</a> remain: Apollo Masters in California, and MDC in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 6 February 2020, a fire destroyed the Apollo Masters plant. According to the Apollo Masters website, their future is still uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hand_Drawn_Pressing" title="Hand Drawn Pressing">Hand Drawn Pressing</a> opened in 2016 as the world's first fully automated record pressing plant.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Less_common_recording_formats">Less common recording formats</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="VinylVideo">VinylVideo</h3></div> <p>VinylVideo is a format to store a low resolution <a href="/wiki/Black_and_white" class="mw-redirect" title="Black and white">black and white</a> video on a vinyl record alongside encoded audio.<sup id="cite_ref-Czukay_2018_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Czukay_2018-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Riddle_2018_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riddle_2018-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_2018_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor_2018-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capacitance_Electronic_Disc">Capacitance Electronic Disc</h3></div> <p>Another example is the <a href="/wiki/Capacitance_Electronic_Disc" title="Capacitance Electronic Disc">Capacitance Electronic Disc</a>, a color video format, slightly better than <a href="/wiki/VHS" title="VHS">VHS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CEDMagic.com_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CEDMagic.com-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/28px-45_record.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/42px-45_record.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/55px-45_record.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Record_production" title="Portal:Record production">Record production portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Album_cover" title="Album cover">Album cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Masters_Corporation_fire" title="Apollo Masters Corporation fire">Apollo Masters Corporation fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacitance_Electronic_Disc" title="Capacitance Electronic Disc">Capacitance Electronic Disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_vinyl_discs" title="Conservation and restoration of vinyl discs">Conservation and restoration of vinyl discs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_transcription" title="Electrical transcription">Electrical transcription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LP_record" title="LP record">LP record</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Face_of_Vinyl:_Youth%27s_Digital_Devolution" title="The New Face of Vinyl: Youth's Digital Devolution">The New Face of Vinyl: Youth's Digital Devolution</a></i> (photo documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_cylinder" title="Phonograph cylinder">Phonograph cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_Store_Day" title="Record Store Day">Record Store Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">Sound recording and reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unusual_types_of_gramophone_records" title="Unusual types of gramophone records">Unusual types of gramophone records</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/514312171.html?dids=514312171:514312171&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jan+09%2C+1991&author=&pub=The+Record&desc=It's+almost+final+for+vinyl%3A+Record+manufacturers+dwindle+in+the+U.+S.&pqatl=google">It's almost final for vinyl: Record manufacturers dwindle in the U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116093809/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/514312171.html?dids=514312171:514312171&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jan+09%2C+1991&author=&pub=The+Record&desc=It's+almost+final+for+vinyl%3A+Record+manufacturers+dwindle+in+the+U.+S.&pqatl=google">Archived</a> 16 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Kitchener – Waterloo Record</i> – Kitchener, Ont., 9 January 1991.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nme.com/news/various-artists/89616">"Millennials push 2015 record sales to 26-year high in US"</a>. <i>NME.COM</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151226181613/http://www.nme.com/news/various-artists/89616">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NME.COM&rft.atitle=Millennials+push+2015+record+sales+to+26-year+high+in+US&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nme.com%2Fnews%2Fvarious-artists%2F89616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160420092353/http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2014-11/27/vinyl-sales-uk">"Vinyl sales pass 1m for first time this century"</a>. <i>Wired UK</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2014-11/27/vinyl-sales-uk">the original</a> on 20 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired+UK&rft.atitle=Vinyl+sales+pass+1m+for+first+time+this+century&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farchive%2F2014-11%2F27%2Fvinyl-sales-uk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaulfield2023" class="citation magazine cs1">Caulfield, Keith (11 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/pro/vinyl-album-sales-rise-growth-slowing/">"U.S. Vinyl Album Sales Rise for 17th Straight Year — But Growth Is Slowing"</a>. <i>Billboard</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=U.S.+Vinyl+Album+Sales+Rise+for+17th+Straight+Year+%E2%80%94+But+Growth+Is+Slowing&rft.date=2023-01-11&rft.aulast=Caulfield&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Fpro%2Fvinyl-album-sales-rise-growth-slowing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The 2 slower speeds used by <a href="/wiki/The_Library_of_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="The Library of Congress">the Library of Congress</a> to supply <a href="/wiki/The_National_Library_Service_for_the_Blind_and_Physically_Handicapped" class="mw-redirect" title="The National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped">the National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BrokenRec.IW-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BrokenRec.IW_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBob_Evans1999" class="citation news cs1">Bob Evans (8 November 1999). "A Whole New Ball Game". <i><a href="/wiki/Information_Week" class="mw-redirect" title="Information Week">Information Week</a></i>. p. 176. <q>when broken or scratched ... repeating the same music or words over and over again</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Information+Week&rft.atitle=A+Whole+New+Ball+Game&rft.pages=176&rft.date=1999-11-08&rft.au=Bob+Evans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeb_Amlen2011" class="citation news cs1">Deb Amlen (7 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wordplay.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/10/07/record">"Saturday: Sounds Like a Broken Record"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <q>repetitive sounds .. this means the record SKIPS its groove</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Saturday%3A+Sounds+Like+a+Broken+Record&rft.date=2011-10-07&rft.au=Deb+Amlen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwordplay.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F10%2F07%2Frecord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/black-disc">"Dictionary.com | Meanings & Definitions of English Words"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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University of California Press. 1983. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520051607" title="Special:BookSources/9780520051607"><bdi>9780520051607</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215062429/https://books.google.com/books?id=FaAYfJYVNXQC&pg=PA137&dq=thomas+young+tuning+fork&hl=en&ei=bsY5Tcm7GYmh8QOnppXYCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CFAQ6AEwBw">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nineeenth-century+Scientific+Instruments&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780520051607&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFaAYfJYVNXQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/collections/edison-company-motion-pictures-and-sound-recordings/articles-and-essays/biography/life-of-thomas-alva-edison/">"The Life of Thomas A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Cylinder+Phonograph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fcollections%2Fedison-company-motion-pictures-and-sound-recordings%2Farticles-and-essays%2Fhistory-of-edison-sound-recordings%2Fhistory-of-the-cylinder-phonograph%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-life-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-life_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace1952" class="citation magazine cs1">Wallace, Robert (17 November 1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sFIEAAAAMBAJ">"First It Said 'Mary'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">LIFE</a></i>. pp. 87–102.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=LIFE&rft.atitle=First+It+Said+%27Mary%27&rft.pages=87-102&rft.date=1952-11-17&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsFIEAAAAMBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canadashistory.ca/awards/governor-general-s-history-awards/award-recipients/2020/centennial-of-broadcasting-in-canada">"Centennial of Broadcasting in Canada"</a>. <i>Canadashistory.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"You Can Thank Emil Berliner for the Shape Your Record Collection Is In". <i>Music Educators Journal</i>, Vol. 60, No. 4 (December 1973), pp. 38–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRead1952" class="citation book cs1">Read, Oliver (1952). "History of Acoustical Recording". <i>The Recording and Reproduction of Sound</i> (revised and enlarged 2nd ed.). Indianapolis: Howard W. Sams. pp. 12, 14, 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+of+Acoustical+Recording&rft.btitle=The+Recording+and+Reproduction+of+Sound&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pages=12%2C+14%2C+15&rft.edition=revised+and+enlarged+2nd&rft.pub=Howard+W.+Sams&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Read&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-copeland-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-copeland_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-copeland_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopeland2008" class="citation book cs1">Copeland, Peter (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222091532/http://www.bl.uk/britishlibrary/~/media/subjects%20images/sound/analoguesoundrestoration.pdf"><i>Manual of Analogue Audio Restoration Techniques</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. London: British Library. pp. 89–90. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/britishlibrary/~/media/subjects%20images/sound/analoguesoundrestoration.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+of+Analogue+Audio+Restoration+Techniques&rft.place=London&rft.pages=89-90&rft.pub=British+Library&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Copeland&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fbritishlibrary%2F~%2Fmedia%2Fsubjects%2520images%2Fsound%2Fanaloguesoundrestoration.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aes2.org/publications/par/num/">"Pro Audio Reference"</a>. 78 rpm record<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pro+Audio+Reference&rft.pages=78+rpm+record&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faes2.org%2Fpublications%2Fpar%2Fnum%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_AndrewsArthur_BadrockEdward_S._Walker1992" class="citation book cs1">Frank Andrews; Arthur Badrock; Edward S. Walker (1992). <i>World Records, Vocalion "W" Fetherflex and Penny Phono Recordings: A listing</i>. Spalding, Lincolnshire: The Authors.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Records%2C+Vocalion+%22W%22+Fetherflex+and+Penny+Phono+Recordings%3A+A+listing&rft.place=Spalding%2C+Lincolnshire&rft.pub=The+Authors&rft.date=1992&rft.au=Frank+Andrews&rft.au=Arthur+Badrock&rft.au=Edward+S.+Walker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scholes, plate 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rick Kennedy, <i>Jelly Roll, Bix, and Hoagy: Gennett Studios and the Birth of Recorded Jazz</i>, Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1994, pp. 63–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A photograph of the <a href="/wiki/Gennett_Records" title="Gennett Records">Gennett Records</a> studio is available. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nicklucas.com/Image/nick_lucas_playing%20_with_bailey's_lucky_seven_at_gennett_studios.jpg">"nick lucas playing with bailey's lucky seven at gennett studios"</a>. <i>Nick Lucas</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080529082244/http://www.nicklucas.com/Image/nick_lucas_playing%20_with_bailey's_lucky_seven_at_gennett_studios.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nick+Lucas&rft.atitle=nick+lucas+playing+with+bailey%27s+lucky+seven+at+gennett+studios&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nicklucas.com%2FImage%2Fnick_lucas_playing%2520_with_bailey%27s_lucky_seven_at_gennett_studios.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40KYearsMusic-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-40KYearsMusic_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-40KYearsMusic_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chailley" title="Jacques Chailley">Jacques Chailley</a> – <i>40,000 Years of Music: Man in Search of Music – 1964 p. 144</i>, "On March 21st, 1925, Alfred Cortot made for the Victor Talking Machine Co., in Camden, New Jersey, the first classical recording to employ a new technique, thanks to which the gramophone was to play an important part in musical life: electric ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhelanKornrumpf2014" class="citation web cs1">Whelan, M.; Kornrumpf, W. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edisontechcenter.org/VacuumTubes.html">"Vacuum Tubes (Valves)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Edison_Tech_Center" title="Edison Tech Center">Edison Tech Center</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150202005355/https://edisontechcenter.org/VacuumTubes.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vacuum+Tubes+%28Valves%29&rft.pub=Edison+Tech+Center&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Whelan&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Kornrumpf%2C+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedisontechcenter.org%2FVacuumTubes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wanamaker (16 January 1926). Wanamaker's ad in <i>The New York Times</i>, 16 January 1926, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pakenham, Compton (1930), "Recorded Music: A Wide Range". <i>The New York Times</i>, February 23, 1930, p. 118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.x-rayaudio.com/x-rayaudioblog/2020/7/19/nazi-lathe-cut-discs">"Nazi Era Flexi Discs"</a>. Bone Music. 19 July 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230206171259/https://www.x-rayaudio.com/x-rayaudioblog/2020/7/19/nazi-lathe-cut-discs">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nazi+Era+Flexi+Discs&rft.pub=Bone+Music&rft.date=2020-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.x-rayaudio.com%2Fx-rayaudioblog%2F2020%2F7%2F19%2Fnazi-lathe-cut-discs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The New York Times</i> (1925-10-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1925/10/07/archives/new-music-machine-thrills-all-hearers-at-first-test-here-researches.html">"New Music Machine Thrills All Hearers At First Test Here".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510154138/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00D17FA3F5D13738DDDAE0894D8415B858EF1D3">Archived</a> 2013-05-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Front page.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musicinthemail.com/audiohistoryLP.html">"LPs historic"</a>. <i>Musicinthemail.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160426151404/http://www.musicinthemail.com/audiohistoryLP.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Musicinthemail.com&rft.atitle=LPs+historic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musicinthemail.com%2FaudiohistoryLP.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Read, Oliver; Welch, Walter L., <i>From Tin Foil to Stereo</i>, U.S., 1959</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>V-Disc and Armed Forces Radio Catalogue</i>, Blue Goose Publishers, St Louis</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Amazing Phonograph</i>, Morgan Wright, 2002 Hoy Hoy Publishers, Saratoga Springs, NY p. 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Millard-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Millard_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillard1995" class="citation book cs1">Millard, Andre (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americaonrecordh0000mill"><i>America on Record: A History of Recorded Sound</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americaonrecordh0000mill/page/353">353</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-47556-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-47556-2"><bdi>0-521-47556-2</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>. <q>record playing time.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America+on+Record%3A+A+History+of+Recorded+Sound&rft.pages=353&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-521-47556-2&rft.aulast=Millard&rft.aufirst=Andre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericaonrecordh0000mill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Welch-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Welch_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelchBurt1994" class="citation book cs1">Welch, Walter L.; Burt, Leah (1994). <i>From Tinfoil to Stereo: The Acoustic Years of the Recording Industry, 1877–1929</i>. University Press of Florida. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8130-1317-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8130-1317-8"><bdi>0-8130-1317-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Tinfoil+to+Stereo%3A+The+Acoustic+Years+of+the+Recording+Industry%2C+1877%E2%80%931929&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8130-1317-8&rft.aulast=Welch&rft.aufirst=Walter+L.&rft.au=Burt%2C+Leah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WRD-20140711-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WRD-20140711_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllain2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Allain, Rhett (11 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2014/07/why-are-songs-on-the-radio-about-the-same-length/">"Why Are Songs on the Radio About the Same Length?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140711190729/http://www.wired.com/2014/07/why-are-songs-on-the-radio-about-the-same-length/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Why+Are+Songs+on+the+Radio+About+the+Same+Length%3F&rft.date=2014-07-11&rft.aulast=Allain&rft.aufirst=Rhett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2014%2F07%2Fwhy-are-songs-on-the-radio-about-the-same-length%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Louis Armstrong and King Oliver", Heritage Jazz, cassette, 1993</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eddie Condon, "We Called It Music", Da Capo Press, New York, 1992, p. 263–264. (Originally published 1947)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Back cover notes, "Jammin' at Commodore with Eddie Condon and His Windy City Seven...", Commodore Jazz Classics (CD), CCD 7007, 1988</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naxos.com/catalogue/item.asp?item_code=8.120841">"Hits of the 1920s, Vol. 2 (1921–1923)"</a>. <i>Naxos.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160125145307/http://www.naxos.com/catalogue/item.asp?item_code=8.120841">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Naxos.com&rft.atitle=Hits+of+the+1920s%2C+Vol.+2+%281921%E2%80%931923%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naxos.com%2Fcatalogue%2Fitem.asp%3Fitem_code%3D8.120841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sandiego1-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sandiego1_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sandiego1_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070329065002/http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/recording/notes.html#cylinder">"Recording Technology History"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_San_Diego" title="University of San Diego">University of San Diego</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/recording/notes.html#cylinder">the original</a> on 29 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+San+Diego&rft.atitle=Recording+Technology+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.sandiego.edu%2Fgen%2Frecording%2Fnotes.html%23cylinder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050403220049/http://www.songsbysinatra.com/dates/dates_main.html">"On This Date..."</a> <i>Songs By Sinatra</i>. Archived from the original on 3 April 2005. <q>Enter May 28 See bottom.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Songs+By+Sinatra&rft.atitle=On+This+Date...&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.songsbysinatra.com%2Fdates%2Fdates_main.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120105004806/http://www.redhotjazz.com/pwo.html">"Paul Whiteman and his Orchestra"</a>. Redhotjazz.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.redhotjazz.com/pwo.html">the original</a> on 5 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Seeburg Background Music Move Part of Diversification Program". <i>Billboard</i>. New York. p. 67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Seeburg+Background+Music+Move+Part+of+Diversification+Program&rft.pages=67&rft.date=1959-07-20&rft.aulast=Biro&rft.aufirst=Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cedmagic.com/home/cedfaq.html#onethree">"RCA SelectaVision VideoDisc FAQ"</a>. <i>Cedmagic.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cedmagic.com&rft.atitle=RCA+SelectaVision+VideoDisc+FAQ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cedmagic.com%2Fhome%2Fcedfaq.html%23onethree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton2006" class="citation book cs1">Morton, David L. Jr. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZmjkJwxyWcC&pg=PA94"><i>Sound recording: the life story of a technology</i></a>. Greenwood technographies. JHU Press. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-8398-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-8398-9"><bdi>0-8018-8398-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160510065232/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZmjkJwxyWcC&pg=PA94">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sound+recording%3A+the+life+story+of+a+technology&rft.series=Greenwood+technographies&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8018-8398-9&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=David+L.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0ZmjkJwxyWcC%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpaniasPainterAtti2007" class="citation book cs1">Spanias, Andreas; Painter, Ted; Atti, Venkatraman (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6MwHCqVcERYC&pg=PR15"><i>Audio signal processing and coding</i></a>. Wiley-Interscience. p. xv–xvi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-79147-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-79147-8"><bdi>978-0-471-79147-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160511021926/https://books.google.com/books?id=6MwHCqVcERYC&pg=PR15">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Audio+signal+processing+and+coding&rft.pages=xv-xvi&rft.pub=Wiley-Interscience&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-471-79147-8&rft.aulast=Spanias&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft.au=Painter%2C+Ted&rft.au=Atti%2C+Venkatraman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6MwHCqVcERYC%26pg%3DPR15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VRS-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VRS_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VRS_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vinylrecorder.com/stereo.html">"Stereo disc recording"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060925145519/http://www.vinylrecorder.com/stereo.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stereo+disc+recording&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vinylrecorder.com%2Fstereo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reed, Peter Hugh (1958). <i>American record guide</i>, p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nakamichi_High-Com_II-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nakamichi_High-Com_II_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171110221440/http://manualmachine.com/nakamichi/high-com-ii/1156333-user-manual/page:2/"><i>Nakamichi High-Com II Noise Reduction System - Owner's Manual - Bedienungsanleitung - Mode d'Emploi</i></a> (in English, German, and French). 1980. 0D03897A, O-800820B. Archived from <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://manualmachine.com/nakamichi/high-com-ii/1156333-user-manual/">the original</a></span> on 10 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nakamichi+High-Com+II+Noise+Reduction+System+-+Owner%27s+Manual+-+Bedienungsanleitung+-+Mode+d%27Emploi&rft.date=1980&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmanualmachine.com%2Fnakamichi%2Fhigh-com-ii%2F1156333-user-manual%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210505181108/https://www.vintageshifi.com/repertoire-pdf/pdf/telecharge.php?pdf=Nakamichi-High-Com-II-Owner-Manual.pdf">[1]</a> (NB. This compander exists in two identically named but slightly different versions; only one of them has a dedicated "Disk" setting, the other one instead has an additional setting to combine <a href="/wiki/Subsonic_filter" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsonic filter">subsonic</a> with <a href="/wiki/MPX_filter" title="MPX filter">MPX</a> filtering. In this model, <a href="/wiki/High-Com_II" class="mw-redirect" title="High-Com II">High-Com II</a> encoded vinyl disks have to be played back through the "Rec" setting of a connected tape deck.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nakamichi_1979_NAK-100-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nakamichi_1979_NAK-100_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Stillness of Dawn - High-Com II Demonstration Record</i> (A limited edition not-for-sale High Com II encoded audiophile <a href="/wiki/Vinyl_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinyl record">vinyl record</a> and corresponding leaflet. This <a href="/wiki/LP_record" title="LP record">LP</a> contains 400 Hz, 0 dB, 200 nWb/m calibration tones as well.). <a href="/wiki/Nakamichi" title="Nakamichi">Nakamichi</a>. 1979. NAK-100. <q>Track list: Side A: <a href="/wiki/Philharmonia_Hungarica" title="Philharmonia Hungarica">Philharmonia Hungarica</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zoltan_Rozsnyai" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoltan Rozsnyai">Zoltan Rozsnyai</a>): 1. <a href="/wiki/Bizet" class="mw-redirect" title="Bizet">Bizet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carmen" title="Carmen">Carmen</a> prelude) [2:30] 2. <a href="/wiki/Berlioz" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlioz">Berlioz</a> (<a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi_March" title="Rákóczi March">Rákóczi March</a> from <a href="/wiki/The_Damnation_of_Faust" class="mw-redirect" title="The Damnation of Faust">Damnation of Faust</a>) [4:40] 3. <a href="/wiki/Rimsky-Korsakov" class="mw-redirect" title="Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a> (Procession of the Nobles from <a href="/wiki/Mlada_(Rimsky-Korsakov)" title="Mlada (Rimsky-Korsakov)">Mlada</a>) [4:55] 3. <a href="/wiki/Brahms" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahms">Brahms</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Dance_No._5" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Dance No. 5">Hungarian Dance No. 5</a>) [4:30] 4. 400 Hz calibration tone. [1:00], Side B: <a href="/wiki/S.M.A._Sextet" class="mw-redirect" title="S.M.A. Sextet">S.M.A. Sextet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sherman_Martin_Austin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherman Martin Austin">Sherman Martin Austin</a>): 1. <a href="/wiki/Impressions_(John_Coltrane_album)" title="Impressions (John Coltrane album)">Impressions</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_Coltrane" title="John Coltrane">John Coltrane</a>) [5:00] 2. Mimosa (<a href="/wiki/Dennis_Irwin" title="Dennis Irwin">Dennis Irwin</a>) [5:52] 3. Little B's Poem (<a href="/wiki/Bobby_Hutcherson" title="Bobby Hutcherson">Bobby Hutcherson</a>) [3:12] 4. 400 Hz calibration tone [1:00]. […] Quotes from the sleeve: […] Thousands of man-hours were spent listening, adjusting, optimizing—until harpsichords sound like harpsichords without mutilated <a href="/wiki/Transient_(acoustics)" title="Transient (acoustics)">transients</a>, until bass viols sound like bass viols without <a href="/wiki/Harmonic_distortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonic distortion">harmonic distortion</a>, until triangles sound lean and crisp without <a href="/wiki/Breathing_(noise_reduction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Breathing (noise reduction)">breathiness</a>. The result is <a href="/wiki/High-Com_II" class="mw-redirect" title="High-Com II">High-Com II</a>, the world's finest <i>two-band</i> noise-reduction system. […] High-Com II is the first <i>audiophile</i> noise-reduction system that achieves <i>professional</i> quality. […] Listen especially for the dramatic reduction in <a href="/wiki/Surface_noise" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface noise">surface noise</a> on this High-Com II encoded record. There is no residual <a href="/wiki/Tape_hiss" title="Tape hiss">hiss</a>; the ticks, pops, and <a href="/wiki/Crackling_(noise)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crackling (noise)">crackles</a> that mar conventional discs are absent. So is <a href="/wiki/Turntable_rumble" class="mw-redirect" title="Turntable rumble">turntable rumble</a>. The loud passages emerge with unprecedented clarity since they need not be recorded at so high and distortion-producing a level. […] Between programs, there is utter silence. […] We also suggest you listen closely for sounds of "breathing" and <a href="/wiki/Noise_pumping" class="mw-redirect" title="Noise pumping">noise pumping</a>. This common fault of noise-reduction systems has been eliminated in High-Com II. Listen also to High-Com II's remarkable ability to accurately preserve musical transients. They are neither muted nor exaggerated nor edgy as with other companders. This accuracy of reproduction—on all types of music, at all frequencies, and at all levels—is what distinguishes High-Com II from other noise-reduction systems. […] Unlike simple companders, High-Com II is optimized differently for signals of different strength and different frequencies. Low-level signals are processed for maximum noise reduction, high-level ones for minimum distortion. This sophisticated technique assumes maximum <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range" title="Dynamic range">dynamic range</a> with minimum "breathing" and other audible side effects. […] Sound of extraordinary dynamic range—a background free from surface noise, pops, <a href="/wiki/Clicking_noise" class="mw-redirect" title="Clicking noise">clicks</a>, rumble, and <a href="/wiki/Groove_echo" class="mw-redirect" title="Groove echo">groove echo</a>—the mightiest crescendo, free from distortion. Sound without breathing, pumping, or other ill side effects.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stillness+of+Dawn+-+High-Com+II+Demonstration+Record&rft.pub=Nakamichi&rft.date=1979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor_2017-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_2017_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2017" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Taylor_(blogger)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew Taylor (blogger)">Taylor, Matthew "Mat"</a> (19 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211029/E5XCvsNUkmI">"CX Discs: Better, Worse & the Same as a normal record"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Techmoan" title="Techmoan">Techmoan</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E5XCvsNUkmI&t=499s">the original</a> on 29 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Techmoan&rft.atitle=CX+Discs%3A+Better%2C+Worse+%26+the+Same+as+a+normal+record&rft.date=2017-10-19&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Matthew+%22Mat%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DE5XCvsNUkmI%26t%3D499s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hohmuth_1987-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hohmuth_1987_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHohmuth1987" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hohmuth, Gerhard (1987). "Verbesserte Schallplattenwiedergabe durch UC-Kompressor". <i>radio fernsehen elektronik (rfe)</i> (in German). Vol. 36, no. 5. Berlin: <a href="/wiki/Verlag_Technik" title="Verlag Technik">VEB Verlag Technik</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/VEB_Verlag_Technik" class="extiw" title="de:VEB Verlag Technik">de</a>]</span>. pp. 311–313. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-7900">0033-7900</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=radio+fernsehen+elektronik+%28rfe%29&rft.atitle=Verbesserte+Schallplattenwiedergabe+durch+UC-Kompressor&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=311-313&rft.date=1987&rft.issn=0033-7900&rft.aulast=Hohmuth&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span> (3 pages) (NB. Includes a description of the UC compander system.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milde_1987-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Milde_1987_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milde_1987_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilde1987" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-location-test cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Milde, Helmut (1987). Written at Dresden, Germany. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiomuseum.org/forumdata/upload/das_uc_kompander_system.pdf">"Das UC-Kompandersystem"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>radio fernsehen elektronik (rfe)</i> (in German). Vol. 36, no. 9. Berlin, Germany: <a href="/wiki/Verlag_Technik" title="Verlag Technik">VEB Verlag Technik</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/VEB_Verlag_Technik" class="extiw" title="de:VEB Verlag Technik">de</a>]</span>. pp. 592–595. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-7900">0033-7900</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210505192852/https://www.radiomuseum.org/forumdata/upload/das_uc_kompander_system.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=radio+fernsehen+elektronik+%28rfe%29&rft.atitle=Das+UC-Kompandersystem&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=592-595&rft.date=1987&rft.issn=0033-7900&rft.aulast=Milde&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiomuseum.org%2Fforumdata%2Fupload%2Fdas_uc_kompander_system.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span> (4 pages) (NB. Includes a detailed description of the UC system characteristics and a reference schematic developed by Milde, similar to the circuitry used in the Ziphona HMK-PA2223. According to the author he later also developed an improved version utilizing more modern ICs.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wonneberg_2000-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wonneberg_2000_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wonneberg_2000_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWonneberg2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wonneberg" class="extiw" title="de:Frank Wonneberg">Wonneberg, Frank</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in German]</span> (2000). <i>Vinyl Lexikon - Wahrheit und Legende der Schallplatte - Fachbegriffe, Sammlerlatein und Praxistips</i> (in German) (1 ed.). Lexikon Imprint Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89602226-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-89602226-1"><bdi>3-89602226-1</bdi></a>. <q>UC […] Vom <a href="/wiki/VEB_Deutsche_Schallplatten" title="VEB Deutsche Schallplatten">VEB Deutsche Schallplatten</a> und dem ZWT Rundfunk und Fernsehen der <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">DDR</a> entwickelter, breitbandiger Kompander zur Codierung von Schallplatten. Das UC-Kompandersystem (universal compatible) nutzt die Möglichkeit durch den Einsatz sogenannter Logarithmierer, den Verstärkungsvorgang fließend zu gestalten und ein abruptes Umschalten bei niedrigen Signalpegeln zu vermeiden. Durch einen sich kontinuierlich wandelnden Kompressionsgrad von 5:3 (0 dB) bis 1:1 (−20 dB) erzielt man eine effektive Störunterdrückung von 10 dB. Die Expansion erfolgt spiegelverkehrt. Auch ohne den Einsatz eines entsprechenden UC-Expanders bleiben durch das"fließende"Verfahren die Ein- und Ausklingvorgänge in ihrer Homogenität und auch die Raumabbildung der Tonaufzeichnung weitestgehend erhalten. Die gewinnbringende Nutzung des UC-Kompanderverfahrens stellt den Anwender vor ein kaum lösbares Problem, da die ökonomischen Rahmenbedingungen und die zentrale Planung der Geräteentwicklung in der DDR die Herstellung eines Serienproduktes untergruben. Letztlich existieren nur einige Labormuster in den Händen der an dem Verfahren beteiligten Entwickler. Ein Versuch nach 1990, mit dem Verfahren erneut Fuß zu fassen, scheiterte an der international bereits von der Industrie vollzogenen, umfassenden Digitalisierung der Heimwiedergabe. Vom VEB Deutsche Schallplatten wurden in den Jahren 1983 bis 1990 weit mehr als 500 verschiedene UC-codierte Schallplatten der Marken <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eterna_(record_label)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eterna (record label) (page does not exist)">Eterna</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eterna_(Plattenlabel)" class="extiw" title="de:Eterna (Plattenlabel)">de</a>]</span> und <a href="/wiki/Amiga_(record_label)" title="Amiga (record label)">Amiga</a> veröffentlicht. Alle entsprechend aufgezeichneten Schallplatten tragen im Spiegel der Auslaufrille zusätzlich zur Matrizengravur ein U. Auf eine äußere, gut sichtbare Kennzeichnung wurde, im Sinne der hervorragenden Kompatibilität des Verfahrens bei einer konventionellen Wiedergabe und in Ermangelung verfügbarer UC-Expander für den Heimgebrauch, verzichtet.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vinyl+Lexikon+-+Wahrheit+und+Legende+der+Schallplatte+-+Fachbegriffe%2C+Sammlerlatein+und+Praxistips&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Lexikon+Imprint+Verlag&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=3-89602226-1&rft.aulast=Wonneberg&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mueller_2018-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mueller_2018_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mueller_2018_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Müller, Claus (2018). Meinhardt, Käthe (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docplayer.org/78205903-Allgemeines-bild-1-gravur-zwischen-den-auslaufrillen-mit-dem-u.html">"UC-Expander"</a> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210505195909/http://docplayer.org/78205903-Allgemeines-bild-1-gravur-zwischen-den-auslaufrillen-mit-dem-u.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2021</span>. p. 4: <q>[…] In den 1980er Jahren wurden in der <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">DDR</a> vom <a href="/wiki/VEB_Deutsche_Schallplatten" title="VEB Deutsche Schallplatten">VEB Deutsche Schallplatten</a> unter dem Label <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eterna_(record_label)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eterna (record label) (page does not exist)">ETERNA</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eterna_(Plattenlabel)" class="extiw" title="de:Eterna (Plattenlabel)">de</a>]</span> viele sehr gute Aufnahmen klassischer Musik veröffentlicht. Diese Platten wurden, nicht wie sonst üblich, in Lackfolie sondern direkt in eine Metallscheibe geschnitten (<a href="/wiki/Direct_Metal_Mastering" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct Metal Mastering">DMM</a> - Direkt Metal Mastering). Das ersparte zwei Zwischenkopien im Produktionsablauf, was nicht nur schneller ging, sondern auch zu einer erheblich besseren Qualität führte. Zur weiteren Steigerung der Klangqualität wurde das UC-Kompandersystem (UC - Universal Compatible) eingesetzt. Damit wurden beim Schneiden der Platte die leisen Töne etwas lauter und die lauten entsprechend leiser überspielt. Wendet man bei der Wiedergabe das umgekehrte Verfahren an, werden mit den leisen Tönen auch die Störungen abgeschwächt und die lauten Stellen verzerren nicht und nutzen sich weniger ab. All das geschah so vorsichtig, dass man die Platte auch ohne Expander bei der Wiedergabe noch genussvoll anhören konnte. Zum Glück, denn es hätte sowieso nur einen Plattenspieler gegeben, der über eine entsprechende Schaltung verfügte und der war sehr teuer. Vermutlich aus diesem Grund hat man auf eine weithin sichtbare Kennzeichnung der mit diesem Verfahren aufgenommenen Platten verzichtet. Nur in der Gravur zwischen den Auslaufrillen kann man am angehängten U den Einsatz des Kompressors erkennen […] Das vorliegende Programm erfüllt die Aufgabe eines UC-Expanders, mit dem Sie eine im <a href="/wiki/.wav" class="mw-redirect" title=".wav">wav</a>-format digitalisierte Schallplattenaufnahme bearbeiten können, um nun endlich den Klang genießen zu können, den Sie damals erworben haben. Bis dahin gibt es aber noch eine Schwierigkeit. Zur richtigen Einstellung des Programmes benötigen Sie eine Schallplatte, auf der ein Bezugspegelton aufgezeichnet ist, wie das bei den, dem Plattenspieler beiliegenen, Testplatten der Fall war. […]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UC-Expander&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Claus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocplayer.org%2F78205903-Allgemeines-bild-1-gravur-zwischen-den-auslaufrillen-mit-dem-u.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span> (NB. Describes a software implementation of an UC expander as a program "<code>UCExpander.exe</code>" for <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>. Also shows a picture of the "U" engraving in the silent inner groove indicating UC encoded vinyl disks.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seiffert_2013-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Seiffert_2013_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeiffertRenz" class="citation web cs1">Seiffert, Michael; Renz, Martin (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiomuseum.org/r/phono_pirn_ziphona_hmk_pa2223.html">"Ziphona HMK-PA2223"</a>. <i>Hifi-Museum</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506151436/https://www.radiomuseum.org/r/phono_pirn_ziphona_hmk_pa2223.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hifi-Museum&rft.atitle=Ziphona+HMK-PA2223&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiomuseum.org%2Fr%2Fphono_pirn_ziphona_hmk_pa2223.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506151437/https://www.radiomuseum.org/images/radio/phonotechnik_pirna/ziphona_hmk_pa2223_1392509.jpg">[2]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506152834/https://www.radiomuseum.org/images/radio/phonotechnik_pirna/ziphona_hmk_pa2223_1392510.jpg">[3]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506152258/https://www.radiomuseum.org/images/radio/phonotechnik_pirna/ziphona_hmk_pa2223_1392945.jpg">[4]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506153056/https://www.radiomuseum.org/images/radio/phonotechnik_pirna/ziphona_hmk_pa2223_1392947.jpg">[5]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506152301/https://www.radiomuseum.org/images/radio/phonotechnik_pirna/ziphona_hmk_pa2223_1392511.jpg">[6]</a> (NB. Has pictures of a <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">VEB Phonotechnik Pirna/Zittau</i></span> Ziphona HMK-PA2223, a <a href="/wiki/Linear_tracking#Linear_tracking" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear tracking">tangential arm</a> <a href="/wiki/Direct_drive_turntable" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct drive turntable">direct drive turntable</a> with built-in UC expander, with the frontpanel showing a "UC" logo (for "Universal Compander").)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aardvark-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aardvark_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aardvark_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aardvarkmastering.com/riaa.htm">"Bulletin E 3: Standards for Stereophonic Disc Records"</a>. <i>Aardvark Mastering</i>. <a href="/wiki/RIAA" class="mw-redirect" title="RIAA">RIAA</a>. 16 October 1963. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141115184317/http://www.aardvarkmastering.com/riaa.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aardvark+Mastering&rft.atitle=Bulletin+E+3%3A+Standards+for+Stereophonic+Disc+Records&rft.date=1963-10-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aardvarkmastering.com%2Friaa.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.littlewonderrecords.com/">"Little Wonder Records, Bubble Books, Emerson, Victor, Harper, Columbia, Waterson, Berlin and Snyder"</a>. <i>Littlewonderrecords.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160420020454/http://www.littlewonderrecords.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Littlewonderrecords.com&rft.atitle=Little+Wonder+Records%2C+Bubble+Books%2C+Emerson%2C+Victor%2C+Harper%2C+Columbia%2C+Waterson%2C+Berlin+and+Snyder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.littlewonderrecords.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-NAB-Engineering/NAB-4th-Edition/Audio%20Recording--NAB-Engineering-4th-Edition.pdf">"Supplement No. 2 to NAB (NARTB) Engineering Handbook; NARTB Recording and Reproducing Standards"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 1953.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Supplement+No.+2+to+NAB+%28NARTB%29+Engineering+Handbook%3B+NARTB+Recording+and+Reproducing+Standards&rft.date=1953&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanradiohistory.com%2FArchive-NAB-Engineering%2FNAB-4th-Edition%2FAudio%2520Recording--NAB-Engineering-4th-Edition.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Columbia Record Catalog 1950</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Columbia record catalog Aug 1949</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Fabulous Victrola 45 Phil Vourtsis</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Indiana State Museum document no. 71.2010.098.0001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaphides2015" class="citation news cs1">Paphides, Pete (29 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/jan/29/bone-music-soviet-bootleg-records-pressed-on-xrays">"Bone music: the Soviet bootleg records pressed on x-rays"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Bone+music%3A+the+Soviet+bootleg+records+pressed+on+x-rays&rft.date=2015-01-29&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Paphides&rft.aufirst=Pete&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2015%2Fjan%2F29%2Fbone-music-soviet-bootleg-records-pressed-on-xrays&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thevinylfactory.com/features/the-curious-tale-of-bhutans-playable-record-postage-stamps">"The curious tale of Bhutan's playable record postage stamps"</a>. The Vinyl Factory. 30 December 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202235519/http://thevinylfactory.com/features/the-curious-tale-of-bhutans-playable-record-postage-stamps/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+curious+tale+of+Bhutan%27s+playable+record+postage+stamps&rft.pub=The+Vinyl+Factory&rft.date=2015-12-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthevinylfactory.com%2Ffeatures%2Fthe-curious-tale-of-bhutans-playable-record-postage-stamps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogan2018" class="citation web cs1">Hogan, Marc (11 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pitchfork.com/news/high-definition-vinyl-is-happening-possibly-as-early-as-next-year/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'High Definition Vinyl' Is Happening, Possibly as Early as Next Year"</a>. <i>Pitchfork</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pitchfork&rft.atitle=%27High+Definition+Vinyl%27+Is+Happening%2C+Possibly+as+Early+as+Next+Year&rft.date=2018-04-11&rft.aulast=Hogan&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpitchfork.com%2Fnews%2Fhigh-definition-vinyl-is-happening-possibly-as-early-as-next-year%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose2018" class="citation web cs1">Rose, Brent (20 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gizmodo.com/what-is-hd-vinyl-and-is-it-legit-1825378987">"What Is HD Vinyl and Is It Legit?"</a>. <i>Gizmodo</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gizmodo&rft.atitle=What+Is+HD+Vinyl+and+Is+It+Legit%3F&rft.date=2018-04-20&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Brent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgizmodo.com%2Fwhat-is-hd-vinyl-and-is-it-legit-1825378987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeppala2018" class="citation web cs1">Seppala, Timothy J. (26 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engadget.com/2018/04/26/hd-vinyl-rebeat-innovations/">"HD vinyl is a promise, not a product"</a>. <i>Endgadget</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Endgadget&rft.atitle=HD+vinyl+is+a+promise%2C+not+a+product&rft.date=2018-04-26&rft.aulast=Seppala&rft.aufirst=Timothy+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engadget.com%2F2018%2F04%2F26%2Fhd-vinyl-rebeat-innovations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://makingvinyl.com/hd-vinyl-takes-next-step-with-debut-of-3d-topography-software-perfect-groove/">"HD Vinyl Takes Next Step with Debut of 3D Topography Software Perfect Groove"</a>. <i>Making Vinyl</i>. 4 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Making+Vinyl&rft.atitle=HD+Vinyl+Takes+Next+Step+with+Debut+of+3D+Topography+Software+Perfect+Groove&rft.date=2019-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmakingvinyl.com%2Fhd-vinyl-takes-next-step-with-debut-of-3d-topography-software-perfect-groove%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://makingvinyl.com/program-berlin-2019/">" "Making Vinyl Europe – Program – Meistersaal, Berlin"</a>. <i>Making Vinyl</i>. 2 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Making+Vinyl&rft.atitle=Making+Vinyl+Europe+%E2%80%93+Program+%E2%80%93+Meistersaal%2C+Berlin&rft.date=2019-05-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmakingvinyl.com%2Fprogram-berlin-2019%2F%22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayly1976" class="citation journal cs1">Bayly, Ernie (February 1976). "Double-sided records". <i>The Talking Machine Review International</i> (38). 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Vol. 215, no. 6. p. 93 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science&rft.atitle=DBX-encoded+discs%E2%80%94records+without+noise&rft.volume=215&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=93&rft.date=1979-12&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=Len&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPAEAAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DRA8-PA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward2006" class="citation magazine cs1">Howard, Keith (5 February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stereophile.com/features/106ringing/index.html">"Ringing False: Digital Audio's Ubiquitous Filter"</a>. <i>Stereophile</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Wiley. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/physi1998cutn/page/466">466</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-19112-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-19112-4"><bdi>0-471-19112-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physics.+4th+ed&rft.pages=466&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-471-19112-4&rft.aulast=Cutnell&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Kenneth+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphysi1998cutn%2Fpage%2F466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-presbycusis-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-presbycusis_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-high-frequency-hearing/">"Sonic Science: The High-Frequency Hearing Test"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171024050555/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-high-frequency-hearing/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Sonic+Science%3A+The+High-Frequency+Hearing+Test&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Fbring-science-home-high-frequency-hearing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Disc Recording and Playback". In Glen Ballou (editor), <i>Handbook for Sound Engineers: The New Audio Cyclopedia</i>: Howard W. Sams & Company. p. 1037 §27.9.4. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-672-21983-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-672-21983-2">0-672-21983-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFECL2024" class="citation web cs1">ECL (7 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eclectico.com.au/blogs/news/the-resurgence-of-vinyl-records-why-theyre-making-a-comeback-and-how-to-start-your-collection">"The Resurgence of Vinyl Records: Why They're Making a Comeback and How to Start Your Collection"</a>. <i>Eclectico</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Hal Leonard Corporation. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldofdjs00todd/page/41">41–42</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-634-05833-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-634-05833-2"><bdi>978-0-634-05833-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+DJs+and+the+Turntable+Culture&rft.pages=41-42&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard+Corporation&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-634-05833-2&rft.aulast=Souvignier&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldofdjs00todd%2Fpage%2F41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNegativland" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Negativland" title="Negativland">Negativland</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urbigenous.net/library/negativland_shiny.html">"Shiny, Aluminum, Plastic, and Digital"</a> – via urbigenous.net.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shiny%2C+Aluminum%2C+Plastic%2C+and+Digital&rft.au=Negativland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Furbigenous.net%2Flibrary%2Fnegativland_shiny.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlasketes1992" class="citation journal cs1">Plasketes, George (1992). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deseret+News&rft.atitle=DEMYSTIFYING+COMPACT+DISC+PLAYERS&rft.date=2024-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deseret.com%2F1989%2F10%2F10%2F18827518%2Fdemystifying-compact-disc-players%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1524662.stm">"Stealth war against CD piracy"</a>. 4 September 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Stealth+war+against+CD+piracy&rft.date=2001-09-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fentertainment%2F1524662.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_133-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_133-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/135027.stm">"BBC News | ENTERTAINMENT | The non-compact disc turns 50"</a>. <i>news.bbc.co.uk</i>. 19 July 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=BBC+News+%7C+ENTERTAINMENT+%7C+The+non-compact+disc+turns+50&rft.date=1998-07-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fentertainment%2F135027.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swedish public service television teletext, 12.December.2016, page 150 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.svt.se/svttext/tv/pages/150.html">"SVT Text - Sida 150"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220144405/http://www.svt.se/svttext/tv/pages/150.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SVT+Text+-+Sida+150&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.svt.se%2Fsvttext%2Ftv%2Fpages%2F150.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span> in Swedish (original text) – <i>"Allt fler köper vinylskivor. Trenden med att köpa vinylskivor fortsätter. Sedan 2006 har försäljningen globalt ökat från drygt 3,1 miljoner sålda exemplar jämfört med 31,5 miljoner sålda exemplar 2015. Trots att allt fler vinylskivor säljs är det dock bara en väldigt liten del av skivförsäljningen. I Sverige såldes det förra året 384.000 vinylskivor jämfört med 3.342.000 cd-skivor. De artister som säljer mest är oftast äldre artister och skivor. Mest såld i år är David Bowies sista skiva Black-star. Andra populära artister är Beatles, Led Zeppelin och Adele."</i> – or in English – "More and more buy vinyl records. The trend to buy vinyl records continues. Since 2006 has the global sales increased from approximately 3.1 million sold records to 31.5 million in 2015. Despite this, is it still a small part of the total record sale. In Sweden was 384.000 vinyl records sold last year (=2015) compared to 3.342.000 CD records. The artists who sell most ar usually older artists and records.(comment - bad Swedish in original text is reflected and translated) Most sold in this year (=2016) was David Bowie's last record, <i>Black-star</i>. Other popular artists are Beatles, Led Zeppelin and Adele" (a screenshot of the teletext page exist and can be uploaded, if allowed at Commons and if requested).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecmuwebsite.com/article/vinyl-sales-up-55/">"Vinyl sales up 55%"</a>. Thecmuwebsite.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160322105005/http://thecmuwebsite.com/article/vinyl-sales-up-55/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vinyl+sales+up+55%25&rft.pub=Thecmuwebsite.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecmuwebsite.com%2Farticle%2Fvinyl-sales-up-55%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/36044609/record-store-day-this-is-what-happens-inside-a-vinyl-factory">"Record Store Day: This is what happens inside a vinyl factory - BBC Newsbeat"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 15 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160418163716/http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/36044609/record-store-day-this-is-what-happens-inside-a-vinyl-factory">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Record+Store+Day%3A+This+is+what+happens+inside+a+vinyl+factory+-+BBC+Newsbeat&rft.date=2016-04-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnewsbeat%2Farticle%2F36044609%2Frecord-store-day-this-is-what-happens-inside-a-vinyl-factory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fortune.com/2016/04/16/vinyl-sales-record-store-day/">"Vinyl Record Sales At A 28 Year High"</a>. <i>Fortune.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220120543/http://fortune.com/2016/04/16/vinyl-sales-record-store-day/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fortune.com&rft.atitle=Vinyl+Record+Sales+At+A+28+Year+High&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffortune.com%2F2016%2F04%2F16%2Fvinyl-sales-record-store-day%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/report/2018/2017-music-us-year-end-report">"2017 U.S. Music Year-End Report"</a>. Nielsen<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2017+U.S.+Music+Year-End+Report&rft.pub=Nielsen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nielsen.com%2Fus%2Fen%2Finsights%2Freport%2F2018%2F2017-music-us-year-end-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pitchfork.com/news/vinyl-outsells-cds-for-the-first-time-in-decades/">"Vinyl Outsells CDs For the First Time in Decades"</a>. 10 September 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200922170131/https://pitchfork.com/news/vinyl-outsells-cds-for-the-first-time-in-decades/amp/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Vinyl+Outsells+CDs+For+the+First+Time+in+Decades&rft.date=2020-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpitchfork.com%2Fnews%2Fvinyl-outsells-cds-for-the-first-time-in-decades%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntyre" class="citation web cs1">McIntyre, Hugh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/hughmcintyre/2021/06/07/taylor-swifts-evermore-is-the-first-album-to-sell-100000-vinyl-copies-in-one-week-in-us-history/">"Taylor Swift's 'Evermore' Is The First Album To Sell 100,000 Vinyl Copies In One Week In U.S. History"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Taylor+Swift%27s+%27Evermore%27+Is+The+First+Album+To+Sell+100%2C000+Vinyl+Copies+In+One+Week+In+U.S.+History&rft.aulast=McIntyre&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fhughmcintyre%2F2021%2F06%2F07%2Ftaylor-swifts-evermore-is-the-first-album-to-sell-100000-vinyl-copies-in-one-week-in-us-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2014" class="citation web cs1">Cooper, Leonie (18 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nme.com/news/music/jack-white-102-1247140">"Jack White breaks US vinyl sales record with 'Lazaretto'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>NME</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NME&rft.atitle=Jack+White+breaks+US+vinyl+sales+record+with+%27Lazaretto%27&rft.date=2014-06-18&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Leonie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nme.com%2Fnews%2Fmusic%2Fjack-white-102-1247140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeimkuehler" class="citation web cs1">Leimkuehler, Matthew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tennessean.com/story/entertainment/music/2022/01/12/vinyl-music-sales-grow-2021/9168973002/">"How much did vinyl music sales grow in 2021? (Hint: a lot)"</a>. <i>The Tennessean</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Tennessean&rft.atitle=How+much+did+vinyl+music+sales+grow+in+2021%3F+%28Hint%3A+a+lot%29&rft.aulast=Leimkuehler&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tennessean.com%2Fstory%2Fentertainment%2Fmusic%2F2022%2F01%2F12%2Fvinyl-music-sales-grow-2021%2F9168973002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2017/02/warm-tone-record-press-hand-drawn-records/">Meet the Record-Pressing Robot Fueling Record's Comeback</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170808000151/https://www.wired.com/2017/02/warm-tone-record-press-hand-drawn-records/">Archived</a> 8 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.djbroadcast.net/article/98883/dont-call-it-vinyl-cutting">Don't Call It Vinyl Cutting</a>. DJBROADCAST. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170223042902/https://www.djbroadcast.net/article/98883/dont-call-it-vinyl-cutting">Archived</a> 23 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apollomasters.com/">"Apollo Masters lacquer record discs"</a>. <i>Apollomasters.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Apollomasters.com&rft.atitle=Apollo+Masters+lacquer+record+discs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apollomasters.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSetaro2016" class="citation news cs1">Setaro, Shawn (30 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/shawnsetaro/2016/11/30/hand-drawn-pressing/#57ce6dc0474e">"Hand Drawn Pressing Brings New Technology To Vinyl Records"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Hand+Drawn+Pressing+Brings+New+Technology+To+Vinyl+Records&rft.date=2016-11-30&rft.aulast=Setaro&rft.aufirst=Shawn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fshawnsetaro%2F2016%2F11%2F30%2Fhand-drawn-pressing%2F%2357ce6dc0474e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Czukay_2018-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Czukay_2018_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCzukay2018" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Holger_Czukay" title="Holger Czukay">Czukay, Holger</a> (23 March 2018) [2017]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.groenland.com/product/holger-czukay-cinema/">"Cinema"</a> (Limited ed.). <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B6nland_Records" title="Grönland Records">Grönland Records</a>. LPGRON180. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507193334/https://www.groenland.com/product/holger-czukay-cinema/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cinema&rft.edition=Limited&rft.pub=Gr%C3%B6nland+Records&rft.date=2018-03-23&rft.aulast=Czukay&rft.aufirst=Holger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.groenland.com%2Fproduct%2Fholger-czukay-cinema%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227104636/https://www.discogs.com/Holger-Czukay-Cinema/release/11764989">[7]</a> (NB. Retrospective box set containing 5 LPs (compilation), 1 <a href="/wiki/DVD-V" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD-V">DVD-V</a>, 1 <a href="/wiki/VinylVideo" class="mw-redirect" title="VinylVideo">VinylVideo</a> 7"-single ("Fragrance", "Holger on his first video recording", "Holger and Jaki"), a digital audio download code and a booklet. The CD version of the set (CDGRON180) does <i>not</i> contain the VinylVideo record.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Riddle_2018-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Riddle_2018_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiddle2018" class="citation web cs1">Riddle, Randy A. (29 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211029/iw_0kIDcYT0">"Vinyl Video"</a>. <i>Randy Collects</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iw_0kIDcYT0">the original</a> on 29 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Randy+Collects&rft.atitle=Vinyl+Video&rft.date=2018-07-29&rft.aulast=Riddle&rft.aufirst=Randy+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Diw_0kIDcYT0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor_2018-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_2018_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2018" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Taylor_(blogger)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew Taylor (blogger)">Taylor, Matthew "Mat"</a> (17 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211029/UtNGVb94TFE">"VinylVideo - Playing video from a 45rpm record"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Techmoan" title="Techmoan">Techmoan</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UtNGVb94TFE">the original</a> on 29 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Techmoan&rft.atitle=VinylVideo+-+Playing+video+from+a+45rpm+record&rft.date=2018-09-17&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Matthew+%22Mat%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DUtNGVb94TFE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Okdh7I06jFM">[8]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XJIMY07iplM">[9]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CEDMagic.com-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CEDMagic.com_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cedmagic.com/home/cedfaq.html#onethree">"RCA SelectaVision VideoDisc FAQ - What are the technical specifications of the RCA VideoDisc system?"</a>. CEDMagic.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RCA+SelectaVision+VideoDisc+FAQ+-+What+are+the+technical+specifications+of+the+RCA+VideoDisc+system%3F&rft.pub=CEDMagic.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcedmagic.com%2Fhome%2Fcedfaq.html%23onethree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFadeyev,_V.C._Haber2003" class="citation journal cs1">Fadeyev, V.; C. Haber (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-cdf.lbl.gov/~av/JAES-paper-LBNL.pdf">"Reconstruction of mechanically recorded sound by image processing"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Audio_Engineering_Society" title="Audio Engineering Society">Audio Engineering Society</a></i>. <b>51</b> (December): 1172.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Audio+Engineering+Society&rft.atitle=Reconstruction+of+mechanically+recorded+sound+by+image+processing&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=December&rft.pages=1172&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Fadeyev%2C+V.&rft.au=C.+Haber&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-cdf.lbl.gov%2F~av%2FJAES-paper-LBNL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonograph+record" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lawrence, Harold; "Mercury Living Presence". Compact disc liner notes. Bartók, Antal Dorati, Mercury 432 017–2. 1991.</li> <li>International standard IEC 60098: <i>Analogue audio disk records and reproducing equipment</i>. Third edition, <a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">International Electrotechnical Commission</a>, 1987.</li> <li><i>College Physics</i>, Sears, Zemansky, Young, 1974, LOC #73-21135, chapter: "Acoustic Phenomena"</li> <li>Powell, James R., Jr. <i>The Audiophile's Technical Guide to 78 rpm, Transcription, and Microgroove Recordings</i>. 1992; Gramophone Adventures, Portage, MI. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9634921-2-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-9634921-2-8">0-9634921-2-8</a></li> <li>Powell, James R., Jr. <i>Broadcast Transcription Discs</i>. 2001; Gramophone Adventures, Portage, MI. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9634921-4-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-9634921-4-4">0-9634921-4-4</a></li> <li>Powell, James R., Jr. and Randall G. Stehle. <i>Playback Equalizer Settings for 78 rpm Recordings</i>. Third Edition. 1993, 2001, 2007; Gramophone Adventures, Portage, MI. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9634921-3-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-9634921-3-6">0-9634921-3-6</a></li> <li>Scholes, Percy A. <i>The Oxford Companion to Music</i>. Ninth edition, Oxford University Press, 1955.</li> <li><i>From Tin Foil to Stereo: Evolution of the Phonograph</i> by Oliver Read and Walter L. Welch</li> <li><i>The Fabulous Phonograph</i> by Roland Gelatt, published by Cassell & Company, 1954 rev. 1977 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-29904-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-29904-9">0-304-29904-9</a></li> <li><i>Where Have All the Good Times Gone?: The Rise and Fall of the Record Industry</i> Louis Barfe.</li> <li><i>Pressing the LP Record</i> by Ellingham, Niel, published at 1 Bruach Lane, PH16 5DG, Scotland.</li> <li><i>Sound Recordings</i> by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Copeland" title="Peter Copeland">Peter Copeland</a> published 1991 by the British Library <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7123-0225-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7123-0225-5">0-7123-0225-5</a>.</li> <li><i>Vinyl: A History of the Analogue Record</i> by Richard Osborne. Ashgate, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-4027-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-4027-7">978-1-4094-4027-7</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100312213800/http://history.sandiego.edu/GEN/recording/notes.html">"A Record Changer and Record of Complementary Design"</a> by B. H. Carson, A. D. Burt, and H. I. Reiskind, <i>RCA Review</i>, June 1949</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100312213800/http://history.sandiego.edu/GEN/recording/notes.html">"Recording Technology History: notes revised July 6, 2005, by Steven Schoenherr"</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_San_Diego" title="University of San Diego">University of San Diego</a> (archived 2010)</li> <li>Williams, Gavin. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/F/bo215080224.html#:~:text=The%20first%20book%20to%20consider,half%20of%20the%20twentieth%20century.">Format Friction: Perspectives on the Shellac Disc</a></i>, University of Chicago Press, 2024</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gramophone_records" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gramophone records">Gramophone records</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>How do vinyl record works at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vinyl-place.com/how-do-vinyl-records-work/">vinyl-place website</a></li> <li>Playback equalization for 78 rpm shellacs and early LPs (EQ curves, index of record labels): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.audacityteam.org/wiki/78rpm_playback_curves">Audacity Wiki</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/CommandP1942">The manufacturing and production of shellac records</a>. Educational video, 1942.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150618041144/http://www.rfwilmut.clara.net/repro78/repro.html">Reproduction of 78 rpm records</a> including equalization data for different makes of 78s and LPs.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lathetrolls.com">The Secret Society of Lathe Trolls</a>, a site devoted to all aspects of the making of Gramophone records.</li> <li>How to digitize gramophone records: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://manual.audacityteam.org/man/recording_78_rpm_records.html">Audacity Tutorial</a></li> <li>Actual list of vinyl pressing plants: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vinyl-pressing-plants.com/manufacturing/vinyl-pressing-plant/">vinyl-pressing-plants.com</a></li> <li>Dedicated museum for sound history: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://moeb.ca">Musée des ondes Emile Berliner, Montreal, Canada</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/37364559/TROTMAN-DOCUMENT-2018.pdf?sequence=1">Smart Vinyl: The First Computerized</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/54839/9788884538116.pdf?sequence=1">Semi-automatic metadata extraction from shellac and vinyl disc</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ece.ucf.edu/seniordesign/fa2017sp2018/g15/documentation/Final_Report.pdf">Vinyl Player 2.0</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Audio_formats" title="Template talk:Audio formats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Audio_formats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Audio formats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Physical_audio_recording_formats" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Physical <a href="/wiki/Audio_recording_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio recording format">audio recording formats</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_engraving" title="Music engraving">Mechanical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_box#Evolving_box_production" title="Music box">Music box cylinder or disc</a> (9th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuckoo_clock#First_modern_cuckoo_clocks" title="Cuckoo clock">Mechanical cuckoo</a> (early 17th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punched_card" title="Punched card">Punched card</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_roll" title="Music roll">Music roll</a> (1883)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analog_recording" title="Analog recording">Analog</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grooved surface</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonautograph" title="Phonautograph">Phonautogram</a> (1857)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grooved <a href="/wiki/Phonograph_cylinder" title="Phonograph cylinder">cylinder</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_cylinder#Early_development" title="Phonograph cylinder">Phonograph cylinder</a> (1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphophone" title="Graphophone">Graphophone</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dictaphone" title="Dictaphone">Dictaphone cylinder</a> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_cylinder#Early_development" title="Phonograph cylinder">Perfected phonograph</a>/<a href="/wiki/Edison_Records#Mass-produced_cylinders" title="Edison Records">Ediphone</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Records#Pathé_cylinders_and_discs" title="Pathé Records">Salon cylinder</a> (1890s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Records#Pathé_cylinders_and_discs" title="Pathé Records">Stentor cylinder</a> (1890s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Records#Pathé_cylinders_and_discs" title="Pathé Records">Le Céleste cylinder</a> (1890s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Records#Mass-produced_cylinders" title="Edison Records">Gold moulded record</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indestructible_Record_Company" title="Indestructible Record Company">Indestructible record</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Records#Mass-produced_cylinders" title="Edison Records">Amberol record</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Amberol_Records" title="Blue Amberol Records">Blue Amberol record</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Records#Pathé_cylinders_and_discs" title="Pathé Records">Paradis cylinder</a> (1913)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grooved disc</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phonograph record</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Records#Pathé_cylinders_and_discs" title="Pathé Records">Pathé disc</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Disc_Record" title="Edison Disc Record">Diamond disc</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Records#Pathé_cylinders_and_discs" title="Pathé Records">Pathé Actuelle</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edison_Voicewriter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edison Voicewriter (page does not exist)">Edison Voicewriter</a> (late 1940s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SoundScriber" title="SoundScriber">SoundScriber</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_Audograph" title="Gray Audograph">Audograph</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LP_record" title="LP record">Long play</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_Hi-Fi" title="Highway Hi-Fi">Highway Hi-Fi</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandai_8ban&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bandai 8ban (page does not exist)">Bandai 8ban</a> (2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grooved tape</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tefifon#1930s" title="Tefifon">Tefiphon/Teficord (early 1930s), Tefifon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictabelt" title="Dictabelt">Dictabelt</a> (1947)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sound-on-film" title="Sound-on-film">Sound-on-film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonofilm" title="Phonofilm">Phonofilm</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tri-Ergon" title="Tri-Ergon">Tri-Ergon</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movietone_sound_system" title="Movietone sound system">Movietone</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RCA_Photophone" title="RCA Photophone">Photophone</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasound" title="Fantasound">Fantasound</a> (1940)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Loose magnetic <a href="/wiki/Wire" title="Wire">wire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wire_recording" title="Wire recording">Wire recording</a> (1898)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magnetic <a href="/wiki/Wire" title="Wire">wire</a> cartridge</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorenz_Textophon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lorenz Textophon (page does not exist)">Lorenz Textophon</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=US_Army_RD-11B/GNQ-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="US Army RD-11B/GNQ-1 (page does not exist)">US Army RD-11B/GNQ-1</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmos_Industries_MX-303A/ANQ-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cosmos Industries MX-303A/ANQ-1 (page does not exist)">Cosmos Industries MX-303A/ANQ-1</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RCA_MI-12875&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RCA MI-12875 (page does not exist)">RCA MI-12875</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RCA_MI-12877&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RCA MI-12877 (page does not exist)">RCA MI-12877</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peirce_265B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peirce 265B (page does not exist)">Peirce 265B</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peirce_330/360&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peirce 330/360 (page does not exist)">Peirce 330/360</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protona_Minifon_P51&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protona Minifon P51 (page does not exist)">Protona Minifon P51</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protona_Minifon_P55&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protona Minifon P55 (page does not exist)">Protona Minifon P55</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protona_Minifon_special&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protona Minifon special (page does not exist)">Protona Minifon special</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crouzet-Jaeger_cartridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crouzet-Jaeger cartridge (page does not exist)">Crouzet-Jaeger cartridge</a> (1962)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magnetic surface</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_stripe_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic stripe card">Magnetic stripe card</a> (1900)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telefunken_magnetic_disc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telefunken magnetic disc (page does not exist)">Telefunken magnetic disc</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermionic_Products_Recordon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermionic Products Recordon (page does not exist)">Thermionic Products Recordon</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Record_Maker_Pye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Record Maker Pye (page does not exist)">Record Maker Pye</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricoh_Synchrofax" title="Ricoh Synchrofax">Synchrofax</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_High_Density" title="Video High Density">Audio High Density</a> (1978)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reel-to-reel_audio_tape_recording" title="Reel-to-reel audio tape recording">Loose (reel-to-reel)</a> <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">magnetic tape</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Blattner#Career" title="Ludwig Blattner">Blattnerphone</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetophon" title="Magnetophon">Magnetophon</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_tape_specifications#Reel-to-reel_¼"" title="Audio tape specifications">1/4" tape</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_tape_specifications#Studio_tape_formats" title="Audio tape specifications">1/2" tape</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_tape_specifications#Studio_tape_formats" title="Audio tape specifications">Fullcoat magfilm</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_tape_specifications#Studio_tape_formats" title="Audio tape specifications">Stripe magfilm</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_multitrack_recording#Ampex's_original_8-track_recorder" title="History of multitrack recording">1" tape</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_multitrack_recording#Large_format_analog_recorders" title="History of multitrack recording">2" tape</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3/4%22_tape&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3/4" tape (page does not exist)">3/4" tape</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_tape_specifications#Studio_tape_formats" title="Audio tape specifications">3" tape</a> (1978)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">Magnetic tape</a> cartridge</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loewe_(electronics)#Company_history" title="Loewe (electronics)">Optaphon</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cousino_Echo-matic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cousino Echo-matic (page does not exist)">Cousino Echo-matic</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohawk_Message_repeater_cartridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohawk Message repeater cartridge (page does not exist)">Mohawk Message repeater cartridge</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grundig_Business_Systems#History" title="Grundig Business Systems">Stenorette</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohawk_Midgetape_RL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohawk Midgetape RL (page does not exist)">Mohawk Midgetape RL</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dictaphone_Dictet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dictaphone Dictet (page does not exist)">Dictaphone Dictet</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rediffusion_Reditune&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rediffusion Reditune (page does not exist)">Rediffusion Reditune</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saba_Sabafon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saba Sabafon (page does not exist)">Saba Sabafon</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RCA_tape_cartridge" title="RCA tape cartridge">RCA tape cartridge</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philips_EL_3581&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philips EL 3581 (page does not exist)">Philips EL 3581</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protona_Attach%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protona Attaché (page does not exist)">Protona Attaché</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidelipac" title="Fidelipac">Fidelipac</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cousino_MR-9000&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cousino MR-9000 (page does not exist)">Cousino MR-9000</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_Magnabelt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IBM Magnabelt (page does not exist)">IBM Magnabelt</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dictaphone_Travel_master&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dictaphone Travel master (page does not exist)">Dictaphone Travel master</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nippon_Electronic_Vity_cassette&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nippon Electronic Vity cassette (page does not exist)">Nippon Electronic Vity cassette</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grundig_Cassette_LFH_0084&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grundig Cassette LFH 0084 (page does not exist)">Grundig Cassette LFH 0084</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrtronic_Tapette&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orrtronic Tapette (page does not exist)">Orrtronic Tapette</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_Tape#Trade_names" title="Scotch Tape">3M Scotch</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Cousino" title="Bernard Cousino">Cousino Echo-matic II</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereo-Pak" title="Stereo-Pak">Stereo-Pak</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philips_EL_3583&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philips EL 3583 (page does not exist)">Philips EL 3583</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact cassette">Compact cassette</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grundig_En3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grundig En3 (page does not exist)">Grundig En3</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabamobil" title="Sabamobil">Sabamobil</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-track_cartridge" title="8-track cartridge">8-track</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanyo_Micro_Pack_35" title="Sanyo Micro Pack 35">Micro pack 35</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assmann-Stuzzi_Memocord&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assmann-Stuzzi Memocord (page does not exist)">Assmann-Stuzzi Memocord</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantata_700" title="Cantata 700">Cantata 700</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DC-International" title="DC-International">DC-International</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nippon_Electronic_Memo-call&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nippon Electronic Memo-call (page does not exist)">Nippon Electronic Memo-call</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayTape" title="PlayTape">PlayTape</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muntz_Stereo_Mini-twin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muntz Stereo Mini-twin (page does not exist)">Muntz Stereo Mini-twin</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grundig_DeJ614&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grundig DeJ614 (page does not exist)">Grundig DeJ614</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcassette" title="Microcassette">Microcassette</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanyo_Tape_cartridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanyo Tape cartridge (page does not exist)">Sanyo Tape cartridge</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HiPac" title="HiPac">HiPac</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steno-Cassette" title="Steno-Cassette">Steno-Cassette</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grundig_Business_Systems#History" title="Grundig Business Systems">Stenorette DL</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitol_Records_Audiopak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capitol Records Audiopak (page does not exist)">Capitol Records Audiopak</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elcaset" title="Elcaset">Elcaset</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandai_micro_cartridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bandai micro cartridge (page does not exist)">Bandai micro cartridge</a> (late 1980s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picocassette" title="Picocassette">Picocassette</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_Rockers" title="Pocket Rockers">Pocket Rockers</a> (1988)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter" title="Analog-to-digital converter">Analog-to-digital converter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soundstream#Digital_Tape_Recorder" title="Soundstream">Soundstream</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProDigi" title="ProDigi">X80/ProDigi</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Stationary_Head" title="Digital Audio Stationary Head">DASH</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCM_adaptor" title="PCM adaptor">PCM adaptor</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DA-88" title="DA-88">DA-88/DTRS</a> (1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">Digital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">Magnetic tape</a> cartridge</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Tape" title="Digital Audio Tape">Digital Audio Tape</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NT_(cassette)" title="NT (cassette)">NT</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Compact_Cassette" title="Digital Compact Cassette">Digital Compact Cassette</a> (1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sound-on-film" title="Sound-on-film">Sound-on-film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_Digital" title="Dolby Digital">DD</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_Digital_Sound" title="Cinema Digital Sound">CDS</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Dynamic_Digital_Sound" title="Sony Dynamic Digital Sound">SDDS</a> (1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_recording_technologies" title="Optical disc recording technologies">Optical disc</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" title="Compact Disc Digital Audio">Compact Disc Digital Audio</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philips_CD-BGM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philips CD-BGM (page does not exist)">Philips CD-BGM</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc">MiniDisc</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTS_(sound_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="DTS (sound system)">DTS</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDCD" class="mw-redirect" title="HDCD">HDCD</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD" title="Super Audio CD">Super Audio CD</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD-Audio" title="DVD-Audio">DVD-Audio</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DataPlay" title="DataPlay">DataPlay</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi-MD" title="Hi-MD">Hi-MD</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DualDisc" title="DualDisc">DualDisc</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BD-Audio" class="mw-redirect" title="BD-Audio">BD-Audio</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Fidelity_Pure_Audio" title="High Fidelity Pure Audio">HFPA</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Quality_Authenticated" title="Master Quality Authenticated">MQA-CD</a> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_storage" title="Solid-state storage">Electronic circuit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sound_chip" title="Sound chip">Sound chip</a> (late 1970s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP3_player" class="mw-redirect" title="MP3 player">MP3 player</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HitClips" title="HitClips">HitClips</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaboom_Box&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yaboom Box (page does not exist)">Yaboom Box</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Takara_E-kara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Takara E-kara (page does not exist)">Takara E-kara</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toymax_VJ_Starz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toymax VJ Starz (page does not exist)">Toymax VJ Starz</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB_flash_drive#Media_storage_and_marketing" title="USB flash drive">USB flash drive</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Digital#Music_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Secure Digital">MicroSD</a> (2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hybrid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mini-cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Mini-cassette">Mini-cassette</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-matic" title="U-matic">U-matic</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pioneer_Artists_Compact_LaserDisc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pioneer Artists Compact LaserDisc (page does not exist)">Pioneer Artists Compact LaserDisc</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD_Video" title="CD Video">CD Video</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADAT" title="ADAT">ADAT</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_emulation_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinyl emulation software">Timecode vinyl</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VinylDisc" title="VinylDisc">VinylDisc</a> (2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_technology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_technology" title="Template:Music technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_technology" title="Template talk:Music technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_technology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music_technology" title="Music technology">Music technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_technology" title="Music technology">Music technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(mechanical)" title="Music technology (mechanical)">Mechanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electric)" title="Music technology (electric)">Electrical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electronic_and_digital)" title="Music technology (electronic and digital)">Electronic and digital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">Sound recording</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio channel">Audio channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">Mixing console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binaural_recording" title="Binaural recording">Binaural recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">Digital audio workstation</a> (DAW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">Effects unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equalization_(audio)" title="Equalization (audio)">Equalizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">Headphones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">Microphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone_preamplifier" title="Microphone preamplifier">Microphone preamplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Monitor speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multitrack_recording" title="Multitrack recording">Multitrack recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Music production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">Music sequencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outboard_gear" title="Outboard gear">Outboard gear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_audio_formats" title="Timeline of audio formats">Recording media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phonograph record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">Magnetic tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact cassette">Compact cassette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">Compact disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Tape" title="Digital Audio Tape">DAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_recorder" title="Hard disk recorder">Hard disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc">MiniDisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_(audio_format)" title="Opus (audio format)">Opus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analog_recording" title="Analog recording">Analog recording</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8-track_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="8-track tape">8-track cartridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">Amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassette_deck" title="Cassette deck">Cassette deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_analog_and_digital_recording" title="Comparison of analog and digital recording">Comparison of analog and digital recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_musical_instrument" title="Experimental musical instrument">Experimental musical instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">Phonograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Player_piano" title="Player piano">Player piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reel-to-reel_audio_tape_recording" title="Reel-to-reel audio tape recording">Reel-to-reel audio tape recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_recorder" title="Tape recorder">Tape recorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Playback transducers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">Loudspeaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">Headphones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Monitor speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_address_system" title="Public address system">PA system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">Sound reinforcement system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_enclosure" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker enclosure">Speaker enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subwoofer" title="Subwoofer">Subwoofer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">Digital audio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">Digital recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processing" title="Digital signal processing">Digital signal processing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">Live music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">Mixing console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_amplifier" title="Bass amplifier">Bass amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">Effects unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Foldback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar_amplifier" title="Guitar amplifier">Guitar amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_amplifier" title="Keyboard amplifier">Keyboard amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_address_system" title="Public address system">PA system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverb_effect" title="Reverb effect">Reverb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">Sound reinforcement system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiptune" title="Chiptune">Chiptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_bending" title="Circuit bending">Circuit bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">Drum machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_drums" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic drums">Electronic drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_musical_instrument" title="Electronic musical instrument">Electronic musical instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDI_controller" title="MIDI controller">MIDI controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_workstation" title="Music workstation">Music workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)" title="Sampler (musical instrument)">Sampler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">Sequencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_module" title="Sound module">Sound module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">Synthesizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theremin" title="Theremin">Theremin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital audio editor">Digital audio editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">Digital audio workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GarageBand" title="GarageBand">GarageBand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProTools" class="mw-redirect" title="ProTools">ProTools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorewriter" title="Scorewriter">Scorewriter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_effect_processor" title="Software effect processor">Software effect processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_sampler" class="mw-redirect" title="Software sampler">Software sampler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_synthesizer" title="Software synthesizer">Software synthesizer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Audio engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DJ" class="mw-redirect" title="DJ">DJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar_tech" title="Guitar tech">Guitar technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_engineer" title="Mixing engineer">Mixing engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monitor_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Monitor engineer">Monitor engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_tuner" class="mw-redirect" title="Piano tuner">Piano tuner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Record producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re-recording_mixer" title="Re-recording mixer">Re-recording mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound designer">Sound designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_follower" title="Sound follower">Sound follower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound operator">Sound operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">Sound recording engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_op" title="Tape op">Tape op</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People and organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Engineering_Society" title="Audio Engineering Society">Audio Engineering Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goji_Electronics" title="Goji Electronics">Goji Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Broadcast_Sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Broadcast Sound">Institute of Broadcast Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lejaren_Hiller" title="Lejaren Hiller">Lejaren Hiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRCAM" title="IRCAM">IRCAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Mathews" title="Max Mathews">Max Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_Electronics_Library" title="Musical Electronics Library">Musical Electronics Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Lighting_and_Sound_Association" title="Professional Lighting and Sound Association">Professional Lighting and Sound Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Moog" title="Robert Moog">Robert Moog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Engineers" title="Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers">SMPTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEIM" title="STEIM">STEIM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audiophile" title="Audiophile">Audiophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fidelity" title="High fidelity">High fidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_audio" title="Home audio">Home audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_cinema" title="Home cinema">Home cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_store" title="Music store">Music store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_audio_store" title="Professional audio store">Professional audio store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Interfaces_for_Musical_Expression" title="New Interfaces for Musical Expression">New Interfaces for Musical Expression</a> (NIME)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_audio" title="Vehicle audio">Vehicle audio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/16px-45_record.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/24px-45_record.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/32px-45_record.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Record_production" title="Portal:Record production">Record production portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Grooved_track_audio" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Grooved_track_audio" title="Template:Grooved track audio"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Grooved_track_audio" title="Template talk:Grooved track audio"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Grooved_track_audio" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Grooved track audio"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Grooved_track_audio" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Grooved track audio</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Machines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">Phonograph/gramophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct-drive_turntable" title="Direct-drive turntable">Direct-drive turntable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt-drive_turntable" title="Belt-drive turntable">Belt-drive turntable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukebox" title="Jukebox">Jukebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeburg_1000" title="Seeburg 1000">Seeburg 1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_Hi-Fi" title="Highway Hi-Fi">Highway Hi-Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_changer" title="Record changer">Record changer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_turntable" title="Laser turntable">Laser turntable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_cylinder" title="Phonograph cylinder">Phonograph cylinder</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phonograph record</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LP_record" title="LP record">LP record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_of_phonograph_records" title="Production of phonograph records">production</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_vinyl_discs" title="Conservation and restoration of vinyl discs">Conservation and restoration of vinyl discs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_revival" title="Vinyl revival">Vinyl revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/16px-45_record.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/24px-45_record.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/32px-45_record.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Record_production" title="Portal:Record production">Record production portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_industry" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_industry" title="Template:Music industry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_industry" title="Template talk:Music industry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_industry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music industry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_industry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music_industry" title="Music industry">Music industry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major companies<br />and organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Representatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asociaci%C3%B3n_Mexicana_de_Productores_de_Fonogramas_y_Videogramas" title="Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas">AMPROFON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association" title="Australian Recording Industry Association">ARIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundesverband_Musikindustrie" title="Bundesverband Musikindustrie">BVMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry" title="British Phonographic Industry">BPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_Canada" title="Music Canada">Music Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana" title="Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana">FIMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry" title="International Federation of the Phonographic Industry">IFPI (worldwide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-M%C3%BAsica_Brasil" title="Pro-Música Brasil">PMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Productores de Música de España">PROMUSICAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RIAA_certification" title="RIAA certification">RIAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNEP" title="SNEP">SNEP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publishers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BMG_Rights_Management" title="BMG Rights Management">BMG Rights Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Publishing" title="Sony Music Publishing">Sony Music Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Publishing_Group" title="Universal Music Publishing Group">Universal Music Publishing Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Chappell_Music" title="Warner Chappell Music">Warner Chappell Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney_Music_Publishing" title="Disney Music Publishing">Disney Music Publishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Record labels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Record_label#Major_labels" title="Record label">Major</a></b></i>: <a href="/wiki/Sony_Music" title="Sony Music">Sony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Music_Group" title="Warner Music Group">Warner</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Independent_record_label" title="Independent record label">Independent</a></b></i>: <a href="/wiki/Concord_(entertainment_company)" title="Concord (entertainment company)">Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_independent_UK_record_labels" title="List of independent UK record labels">Independent UK record labels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Artists_Music_Group" title="Allied Artists Music Group">AAMG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retailers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_music_store" title="Digital music store">Digital music stores</a> (<a href="/wiki/ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes Store</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fnac" title="Fnac">Fnac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMV" title="HMV">HMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaspien" title="Kaspien">Kaspien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Megastores" title="Virgin Megastores">Virgin Megastores</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Live music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CTS_Eventim" title="CTS Eventim">CTS Eventim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_Nation_Entertainment" title="Live Nation Entertainment">Live Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LiveStyle" title="LiveStyle">LiveStyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticketmaster" title="Ticketmaster">Ticketmaster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_genres_and_styles" title="List of music genres and styles">Major genres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easy_listening" title="Easy listening">Easy listening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop music">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_music" title="Latin music">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal music">Metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-age_music" title="New-age music">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">Reggae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">Rhythm and blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_music" title="World music">World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sectors<br />and roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Album_cover#Design" title="Album cover">Album cover design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artists_and_repertoire" title="Artists and repertoire">Artists and repertoire (A&R)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">Disc jockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_industry#Business_structure" title="Music industry">Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_law" title="Entertainment law">Entertainment law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_education" title="Music education">Music education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_executive" title="Music executive">Music executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_fashion" title="Music and fashion">Music and fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_journalism" title="Music journalism">Music journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_publisher" title="Music publisher">Music publisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_store" title="Music store">Music store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_venue" title="Music venue">Music venue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Musical instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_audio_store" title="Professional audio store">Professional audio store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promoter_(entertainment)" title="Promoter (entertainment)">Promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_promotion" title="Radio promotion">Radio promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_label" title="Record label">Record label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_shop" title="Record shop">Record shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_crew" title="Road crew">Road crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talent_manager" title="Talent manager">Talent manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tour_promoter" title="Tour promoter">Tour promoter</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Production" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrangement" title="Arrangement">Arrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songwriter" title="Songwriter">Songwriter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">Composer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyricist" title="Lyricist">Lyricist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">Conductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">Disc jockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_production" title="Hip hop production">Hip hop producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horn_section" title="Horn section">Horn section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Record producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">Rhythm section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestration" title="Orchestration">Orchestrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_musician" title="Session musician">Session musician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backing_vocalist" title="Backing vocalist">Backup singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_singer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghost singer">Ghost singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_coach" title="Vocal coach">Vocal coach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghostwriter" title="Ghostwriter">Ghostwriter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Sound engineer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Recording_format" title="Recording format">Release<br />formats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_(music)" title="Single (music)">Single</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Extended_play" title="Extended play">Extended play (EP)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twelve-inch_single" title="Twelve-inch single">12" single</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassette_single" title="Cassette single">Cassette single</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD_single" title="CD single">CD single</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maxi_single" title="Maxi single">Maxi single</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Album" title="Album">Album</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_album" title="Double album">Double album</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mixtape" title="Mixtape">Mixtape</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_video" title="Music video">Music video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotional_recording" title="Promotional recording">Promotional recording</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phonograph record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-track_cartridge" title="8-track cartridge">Eight-track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact Cassette">Compact cassette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airplay" title="Airplay">Airplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_download" title="Music download">Music download</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_streaming_service" title="Music streaming service">Music streaming service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Live shows</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_tour" title="Concert tour">Concert tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_residency" title="Concert residency">Concert residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_festival" title="Music festival">Music festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_competition" title="Music competition">Music competition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Record_chart" title="Record chart">Charts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARIA_Charts" title="ARIA Charts">ARIA Charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100"><i>Billboard</i> Hot 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina_Hot_100" title="Argentina Hot 100"><i>Billboard</i> Argentina Hot 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brasil_Hot_100" title="Brasil Hot 100"><i>Billboard</i> Brasil Hot 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Hot_100" title="Canadian Hot 100">Canadian Hot 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_Chart" title="Circle Chart">Circle Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-Music" title="G-Music">G-Music chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart" title="Irish Singles Chart">Irish Singles Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana" title="Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana">Italian singles chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts" title="GfK Entertainment charts">GfK Entertainment charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Monitoring_Africa" title="Entertainment Monitoring Africa">Entertainment Monitoring Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricon" title="Oricon">Oricon charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_New_Zealand_Music_Chart" class="mw-redirect" title="Official New Zealand Music Chart">New Zealand singles chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone_charts" title="Rolling Stone charts"><i>Rolling Stone</i> Top 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino_Chart" title="Sino Chart">Sino Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNEP" title="SNEP">SNEP singles chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverigetopplistan" title="Sverigetopplistan">Sverigetopplistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_singles_chart" title="UK singles chart">UK singles chart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/HitQuarters" title="HitQuarters">HitQuarters</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hot_Press" title="Hot Press">Hot Press</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kerrang!" title="Kerrang!">Kerrang!</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mojo_(magazine)" title="Mojo (magazine)">Mojo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musica_e_dischi" title="Musica e dischi">Musica e dischi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NME" title="NME">NME</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Q_(magazine)" title="Q (magazine)">Q</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Smash_Hits" title="Smash Hits">Smash Hits</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Top_of_the_Pops_(magazine)" title="Top of the Pops (magazine)">Top of the Pops</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_television" title="Music television">Television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Channels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_V" title="Channel V">Channel V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMT_(American_TV_channel)" title="CMT (American TV channel)">CMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuse_(TV_channel)" title="Fuse (TV channel)">Fuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnet_(TV_channel)" title="Mnet (TV channel)">Mnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV2" title="MTV2">MTV2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Tres" title="MTV Tres">Tr3s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Much_(TV_channel)" title="Much (TV channel)">MuchMusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Music_Factory" title="The Music Factory">The Music Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIVA_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="VIVA Media">Viva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VH1" title="VH1">VH1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Country_Network" title="The Country Network">The Country Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idol_(franchise)" title="Idol (franchise)"><i>Idol</i> franchise</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Popstars" title="Popstars">Popstars</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Star_Academy" title="Star Academy">Star Academy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Four_(franchise)" title="The Four (franchise)">The Four</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Voice_(franchise)" title="The Voice (franchise)">The Voice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_X_Factor" title="The X Factor">The X Factor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rising_Star_(franchise)" title="Rising Star (franchise)">Rising Star</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Achievements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_award" title="Music award">Music award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists" title="List of best-selling music artists">Best-selling music artists</a> <ul><li>In: <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists_in_Brazil" title="List of best-selling music artists in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists_in_Finland" title="List of best-selling music artists in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-certified_music_artists_in_Germany" title="List of highest-certified music artists in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists_in_Japan" title="List of best-selling music artists in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_female_music_artists_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of best-selling female music artists in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <small>(Females)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-certified_music_artists_in_the_United_States" title="List of highest-certified music artists in the United States">United States</a></li> <li>Genre: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_Latin_music_artists" title="List of best-selling Latin music artists">Latin</a></li></ul></li> <li>Nationality: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_Belgian_music_artists" title="List of best-selling Belgian music artists">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists_in_Brazil#Best-selling_Brazilian_artists_worldwide" title="List of best-selling music artists in Brazil">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biggest-selling_British_music_artists" title="List of biggest-selling British music artists">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_estimated_best-selling_Italian_music_artists" title="List of estimated best-selling Italian music artists">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_Swedish_music_artists" title="List of best-selling Swedish music artists">Swedish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_albums" title="List of best-selling albums">Best-selling albums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_albums_by_country" title="List of best-selling albums by country">by country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_singles" title="List of best-selling singles">Best-selling singles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_singles_by_country" title="List of best-selling singles by country">by country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbes_list_of_the_world%27s_highest-paid_musicians" title="Forbes list of the world's highest-paid musicians">Highest-paid musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_live_music_artists" title="List of highest-grossing live music artists">Highest-grossing live music artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_concert_tours" title="List of highest-grossing concert tours">Highest-grossing concert tours</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_concert_tours_by_women" title="List of highest-grossing concert tours by women">by women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_concert_tours_by_Latin_artists" title="List of highest-grossing concert tours by Latin artists">Latin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-attended_concert_tours" title="List of most-attended concert tours">Most-attended concert tours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-attended_concerts" title="List of most-attended concerts">Most-attended concerts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Recording_Artist_of_the_Year" title="Global Recording Artist of the Year">Global Recording Artist of the Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_artists_by_net_worth" title="List of music artists by net worth">Wealthiest musical artists</a></li></ul> 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