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style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help expand this article with text translated from <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_kaszubski" class="extiw" title="pl:Język kaszubski">the corresponding article</a> in Polish. (December 2019) Click [show] for important translation instructions.</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fpl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJ%C4%99zyk_kaszubski&sl=pl&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en">View</a> a machine-translated version of the Polish article.</li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You must provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is <code>Content in this edit is translated from the existing Polish Wikipedia article at [[:pl:Język kaszubski]]; see its history for attribution.</code></li> <li>You may also add the template <code>{{Translated|pl|Język kaszubski}}</code> to the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Kashubian_language" title="Talk:Kashubian language">talk page</a>.</li> <li>For more guidance, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a>.</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Kashubian or Cassubian (<a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a>: kaszëbsczi jãzëk; <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: język kaszubski) is a <a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a> <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Lechitic_languages" title="Lechitic languages">Lechitic</a> subgroup.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barbour-5">[5]</a> <table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Kashubian</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">kaszëbsczi (jãzëk) kaszëbskô mòwa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[kaˈʃɜpst͡ʃi ˈjãzɜk]</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[kaˈʃɜpskɞ ˈmwɛva]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Kashubia" title="Kashubia">Kashubia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Kashubians" title="Kashubians">Kashubians</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">87,600 (2021 census)<a href="#cite_note-GUS2021-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Lechitic_languages" title="Lechitic languages">Lechitic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_language" title="Pomeranian language">Pomeranian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Kashubian</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kashubian_alphabet" title="Kashubian alphabet">Kashubian alphabet</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Officially recognized as of 2005, as a <a href="/wiki/Regional_language" title="Regional language">regional language</a>, in some communes of <a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship">Pomeranian Voivodeship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800"> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=104">csb</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/csb" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:csb">csb</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kash1274">kash1274</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3454">Kashubian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=53-AAA-cb">53-AAA-cb</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_60-DE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/320px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/480px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/640px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153"></a><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Kashubian is classified as Definitely Endangered by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a> (2010)</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> In <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, it has been an officially recognized ethnic-minority language since 2005.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Approximately 87,600 people use mainly Kashubian at home.<a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[7]</a> It is the only remnant of the <a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_language" title="Pomeranian language">Pomeranian language</a>. It is close to standard Polish with influence from <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> and the extinct <a href="/wiki/Polabian_language" title="Polabian language">Polabian</a> (West Slavic) and <a href="/wiki/Old_Prussian_language" title="Old Prussian language">Old Prussian</a> (West Baltic) languages.<a href="#cite_note-ele-8">[8]</a> The Kashubian language exists in two different forms: vernacular dialects used in rural areas, and literary variants used in education. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Origin">1 Origin</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Related_languages">1.1 Related languages</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Speakers">2 Speakers</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Poland">2.1 Poland</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Americas">2.2 Americas</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Literature">3 Literature</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Works">3.1 Works</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Education">4 Education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Dialects">5 Dialects</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Phonology">6 Phonology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Vowel_length">6.1 Vowel length</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Syllable_stress">6.2 Syllable stress</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Phonological_processes_from_Proto-Slavic">6.3 Phonological processes from Proto-Slavic</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Vowels">6.4 Vowels</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Consonants">6.5 Consonants</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Voicing_and_devoicing">6.6 Voicing and devoicing</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Vocabulary">6.7 Vocabulary</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Grammar">7 Grammar</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Orthography">8 Orthography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Kashubian_alphabet">8.1 Kashubian alphabet</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Sample_text">9 Sample text</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Gallery">10 Gallery</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#See_also">11 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Notes">12 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Bibliography">13 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#References">14 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Further_reading">15 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#External_links">16 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Kashubian_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Kashubian is assumed to have evolved from the language spoken by some tribes of <a href="/wiki/Pomeranians_(Slavic_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomeranians (Slavic tribe)">Pomeranians</a> called <a href="/wiki/Kashubians" title="Kashubians">Kashubians</a>, in the region of <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a>, on the southern coast of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a> rivers. It first began to evolve separately in the period from the thirteenth to the fifteenth century as the Polish-Pomeranian linguistic area began to divide based around important linguistic developments centred in the western (Kashubian) part of the area.<a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a> In the 19th century <a href="/wiki/Florian_Ceynowa" title="Florian Ceynowa">Florian Ceynowa</a> became Kashubian's first known activist. He undertook tremendous efforts to awaken Kashubian self-identity through the establishment of Kashubian language, customs, and traditions.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> He felt strongly that Poles were born brothers and that <a href="/wiki/Kashubia" title="Kashubia">Kashubia</a> was a separate nation.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The Young Kashubian movement followed in 1912, led by author and doctor <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Majkowski" title="Aleksander Majkowski">Aleksander Majkowski</a>, who wrote for the paper Zrzësz Kaszëbskô as part of the Zrzëszincë group. The group contributed significantly to the development of the Kashubian literary language. The earliest printed documents in Polish with Kashubian elements date from the end of the 16th century. The modern orthography was first proposed in 1879. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_languages">Related languages</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Kashubian_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Related languages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Many scholars and linguists debate whether Kashubian should be recognized as a Polish dialect or separate language. In terms of historical development <a href="/wiki/Lechitic_languages" title="Lechitic languages">Lechitic</a> <a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic language</a>, but in terms of modern influence Polish is a prestige language.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Kashubian is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Slovincian_language" title="Slovincian language">Slovincian</a>, and both of them are dialects of <a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_language" title="Pomeranian language">Pomeranian</a>. Many <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguists</a>, in Poland and elsewhere, consider it a divergent dialect of <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>. Dialectal diversity is so great within Kashubian that a speaker of southern dialects has considerable difficulty in understanding a speaker of northern dialects. The spelling and the grammar of Polish words written in Kashubian, which is most of its vocabulary, are highly unusual, making it difficult for native Polish speakers to comprehend written text in Kashubian.<a href="#cite_note-Finstytut-13">[13]</a> Like Polish, Kashubian includes about 5% <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> from <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> (such as kùńszt "art"). Unlike Polish, these are mostly from <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> and only occasionally from <a href="/wiki/High_German" class="mw-redirect" title="High German">High German</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Other sources of loanwords include the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic languages</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Speakers">Speakers</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Kashubian_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Speakers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Kashubian_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Poland" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The number of speakers of Kashubian varies widely from source to source. In the 2021 census, approximately 87,600<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> people in Poland declared that they used Kashubian at home, a decrease from over 108,000<a href="#cite_note-Kaszubi_w_statystyce-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a> in the 2011 census. Of these, only 1,700 reported speaking exclusively in Kashubian within their homes, down from 3,800 in 2011. However, experts caution that changes in census methodology and the socio-political climate may have influenced these results.<a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[7]</a> The number of people who can speak at least some Kashubian is higher, around 366,000.<a href="#cite_note-polen-analysen-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kaschuben_heute2-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> All Kashubian speakers are also fluent in Polish. A number of schools in Poland use Kashubian as a teaching language. It is an official alternative language for local administration purposes in <a href="/wiki/Gmina_Sierakowice" title="Gmina Sierakowice">Gmina Sierakowice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gmina_Linia" title="Gmina Linia">Gmina Linia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gmina_Parchowo" title="Gmina Parchowo">Gmina Parchowo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gmina_Luzino" title="Gmina Luzino">Gmina Luzino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gmina_%C5%BBukowo" title="Gmina Żukowo">Gmina Żukowo</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship">Pomeranian Voivodeship</a>. Most respondents say that Kashubian is used in informal speech among family members and friends.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> This is most likely because Polish is the official language and spoken in formal settings. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas">Americas</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Kashubian_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Americas" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> During the <a href="/wiki/Kashubian_diaspora" title="Kashubian diaspora">Kashubian diaspora</a> of 1855–1900, 115,700 Kashubians emigrated to <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, with around 15,000 emigrating to <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Among the Polish community of <a href="/wiki/Renfrew_County,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Renfrew County, Ontario">Renfrew County, Ontario</a>, Kashubian is widely spoken to this day, despite the use of more formal Polish by parish priests.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Winona,_Minnesota" title="Winona, Minnesota">Winona, Minnesota</a>, which Ramułt termed the "Kashubian Capital of America",<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Kashubian was regarded as "poor Polish," as opposed to the "good Polish" of the parish priests and teaching sisters. Consequently, Kashubian failed to survive Polonization and died out shortly after the mid-20th century.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kashubian_language_and_nationality.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Kashubian_language_and_nationality.png/600px-Kashubian_language_and_nationality.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="383" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2858" data-file-height="1825"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 600px;height: 383px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Kashubian_language_and_nationality.png/600px-Kashubian_language_and_nationality.png" data-width="600" data-height="383" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Kashubian_language_and_nationality.png/900px-Kashubian_language_and_nationality.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Kashubian_language_and_nationality.png/1200px-Kashubian_language_and_nationality.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Kashubian language <a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship">Pomeranian Voivodeship</a>, Poland (2011 census)</figcaption></figure> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Kashubian_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Literature" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kashubian_literature" title="Kashubian literature">Kashubian literature</a></div> Important for Kashubian literature was Xążeczka dlo Kaszebov by <a href="/wiki/Florian_Ceynowa" title="Florian Ceynowa">Florian Ceynowa</a> (1817–1881).<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hieronim_Derdowski" title="Hieronim Derdowski">Hieronim Derdowski</a> (1852–1902 in <a href="/wiki/Winona,_Minnesota" title="Winona, Minnesota">Winona, Minnesota</a>) was another significant author who wrote in Kashubian, as was <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Majkowski" title="Aleksander Majkowski">Aleksander Majkowski</a> (1876–1938) from <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bcierzyna" title="Kościerzyna">Kościerzyna</a>, who wrote the Kashubian national epic <a href="/wiki/The_Life_and_Adventures_of_Remus" title="The Life and Adventures of Remus">The Life and Adventures of Remus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jan_Trepczyk" title="Jan Trepczyk">Jan Trepczyk</a> was a poet who wrote in Kashubian, as was <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Pestka" title="Stanisław Pestka">Stanisław Pestka</a>. Kashubian literature has been translated into <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>. Aleksander Majkowski and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alojzy_Nagel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alojzy Nagel (page does not exist)">Alojzy Nagel</a> belong to the most commonly translated Kashubian authors of the 20th century. A considerable body of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> literature has been translated into Kashubian, including the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, much of it by Adam Ryszard Sikora (<a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">OFM</a>).<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Franciszek Grucza<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> graduated from a Catholic seminary in <a href="/wiki/Pelplin" title="Pelplin">Pelplin</a>. He was the first priest to introduce <a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic liturgy</a> in Kashubian. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works">Works</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Kashubian_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Works" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The earliest recorded artifacts of Kashubian date back to the 15th century and include a book of spiritual psalms that were used to introduce Kashubian to the Lutheran church: <ul><li>1586 Duchowne piesnie (Spiritual songs) D. Marcina Luthera y ynßich naboznich męzow. Zniemieckiego w Slawięsky ięzik wilozone Przes Szymana Krofea... w Gdainsku: przes Jacuba Rhode, Tetzner 1896: translated from pastorks. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Szymon_Krofej&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Szymon Krofej (page does not exist)">S. Krofeja</a>, Słowińca (?) rodem z Dąbia.</li> <li>1643 Mały Catechism (Little Catechism) D. Marciná Lutherá Niemiecko-Wándalski ábo Slowięski to jestá z Niemieckiego języká w Słowięski wystáwiony na jáwnosc wydan..., w Gdaińsku przes Jerzego Rhetá, Gdansk 1643. Pastor smołdziński ks. Mostnik, rodem ze Slupska.</li> <li>Perykopy smołdzinskie (Smoldzinski Pericope), published by Friedhelm Hinze, Berlin (East), 1967</li> <li>Śpiewnik starokaszubski (Old Kashubian songbook), published by Friedhelm Hinze, Berlin (East), 1967</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Kashubian_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Throughout the communist period in Poland (1948-1989), Kashubian greatly suffered in education and social status. Kashubian was represented as folklore and prevented from being taught in schools. Following the collapse of communism, attitudes on the status of Kashubian have been gradually changing.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> It has been included in the program of school education in <a href="/wiki/Kashubia" title="Kashubia">Kashubia</a> although not as a language of teaching or as a required subject for every child, but as a foreign language taught 3 hours per week at parents' explicit request. Since 1991, it is estimated that there have been around 17,000 students in over 400 schools who have learned Kashubian.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Kashubian has some limited usage on public radio and had on public television. Since 2005, Kashubian has enjoyed legal protection in Poland as an official <a href="/wiki/Regional_language" title="Regional language">regional language</a>. It is the only language in Poland with that status, which was granted by the Act of 6 January 2005 on National and Ethnic Minorities and on the Regional Language of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Parliament">Polish Parliament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The act provides for its use in official contexts in ten communes in which speakers are at least 20% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The recognition means that heavily populated Kashubian localities have been able to have road signs and other amenities with Polish and Kashubian translations on them. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Kashubian_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dialects" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaszuby_-_dialekty_wg_F.Lorentza.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Kaszuby_-_dialekty_wg_F.Lorentza.png/220px-Kaszuby_-_dialekty_wg_F.Lorentza.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2607" data-file-height="2573"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 217px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Kaszuby_-_dialekty_wg_F.Lorentza.png/220px-Kaszuby_-_dialekty_wg_F.Lorentza.png" data-width="220" data-height="217" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Kaszuby_-_dialekty_wg_F.Lorentza.png/330px-Kaszuby_-_dialekty_wg_F.Lorentza.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Kaszuby_-_dialekty_wg_F.Lorentza.png/440px-Kaszuby_-_dialekty_wg_F.Lorentza.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Kashubian dialects area in the early 20th century</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Lorentz" title="Friedrich Lorentz">Friedrich Lorentz</a> wrote in the early 20th century that there were three main Kashubian dialects. These include the <ul><li>Northern Kashubian dialect</li> <li>Middle Kashubian dialect</li> <li>Southern Kashubian dialect</li></ul> Other researches would argue that each tiny region of the <a href="/wiki/Kashubia" title="Kashubia">Kaszuby</a> has its own dialect, as in Dialects and Slang of Poland:<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <ul><li>Bylacki dialect</li> <li>Slowinski dialect</li> <li>Kabatkow dialect</li> <li>Zaborski dialect</li> <li>Tucholski and Krajniacki dialect (although both dialects would be considered a transitional form of the Wielkopolski dialect and are included as official Wielkopolskie dialects)</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Kashubian_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Phonology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> The <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonological</a> system of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kashubian language</a> is similar in many ways to those of other <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a>. It is famous for <a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasz%C3%ABbieni%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="csb:Kaszëbienié">Kaszëbienié (Kashubization)</a> and has a large <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> inventory, with 9 oral vowels and 2 nasal vowels. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowel_length">Vowel length</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Kashubian_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Vowel length" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Lorentz" title="Friedrich Lorentz">Friedrich Lorentz</a> argued that northern dialects had contrastive vowel length, but later studies showed that any phonemic length distinctions had disappeared by 1900. Any other vowel length is used for expressive purposes or is the result of syllable stress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198119-33">[33]</a> All traces of vowel length can now be seen in vowel alterations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198161-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syllable_stress">Syllable stress</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Kashubian_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Syllable stress" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Kashubian features free placement of <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stress</a>, and in some cases, mobile stress, and in northern dialects, unstressed syllables can result in <a href="/wiki/Vowel_reduction" title="Vowel reduction">vowel reduction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198120-35">[35]</a> An archaic word final stress is preserved in some two-syllable adjectives, adverbs, and regularly in the <a href="/wiki/Comparison_(grammar)" title="Comparison (grammar)">comparative degree</a> of adverbs, in some infinitives and present and past tense forms, some nouns ending in -ô, in <a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">diminutives</a>. ending in -ik/-yk, nouns formed with -c and -k, and some prepositional phrases with pronouns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198120-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMak%C3%B9r%C3%B4t201638-36">[36]</a> Stress mobility can be observed in nouns, where in the singular the stress is initial, but in the plural it's on the final syllable of the stem, i.e. k'òlano but kòl'anami, and in some verb forms, i.e. k'ùpi vs kùp'ita. Some dialects have merged ë with e, making the distinction contrastive. Most of this mobility is limited to morphology and stress has largely stabilized in Kashubian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198120-35">[35]</a> Northern and central dialects show a much more limited mobility, as northern dialects show stabilization on initial stress, and central shows constant distance between the stressed syllable and the initial syllable of the word.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198120%E2%80%9321-37">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Proclitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proclitic">Proclitics</a> such as prepositions, pronouns, and grammatical particles such as nié may take initial stress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198121-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMak%C3%B9r%C3%B4t201638-36">[36]</a> Eastern groups place accents on the penultimate syllable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198124-39">[39]</a> The difference between southern and northern dialects dates as far back as the 14th—15th century and is the result of changes to the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language#Phonology" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic vowel length system</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonological_processes_from_Proto-Slavic">Phonological processes from Proto-Slavic</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Kashubian_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Phonological processes from Proto-Slavic" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ol><li>Retention of softness before -ar-: Kashubian czwiôrtk vs Polish czwartek<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198122-40">[40]</a></li> <li>Proto-Slavic *-ъl-/*-ьl- -> -ôł-: Kashubian kôłbasa vs Polish kiełbasa <ol><li>This change is somewhat archaic or lexicalized, appearing more in the North.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198122-40">[40]</a></li></ol></li> <li>TelT -> TłoT: Kashubian młoc vs Polish mleć<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198123-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMak%C3%B9r%C3%B4t201637-42">[42]</a></li> <li>Retention of TarT, especially in the North: Kashubian bardówka vs Polish brodawka<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198123%E2%80%9324-43">[43]</a> <ol><li>This feature is not regular and is somewhat archaic, even giving rise to archaizing neologisms such as Kashubian barń (from Kashubian bróń).</li></ol></li> <li>Labialization of initial o-: Kashubian òwca vs Polish owca<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198124-39">[39]</a></li> <li>So-called <a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasz%C3%ABbieni%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="csb:Kaszëbienié">Kaszëbienié (Kashubization)</a>, Proto-Slavic soft t/d/s/z initially to t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ, ɕ, ʑ and finally to t͡s, d͡z, s, z: Kashubian cëchò vs Polish cicho, Kashubian chòdzëc vs Polish chodzić, Kashubian swiat vs Polish świat, Kashubian zëma vs Polish zima<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198124-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMak%C3%B9r%C3%B4t201630-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198126-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198129-47">[47]</a> <ol><li>This process occurred differently in the West, where soft ć/dź went to t/d<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198124-39">[39]</a></li></ol></li> <li>Initial ra- -> re- and ja- -> je-, however modern forms usually retain -a- Kashubian redło vs Polish radło, Kashubian jerzmò vs Polish jarzmo<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198125-48">[48]</a></li> <li>Irregular change of -ar- -> -er-, Kashubian żerlë alongside Kashubian żarła (from Kashubian żréc), vs Polish żarła (from Polish żreć).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198125-48">[48]</a></li> <li>Regional retention of medial -t- in the word Kashubian sétmë ("seven") vs Polish siedem (compare Masurian Polish sziétém).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198125-48">[48]</a></li> <li>Loss of mobile e through analysis of declined forms: Kashubian dómk (genitive singular Kashubian dómkù) vs Polish domek (genitive singular Polish domku, Kashubian matk (genitive plural of Kashubian matka) vs Polish matek (genitive plural of Polish matka)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198125%E2%80%9326-49">[49]</a></li> <li>An <a href="/wiki/Ablaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Ablaut">ablaut</a> of e:'o after a soft consonant but before hard dentals: Kashubian wiezc (first person present singular Kashubian wiozã) vs Polish wieźć (first person present singular Polish wiozę).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198126-46">[46]</a> <ol><li>This ablaut may occur also through analogy, i.e. Kashubian wiozlë (past virile l form of Kashubian wiezc), vs Polish wieźli.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198126-46">[46]</a></li></ol></li> <li>Proto-Slavic ř -> rz r̝: Kashubian mòrze vs Polish morze (where rz in Polish is pronounced as a fricative ʐ<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198127-50">[50]</a>)</li> <li>-dz- -> -z-: Kashubian cëzy vs Polish cudzy<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198127-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMak%C3%B9r%C3%B4t201634%E2%80%9335-51">[51]</a> <ol><li>This feature is chiefly Northern, and often forms with -dz- dominate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198127-50">[50]</a></li></ol></li> <li>Lengthening (now a qualitative change) vowels of word-final closed syllables ending with an etymologically voiced consonant: Kashubian bóg (genitive singular Kashubian boga vs Polish bóg (genitive singular Polish boga, Kashubian miała but Kashubian miôł (past feminine and masculine l-forms of Kashubian miec) vs Polish miała/Polish miał, Kashubian pana (genitive singular of Kashubian pón) vs Polish pana/Polish pan, Kashubian gniewu (genitive singular of Kashubian gniéw) vs Polish gniewu (genitive singular of Polish gniew), Kashubian dëmù (genitive singular of Kashubian dim) vs Polish dymu (genitive singular of Polish dym), Kashubian cëdu (genitive singular of Kashubian cud) vs Polish cudu (genitive singular of Polish cud). Compare <a href="/wiki/Old_Polish#Phonology" title="Old Polish">Old Polish phonology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198127-50">[50]</a></li> <li>Proto-Slavic *ę -> Early Kashubian į -> i: Kashubian wzyc vs Polish wziąć<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198128-52">[52]</a> <ol><li>This change was also effected by the change causing i:ë ablaut</li></ol></li> <li>As a result of Kaszëbienié, short i -> ë after s, z, c, dz: Kashubian cëchò, chòdzëc, sëwi, zëma vs Polish cicho, chodzić, siwy, zima<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198128-52">[52]</a></li> <li>Short y/i after hard consonants -> ë: Kashubian bëc, lëpa, przësc vs Polish być, lipa, prząść<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198130-53">[53]</a></li> <li>Soft k/g -> cz/dż or sometimes ć/dź: Kashubian czedë vs Polish kiedy, Kashubian nodżi (genitive singular or nominative/accusative plural of Kashubian noga) vs Polish nogi (genitive singular or nominative/accusative plural of Polish noga)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198131-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMak%C3%B9r%C3%B4t201631-55">[55]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%E2%80%93l_merger" title="Ł–l merger">Bëlaczenié</a> in northern dialects, i.e. ł -> l: Kashubian jaskùlëczka vs Polish jaskółeczka<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198131-54">[54]</a></li> <li>Hardening of ń -> n is southern Kashubian: Kashubian kónsczi (usually Kashubian kóńsczi) vs Polish koński<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198132-56">[56]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissimilation" title="Dissimilation">Dissimilation</a> of some consonant cluster such as kt -> cht or srz/zrz -> strz/zdrz: Kashubian chto vs Polish kto and Kashubian strzoda, zdrzódło vs Polish środa, źródło.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMak%C3%B9r%C3%B4t201633%E2%80%9334-57">[57]</a></li> <li>Reduction of some consonant clusters, especially in frequent words: Kashubian pierszi, baro vs Polish pierwszy, bardzo<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMak%C3%B9r%C3%B4t201634-58">[58]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prothesis_(linguistics)" title="Prothesis (linguistics)">Prothesis</a>, particularly the insertion of j- before word initial i-: Kashubian jistniec vs Polish istnieć<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMak%C3%B9r%C3%B4t201635%E2%80%9336-59">[59]</a> <ol><li>Regional insertion of h- before word initial a-: Kashubian (h)arfa vs Polish arfa<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMak%C3%B9r%C3%B4t201636-60">[60]</a></li></ol></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Kashubian_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Vowels" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Kashubian vowel phonemes<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198133-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMak%C3%B9r%C3%B4t201618-62">[62]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">unrounded </th> <th colspan="2">rounded </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central rounded vowel">ɞ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>The exact phonetic realization of the close-mid vowels /e, o/ depends on the dialect.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198143-63">[63]</a></li> <li>Apart from these, there are also nasal vowels /ã, õ/. Their exact phonetic realization depends on the dialect.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198154%E2%80%9359-64">[64]</a></li> <li>/ɔ, u/ diphthongize to /wɛ/, /wu/ after p, b, k, g, and ch.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198134-65">[65]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Kashubian_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Consonants" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Kashubian has simple consonants with a secondary articulation along with complex ones with secondary articulation. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Kashubian consonant phonemes<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198162-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMak%C3%B9r%C3%B4t201620%E2%80%9322-67">[67]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental nasal">n</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental affricate">ts</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">tɕ</a>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental affricate">dz</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">dʑ</a>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental sibilant fricative">s</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental sibilant fricative">z</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑ</a>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>trill </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar fricative trill">r̝</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>/tʃ, dʒ, ʃ, ʒ/ are <a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_consonant" title="Palato-alveolar consonant">palato-alveolar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198162-66">[66]</a></li> <li>/ɲ, tɕ, dʑ, ɕ, ʑ/ are <a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">alveolo-palatal</a>; the last four appear only in some dialects.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198168-68">[68]</a></li> <li>The fricative trill /r̝/ is now used only by some northern and northeastern speakers; other speakers realize it as flat postalveolar [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex fricative">ʐ</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198167-69">[69]</a></li> <li>The labialized velar central approximant /w/ is realized as a velarized denti-alveolar lateral approximant [<a href="/wiki/Velarized_dental_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized dental lateral approximant">ɫ̪</a>] by older speakers of southeastern dialects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198170-70">[70]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voicing_and_devoicing">Voicing and devoicing</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Kashubian_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Voicing and devoicing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Kashubian features the same system of voicing assimilation as <a href="/wiki/Polish_phonology#Voicing_and_devoicing" title="Polish phonology">standard Polish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198171-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMak%C3%B9r%C3%B4t201632%E2%80%9333-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Kashubian_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Vocabulary" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> German has been the source for most loanwords in Kashubian, with an estimated 5% of the vocabulary, as opposed to 3% in Polish.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198187-73">[73]</a> Kashubian, like other Slavic languages, has a rich system of derivational morphology, with prefixes, suffixes, deverbals, compounds, among others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198188%E2%80%9389-74">[74]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Kashubian_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Grammar" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kashubian_grammar" title="Kashubian grammar">Kashubian grammar</a></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Kashubian_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Orthography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kashubian_alphabet">Kashubian alphabet</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Kashubian_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Kashubian alphabet" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable" width="60%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Upper case </th> <th>Lower case </th> <th>Name of letters <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151006034616/http://www.skarbnicakaszubska.pl/component/joomdoc/biuletyn/biuletyn_2010.pdf/detail">[2]</a> </th> <th>Pronunciation </th></tr> <tr> <th>A </th> <td>a </td> <td>a </td> <td>[a] </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ą </th> <td>ą </td> <td>ą </td> <td>[õ], [ũ] </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ã </th> <td>ã </td> <td>ã </td> <td>[ã], [ɛ̃] (<a href="/wiki/Puck_County" title="Puck County">Puck County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wejherowo_County" title="Wejherowo County">Wejherowo County</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th>B </th> <td>b </td> <td>bé </td> <td>[b] </td></tr> <tr> <th>C </th> <td>c </td> <td>cé </td> <td>[ts] </td></tr> <tr> <th>D </th> <td>d </td> <td>dé </td> <td>[d] </td></tr> <tr> <th>E </th> <td>e </td> <td>e </td> <td>[ɛ] </td></tr> <tr> <th>É </th> <td>é </td> <td>é </td> <td>[e], [ɨj] in some dialects, [ɨ] at the end of a word, [i]/[ɨ] from <a href="/wiki/Puck,_Poland" title="Puck, Poland">Puck</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kartuzy" title="Kartuzy">Kartuzy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ë </th> <td>ë </td> <td>szwa </td> <td>[ə] </td></tr> <tr> <th>F </th> <td>f </td> <td>éf </td> <td>[f] </td></tr> <tr> <th>G </th> <td>g </td> <td>gé </td> <td>[ɡ] </td></tr> <tr> <th>H </th> <td>h </td> <td>ha </td> <td>[x] </td></tr> <tr> <th>I </th> <td>I </td> <td>i </td> <td>[i] </td></tr> <tr> <th>J </th> <td>j </td> <td>jot </td> <td>[j] </td></tr> <tr> <th>K </th> <td>k </td> <td>ka </td> <td>[k] </td></tr> <tr> <th>L </th> <td>l </td> <td>él </td> <td>[l] </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ł </th> <td>ł </td> <td>éł </td> <td>[w], [l] </td></tr> <tr> <th>M </th> <td>m </td> <td>ém </td> <td>[m] </td></tr> <tr> <th>N </th> <td>n </td> <td>én </td> <td>[n] </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ń </th> <td>ń </td> <td>éń </td> <td>[ɲ], [n] </td></tr> <tr> <th>O </th> <td>o </td> <td>o </td> <td>[ɔ] </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ò </th> <td>ò </td> <td>ò </td> <td>[wɛ] </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ó </th> <td>ó </td> <td>ó </td> <td>[o], [u] (southern dialects) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ô </th> <td>ô </td> <td>ô </td> <td>[ɞ], [ɛ] (western dialects), [ɔ] (<a href="/wiki/Wejherowo_County" title="Wejherowo County">Wejherowo County</a>), [o]/[u] (southern dialects) [œ], [ø] (northern dialects) </td></tr> <tr> <th>P </th> <td>p </td> <td>pé </td> <td>[p] </td></tr> <tr> <th>R </th> <td>r </td> <td>ér </td> <td>[r] </td></tr> <tr> <th>S </th> <td>s </td> <td>és </td> <td>[s] </td></tr> <tr> <th>T </th> <td>t </td> <td>té </td> <td>[t] </td></tr> <tr> <th>U </th> <td>u </td> <td>u </td> <td>[u] </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ù </th> <td>ù </td> <td>ù </td> <td>[wʉ] </td></tr> <tr> <th>W </th> <td>w </td> <td>wé </td> <td>[v] </td></tr> <tr> <th>Y </th> <td>y </td> <td>igrek </td> <td>[i] </td></tr> <tr> <th>Z </th> <td>z </td> <td>zet </td> <td>[z] </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ż </th> <td>ż </td> <td>żet </td> <td>[ʒ], [ʑ] </td></tr></tbody></table> The following <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trigraph_(orthography)" title="Trigraph (orthography)">trigraphs</a> are used: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Digraph </th> <th>Phonemic value(s) </th></tr> <tr> <td>ch </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>cz </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">tɕ</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>dz </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a>/ (/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a>/) </td></tr> <tr> <td>dż </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">dʑ</a>/ (/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">tɕ</a>/) </td></tr> <tr> <td>rz </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex fricative">ʐ</a>/ ~ /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar fricative trill">r̝</a>/ (/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a>/) </td></tr> <tr> <td>sz </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a>/ </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Sample_text">Sample text</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Kashubian_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sample text" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> Article 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> in Kashubian: <dl><dd>Wszëtczi lëdze rodzą sã wòlny ë równy w swòji czëstnoce ë swòjich prawach. Mają òni dostóne rozëm ë sëmienié ë nôlégô jima pòstãpòwac wobec drëdzich w dëchù bracënotë. </dd></dl> Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English:<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <dl><dd>All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.</dd></dl> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Kashubian_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Gallery" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cassubia1238_J%C4%99zyk_Kaszubski_2002.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Percentage of people that speak Kashubian at home (2002)"><noscript><img alt="Percentage of people that speak Kashubian at home (2002)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Cassubia1238_J%C4%99zyk_Kaszubski_2002.png/120px-Cassubia1238_J%C4%99zyk_Kaszubski_2002.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4315" data-file-height="2590"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 72px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Cassubia1238_J%C4%99zyk_Kaszubski_2002.png/120px-Cassubia1238_J%C4%99zyk_Kaszubski_2002.png" data-alt="Percentage of people that speak Kashubian at home (2002)" data-width="120" data-height="72" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Cassubia1238_J%C4%99zyk_Kaszubski_2002.png/180px-Cassubia1238_J%C4%99zyk_Kaszubski_2002.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Cassubia1238_J%C4%99zyk_Kaszubski_2002.png/240px-Cassubia1238_J%C4%99zyk_Kaszubski_2002.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Percentage of people that speak Kashubian at home (2002)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Garcz.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Two bilingual signs in Garcz in Kashubia with the Polish name above and the Kashubian name below"><noscript><img alt="Two bilingual signs in Garcz in Kashubia with the Polish name above and the Kashubian name below" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Garcz.jpg/83px-Garcz.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1602" data-file-height="2318"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 83px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Garcz.jpg/83px-Garcz.jpg" data-alt="Two bilingual signs in Garcz in Kashubia with the Polish name above and the Kashubian name below" data-width="83" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Garcz.jpg/124px-Garcz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Garcz.jpg/166px-Garcz.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Two bilingual signs in <a href="/wiki/Garcz" title="Garcz">Garcz</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kashubia" title="Kashubia">Kashubia</a> with the Polish name above and the Kashubian name below</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Powiat_Pucczi_2_ubt.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bilingual sign in Polish and Kashubian in Pogórze, Puck County, Poland, on road from Gdynia to Rewa"><noscript><img alt="Bilingual sign in Polish and Kashubian in Pogórze, Puck County, Poland, on road from Gdynia to Rewa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Powiat_Pucczi_2_ubt.jpeg/120px-Powiat_Pucczi_2_ubt.jpeg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Powiat_Pucczi_2_ubt.jpeg/120px-Powiat_Pucczi_2_ubt.jpeg" data-alt="Bilingual sign in Polish and Kashubian in Pogórze, Puck County, Poland, on road from Gdynia to Rewa" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Powiat_Pucczi_2_ubt.jpeg/180px-Powiat_Pucczi_2_ubt.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Powiat_Pucczi_2_ubt.jpeg/240px-Powiat_Pucczi_2_ubt.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bilingual sign in Polish and Kashubian in Pogórze, <a href="/wiki/Puck_County" title="Puck County">Puck County</a>, Poland, on road from <a href="/wiki/Gdynia" title="Gdynia">Gdynia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Rewa,_Poland" title="Rewa, Poland">Rewa</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Stefan_Ramult-Pomeranian_Dictionary.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Page of Stefan Ramułt Pomeranian (Kashubian language) Dictionary 1893"><noscript><img alt="Page of Stefan Ramułt Pomeranian (Kashubian language) Dictionary 1893" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Stefan_Ramult-Pomeranian_Dictionary.png/102px-Stefan_Ramult-Pomeranian_Dictionary.png" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="908" data-file-height="1072"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 102px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Stefan_Ramult-Pomeranian_Dictionary.png/102px-Stefan_Ramult-Pomeranian_Dictionary.png" data-alt="Page of Stefan Ramułt Pomeranian (Kashubian language) Dictionary 1893" data-width="102" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Stefan_Ramult-Pomeranian_Dictionary.png/152px-Stefan_Ramult-Pomeranian_Dictionary.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Stefan_Ramult-Pomeranian_Dictionary.png/203px-Stefan_Ramult-Pomeranian_Dictionary.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Page of Stefan Ramułt Pomeranian (Kashubian language) Dictionary 1893 </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jezyk_kaszubski_w_gminach_NSP2011.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map showing regions in Poland where Kashubian is recognized as a regional language (orange) and where it could qualify in the upcoming years (yellow)"><noscript><img alt="Map showing regions in Poland where Kashubian is recognized as a regional language (orange) and where it could qualify in the upcoming years (yellow)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Jezyk_kaszubski_w_gminach_NSP2011.png/101px-Jezyk_kaszubski_w_gminach_NSP2011.png" decoding="async" width="101" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="983" data-file-height="1163"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 101px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Jezyk_kaszubski_w_gminach_NSP2011.png/101px-Jezyk_kaszubski_w_gminach_NSP2011.png" data-alt="Map showing regions in Poland where Kashubian is recognized as a regional language (orange) and where it could qualify in the upcoming years (yellow)" data-width="101" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Jezyk_kaszubski_w_gminach_NSP2011.png/152px-Jezyk_kaszubski_w_gminach_NSP2011.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Jezyk_kaszubski_w_gminach_NSP2011.png/203px-Jezyk_kaszubski_w_gminach_NSP2011.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map showing regions in Poland where Kashubian is recognized as a regional language (orange) and where it could qualify in the upcoming years (yellow)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerozol%C3%ABma,_k%C3%B2scel_Pater_noster,_%22%C3%92jcze_nasz%22_p%C3%B2_kasz%C3%ABbsk%C3%B9.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of the Pater Noster, Mount of Olives, Jerusalem. Lord's Prayer in Kashubian"><noscript><img alt="Church of the Pater Noster, Mount of Olives, Jerusalem. Lord's Prayer in Kashubian" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Jerozol%C3%ABma%2C_k%C3%B2scel_Pater_noster%2C_%22%C3%92jcze_nasz%22_p%C3%B2_kasz%C3%ABbsk%C3%B9.JPG/83px-Jerozol%C3%ABma%2C_k%C3%B2scel_Pater_noster%2C_%22%C3%92jcze_nasz%22_p%C3%B2_kasz%C3%ABbsk%C3%B9.JPG" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="479"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 83px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Jerozol%C3%ABma%2C_k%C3%B2scel_Pater_noster%2C_%22%C3%92jcze_nasz%22_p%C3%B2_kasz%C3%ABbsk%C3%B9.JPG/83px-Jerozol%C3%ABma%2C_k%C3%B2scel_Pater_noster%2C_%22%C3%92jcze_nasz%22_p%C3%B2_kasz%C3%ABbsk%C3%B9.JPG" data-alt="Church of the Pater Noster, Mount of Olives, Jerusalem. Lord's Prayer in Kashubian" data-width="83" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Jerozol%C3%ABma%2C_k%C3%B2scel_Pater_noster%2C_%22%C3%92jcze_nasz%22_p%C3%B2_kasz%C3%ABbsk%C3%B9.JPG/125px-Jerozol%C3%ABma%2C_k%C3%B2scel_Pater_noster%2C_%22%C3%92jcze_nasz%22_p%C3%B2_kasz%C3%ABbsk%C3%B9.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Jerozol%C3%ABma%2C_k%C3%B2scel_Pater_noster%2C_%22%C3%92jcze_nasz%22_p%C3%B2_kasz%C3%ABbsk%C3%B9.JPG/166px-Jerozol%C3%ABma%2C_k%C3%B2scel_Pater_noster%2C_%22%C3%92jcze_nasz%22_p%C3%B2_kasz%C3%ABbsk%C3%B9.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Church of the Pater Noster, Mount of Olives, Jerusalem. Lord's Prayer in Kashubian</div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Kashubian_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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<li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian-Pomeranian_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashubian-Pomeranian Association">Kashubian-Pomeranian Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_studies" title="Kashubian studies">Kashubian studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masurian_dialects" title="Masurian dialects">Masurian dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Prussian_language" title="Old Prussian language">Old Prussian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerelia" title="Pomerelia">Pomerelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_language" title="Pomeranian language">Pomeranian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovincian_language" title="Slovincian language">Slovincian language</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Kashubian_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.gov.pl/download/gfx/portalinformacyjny/pl/defaultaktualnosci/6494/10/1/1/wstepne_wyniki_nsp_2021_w_zakresie_struktury_narodowo-etnicznej_oraz_jezyka_kontaktow_domowych.pdf">"Wstępne wyniki Narodowego Spisu Powszechnego Ludności i Mieszkań 2021 w zakresie struktury narodowo-etnicznej oraz języka kontaktów domowych"</a> [Report of results: National Census of Population and Housing, 2021.] (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Central_Statistical_Office_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Statistical Office (Poland)">Central Statistical Office of Poland</a> (in Polish). 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230603044631/https://stat.gov.pl/download/gfx/portalinformacyjny/pl/defaultaktualnosci/6494/10/1/1/wstepne_wyniki_nsp_2021_w_zakresie_struktury_narodowo-etnicznej_oraz_jezyka_kontaktow_domowych.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2023-06-03. Retrieved 2023-05-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Central+Statistical+Office+of+Poland&rft.atitle=Wst%C4%99pne+wyniki+Narodowego+Spisu+Powszechnego+Ludno%C5%9Bci+i+Mieszka%C5%84+2021+w+zakresie+struktury+narodowo-etnicznej+oraz+j%C4%99zyka+kontakt%C3%B3w+domowych&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.gov.pl%2Fdownload%2Fgfx%2Fportalinformacyjny%2Fpl%2Fdefaultaktualnosci%2F6494%2F10%2F1%2F1%2Fwstepne_wyniki_nsp_2021_w_zakresie_struktury_narodowo-etnicznej_oraz_jezyka_kontaktow_domowych.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashubian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20050170141">"Ustawa z dnia 6 stycznia 2005 r. O mniejszościach narodowych i etnicznych oraz o języku regionalnym"</a> [Act of 6 January 2005 on National and Ethnic Minorities and on the Regional Language]. <a href="/wiki/Internetowy_System_Akt%C3%B3w_Prawnych" title="Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych">Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych</a> (in Polish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230611161147/https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20050170141">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internetowy+System+Akt%C3%B3w+Prawnych&rft.atitle=Ustawa+z+dnia+6+stycznia+2005+r.+O+mniejszo%C5%9Bciach+narodowych+i+etnicznych+oraz+o+j%C4%99zyku+regionalnym&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fisap.sejm.gov.pl%2Fisap.nsf%2FDocDetails.xsp%3Fid%3DWDU20050170141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashubian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/335581/Lekhitic-languages">"Lekhitic languages"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica">Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150610230836/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/335581/Lekhitic-languages">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-06-10. Retrieved 2023-08-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Lekhitic+languages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F335581%2FLekhitic-languages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashubian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barbour-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Barbour_5-0">^</a> Stephen Barbour, Cathie Carmichael, Language and Nationalism in Europe, Oxford University Press, 2000, p.199, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-823671-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-823671-9">0-19-823671-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904010846/https://www.msw.gov.pl/download/1/2327/zweryfikowana1.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msw.gov.pl/download/1/2327/zweryfikowana1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2015-09-04. Retrieved 2015-01-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msw.gov.pl%2Fdownload%2F1%2F2327%2Fzweryfikowana1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashubian+language" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) Ministry of Interior of Poland [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zawszepomorze.pl/artykul/7974,dziesiatki-tysiecy-kaszubow-wyparowalo-zaskakujace-wyniki-spisu-powszechnego">"Narodowy Spis Powszechny Ludności i Mieszkań 2021. Wstępne wyniki. Coraz mnie..."</a> Zawsze Pomorze (in Polish). 2023-04-12. Retrieved 2024-08-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zawsze+Pomorze&rft.atitle=Narodowy+Spis+Powszechny+Ludno%C5%9Bci+i+Mieszka%C5%84+2021.+Wst%C4%99pne+wyniki.+Coraz+mnie...&rft.date=2023-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zawszepomorze.pl%2Fartykul%2F7974%2Cdziesiatki-tysiecy-kaszubow-wyparowalo-zaskakujace-wyniki-spisu-powszechnego&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashubian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ele-8"><a href="#cite_ref-ele_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerald_Stone1998" class="citation book cs1">Gerald Stone (1998). "Cassubian". In Glanville Price (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CPX2xgmVe9IC">Encyclopedia of the languages of Europe</a>. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 49–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-19286-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-19286-7"><bdi>0-631-19286-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cassubian&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+languages+of+Europe&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=49-50&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-631-19286-7&rft.au=Gerald+Stone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCPX2xgmVe9IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashubian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTopolinska1974" class="citation book cs1">Topolinska, Zuzanna (1974). A historical phonology of the Kashubian dialects of Polish. The Hague: Mouton. p. 48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+historical+phonology+of+the+Kashubian+dialects+of+Polish&rft.place=The+Hague&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Mouton&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Topolinska&rft.aufirst=Zuzanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashubian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLerski1996" class="citation book cs1">Lerski, Jerzy Jan (1996). Historical Dictionary of Poland. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-26007-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-26007-9"><bdi>0-313-26007-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Poland&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-313-26007-9&rft.aulast=Lerski&rft.aufirst=Jerzy+Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashubian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChwalba" class="citation book cs1">Chwalba, Andrzej. Historia Polski 1795-1918. p. 439.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+Polski+1795-1918&rft.pages=439&rft.aulast=Chwalba&rft.aufirst=Andrzej&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashubian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbourCarmichael2002" class="citation book cs1">Barbour, Stephen; Carmichael, Cathie, eds. (2002). Language and nationalism in Europe (Repr. ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199250851" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199250851"><bdi>978-0199250851</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+and+nationalism+in+Europe&rft.pages=199&rft.edition=Repr.&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0199250851&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashubian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finstytut-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Finstytut_13-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://Finstytutkaszubski.republika.pl/pdfy_acta/Facta_2008_X_01-240.pdf">Biuletin Radzëznë Kaszëbsczégò Jazëka rok 2007, Gduńsk.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160129162946/http://finstytutkaszubski.republika.pl/pdfy_acta/Facta_2008_X_01-240.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-01-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Bibiografiô. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Anna Gliszczyńska. Germanizmy leksykalne południowej kaszubszczyzny (Na materiale książki Bolesława Jażdżewskiego Wspomnienia kaszubskiego "gbura"). "LingVaria". 1 (3), s. 79–89, 2007. Kraków: Uniwersytet Jagielloński. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1896-2122">1896-2122</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.gov.pl/en/national-census/national-population-and-housing-census-2021/final-results-of-the-national-population-and-housing-census-2021/">"Statistics Poland / National Census / National Population and Housing Census 2021 / Final results of the National Population and Housing Census 2021"</a>. stat.gov.pl. Retrieved 2024-08-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.gov.pl&rft.atitle=Statistics+Poland+%2F+National+Census+%2F+National+Population+and+Housing+Census+2021+%2F+Final+results+of+the+National+Population+and+Housing+Census+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.gov.pl%2Fen%2Fnational-census%2Fnational-population-and-housing-census-2021%2Ffinal-results-of-the-national-population-and-housing-census-2021%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashubian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaszubi_w_statystyce-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Kaszubi_w_statystyce_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151231052041/http://kaszebsko.com/uploads/historia/Histori%C3%B4%20Kasz%C3%ABb%C3%B3w%20(19)III.pdf">"Kaszubi w statystyce (cz. 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Retrieved 2023-08-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bambenek.org&rft.atitle=Kashubian+Capital+of+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbambenek.org%2Fwinona-2%2Fkashubian-capital-of-america%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashubian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStolpa2005" class="citation web cs1">Stolpa, James (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bambenek.org/winona-2/congregational-history-of-st-stans/">"A Congregational History of Saint Stan's"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170809043031/http://bambenek.org/winona-2/congregational-history-of-st-stans/">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-08-09. Retrieved 2017-08-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Congregational+History+of+Saint+Stan%27s&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Stolpa&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbambenek.org%2Fwinona-2%2Fcongregational-history-of-st-stans%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashubian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreder" class="citation web cs1">Treder, Jerzy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/publictn/slavic_eurasia_papers/no3/06_Treder.pdf">"Piotr Preis, Izmail Sreznevskii, and Kashubia"</a> (PDF). src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230810230724/https://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/publictn/slavic_eurasia_papers/no3/06_Treder.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2023-08-10. Retrieved 2023-08-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp&rft.atitle=Piotr+Preis%2C+Izmail+Sreznevskii%2C+and+Kashubia&rft.aulast=Treder&rft.aufirst=Jerzy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsrc-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp%2Fpublictn%2Fslavic_eurasia_papers%2Fno3%2F06_Treder.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashubian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723131804/http://www.franciszkanie.net/artykul/156,291,o_prof_uam_dr_hab_adam_sikora_ofm/">"o. prof. dr hab. Adam Sikora OFM - Franciszkanie"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.franciszkanie.net/artykul/156,291,o_prof_uam_dr_hab_adam_sikora_ofm/">the original</a> on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2011-03-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=o.+prof.+dr+hab.+Adam+Sikora+OFM+-+Franciszkanie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.franciszkanie.net%2Fartykul%2F156%2C291%2Co_prof_uam_dr_hab_adam_sikora_ofm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashubian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Peter Hauptmann, Günther Schulz, Kirche im Osten: Studien zur osteuropäischen Kirchengeschichte und Kirchenkunde, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2000, pp.44ff, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-525-56393-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-525-56393-0">3-525-56393-0</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qHL3-GAJE-YC&dq=slowinzen&pg=PA45">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164813/https://books.google.com/books?id=qHL3-GAJE-YC&dq=slowinzen&pg=PA45">Archived</a> 2023-03-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ies.ee/iesp/grabowska.pdf">"The Institute for European Studies, Ethnological institute of UW"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030320014218/http://www.ies.ee/iesp/grabowska.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2003-03-20. Retrieved 2014-10-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Institute+for+European+Studies%2C+Ethnological+institute+of+UW&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ies.ee%2Fiesp%2Fgrabowska.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashubian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pl.languagesindanger.eu/book-of-knowledge/pakiet-dla-szkol-o-jezykach-mniejszosciowych/jezykowa-mozaika-ziem-polskich/jezyk-kaszubski/">"język kaszubski | pl.languagesindanger.eu"</a>. pl.languagesindanger.eu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160602110359/http://pl.languagesindanger.eu/book-of-knowledge/pakiet-dla-szkol-o-jezykach-mniejszosciowych/jezykowa-mozaika-ziem-polskich/jezyk-kaszubski/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-06-02. Retrieved 2016-05-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pl.languagesindanger.eu&rft.atitle=j%C4%99zyk+kaszubski+%7C+pl.languagesindanger.eu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpl.languagesindanger.eu%2Fbook-of-knowledge%2Fpakiet-dla-szkol-o-jezykach-mniejszosciowych%2Fjezykowa-mozaika-ziem-polskich%2Fjezyk-kaszubski%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashubian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRP" class="citation web cs1">RP, Kancelaria Sejmu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/DetailsServlet?id=WDU20050170141">"Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118150023/http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/DetailsServlet?id=WDU20050170141">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-01-18. Retrieved 2013-12-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Internetowy+System+Akt%C3%B3w+Prawnych&rft.aulast=RP&rft.aufirst=Kancelaria+Sejmu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fisap.sejm.gov.pl%2FDetailsServlet%3Fid%3DWDU20050170141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashubian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> G. Stone: Slav outposts in Central European history : the Wends, Sorbs and Kashubs, London, UK : Bloomsbury Academic, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2016, p. 348 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDubisz1995" class="citation book cs1">Dubisz, Stanisław (1995). Dialekty i gwary polskie. Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna. pp. 67–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8321409894" title="Special:BookSources/978-8321409894"><bdi>978-8321409894</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dialekty+i+gwary+polskie&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.pages=67-70&rft.pub=Wiedza+Powszechna&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-8321409894&rft.aulast=Dubisz&rft.aufirst=Stanis%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashubian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198119-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198119_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrezaTreder1981">Breza & Treder 1981</a>, pp. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198161-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198161_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrezaTreder1981">Breza & Treder 1981</a>, pp. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198120-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198120_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198120_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198120_35-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrezaTreder1981">Breza & Treder 1981</a>, pp. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakùrôt201638-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMak%C3%B9r%C3%B4t201638_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMak%C3%B9r%C3%B4t201638_36-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMak%C3%B9r%C3%B4t2016">Makùrôt 2016</a>, pp. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198120–21-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198120%E2%80%9321_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrezaTreder1981">Breza & Treder 1981</a>, pp. 20–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198121-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198121_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrezaTreder1981">Breza & Treder 1981</a>, pp. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198124-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198124_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198124_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198124_39-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198124_39-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrezaTreder1981">Breza & Treder 1981</a>, pp. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198122-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198122_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198122_40-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrezaTreder1981">Breza & Treder 1981</a>, pp. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198123-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198123_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrezaTreder1981">Breza & Treder 1981</a>, pp. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakùrôt201637-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMak%C3%B9r%C3%B4t201637_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMak%C3%B9r%C3%B4t2016">Makùrôt 2016</a>, pp. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198123–24-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198123%E2%80%9324_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrezaTreder1981">Breza & Treder 1981</a>, pp. 23–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakùrôt201630-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMak%C3%B9r%C3%B4t201630_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMak%C3%B9r%C3%B4t2016">Makùrôt 2016</a>, pp. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreder2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Treder, Jerzy (2010). Małgorzata Klinkosz (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dialektologia.uw.edu.pl/index.php?l1=leksykon-kaszubski&lid=1150">Kaszubienie</a> [Kashubization] (in Polish). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-62844-10-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-62844-10-4"><bdi>978-83-62844-10-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240130121258/http://www.dialektologia.uw.edu.pl/index.php?l1=leksykon-kaszubski&lid=1150">Archived</a> from the original on January 30, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kaszubienie&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-83-62844-10-4&rft.aulast=Treder&rft.aufirst=Jerzy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dialektologia.uw.edu.pl%2Findex.php%3Fl1%3Dleksykon-kaszubski%26lid%3D1150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashubian+language" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198126-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198126_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198126_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198126_46-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrezaTreder1981">Breza & Treder 1981</a>, pp. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198129-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198129_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrezaTreder1981">Breza & Treder 1981</a>, pp. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198125-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198125_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198125_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198125_48-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrezaTreder1981">Breza & 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28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198130-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198130_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrezaTreder1981">Breza & Treder 1981</a>, pp. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198131-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198131_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198131_54-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrezaTreder1981">Breza & Treder 1981</a>, pp. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakùrôt201631-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMak%C3%B9r%C3%B4t201631_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMak%C3%B9r%C3%B4t2016">Makùrôt 2016</a>, pp. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198132-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198132_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrezaTreder1981">Breza & Treder 1981</a>, pp. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakùrôt201633–34-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMak%C3%B9r%C3%B4t201633%E2%80%9334_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMak%C3%B9r%C3%B4t2016">Makùrôt 2016</a>, pp. 33–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakùrôt201634-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMak%C3%B9r%C3%B4t201634_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMak%C3%B9r%C3%B4t2016">Makùrôt 2016</a>, pp. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakùrôt201635–36-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMak%C3%B9r%C3%B4t201635%E2%80%9336_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMak%C3%B9r%C3%B4t2016">Makùrôt 2016</a>, pp. 35–36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakùrôt201636-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMak%C3%B9r%C3%B4t201636_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMak%C3%B9r%C3%B4t2016">Makùrôt 2016</a>, pp. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198133-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198133_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrezaTreder1981">Breza & Treder 1981</a>, pp. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakùrôt201618-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMak%C3%B9r%C3%B4t201618_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMak%C3%B9r%C3%B4t2016">Makùrôt 2016</a>, pp. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198143-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198143_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrezaTreder1981">Breza & Treder 1981</a>, pp. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198154–59-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198154%E2%80%9359_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrezaTreder1981">Breza & Treder 1981</a>, pp. 54–59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198134-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198134_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrezaTreder1981">Breza & Treder 1981</a>, pp. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198162-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198162_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198162_66-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrezaTreder1981">Breza & Treder 1981</a>, pp. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakùrôt201620–22-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMak%C3%B9r%C3%B4t201620%E2%80%9322_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMak%C3%B9r%C3%B4t2016">Makùrôt 2016</a>, pp. 20–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198168-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198168_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrezaTreder1981">Breza & Treder 1981</a>, pp. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198167-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198167_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrezaTreder1981">Breza & Treder 1981</a>, pp. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198170-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198170_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrezaTreder1981">Breza & Treder 1981</a>, pp. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198171-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198171_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrezaTreder1981">Breza & Treder 1981</a>, pp. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakùrôt201632–33-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMak%C3%B9r%C3%B4t201632%E2%80%9333_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMak%C3%B9r%C3%B4t2016">Makùrôt 2016</a>, pp. 32–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198187-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198187_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrezaTreder1981">Breza & Treder 1981</a>, pp. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198188–89-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrezaTreder198188%E2%80%9389_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrezaTreder1981">Breza & Treder 1981</a>, pp. 88–89. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights">"Universal Declaration of Human Rights"</a>. un.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210316050452/https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-03-16. Retrieved 2023-03-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=un.org&rft.atitle=Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fabout-us%2Funiversal-declaration-of-human-rights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashubian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Kashubian_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrezaTreder1981" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Breza, Edward; Treder, Jerzy (1981). Maria Kowalewska (ed.). Gramatyka kaszubska: zarys popularny (in Polish). Gdańsk: <a href="/wiki/Kashubian%E2%80%93Pomeranian_Association" title="Kashubian–Pomeranian Association">Zrzeszenie Kaszubsko-Pomorskie (Kaszëbskò-Pòmòrsczé Zrzeszenié)</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-00-00102-6" title="Special:BookSources/83-00-00102-6"><bdi>83-00-00102-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gramatyka+kaszubska%3A+zarys+popularny&rft.place=Gda%C5%84sk&rft.pub=Zrzeszenie+Kaszubsko-Pomorskie+%28Kasz%C3%ABbsk%C3%B2-P%C3%B2m%C3%B2rscz%C3%A9+Zrzeszeni%C3%A9%29&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=83-00-00102-6&rft.aulast=Breza&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Treder%2C+Jerzy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashubian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakùrôt2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Makùrôt, Hana (2016). Bożena Ugowska (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://skarbnicakaszubska.pl/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/GRAMATYKA-hiperlacza.pdf">Gramatika kaszëbsczégò jãzëka</a> (PDF) (in Kashubian). Gdańsk: <a href="/wiki/Kashubian%E2%80%93Pomeranian_Association" title="Kashubian–Pomeranian Association">Zrzeszenie Kaszubsko-Pomorskie (Kaszëbskò-Pòmòrsczé Zrzeszenié)</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-62137-97-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-62137-97-8"><bdi>978-83-62137-97-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230125061545/http://skarbnicakaszubska.pl/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/GRAMATYKA-hiperlacza.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2023-01-25. Retrieved 2024-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gramatika+kasz%C3%ABbscz%C3%A9g%C3%B2+j%C3%A3z%C3%ABka&rft.place=Gda%C5%84sk&rft.pub=Zrzeszenie+Kaszubsko-Pomorskie+%28Kasz%C3%ABbsk%C3%B2-P%C3%B2m%C3%B2rscz%C3%A9+Zrzeszeni%C3%A9%29&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-83-62137-97-8&rft.aulast=Mak%C3%B9r%C3%B4t&rft.aufirst=Hana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fskarbnicakaszubska.pl%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F04%2FGRAMATYKA-hiperlacza.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashubian+language" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Kashubian_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comrie,_Bernard" class="mw-redirect" title="Comrie, Bernard">Comrie, Bernard</a>; Corbett, Greville. G. (2002). The Slavonic Languages. London: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-28078-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-28078-8">0-415-28078-8</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mqup.ca/creating-kashubia-products-9780773547209.php">Blank, Joshua C. Creating Kashubia: History, Memory and Identity in Canada's First Polish Community. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2016.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191212034412/https://www.mqup.ca/creating-kashubia-products-9780773547209.php">Archived</a> 2019-12-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Gyula Décsy, Die linguistische Struktur Europas, Vergangenheit — Gegenwart — Zukunft, Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1973</li> <li>Friedhelm Hinze, Wörterbuch und Lautlehre der deutschen Lehnwörter im Pomoranischen (Kaschubischen), <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> 1965</li> <li>Język kaszubski. Poradnik encyklopedyczny. ed. J. Treder, Rev. 2. corrected and expanded UG, Oficyna Czec, <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>, 2006</li> <li>J. Borzyszkowski, J. Mordawski, J. Treder: Historia, geografia, język i piśmiennictwo Kaszubów; J. Bòrzëszkòwsczi, J. Mòrdawsczi, J. Tréder: Historia, geògrafia, jãzëk i pismienizna Kaszëbów, Wëdowizna M. Rôżok przë wespółrobòce z Institutã Kaszëbsczim, Gduńsk 1999, p. 128</li> <li>Aleksander Labuda, Słowôrz kaszëbsko-polsczi. Słownik polsko-kaszubski, Gdańsk 1982</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Lorentz" title="Friedrich Lorentz">Friedrich Lorentz</a>, Geschichte der Pomoranischen (Kaschubischen) Sprache, Berlin and <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, 1925</li> <li>Nestor, N. & Hickey, T. (2009). Out of the Communist frying pan and into the EU fire? Exploring the case of Kashubian <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://rms.ucd.ie/ufrs/!W_VA_PUB_JOURNAL.EDIT?POPUP=TRUE&object_id=189186921">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011131839/https://rms.ucd.ie/ufrs/!W_VA_PUB_JOURNAL.EDIT?POPUP=TRUE&object_id=189186921">Archived</a> 2017-10-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Nomachi Motoki, On the recipient passive in the Kashubian Language: Annex to Milka Ivić's syntactic inventory for Slavonic dialectology <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0350-185X/2008/0350-185X0864273N.pdf">[4]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141213165339/http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0350-185X/2008/0350-185X0864273N.pdf">Archived</a> 2014-12-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Ramu%C5%82t" title="Stefan Ramułt">Stefan Ramułt</a>, Słownik języka pomorskiego, czyli kaszubskiego, <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, 1893 i.e. "Dictionary of the Pomeranian (Seacoast) or Kashubian language" (<a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, 1893)</li> <li>Stefan Ramułt, Słownik języka pomorskiego czyli kaszubskiego. Scalił i znormalizował <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Treder" title="Jerzy Treder">Jerzy Treder</a>, Gdańsk, 2003</li> <li>C. F. i F. N. Voegelin, Classification and Index of the World's Languages. Elsevier, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> 1977</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Kashubian_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Ager, S. (1998-2016). Kashubian (kaszëbsczi jãzëk). Retrieved February 12, 2016, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/kashubian.htm">http://www.omniglot.com/writing/kashubian.htm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070805101425/http://www.omniglot.com/writing/kashubian.htm">Archived</a> 2007-08-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mqup.ca/creating-kashubia-products-9780773547209.php">Blank, Joshua C. Creating Kashubia: History, Memory and Identity in Canada's First Polish Community. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2016.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191212034412/https://www.mqup.ca/creating-kashubia-products-9780773547209.php">Archived</a> 2019-12-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Grabowska A., Ladykowski P.. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ies.ee/iesp/grabowska.pdf">The Change of the Cashubian Identity before Entering the EU</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011131835/http://www.ies.ee/iesp/grabowska.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-10-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". In: Baltic Journal of European Studies 2002, no. 1.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKURCZEWSKI2007" class="citation journal cs1">KURCZEWSKI, JACEK (2007). "Self-Identification Structure in Opole Silesia and the Kashubia: A Comparative Analysis". Polish Sociological Review (157): 87–104. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41275003">41275003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polish+Sociological+Review&rft.atitle=Self-Identification+Structure+in+Opole+Silesia+and+the+Kashubia%3A+A+Comparative+Analysis&rft.issue=157&rft.pages=87-104&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41275003%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=KURCZEWSKI&rft.aufirst=JACEK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashubian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald1939" class="citation journal cs1">MacDonald, Gregory (1939). "The Kashubs on the Baltic". The Slavonic and East European Review. 19 (53/54): 265–275. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4203596">4203596</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Slavonic+and+East+European+Review&rft.atitle=The+Kashubs+on+the+Baltic&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=53%2F54&rft.pages=265-275&rft.date=1939&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4203596%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashubian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkowski1966" class="citation journal cs1">Perkowski, Jan L (1966). "The Kashubs: Origins and Emigration to the U. S.". Polish American Studies. 23 (1): 1–7. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20147702">20147702</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polish+American+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Kashubs%3A+Origins+and+Emigration+to+the+U.+S.&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-7&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20147702%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Perkowski&rft.aufirst=Jan+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashubian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li>W. (2016). Krótka historia języka kaszubskiego (Short History of the Kashubian Language). Retrieved February 12, 2016, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.kaszubi.pl/o/reda/artykulmenu?id=395">http://www.kaszubi.pl/o/reda/artykulmenu?id=395</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011132243/http://www.kaszubi.pl/o/reda/artykulmenu?id=395">Archived</a> 2017-10-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Stanulewicz, D. (n.d.). The Use of the Kashubian Language from the Perspective of Young People Aged 16–19: Settings and Participants. 191–203. Retrieved February 12, 2016, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilkuer.de/forschung/191-204_stanulewicz_final_js_wk_js.rtf">www.wilkuer.de/forschung/191-204_stanulewicz_final_js_wk_js.rtf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160602040830/http://www.wilkuer.de/forschung/191-204_stanulewicz_final_js_wk_js.rtf">Archived</a> 2016-06-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone1972" class="citation journal cs1">Stone, Gerald (1972). "The Language of Cassubian Literature and the Question of a Literary Standard". The Slavonic and East European Review. 50 (121): 521–529. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4206617">4206617</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Slavonic+and+East+European+Review&rft.atitle=The+Language+of+Cassubian+Literature+and+the+Question+of+a+Literary+Standard&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=121&rft.pages=521-529&rft.date=1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4206617%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashubian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Szulest, David (2012). Kashubian Identity. Kashubs in Canada and Kashubia/Kaszebe Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://kaszebsko.com/uploads/KASHUBIAN%20IDENTITY.pdf">http://kaszebsko.com/uploads/KASHUBIAN%20IDENTITY.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220181842/http://kaszebsko.com/uploads/KASHUBIAN%20IDENTITY.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-12-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Toops, G. H. (2007). [Review of Das Kaschubische: Sprachtod oder Revitalisierung? Empirische Studien zur ethnolinguistischen Vitalität einer Sprachminderheit in Polen. Slavistische Beiträge, 452].Canadian Slavonic Papers, 49(1/2), 160–162.</li> <li>Topolinska, Z. (1974). A Historical Phonology of the Kashubian Dialects of Polish. General Information on the Kashubians and Kashubian Dialects. Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iZggAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15">Google Books</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-081338-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-081338-8">978-3-11-081338-8</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZIENIUKOWA2015" class="citation journal cs1">ZIENIUKOWA, JADWIGA (2015). "THE KASHUBIAN LANGUAGE – A MINORITY LANGUAGE SPOKEN IN BORDERLANDS AS IT WAS AND AS IT IS TODAY". Český Lid. 102 (1): 43–54. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24570454">24570454</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C4%8Cesk%C3%BD+Lid&rft.atitle=THE+KASHUBIAN+LANGUAGE+%E2%80%93+A+MINORITY+LANGUAGE+SPOKEN+IN+BORDERLANDS+AS+IT+WAS+AND+AS+IT+IS+TODAY&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=43-54&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24570454%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=ZIENIUKOWA&rft.aufirst=JADWIGA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashubian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarłowicz1898" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Karłowicz, Jan (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://polona.pl/item/67861850/">Gwara kaszubska</a> (in Polish). Warszawa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240202194841/https://polona.pl/item/67861850/">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-02-02. Retrieved 2024-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gwara+kaszubska&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Kar%C5%82owicz&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpolona.pl%2Fitem%2F67861850%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashubian+language" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorentz1927" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lorentz, Friedrich (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pbc.gda.pl/dlibra/publication/2060/edition/1399/content">Gramatyka pomorska</a> (in Polish). Poznań. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240202194949/https://pbc.gda.pl/dlibra/publication/2060/edition/1399/content">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-02-02. Retrieved 2024-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gramatyka+pomorska&rft.place=Pozna%C5%84&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Lorentz&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpbc.gda.pl%2Fdlibra%2Fpublication%2F2060%2Fedition%2F1399%2Fcontent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashubian+language" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorentz1927" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lorentz, Friedrich (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pbc.gda.pl/dlibra/publication/2037/edition/900?language=en">Kaszube gramatik</a> (in Polish). Gdańsk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240202194955/https://pbc.gda.pl/dlibra/publication/2037/edition/900?language=en">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-02-02. Retrieved 2024-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kaszube+gramatik&rft.place=Gda%C5%84sk&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Lorentz&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpbc.gda.pl%2Fdlibra%2Fpublication%2F2037%2Fedition%2F900%3Flanguage%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashubian+language" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Kashubian_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-16 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-16"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Kashubian language at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Kashubian_language" class="extiw" title="wikt:Category:Kashubian language">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kashubian_language" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Kashubian language">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kashubian_language" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Kashubian language">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="25" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 25px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="25" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="csb:">Kashubian edition</a> of Wikipedia</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Kashubian_Swadesh_list" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:Kashubian Swadesh list">Appendix:Kashubian Swadesh list</a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kashubian_Swadesh_list_of_basic_vocabulary_words" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Kashubian Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words">Kashubian Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words</a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85071708.html">LC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140304054937/http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85071708.html">Archived</a> 2014-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_ksu">The World Atlas of Language Structures - WALS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170813231948/http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_ksu">Archived</a> 2017-08-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/en/11993905/kachoube__langue_/">BnF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011133609/http://data.bnf.fr/en/11993905/kachoube__langue_/">Archived</a> 2017-10-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/kashubian.htm">Omniglot</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070805101425/http://www.omniglot.com/writing/kashubian.htm">Archived</a> 2007-08-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-en.asp?fileid=18970&lang=EN">COE 2011</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150606175504/http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-en.asp?fileid=18970&lang=EN">Archived</a> 2015-06-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccfr.bnf.fr/portailccfr/jsp/query_direct.jsp?query=ccfr_menu_localisation_combine&INDEXES=MotSujet&VALUES=Kachoube%20%28langue%29&external=true&SOURCES=z3950_bnopale%2Cz3950_sudoc%2Cbmr">Kashubian language</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140307014748/http://ccfr.bnf.fr/portailccfr/jsp/query_direct.jsp?query=ccfr_menu_localisation_combine&INDEXES=MotSujet&VALUES=Kachoube%20%28langue%29&external=true&SOURCES=z3950_bnopale%2Cz3950_sudoc%2Cbmr">Archived</a> 2014-03-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001236/123609e.pdf">UNESCO</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141227134557/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001236/123609e.pdf">Archived</a> 2014-12-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720171141/http://www.pomeraniapalace.eu/">Following the trail of manor houses and castles of the Northern Kashubian Region</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011131856/http://www.unilang.org/resources.php?mode=language&targetlang=csb">Kashubian resources; include phrasebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/kashubian">dictionary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130719204749/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/kashubian">Archived</a> 2013-07-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3454">Endangered languages</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160610143621/http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3454">Archived</a> 2016-06-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://culture.pl/en/article/kaszebsko-mowa-freeing-the-kashubian-language">Kaszëbskô Mowa: Freeing the Kashubian Language</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190621035532/https://culture.pl/en/article/kaszebsko-mowa-freeing-the-kashubian-language">Archived</a> 2019-06-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kashubian_language&oldid=1255578534">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kashubian_language&oldid=1255578534</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Kashubian_language&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 5 November 2024, at 17:30 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasjoebies" title="Kasjoebies – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kasjoebies" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%B9%E1%89%A5%E1%8A%9B" title="ካሹብኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ካሹብኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الكاشوبية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الكاشوبية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_caixubo" title="Idioma caixubo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma caixubo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_caxubiu" title="Idioma caxubiu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma caxubiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C5%9Fub_dili" title="Kaşub dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kaşub dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%83%D0%B1_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Кашуб теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Кашуб теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Кашубская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кашубская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Кашубская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кашубская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Кашубски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кашубски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C5%A1upski_jezik" title="Kašupski jezik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kašupski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kachoubeg" title="Kachoubeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kachoubeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caixubi" title="Caixubi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Caixubi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%83%D0%BF_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Кашуп чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кашуп чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C5%A1ub%C5%A1tina" title="Kašubština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kašubština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casiwbeg" title="Casiwbeg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Casiwbeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasjubisk_(sprog)" title="Kasjubisk (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kasjubisk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaschubische_Sprache" title="Kaschubische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kaschubische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C5%A1ubska_r%C4%9Bc" title="Kašubska rěc – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Kašubska rěc" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C5%A1uubi_keel" title="Kašuubi keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kašuubi keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Κασουβική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κασουβική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_casubio" title="Idioma casubio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma casubio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C5%9Duba_lingvo" title="Kaŝuba lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kaŝuba lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaxubiera" title="Kaxubiera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kaxubiera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="زبان کاشوبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان کاشوبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashubian_bhasa" title="Kashubian bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Kashubian bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cachoube" title="Cachoube – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cachoube" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasj%C3%BBbysk" title="Kasjûbysk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kasjûbysk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashoobish" title="Kashoobish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Kashoobish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_caxubia" title="Lingua caxubia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua caxubia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashubia-ng%C3%AE" title="Kashubia-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kashubia-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EC%8A%88%EB%B8%8C%EC%96%B4" title="카슈브어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카슈브어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C5%A1ub%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Kašubšćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Kašubšćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C5%A1upski_jezik" title="Kašupski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kašupski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashubana_linguo" title="Kashubana linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kashubana linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Kasubio" title="Pagsasao a Kasubio – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Kasubio" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Kasubia" title="Bahasa Kasubia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Kasubia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Кашубаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Кашубаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kass%C3%BAb%C3%ADska" title="Kassúbíska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kassúbíska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_casciuba" title="Lingua casciuba – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua casciuba" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA" title="קשובית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קשובית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="კაშუბური ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კაშუბური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasz%C3%ABbsczi_j%C3%A3z%C3%ABk" title="Kaszëbsczi jãzëk – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Kaszëbsczi jãzëk" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashoubek" title="Kashoubek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kashoubek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%83%D0%B1_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Кашуб кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Кашуб кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasz%C3%ABb_ava" title="Kaszëb ava – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Kaszëb ava" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_ke%C5%9F%C3%BBb%C3%AE" title="Zimanê keşûbî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê keşûbî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Cassubica" title="Lingua Cassubica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Cassubica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C5%A1%C5%ABbu_valoda" title="Kašūbu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kašūbu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaschubesch" title="Kaschubesch – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kaschubesch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%83%D0%B1_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Кашуб чӀал – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Кашуб чӀал" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C5%A1ub%C5%B3_kalba" title="Kašubų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kašubų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_casciuba" title="Lengua casciuba – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua casciuba" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasjoebisch" title="Kasjoebisch – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kasjoebisch" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_casciuba" title="Lengua casciuba – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua casciuba" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasub_nyelv" title="Kasub nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kasub nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Кашупски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кашупски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="კაშუბური ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კაშუბური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الكاشوبيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الكاشوبيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasjoebisch" title="Kasjoebisch – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kasjoebisch" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%96%E8%AA%9E" title="カシューブ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カシューブ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_casciuba" title="Lengua casciuba – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Lengua casciuba" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaschuubisk_Spriik" title="Kaschuubisk Spriik – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kaschuubisk Spriik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasjubisk" title="Kasjubisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kasjubisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasjubisk" title="Kasjubisk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kasjubisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashob" title="Cashob – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cashob" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%83%D0%B1_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Кашуб йылме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Кашуб йылме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="کشوبیاں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کشوبیاں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Kashubian" title="Lenga Kashubian – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Kashubian" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaschuubsche_Spraak" title="Kaschuubsche Spraak – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kaschuubsche Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_kaszubski" title="Język kaszubski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język kaszubski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_cass%C3%BAbia" title="Língua cassúbia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua cassúbia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C5%9Fub_tili" title="Kaşub tili – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Kaşub tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_ca%C8%99ub%C4%83" title="Limba cașubă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba cașubă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Кашубский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кашубский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱠᱟᱥᱩᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱟᱥᱩᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashubian_leid" title="Kashubian leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Kashubian leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaschubiske_Sproake" title="Kaschubiske Sproake – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Kaschubiske Sproake" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincua_kasciubbiana" title="Lincua kasciubbiana – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lincua kasciubbiana" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kashubian language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C5%A1ub%C4%8Dina" title="Kašubčina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kašubčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C5%A1ub%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Kašubščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kašubščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D1%A9%EA%99%81%EA%99%91%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Кашоубьскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Кашоубьскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaszubsko_godka" title="Kaszubsko godka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kaszubsko godka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Кашупски језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кашупски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C5%A1upski_jezik" title="Kašupski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kašupski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C5%A1ubi" title="Kašubi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kašubi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasjubiska" title="Kasjubiska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kasjubiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Kasubyo" title="Wikang Kasubyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Kasubyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="கசுபிய மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கசுபிய மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C5%9Fup%C3%A7a" title="Kaşupça – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kaşupça" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%83%D0%B1_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Кашуб кыл – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Кашуб кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Кашубська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кашубська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کاشوبیائی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کاشوبیائی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Kashubia" title="Tiếng Kashubia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Kashubia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasub" title="Kasub – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Kasub" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassuubi_kiil" title="Kassuubi kiil – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kassuubi kiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%88%92%E6%AF%94%E8%AF%AD" title="卡舒比语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="卡舒比语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A9" title="קאשוביש – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאשוביש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%88%92%E6%AF%94%E6%96%87" title="卡舒比文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="卡舒比文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C5%A1obu_kalba" title="Kašobu kalba – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kašobu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%88%92%E6%AF%94%E8%AF%AD" title="卡舒比语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卡舒比语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist 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