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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"> <meta name="access" content="No"> <meta name="360-site-verification" content="1268d79b5e96aecf3ff2a7dac04ad990" /> <title>Puerto Rico and Florida manatees represent genetically distinct groups | Conservation Genetics</title> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@SpringerLink"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Content cover image"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Puerto Rico and Florida manatees represent genetically distinct groups"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Conservation Genetics - The West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus) populations in Florida (T. m. latirostris) and Puerto Rico (T. m. manatus) are considered distinct subspecies and are listed..."/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10592-012-0414-2/MediaObjects/10592_2012_414_Fig1_HTML.gif"/> <meta name="journal_id" content="10592"/> <meta name="dc.title" content="Puerto Rico and Florida manatees represent genetically distinct groups"/> <meta name="dc.source" content="Conservation Genetics 2012 13:6"/> <meta name="dc.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Springer"/> <meta name="dc.date" content="2012-10-07"/> <meta name="dc.type" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="dc.language" content="En"/> <meta name="dc.copyright" content="2012 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2012 (outside the USA)"/> <meta name="dc.rights" content="2012 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2012 (outside the USA)"/> <meta name="dc.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="dc.description" content="The West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus) populations in Florida (T. m. latirostris) and Puerto Rico (T. m. manatus) are considered distinct subspecies and are listed together as endangered under the United States Endangered Species Act. Sustained management and conservation efforts for the Florida subspecies have led to the suggested reclassification of the species to a threatened or delisted status. However, the two populations are geographically distant, morphologically distinct, and habitat degradation and boat strikes continue to threaten the Puerto Rico population. Here, 15 microsatellite markers and mitochondrial control region sequences were used to determine the relatedness of the two populations and investigate the genetic diversity and phylogeographic organization of the Puerto Rico population. Highly divergent allele frequencies were identified between Florida and Puerto Rico using microsatellite (F ST &nbsp;=&nbsp;0.16; R ST &nbsp;=&nbsp;0.12 (P&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;0.001)) and mitochondrial (F ST &nbsp;=&nbsp;0.66; Ф ST &nbsp;=&nbsp;0.50 (P&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;0.001)) DNA. Microsatellite Bayesian cluster analyses detected two populations (K&nbsp;=&nbsp;2) and no admixture or recent migrants between Florida (q&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.99) and Puerto Rico (q&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.98). The microsatellite genetic diversity values in Puerto Rico (HE&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.45; NA&nbsp;=&nbsp;3.9), were similar, but lower than those previously identified in Florida (HE&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.48, NA&nbsp;=&nbsp;4.8). Within Puerto Rico, the mitochondrial genetic diversity values (π&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.001; h&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.49) were slightly lower than those previously reported (π&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.002; h&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.54) and strong phylogeographic structure was identified (F ST global&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.82; Ф ST global&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.78 (P&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;0.001)). The genetic division with Florida, low diversity, small population size (N&nbsp;=&nbsp;250), and distinct threats and habitat emphasize the need for separate protections in Puerto Rico. Conservation efforts including threat mitigation, migration corridors, and protection of subpopulations could lead to improved genetic variation in the endangered Puerto Rico manatee population."/> <meta name="prism.issn" content="1572-9737"/> <meta name="prism.publicationName" content="Conservation Genetics"/> <meta name="prism.publicationDate" content="2012-10-07"/> <meta name="prism.volume" content="13"/> <meta name="prism.number" content="6"/> <meta name="prism.section" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="prism.startingPage" content="1623"/> <meta name="prism.endingPage" content="1635"/> <meta name="prism.copyright" content="2012 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2012 (outside the USA)"/> <meta name="prism.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="prism.url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10592-012-0414-2"/> <meta name="prism.doi" content="doi:10.1007/s10592-012-0414-2"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10592-012-0414-2.pdf"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10592-012-0414-2"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Conservation Genetics"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Conserv Genet"/> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Springer Netherlands"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1572-9737"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Puerto Rico and Florida manatees represent genetically distinct groups"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="13"/> <meta name="citation_issue" content="6"/> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2012/12"/> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2012/10/07"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="1623"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="1635"/> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="Research Article"/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="doi:10.1007/s10592-012-0414-2"/> <meta name="DOI" content="10.1007/s10592-012-0414-2"/> <meta name="size" content="234314"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1007/s10592-012-0414-2"/> <meta name="citation_springer_api_url" content="http://api.springer.com/xmldata/jats?q=doi:10.1007/s10592-012-0414-2&api_key="/> <meta name="description" content="The West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus) populations in Florida (T. m. latirostris) and Puerto Rico (T. m. manatus) are considered distinct subspecies "/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Hunter, Margaret E."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Mignucci-Giannoni, Antonio A."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Tucker, Kimberly Pause"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="King, Timothy L."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Bonde, Robert K."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Gray, Brian A."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="McGuire, Peter M."/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Conservation Biology/Ecology"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Ecology"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Biodiversity"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Evolutionary Biology"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Plant Genetics and Genomics"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Animal Genetics and Genomics"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Acosta J (1590) Historia natural y moral de las Indias, en que se traten las cosas notables del cielo, y elementos, metales, plantas y animales de ellas: y los ritos y ceremonias, leyes, govierno y guerras de los Indios, Sevilla, España"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Conservation and the genetics of populations; 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The University of Chicago Press, Chicago"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Hunter, Margaret E."/> <meta name="citation_author_email" content="mhunter@usgs.gov"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Sirenia Project, Southeast Ecological Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Gainesville, USA"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Aquatic Animal Health Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Mignucci-Giannoni, Antonio A."/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Puerto Rico Manatee Conservation Center, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, USA"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Tucker, Kimberly Pause"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Biology Department, Stevenson University, Stevenson, USA"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="King, Timothy L."/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Aquatic Ecology Branch, Leetown Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Kearneysville, USA"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Bonde, Robert K."/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Sirenia Project, Southeast Ecological Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Gainesville, USA"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Aquatic Animal Health Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Gray, Brian A."/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="McGuire, Peter M."/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Aquatic Animal Health Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"/> <meta name="citation_cover_date" content="2012/12/01"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10592-012-0414-2"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="SpringerLink"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Puerto Rico and Florida manatees represent genetically distinct groups - Conservation Genetics"/> <meta property="og:description" content="The West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus) populations in Florida (T. m. latirostris) and Puerto Rico (T. m. manatus) are considered distinct subspecies and are listed together as endangered under the United States Endangered Species Act. Sustained management and conservation efforts for the Florida subspecies have led to the suggested reclassification of the species to a threatened or delisted status. However, the two populations are geographically distant, morphologically distinct, and habitat degradation and boat strikes continue to threaten the Puerto Rico population. Here, 15 microsatellite markers and mitochondrial control region sequences were used to determine the relatedness of the two populations and investigate the genetic diversity and phylogeographic organization of the Puerto Rico population. Highly divergent allele frequencies were identified between Florida and Puerto Rico using microsatellite (F ST = 0.16; R ST = 0.12 (P < 0.001)) and mitochondrial (F ST = 0.66; Ф ST = 0.50 (P < 0.001)) DNA. Microsatellite Bayesian cluster analyses detected two populations (K = 2) and no admixture or recent migrants between Florida (q = 0.99) and Puerto Rico (q = 0.98). The microsatellite genetic diversity values in Puerto Rico (HE = 0.45; NA = 3.9), were similar, but lower than those previously identified in Florida (HE = 0.48, NA = 4.8). Within Puerto Rico, the mitochondrial genetic diversity values (π = 0.001; h = 0.49) were slightly lower than those previously reported (π = 0.002; h = 0.54) and strong phylogeographic structure was identified (F ST global = 0.82; Ф ST global = 0.78 (P < 0.001)). The genetic division with Florida, low diversity, small population size (N = 250), and distinct threats and habitat emphasize the need for separate protections in Puerto Rico. Conservation efforts including threat mitigation, migration corridors, and protection of subpopulations could lead to improved genetic variation in the endangered Puerto Rico manatee population."/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10592-012-0414-2/MediaObjects/10592_2012_414_Fig1_HTML.gif"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/apple-touch-icon-92e819bf8a.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/android-chrome-192x192-6f081ca7e5.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-32x32-1435da3e82.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-16x16-ed57f42bd2.png> <link rel="shortcut icon" data-test="shortcut-icon" 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Sustained management and conservation efforts for the Florida subspecies have led to the suggested reclassification of the species to a threatened or delisted status. However, the two populations are geographically distant, morphologically distinct, and habitat degradation and boat strikes continue to threaten the Puerto Rico population. Here, 15 microsatellite markers and mitochondrial control region sequences were used to determine the relatedness of the two populations and investigate the genetic diversity and phylogeographic organization of the Puerto Rico population. Highly divergent allele frequencies were identified between Florida and Puerto Rico using microsatellite (F\n \n ST\n = 0.16; R\n \n ST\n = 0.12 (P < 0.001)) and mitochondrial (F\n \n ST\n = 0.66; Ф\n \n ST\n = 0.50 (P < 0.001)) DNA. Microsatellite Bayesian cluster analyses detected two populations (K = 2) and no admixture or recent migrants between Florida (q = 0.99) and Puerto Rico (q = 0.98). The microsatellite genetic diversity values in Puerto Rico (HE = 0.45; NA = 3.9), were similar, but lower than those previously identified in Florida (HE = 0.48, NA = 4.8). Within Puerto Rico, the mitochondrial genetic diversity values (π = 0.001; h = 0.49) were slightly lower than those previously reported (π = 0.002; h = 0.54) and strong phylogeographic structure was identified (F\n \n ST\n \n global = 0.82; Ф\n \n ST\n \n global = 0.78 (P < 0.001)). The genetic division with Florida, low diversity, small population size (N = 250), and distinct threats and habitat emphasize the need for separate protections in Puerto Rico. Conservation efforts including threat mitigation, migration corridors, and protection of subpopulations could lead to improved genetic variation in the endangered Puerto Rico manatee population.","datePublished":"2012-10-07T00:00:00Z","dateModified":"2012-10-07T00:00:00Z","pageStart":"1623","pageEnd":"1635","sameAs":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-012-0414-2","keywords":["Microsatellite DNA","Mitochondria DNA","Marine mammal","Endangered species","Distinct population segment","Landscape genetics","Phylogenetics","Conservation genetics","Conservation Biology/Ecology","Ecology","Biodiversity","Evolutionary Biology","Plant Genetics and Genomics","Animal Genetics and Genomics"],"image":["https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10592-012-0414-2/MediaObjects/10592_2012_414_Fig1_HTML.gif","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10592-012-0414-2/MediaObjects/10592_2012_414_Fig2_HTML.gif","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10592-012-0414-2/MediaObjects/10592_2012_414_Fig3_HTML.gif","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10592-012-0414-2/MediaObjects/10592_2012_414_Fig4_HTML.gif"],"isPartOf":{"name":"Conservation Genetics","issn":["1572-9737","1566-0621"],"volumeNumber":"13","@type":["Periodical","PublicationVolume"]},"publisher":{"name":"Springer Netherlands","logo":{"url":"https://www.springernature.com/app-sn/public/images/logo-springernature.png","@type":"ImageObject"},"@type":"Organization"},"author":[{"name":"Margaret E. 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Mignucci-Giannoni","affiliation":[{"name":"Inter American University of Puerto Rico","address":{"name":"Puerto Rico Manatee Conservation Center, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, USA","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Kimberly Pause Tucker","affiliation":[{"name":"Stevenson University","address":{"name":"Biology Department, Stevenson University, Stevenson, USA","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Timothy L. King","affiliation":[{"name":"Leetown Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey","address":{"name":"Aquatic Ecology Branch, Leetown Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Kearneysville, USA","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Robert K. 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class="app-article-masthead__journal-title">Conservation Genetics</span> </a> <a href="https://link.springer.com/journal/10592/aims-and-scope" class="app-article-masthead__submission-link" data-track="click_aims_and_scope" data-track-action="aims and scope" data-track-context="article page" data-track-label="link"> Aims and scope <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use></svg> </a> <a href="https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10592/3" class="app-article-masthead__submission-link" data-track="click_submit_manuscript" data-track-context="article masthead on springerlink article page" data-track-action="submit manuscript" data-track-label="link"> Submit manuscript <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" 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Hunter<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a>,<a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Antonio_A_-Mignucci_Giannoni-Aff3" data-author-popup="auth-Antonio_A_-Mignucci_Giannoni-Aff3" data-author-search="Mignucci-Giannoni, Antonio A.">Antonio A. Mignucci-Giannoni</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff3">3</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Kimberly_Pause-Tucker-Aff4" data-author-popup="auth-Kimberly_Pause-Tucker-Aff4" data-author-search="Tucker, Kimberly Pause">Kimberly Pause Tucker</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff4">4</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Timothy_L_-King-Aff5" data-author-popup="auth-Timothy_L_-King-Aff5" data-author-search="King, Timothy L.">Timothy L. King</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff5">5</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Robert_K_-Bonde-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Robert_K_-Bonde-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-search="Bonde, Robert K.">Robert K. Bonde</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a>,<a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Brian_A_-Gray-Aff6" data-author-popup="auth-Brian_A_-Gray-Aff6" data-author-search="Gray, Brian A.">Brian A. Gray</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff6">6</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__show-more" aria-label="Show all 7 authors for this article" title="Show all 7 authors for this article">…</li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Peter_M_-McGuire-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Peter_M_-McGuire-Aff2" data-author-search="McGuire, Peter M.">Peter M. McGuire</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup> </li></ul><button aria-expanded="false" class="c-article-author-list__button"><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-down-medium"></use></svg><span>Show authors</span></button> <div data-test="article-metrics"> <ul class="app-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-accesses-medium"></use> </svg>1419 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-citations-medium"></use> </svg>32 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Citations</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-altmetric-medium"></use> </svg>2 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Altmetric</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item app-article-metrics-bar__item--metrics"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/article/10.1007/s10592-012-0414-2/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Explore all metrics <svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__arrow-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="u-mt-32"> </div> </header> </div> <div data-article-body="true" data-track-component="article body" class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>The West Indian manatee (<i>Trichechus manatus</i>) populations in Florida (<i>T.</i> <i>m.</i> <i>latirostris</i>) and Puerto Rico (<i>T. m. manatus</i>) are considered distinct subspecies and are listed together as endangered under the United States Endangered Species Act. Sustained management and conservation efforts for the Florida subspecies have led to the suggested reclassification of the species to a threatened or delisted status. However, the two populations are geographically distant, morphologically distinct, and habitat degradation and boat strikes continue to threaten the Puerto Rico population. Here, 15 microsatellite markers and mitochondrial control region sequences were used to determine the relatedness of the two populations and investigate the genetic diversity and phylogeographic organization of the Puerto Rico population. Highly divergent allele frequencies were identified between Florida and Puerto Rico using microsatellite (<i>F</i> <sub> <i>ST</i> </sub> = 0.16; <i>R</i> <sub> <i>ST</i> </sub> = 0.12 (<i>P</i> < 0.001)) and mitochondrial (<i>F</i> <sub> <i>ST</i> </sub> = 0.66; <i>Ф</i> <sub> <i>ST</i> </sub> = 0.50 (<i>P</i> < 0.001)) DNA. Microsatellite Bayesian cluster analyses detected two populations (<i>K</i> = 2) and no admixture or recent migrants between Florida (<i>q</i> = 0.99) and Puerto Rico (<i>q</i> = 0.98). The microsatellite genetic diversity values in Puerto Rico (H<sub>E</sub> = 0.45; N<sub>A</sub> = 3.9), were similar, but lower than those previously identified in Florida (H<sub>E</sub> = 0.48, N<sub>A</sub> = 4.8). Within Puerto Rico, the mitochondrial genetic diversity values (π = 0.001; <i>h</i> = 0.49) were slightly lower than those previously reported (π = 0.002; <i>h</i> = 0.54) and strong phylogeographic structure was identified (<i>F</i> <sub> <i>ST</i> </sub> <sub>global</sub> = 0.82; <i>Ф</i> <sub> <i>ST</i> </sub> <sub>global</sub> = 0.78 (<i>P</i> < 0.001)). The genetic division with Florida, low diversity, small population size (<i>N</i> = 250), and distinct threats and habitat emphasize the need for separate protections in Puerto Rico. Conservation efforts including threat mitigation, migration corridors, and protection of subpopulations could lead to improved genetic variation in the endangered Puerto Rico manatee population.</p></div></div></section> <div class="c-notes"> <p class="c-notes__text c-status-message--info"> <svg width="24" height="24" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="c-status-message__icon"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-info-filled-medium"></use> </svg> This is a preview of subscription content, <a id="test-login-banner-link" href="//wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs10592-012-0414-2%3Ferror%3Dcookies_not_supported%26code%3Dca1ae400-5677-40cb-80c2-47b1efa2ebd5" data-track="click" data-track-action="login" data-track-label="link" class="c-preview-message__link">log in via an institution</a> <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon c-external-link__icon"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-external-link-small"></use> </svg> to check access. </p> </div> <div data-test="access-article" class="app-article-access"> <h2 class="app-article-access__heading">Access this article</h2> <div class="u-ma-16 u-clear-both"> <a href="//wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs10592-012-0414-2%3Ferror%3Dcookies_not_supported%26code%3Dca1ae400-5677-40cb-80c2-47b1efa2ebd5" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--primary u-justify-content-space-between c-pdf-download__link" data-track="click" data-track-action="institution access" data-track-label="button"> <span data-test="access-via-institution">Log in via an institution</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="24" height="24" class="u-icon"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg> </a> </div> <div data-test="buy-box-mobile" class="c-article-buy-box"> <div class="sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin" id="sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin">  <div class="buying-option" data-test-id="buy-article-darwin"> <div> <div class="c-springer-plus"> <h2 class="springer-plus-heading">Subscribe and save</h2> <div class="springer-plus"> <div class="springer-plus-headline"> <div class="springer-plus-title"> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" class="u-icon"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-check-filled-medium"></use> </svg><span>Springer+ Basic</span> </div> <div class="dd price-amount-springer-plus"> €32.70 /Month </div> </div> <ul class="buying-option-usps"> <li>Get 10 units per month</li> <li>Download Article/Chapter or eBook</li> <li>1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter</li> <li>Cancel anytime</li> </ul><a href="https://link.springer.com/product/springer-plus" id="btn-subscribe-springerPlus" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--secondary" data-track="click||click_springer_subscribe" data-track-context="buy box"><span>Subscribe now </span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" class="u-icon"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg></a> </div> <h2 class="springer-plus-heading">Buy Now</h2> </div> <div class="buybox__buy"> <form action="https://order.springer.com/public/cart" method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="type" value="article"><input type="hidden" name="doi" value="10.1007/s10592-012-0414-2"><input type="hidden" name="isxn" value="1572-9737"><input type="hidden" name="contenttitle" value="Puerto Rico and Florida manatees represent genetically distinct groups"><input type="hidden" name="copyrightyear" value="2012"><input type="hidden" name="year" value="2012"><input type="hidden" name="authors" value="Margaret E. 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Manatee rescue, carcass salvage, and specimen collection in Puerto Rico were conducted under USFWS permits PRT-770191, and under a cooperative agreement with Puerto Rico’s Department of Natural and Environmental Resources. All samples were provided by the USGS, Sirenia Project and Caribbean Stranding Network. Funding for this project was provided by the USGS, the University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine Aquatic Animal Health Program, the National Science Foundation and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico Legislature. We would like to thank James Reid (USGS) and the reviewers for their guidance and critical review. We also would like to thank Ginger Clark, Sean McCann, and the Genetic Analysis Laboratory of the University of Florida for assistance with laboratory analysis. We gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Caribbean Stranding Network members and volunteers in the rescue, salvage, and necropsy of the manatee carcasses. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Sirenia Project, Southeast Ecological Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, 7920 NW 71st Street, Gainesville, FL, 32653, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Margaret E. Hunter & Robert K. Bonde</p></li><li id="Aff2"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Aquatic Animal Health Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, PO Box 100136, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Margaret E. Hunter, Robert K. Bonde & Peter M. McGuire</p></li><li id="Aff3"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Puerto Rico Manatee Conservation Center, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 361715, San Juan, PR, 00936, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Antonio A. Mignucci-Giannoni</p></li><li id="Aff4"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Biology Department, Stevenson University, 1525 Greenspring Valley Road, Stevenson, MD, 21153, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Kimberly Pause Tucker</p></li><li id="Aff5"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Aquatic Ecology Branch, Leetown Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, 11649 Leetown Road, Kearneysville, WV, 25430, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Timothy L. King</p></li><li id="Aff6"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 4800 SW 35th Dr, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Brian A. Gray</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-Margaret_E_-Hunter-Aff1-Aff2"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Margaret E. 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Hunter</a>.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Electronic supplementary material"><div class="c-article-section" id="SecESM1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="SecESM1">Electronic supplementary material</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="SecESM1-content"><div data-test="supplementary-info"><div id="figshareContainer" class="c-article-figshare-container" data-test="figshare-container"></div><p>Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material. </p><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM1"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="supplementary material 1 (pdf 211 kb)" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10592-012-0414-2/MediaObjects/10592_2012_414_MOESM1_ESM.pdf" 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permissions</a></p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="article-info" data-title="About this article"><div class="c-article-section" id="article-info-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="article-info">About this article</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="article-info-content"><div class="c-bibliographic-information"><div class="c-bibliographic-information__column"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="citeas">Cite this article</h3><p class="c-bibliographic-information__citation">Hunter, M.E., Mignucci-Giannoni, A.A., Tucker, K.P. <i>et al.</i> Puerto Rico and Florida manatees represent genetically distinct groups. <i>Conserv Genet</i> <b>13</b>, 1623–1635 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-012-0414-2</p><p class="c-bibliographic-information__download-citation u-hide-print"><a data-test="citation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="download article citation" data-track-label="link" 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class="c-article__sub-heading">Keywords</h3><ul class="c-article-subject-list"><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Microsatellite%20DNA&facet-discipline="Life%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Microsatellite DNA</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Mitochondria%20DNA&facet-discipline="Life%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Mitochondria DNA</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Marine%20mammal&facet-discipline="Life%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Marine mammal</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Endangered%20species&facet-discipline="Life%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" 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