CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Intellectual movements in Iran - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"6270e1b5-d57d-48c0-b1d6-96a26ab409a3","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Intellectual_movements_in_Iran","wgTitle":"Intellectual movements in Iran","wgCurRevisionId":1249996141,"wgRevisionId":1249996141,"wgArticleId":4274404,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles needing additional references from July 2009","All articles needing additional references","Wikipedia introduction cleanup from September 2012","All pages needing cleanup","Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from September 2012","All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify","Articles with multiple maintenance issues","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011", "Articles with Persian-language sources (fa)","Culture of Iran","Persian philosophy","History of civil rights and liberties in Iran","Intellectualism"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Intellectual_movements_in_Iran","wgRelevantArticleId":4274404,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage", "wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q3326876","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=[ "ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Intellectual movements in Iran - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_movements_in_Iran"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_movements_in_Iran&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_movements_in_Iran"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Intellectual_movements_in_Iran rootpage-Intellectual_movements_in_Iran skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Intellectual+movements+in+Iran" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Intellectual+movements+in+Iran" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Intellectual+movements+in+Iran" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Intellectual+movements+in+Iran" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_Iranian_modernity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_Iranian_modernity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History of Iranian modernity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_Iranian_modernity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Generations_of_Iranian_intellectuals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generations_of_Iranian_intellectuals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Generations of Iranian intellectuals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Generations_of_Iranian_intellectuals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Generations of Iranian intellectuals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Generations_of_Iranian_intellectuals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_generation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_generation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>First generation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_generation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_generation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_generation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Second generation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_generation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_generation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_generation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Third generation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_generation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fourth_generation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourth_generation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Fourth generation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fourth_generation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_art_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_art_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Modern art movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_art_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_and_contemporary_architecture_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_and_contemporary_architecture_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Modern and contemporary architecture movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_and_contemporary_architecture_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Music movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Letters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Letters</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Letters-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Letters subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Poetry_after_classics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry_after_classics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Poetry after classics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry_after_classics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Drama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_scientific_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_scientific_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Modern scientific movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_scientific_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iranian_women's_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iranian_women's_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Iranian women's movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iranian_women's_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_landmarks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_landmarks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Historical landmarks</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_landmarks-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical landmarks subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_landmarks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Persian_constitutional_revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian_constitutional_revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Persian constitutional revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persian_constitutional_revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-28_Mordad_coup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#28_Mordad_coup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>28 Mordad coup</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-28_Mordad_coup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iranian_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iranian_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Iranian Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iranian_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2nd_of_Khordad_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2nd_of_Khordad_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>2nd of Khordad movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2nd_of_Khordad_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaigns_against_intellectuals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaigns_against_intellectuals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Campaigns against intellectuals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaigns_against_intellectuals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intellectual_circles_in_late_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intellectual_circles_in_late_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Intellectual circles in late 20th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Intellectual_circles_in_late_20th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Intellectual circles in late 20th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Intellectual_circles_in_late_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Revolutionary_intellectual_circles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolutionary_intellectual_circles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Revolutionary intellectual circles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolutionary_intellectual_circles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reformist_intellectual_circles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reformist_intellectual_circles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Reformist intellectual circles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reformist_intellectual_circles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Democratic_religious_circles_(In-system_reformers)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democratic_religious_circles_(In-system_reformers)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Democratic religious circles (In-system reformers)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democratic_religious_circles_(In-system_reformers)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neo-conservative_intellectual_circles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neo-conservative_intellectual_circles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Neo-conservative intellectual circles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neo-conservative_intellectual_circles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-religious_intellectual_circles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-religious_intellectual_circles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Non-religious intellectual circles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-religious_intellectual_circles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_scholars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_scholars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.6</span> <span>Traditional scholars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_scholars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_notable_figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_notable_figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.7</span> <span>Other notable figures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_notable_figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy_education_in_Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy_education_in_Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Philosophy education in Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy_education_in_Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Intellectual movements in Iran</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 2 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-2" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">2 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%81%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جریان‌های روشن‌فکری در ایران – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جریان‌های روشن‌فکری در ایران" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouvements_intellectuels_en_Iran" title="Mouvements intellectuels en Iran – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mouvements intellectuels en Iran" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3326876#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_movements_in_Iran" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Intellectual_movements_in_Iran" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_movements_in_Iran"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_movements_in_Iran&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_movements_in_Iran&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_movements_in_Iran"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_movements_in_Iran&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_movements_in_Iran&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Intellectual_movements_in_Iran" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Intellectual_movements_in_Iran" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_movements_in_Iran&oldid=1249996141" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_movements_in_Iran&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Intellectual_movements_in_Iran&id=1249996141&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIntellectual_movements_in_Iran"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIntellectual_movements_in_Iran"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Intellectual_movements_in_Iran&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_movements_in_Iran&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3326876" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Intellectual_movements_in_Iran" title="Special:EditPage/Intellectual movements in Iran">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Intellectual_movements_in_Iran" title="Talk:Intellectual movements in Iran">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Intellectual_movements_in_Iran" title="Special:EditPage/Intellectual movements in Iran">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Intellectual+movements+in+Iran%22">"Intellectual movements in Iran"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Intellectual+movements+in+Iran%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Intellectual+movements+in+Iran%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Intellectual+movements+in+Iran%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Intellectual+movements+in+Iran%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Intellectual+movements+in+Iran%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Lead_too_short plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-lead_too_short" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> <b>may be too short to adequately <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summarize</a> the key points</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please consider expanding the lead to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">provide an accessible overview</a> of all important aspects of the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2012</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Intellectual movements in Iran</b> involve the <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a> experience of <a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">modernity</a> and its associated art, science, literature, poetry, and political structures that have been changing since the 19th century. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_Iranian_modernity">History of Iranian modernity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_movements_in_Iran&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of Iranian modernity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Long before the European <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> generated the radical ideas that eventually reshaped Europe and the United States, Persian statesmen, artists, and intellectuals had formulated ideas that strikingly anticipate those of modernity. Since more than thousand years ago there has been a conflict in Persia between the search for modernity and the forces of religious obscurantism. </p><p>Some twenty-five hundred years ago, when <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> was writing his <i>Histories</i>, Persia was the West's ultimate <i>other</i>. </p><p>It has been a common belief of scholars that modernity began in the West and is by its philosophical nature, economic underpinning, and cultural exigencies a uniquely western phenomenon. All <i>other</i> cultures, those who have lived on the <i>darker side of Renaissance</i> must emulate the Western experience, if they want to be modern. From <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> to <a href="/wiki/Milan_Kundera" title="Milan Kundera">Milan Kundera</a>, many Western scholars and writers have argued that everything from representative democracy and rational thought to the art of the novel and the essay are not only western in origin but also uniquely suited to its culture, and native to its temperature climes. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> with its impressively rich and varied cultural legacy had a formative role in shaping Western consciousness. The Bible is replete with profuse praise for Persia and its kings. <a href="/wiki/The_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bible">The Bible</a>'s praise for <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> was partially in recognition of his role in freeing the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> from their <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian</a> captivity; of equal importance was the fact that the vast <a href="/wiki/Persian_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian empire">Persian empire</a> of the time was a paragon of religious and cultural tolerance. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegel">Hegel</a> whose writings are considered by many as the apex of the Western philosophical tradition, uses superlatives in praising the role of Persia and <a href="/wiki/Zarathustra" class="mw-redirect" title="Zarathustra">Zarathustra</a> in history. </p><p>Following Hegel in 19th-century Germany, <a href="/wiki/Nietzsche" class="mw-redirect" title="Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a> wrote his magnum opus, <i><a href="/wiki/Thus_Spoke_Zarathustra" title="Thus Spoke Zarathustra">Thus Spoke Zarathustra</a></i> that similarly touched upon this key figure of the Persian imagination. Nietzsche's book offers a radical critique, almost a total debunking, of the whole Western tradition of philosophy. It is no mere accident that Nietzsche chose to articulate his critical views in the name of Zarathustra. The end of the 19th century was not the only or the last time Zarathustra played a prominent role in shaping Western consciousness and philosophic discourse. In 1990s Persian influences on the millennial fever, and on other New Age themes, were so strong that <a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Harold Bloom</a>, the eminent American critic, suggested that the last decade of the twentieth century should in truth be called "a return to <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a> origins." </p><p>Western art, no less than history and theology, bear testimony to the ubiquity of the Persian presence in antiquity. Of all the extant works of Greek tragedy, for example, the only one that is about a non-Greek subject is <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>' play <i><a href="/wiki/The_Persians" title="The Persians">The Persians</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Generations_of_Iranian_intellectuals">Generations of Iranian intellectuals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_movements_in_Iran&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Generations of Iranian intellectuals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AmirKabir_Sani_ol_molk_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/AmirKabir_Sani_ol_molk_2.jpg/220px-AmirKabir_Sani_ol_molk_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="416" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/AmirKabir_Sani_ol_molk_2.jpg/330px-AmirKabir_Sani_ol_molk_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/AmirKabir_Sani_ol_molk_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="651" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Iranian prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Amir_Kabir" title="Amir Kabir">Amir Kabir</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sani_ol_molk" class="mw-redirect" title="Sani ol molk">Sani ol molk</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_generation">First generation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_movements_in_Iran&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First generation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Enlightenment" title="Iranian Enlightenment">Iranian Enlightenment</a></div> <p>The nineteenth century Persian reformers who are considered as the <i>first generation of Iranian intellectuals</i> were perfectly conscious of the fact that it was not enough to rely upon the antiquity of Persian civilization to think about its continued ability to survive. They tried to establish a relationship with men of power that would have permitted them to dictate their blueprints for reforms. These blueprints naturally remained without immediate impact among the men of power to whom they were addressed. These intellectual reforms encountered a widespread opposition from the court and the Ulama. Abd al-Rahim Talebof, Fath-'Ali Akhoundzadeh, and Sani o Doleh belong to this generation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_generation">Second generation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_movements_in_Iran&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Second generation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The second generation intended to introduce modern civilization to Persia, not only by imitating the West, but through a coherent and systematic approach to European culture. <a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Taqi_Bahar" title="Mohammad-Taqi Bahar">Mohammad-Taqi Bahar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Dashti" title="Ali Dashti">Ali Dashti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Davar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Akbar Davar">Ali Akbar Davar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Ali_Foroughi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad-Ali Foroughi">Mohammad-Ali Foroughi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadeq_Hedayat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadeq Hedayat">Sadeq Hedayat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bozorg_Alavi" title="Bozorg Alavi">Bozorg Alavi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Kasravi" title="Ahmad Kasravi">Ahmad Kasravi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saeed_Nafisi" title="Saeed Nafisi">Saeed Nafisi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Taqizadeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasan Taqizadeh">Hasan Taqizadeh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdolhossein_Teymourtash" title="Abdolhossein Teymourtash">Abdolhossein Teymourtash</a> and <a href="/wiki/%60Abdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="`Abdu'l-Bahá">`Abdu'l-Bahá</a> belong to this generation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_generation">Third generation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_movements_in_Iran&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Third generation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The third generation of Iranian intellectuals signify the absorption of Russian Marxism into Iranian political and social thought. With the popularity of <a href="/wiki/Marxist_ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist ideology">Marxist ideology</a> among the third generation of Iranian intellectuals, the new culture for translation and knowledge of modernity was drawn inevitably toward moral and political absolutes. Intellectuals claimed to be "givers of lessons" and acted as "moral legislators" who were critics of both the state and the society. <a href="/wiki/Jalal_Al-e-Ahmad" title="Jalal Al-e-Ahmad">Jalal Al-e-Ahmad</a> and well known intellectual and social theorist <a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Ali Shariati</a> belong to this generation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fourth_generation">Fourth generation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_movements_in_Iran&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fourth generation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fourth generation of Iranian intellectuals are mainly characterized by the journals such as <i>Goftegu</i> and <i>Kiyan</i>. In contrast with the ideological generation of Iranian intellectuals who in their encounter with the western modernity favoured a monistic attitude exemplified by Marxist and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heideggerian philosophies</a>, the Fourth Generation of Iranian intellectuals decided on a move away and a critical distanciation from master ideologies. The methodological position of the new generation of Iranian intellectuals is characterized by two main philosophical attitudes: the extension of an <a href="/wiki/Anti-utopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-utopia">anti-utopian</a> thinking on an intersubjective basis on the one hand, and the urge for a non-imitative dialogical exchange with the modern values of the West on the other. <a href="/wiki/Abdolkarim_Soroush" title="Abdolkarim Soroush">Abdolkarim Soroush</a> among many others belong to the fourth generation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_art_movement">Modern art movement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_movements_in_Iran&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern art movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sahabi1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Sahabi1.jpg/220px-Sahabi1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Sahabi1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>Sahabi family (<a href="/wiki/Ezzatollah_Sahabi" title="Ezzatollah Sahabi">Ezzatollah Sahabi</a>, Yadollah and Haleh Sahabi) are symbols of intellectuals who brought politics and ethics together.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Modern_and_contemporary_art_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern and contemporary art in Iran">Modern and contemporary art in Iran</a></div> <p>Iranian experience and development of modernity led to a unique style of cinema, painting and music. Iranian <i>New wave</i>, a movement in <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iran" title="Cinema of Iran">Iranian cinema</a>, has found worldwide reputation due to its deeply Philosophical, poetic and artistic style. <a href="/wiki/Abbas_Kiarostami" title="Abbas Kiarostami">Abbas Kiarostami</a> is the most notable figure in the <i>New wave</i> of Iranian cinema. In the artistic and aesthetic realm, features of New wave of Persian cinema, for example the works of Abbas Kiarostami, can be classified as <a href="/wiki/Postmodern" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmodern">postmodern</a>. </p><p>In his book <i>Close Up: Iranian Cinema, Past, Present, Future</i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2001) <a href="/wiki/Hamid_Dabashi" title="Hamid Dabashi">Hamid Dabashi</a> describes modern Iranian cinema and the phenomenon of [<i>Iranian</i>] national cinema as a form of cultural modernity. According to Dabashi, "the visual possibility of seeing the historical person (as opposed to the eternal Qur'anic man) on screen is arguably the single most important event allowing Iranians access to modernity." </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Saeedi" title="Mehdi Saeedi">Mehdi Saeedi</a>, is an internationally renowned artist and designer. His aesthetics have become a mainstay of design in many regions, especially in those using the Arabic script as their alphabet. And on November (2009) he won Grand Price for the Five Star Designers at International Invitational Poster Triennial in Osaka, Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 13 December 2006, graphic designer, <a href="/wiki/Reza_Abedini" title="Reza Abedini">Reza Abedini</a>, received the Principal Award in the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Claus_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Claus Awards">Prince Claus Awards</a> for his way of applying the knowledge and accomplishments of Iran's artistic heritage, renewing them, and making them exciting again. Reza Abedini's Persian Sym style unites the rich calligraphic tradition of Persian culture with "modernity".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is believed that <a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Golestan" title="Ebrahim Golestan">Ebrahim Golestan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fereydoun_Rahnema" title="Fereydoun Rahnema">Fereydoun Rahnema</a> and <a href="/wiki/Farrokh_Ghaffari" title="Farrokh Ghaffari">Farrokh Ghaffari</a> founded Iran's "different" cinematic style and Iranian intellectual movement in the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Marcos_Grigorian" title="Marcos Grigorian">Marcos Grigorian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hossein_Zenderoudi" title="Hossein Zenderoudi">Hossein Zenderoudi</a> were pioneers of Iranian modern <a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">painting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_and_contemporary_architecture_movement">Modern and contemporary architecture movement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_movements_in_Iran&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Modern and contemporary architecture movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the new era in Iranian architecture began with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid dynasty</a>, (1501 - 1736), in fact, it is in the early decades of the twentieth century that the first generation of modern Iranian architects, almost like every generation of modern architects in the world, appears as being influenced by the Modern Movement and rationalism in architecture. Architects such as <a href="/wiki/Vartan_Hovanessian" title="Vartan Hovanessian">Vartan Hovanessian</a>, Ali Sadegh, Mohsen Foroughi, Paul Akbar, <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Guevrekian" title="Gabriel Guevrekian">Gabriel Guevrekian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heydar_Ghiai" title="Heydar Ghiai">Heydar Ghiai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdol-Aziz_Mirza_Farmanfarmaian" title="Abdol-Aziz Mirza Farmanfarmaian">Abdolaziz Farmanfarmaian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hooshang_Seyhoun" title="Hooshang Seyhoun">Hooshang Seyhoun</a> are examples of this movement. </p><p>Later, in the mid-1960s, Ali Sardar Afkhami, <a href="/wiki/Kamran_Diba" title="Kamran Diba">Kamran Diba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nader_Ardalan" title="Nader Ardalan">Nader Ardalan</a> are among those Iranian architects who have opened their design approach to the history and traditions to represent a trend of Iranian <a href="/wiki/Post-Modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Modernism">Post-Modernism</a>. </p><p>Attention for the new trends in international architecture, is being carried out by Iranian architects, even after the Islamic Revolution. Like most architectural milieu of the world, in the 1980s the experiments on the transition from post-modernism to new developments, has influenced many Iranians architects, in architects such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reza_Daneshmir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reza Daneshmir (page does not exist)">Reza Daneshmir</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1" class="extiw" title="fa:رضا دانشمیر">fa</a>]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Farhad_Ahmadi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Farhad Ahmadi (page does not exist)">Farhad Ahmadi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C" class="extiw" title="fa:فرهاد احمدی">fa</a>]</span>, and <a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Darab Diba</a>. </p><p>In this context, It is of interest the attempt by some architects like <a href="/wiki/Abbas_Gharib" title="Abbas Gharib">Abbas Gharib</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bahram_Shirdel" title="Bahram Shirdel">Bahram Shirdel</a> to go in deep within the most advanced theory and trends in contemporary and <a href="/wiki/Post-contemporary" title="Post-contemporary">Post-contemporary</a> architecture, such as the theory of <a href="/wiki/Complex_system" title="Complex system">Complex systems</a> in architecture in the case of <a href="/wiki/Abbas_Gharib" title="Abbas Gharib">Gharib</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Folding_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folding theory (page does not exist)">folding theory</a> in the case of <a href="/wiki/Bahram_Shirdel" title="Bahram Shirdel">Shirdel</a>. These experiments are valid methods and contribution to liberate architecture and design, from abstraction, flatness, stiffness, forced rectangular and <a href="/wiki/Heterotopia_(space)" title="Heterotopia (space)">Heterotopia</a> of the modernist spaces for a more fluid, flexible, soft and dynamic architecture, open to the complexities of its environment and context </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music_movement">Music movement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_movements_in_Iran&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Music movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Simultaneous with the constitutional revolution in Iran, young musicians sought new forms of music to synchronize with the tide of social changes. In 1937, Tehran's Symphonic Orchestra started working and performing western as well as Iranian music. </p><p>The 1979 revolution launched a renaissance in <a href="/wiki/Persian_traditional_music" title="Persian traditional music">Persian classical music</a>. The emergence of three ensembles, the <a href="/wiki/Aref_Ensemble" title="Aref Ensemble">Aref Ensemble</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheyda_Ensemble&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sheyda Ensemble (page does not exist)">Sheyda Ensemble</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Masters_of_Persian_Music" title="Masters of Persian Music">Masters of Persian Music</a> revolutionized <a href="/wiki/Iranian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian music">Iranian music</a> during the late 20th century and at the turn of the millennium. </p><p>New figures emerged in <a href="/wiki/Persian_Symphonic_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Symphonic Music">Persian Symphonic Music</a>, and several symphony orchestras started their work despite a lack of support from national governments or international bodies. The new wave can be characterized by growing interest in using both Iranian and European instruments and musical genres. Perhaps the best examples are the <a href="/wiki/Melal_Orchestra" title="Melal Orchestra">Melal Orchestra</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Symphony_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="National Iranian Symphony Orchestra">National Iranian Symphony Orchestra</a>. </p><p>Folk music also enjoyed the emergence of figures such as <a href="/wiki/Sima_Bina" title="Sima Bina">Sima Bina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bijan_Kamkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bijan Kamkar">Kamkar</a>. These musicians introduced Iranian folk music (<a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_music" title="Kurdish music">Kurdish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bandari_music" title="Bandari music">Bandari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mazandaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazandaran">Mazandarani</a> music, among others) to the international community by organizing numerous concerts worldwide. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Letters">Letters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_movements_in_Iran&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Letters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sadeq-Hedayat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Sadeq-Hedayat.jpg/220px-Sadeq-Hedayat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Sadeq-Hedayat.jpg/330px-Sadeq-Hedayat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Sadeq-Hedayat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sadeq_Hedayat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadeq Hedayat">Sadeq Hedayat</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bahram_Bayzai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bahram_Bayzai.jpg/220px-Bahram_Bayzai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Bahram_Bayzai.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="313" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bahram_Bayzai" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahram Bayzai">Bahram Bayzai</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian literature</a></div> <p>Literary criticism and comparative literature in Iran entered a new phase in the 19th century. <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian literature</a> enjoyed the emergence of influential figures as <a href="/wiki/Sadeq_Hedayat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadeq Hedayat">Sadeq Hedayat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Kasravi" title="Ahmad Kasravi">Ahmad Kasravi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdolhossein_Zarrinkoub" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdolhossein Zarrinkoub">Abdolhossein Zarrinkoub</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shahrokh_Meskoob" title="Shahrokh Meskoob">Shahrokh Meskoob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Golestan" title="Ebrahim Golestan">Ebrahim Golestan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sadegh_Choubak" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadegh Choubak">Sadegh Choubak</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry_after_classics">Poetry after classics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_movements_in_Iran&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Poetry after classics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Persian_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian poetry">Persian poetry</a></div> <p>Modern Persian poetry came into existence after Nima Yushij. Some notable figures include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nima_Yushij" class="mw-redirect" title="Nima Yushij">Nima Yushij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijan_Jalali" title="Bijan Jalali">Bijan Jalali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fereydoon_Moshiri" title="Fereydoon Moshiri">Fereydoon Moshiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forough_Farrokhzad" class="mw-redirect" title="Forough Farrokhzad">Forough Farrokhzad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manouchehr_Atashi" title="Manouchehr Atashi">Manouchehr Atashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Akhavan-Sales" title="Mehdi Akhavan-Sales">Mehdi Akhavan-Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hushang_Ebtehaj" title="Hushang Ebtehaj">Hushang Ebtehaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shamlou" title="Ahmad Shamlou">Ahmad Shamlou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Sepanloo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Ali Sepanloo">Mohammad Ali Sepanloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Shafiei-Kadkani" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Reza Shafiei-Kadkani">Mohammad Reza Shafiei-Kadkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Zohari" title="Mohammad Zohari">Mohammad Zohari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simin_Behbahani" title="Simin Behbahani">Simin Behbahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Sepehri" title="Sohrab Sepehri">Sohrab Sepehri</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drama">Drama</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_movements_in_Iran&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Drama"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Persian_theatre" title="Persian theatre">Persian theatre</a></div> <p>After the translation of <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Fatali_Akhundov" title="Mirza Fatali Akhundov">Mirza Fatali Akhundov</a>'s plays into Persian in the 19th century, Persian drama came into a new period. 20th century saw the appearance of great playwrights such as <a href="/wiki/Bahram_Beyzai" title="Bahram Beyzai">Bahram Beyzai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akbar_Radi" title="Akbar Radi">Akbar Radi</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_scientific_movement">Modern scientific movement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_movements_in_Iran&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Modern scientific movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohammad-Nabi_Sarbolouki.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Mohammad-Nabi_Sarbolouki.JPG/220px-Mohammad-Nabi_Sarbolouki.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Mohammad-Nabi_Sarbolouki.JPG/330px-Mohammad-Nabi_Sarbolouki.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Mohammad-Nabi_Sarbolouki.JPG/440px-Mohammad-Nabi_Sarbolouki.JPG 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="672" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Nabi_Sarbolouki" title="Mohammad-Nabi Sarbolouki">Mohammad-Nabi Sarbolouki</a>, an influential figure in science policy making, prominent scientist and one of the pioneers of biotechnology and biomaterial research in Iran<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Science_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Science in Iran">Science in Iran</a></div> <p>The history of modern science in Iran dates back to the year 1851 and the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Dar_ul-Funun_(Persia)" title="Dar ul-Funun (Persia)">Darolfonoon</a> – which was founded as a result of the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Amir_Kabir" title="Amir Kabir">Mirza Taghi Khan Amir Kabir</a>, aiming at training and teaching Iranian experts on many fields of sciences, and it was the future minded <a href="/wiki/Abbas_Mirza" title="Abbas Mirza">Abbas Mirza</a> who first dispatched students to Europe to obtain a western education.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the establishment of Tehran University, science in Iran entered a new phase. <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Hessaby" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmoud Hessaby">Mahmoud Hessaby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ali-Asghar_Hekmat" title="Ali-Asghar Hekmat">Ali-Asghar Hekmat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moslem_Bahadori" title="Moslem Bahadori">Moslem Bahadori</a> and many others played roles in initiating and forming these movements. The outcome of the movement has been the emergence of researchers who have been trained and received doctorate degrees in the country and have found international reputations. Modernization of Iranian medicine did not occur through the straightforward replacement of traditional Persian medicine by modern European medicine. Rather, the integration of modern medicine went through a long process that included both the reinterpretation of traditional theories by traditional physicians and the assimilation of modern theories through the prism of traditional medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the main Iranian scientific movements in the late 20th century was in the field of <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a> and pharmaceutical chemistry. The main leaders of this movement were <a href="/wiki/Abbas_Shafiee" title="Abbas Shafiee">Abbas Shafiee</a>, Bijan Farzami, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Nabi_Sarbolouki" title="Mohammad-Nabi Sarbolouki">Mohammad-Nabi Sarbolouki</a>, Issa Yavari and <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Reza_Dehpour" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad Reza Dehpour">Ahmad Reza Dehpour</a>. The movement resulted in hundreds of research papers in peer-reviewed international journals. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <dl><dt>Other notable figures who promoted world-class research in Iran during the 20th century are</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Mansouri" title="Reza Mansouri">Reza Mansouri</a> and Yousof Sobouti (Physics)</li> <li>Abolhassan Farhoudi (Immunology)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Zarrindast" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Reza Zarrindast">Mohammad Reza Zarrindast</a> (Pharmacology)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fereydoun_Davatchi" title="Fereydoun Davatchi">Fereydoun Davatchi</a> (Rheumatology)</li> <li>Taher Movassaghian (Chemistry)</li> <li>Ardeshir Ghavamzadeh (Hematology)</li> <li>Ali Radmehr (Radiology)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hossein_Najmabadi" title="Hossein Najmabadi">Hossein Najmabadi</a> (Medical genetics)</li> <li>Hormoz Shams (Ophthalmology)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moslem_Bahadori" title="Moslem Bahadori">Moslem Bahadori</a> (Pathology)</li> <li>Hormoz Dabirashrafi (Obstetrics and Gynecology)</li> <li>Hossein Esteky (Neuroscience)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>G.R. Baradaran Khosroshahi (Mathematics)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caro_Lucas" title="Caro Lucas">Caro Lucas</a> (Electrical Engg., AI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawad_Salehi" title="Jawad Salehi">Jawad Salehi</a> (Electrical Engg.)</li> <li>Ali Kaveh (Civil Engg.)</li></ul> <p>Iran's university population has swelled from 100,000 in 1979 to 2 million in 2006. Indeed, in Iran some 70% of science and engineering students are women.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iran is now a world leader in some areas like <a href="/wiki/String_theory" title="String theory">string theory</a>. When a reporter for <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i> asked <a href="/wiki/Reza_Mansouri" title="Reza Mansouri">Reza Mansouri</a>: "Why do I see so many string theory papers coming out of Iran?" He explained how Iranian scientists worked together under revolution, sanctions and war to bring Iran to such a position: "I remember exactly the beginning of the revolution, some old colleagues just sat together and spoke about what we could do for Iran. Is it understood that we have to look for excellence, in some areas that we may be strong and that we may get strong at that so that will be the field of physics. So we began with that. It happens that the most active field physicists in our country were working on the string theory at that time. So they tried to be of a school, so to speak, and we did know that that was the only way which was somehow independent of all these political fluctuations regarding war, regarding cultural revolution, all that, and we really tried hard to build up schools. So we have it now, string schools, so to say somehow."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> awarded <a href="/wiki/Hossein_Malek-Afzali" title="Hossein Malek-Afzali">Hossein Malek-Afzali</a> with the prestigious UN Population Award. Malek Afzali has helped design strategies to improve health procedures, particularly adolescent health, reproductive health and family planning. In the field of reproductive health, he has engaged policymakers and religious leaders in the planning and implementation of reproductive health programmes in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iranian_women's_movement"><span id="Iranian_women.27s_movement"></span>Iranian women's movement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_movements_in_Iran&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Iranian women's movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iranian_women%27s_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian women's movement">Iranian women's movement</a></div> <p>Currently women's rights groups are among the most active social rights groups in Iran and are mostly involved in an effort to gain equal rights for women in the Iranian legal system by opposing specific discriminatory laws. However, under the Presidential regime of <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad</a>, elected president in 2005, women's rights advocates have been beaten, jailed and persecuted.<sup id="cite_ref-HRW2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRW2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sun_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sun-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LAT_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAT-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The presence of <a href="/wiki/Iranian_woman" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian woman">women</a> in Iranian intellectual movements (science, modern literature, cinema, human-rights activism, etc.) has been remarkable throughout the history of modern Iran. According to the research ministry of Iran, women accounted for 56% of all university students in the natural sciences, including one in five Ph.D. students. Such education and social trends are increasingly viewed with alarm by the Iranian government.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCed_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCed-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VOE_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VOE-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In cinema and the visual arts, <a href="/wiki/Shirin_Neshat" title="Shirin Neshat">Shirin Neshat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tahmineh_Milani" title="Tahmineh Milani">Tahmineh Milani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rakhshan_Bani_Etemad" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakhshan Bani Etemad">Rakhshan Bani Etemad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samira_Makhmalbaf" title="Samira Makhmalbaf">Samira Makhmalbaf</a> created new cinematic styles which have attracted many from all over the world and in international festivals. Persian poet and literary figure <a href="/wiki/Simin_Behbahani" title="Simin Behbahani">Simin Behbahani</a> was nominated for 1997 Nobel Prize for literature. The 2003 Nobel Peace Prize went to <a href="/wiki/Shirin_Ebadi" title="Shirin Ebadi">Shirin Ebadi</a> for her efforts for democracy and human rights, especially for the rights of women and children. <a href="/wiki/Simin_Daneshvar" title="Simin Daneshvar">Simin Daneshvar</a>'s <i>Savushun</i> is a novel about the Iranian experience of modernity during the 20th century. </p><p>Iranian writer and satirist, <a href="/wiki/Bibi_Khatoon_Astarabadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibi Khatoon Astarabadi">Bibi Khatoon Astarabadi</a> was perhaps the first professional female satirist, critic and one of the notable figures involved in Persian constitutional revolution. In the early 20th century, Persian music enjoyed the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Qamar_ol-Molouk_Vaziri" class="mw-redirect" title="Qamar ol-Molouk Vaziri">Qamar ol-Molouk Vaziri</a>, the "Lady of Iranian music". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_landmarks">Historical landmarks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_movements_in_Iran&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Historical landmarks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persian_constitutional_revolution">Persian constitutional revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_movements_in_Iran&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Persian constitutional revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iran had undergone a phenomenal constitutional revolution at the turn of the twentieth century. The <a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">constitutional movement</a> was concerned with modernity and human rights. It led to the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">parliament</a> in Iran. Mirza Jahangir-Khan Shirazi and <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Mohammad_Farrokhi_Yazdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirza Mohammad Farrokhi Yazdi">Farrokhi Yazdi</a> were among the most notable writers and critics of this era who sacrificed their lives for establishment of democracy and freedom in Iran. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="28_Mordad_coup">28 Mordad coup</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_movements_in_Iran&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 28 Mordad coup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a>, known in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> as the <i>28 Mordad coup</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iran" title="Prime Minister of Iran">Prime Minister of Iran</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh">Mohammad Mosaddegh</a> was overthrown on 19 August 1953. The <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> was orchestrated by the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (under the name '<b>Operation Boot'</b>) and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (under the name <b><i>TPAJAX</i> Project</b>).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CN-IC-01_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CN-IC-01-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FP_2013_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FP_2013-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mossadegh had sought to reduce the semi-absolute role of the Shah granted by the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitution_of_1906" title="Persian Constitution of 1906">Constitution of 1906</a>, thus making Iran a full <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>, and to nationalize the Iranian oil industry, consisting of vast oil reserves and the <a href="/wiki/Abadan_Refinery" title="Abadan Refinery">Abadan Refinery</a>, both owned by the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iranian_Oil_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Iranian Oil Company">Anglo-Iranian Oil Company</a>, a British corporation (now <a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Kressin_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kressin-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Milani_Persians_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milani_Persians-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Milani_Shah_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milani_Shah-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A military government under General <a href="/wiki/Fazlollah_Zahedi" title="Fazlollah Zahedi">Fazlollah Zahedi</a> was formed which allowed <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad-Rezā Shāh Pahlavi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a> of Iran (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> for an Iranian king),<sup id="cite_ref-Milani_Shah_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milani_Shah-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to effectively rule the country as an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute monarch">absolute monarch</a> according to the constitution. He relied heavily on United States support to hold on to power until <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">his own overthrow in February 1979</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kressin_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kressin-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Milani_Persians_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milani_Persians-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Milani_Shah_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milani_Shah-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2013 the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) admitted that it was involved in both the planning and the execution of the coup, including the bribing of Iranian politicians, security and army high-ranking officials, as well as pro-coup propaganda.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_19.8.2013_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian_19.8.2013-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CIA is quoted acknowledging the coup was carried out "under CIA direction" and "as an act of U.S. foreign policy, conceived and approved at the highest levels of government."<sup id="cite_ref-CIA19532013admission_cnn_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA19532013admission_cnn-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iranian_Revolution">Iranian Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_movements_in_Iran&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Iranian Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some researchers believe that the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> was not a simple clash between modernity and tradition but an attempt to accommodate modernity within a sense of authentic Islamic identity, culture and historical experience.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perceived by many as a revolt against the secular modernity of the West, Iranian revolution was welcomed by some Western thinkers as a triumph of spiritual values over the profane world of capitalist materialism. For others the Iranian revolution was a protest against the very political rationality of the modern era.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2nd_of_Khordad_movement">2nd of Khordad movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_movements_in_Iran&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 2nd of Khordad movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2nd_of_Khordad_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd of Khordad Movement">2nd of Khordad Movement</a></div> <p>The election of the former President <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Khatami" title="Mohammad Khatami">Mohammad Khatami</a> in May 1997 was through the emergence of a new political force, the youth. Inspired by simultaneously individualist and democratic ideals that are incompatible in every respect with the authoritarian values and symbols traditionally associated in the Iranian intellectual arena with Marxist and Heideggerian World views. It is in this new social atmosphere that the emergence of a global community or a cyberpolis was able to reveal to the Iranian youth the true nature of instrumental rationality as modern universal standards. <a href="/wiki/Saeed_Hajjarian" title="Saeed Hajjarian">Saeed Hajjarian</a> was widely believed to be the main strategist behind the 1997 reform movement of Iran. He allegedly showed the supremacy of politics as such over any religious norm when he said that the survival of the Islamic Republic was paramount and that no religious ritual should stand in its way. This kind of decision, he states, means that politics are more important than religion and that this acknowledges the <a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">secularization</a> of religion. In this context, he argues, it is possible to reassess <a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurists" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists">velayat faqih</a> and to reject its supremacy within the political field in Iran. While calling to build a new reform movement, Hajjarian believes that the reform movement started in 1997, died during Khatami's second term. He believes that the reform project started by Persian constitutional revolution, has not been completed yet.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The scope of 2nd of Khordad movement was much broader than President Khatami's reform plan. The latter has been criticised for wanting slow progress and not producing a real democratic alternative for the current Islamic republic. When asked about this during Khatami's visit to United Kingdom, he said "You know for centuries we have been under dictatorship so we cannot get to a democracy all of a sudden, we have to go step by step"<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaigns_against_intellectuals">Campaigns against intellectuals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_movements_in_Iran&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Campaigns against intellectuals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the Iranian Revolution, the <a href="/wiki/Iran%27s_Cultural_Revolution_of_1980-1987" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran's Cultural Revolution of 1980-1987">Cultural Revolution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chain_murders_of_Iran" title="Chain murders of Iran">Chain murders of Iran</a> were two major campaigns that involved the imprisonment, torture, emigration, and massacre of Iranian scholars. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Intellectual_circles_in_late_20th_century">Intellectual circles in late 20th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_movements_in_Iran&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Intellectual circles in late 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Intellectual circles in postrevolutionary Iran can be classified into the following categories: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolutionary_intellectual_circles">Revolutionary intellectual circles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_movements_in_Iran&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Revolutionary intellectual circles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main figures in this category are <a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Ali Shariati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalal_Al_Ahmad" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalal Al Ahmad">Jalal Al Ahmad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morteza_Motahhari" title="Morteza Motahhari">Morteza Motahhari</a>. <a href="/wiki/Morteza_Motahhari" title="Morteza Motahhari">Morteza Motahhari</a> was the main theorist and thinker behind Iranian revolution. He is considered to be one of the most influential philosophical leaders of pre-revolutionary Iran and the impact and popularity of his thought continues to be felt throughout Iranian society many years later.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reformist_intellectual_circles">Reformist intellectual circles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_movements_in_Iran&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Reformist intellectual circles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mehdi_Bazargan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Mehdi_Bazargan.png/220px-Mehdi_Bazargan.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Mehdi_Bazargan.png 1.5x" data-file-width="307" data-file-height="494" /></a><figcaption>Iranian scholar <a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Bazargan" title="Mehdi Bazargan">Mehdi Bazargan</a> was an advocate of democracy and civil rights. He also opposed the cultural revolution and US embassy takeover.</figcaption></figure> <p>Main figures in this category are <a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Bazargan" title="Mehdi Bazargan">Mehdi Bazargan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdolkarim_Soroush" title="Abdolkarim Soroush">Abdolkarim Soroush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mojtahed_Shabestari" title="Mohammad Mojtahed Shabestari">Mohammad Mojtahed Shabestari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mostafa_Malekian" title="Mostafa Malekian">Mostafa Malekian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohsen_Kadivar" title="Mohsen Kadivar">Mohsen Kadivar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alireza_Alavitabar" title="Alireza Alavitabar">Alireza Alavitabar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hossein_Bashiriyeh" title="Hossein Bashiriyeh">Hossein Bashiriyeh</a>. </p><p>The unifying traits of these intellectuals include their recognition of reform in the Islamic thought, democracy, civil society and religious pluralism and their opposition to the absolute supremacy of the <a href="/wiki/Faqih" class="mw-redirect" title="Faqih">Faqih</a>. The rise of religious intellectuals can be followed through the writings of Abdolkarim Soroosh. Soroosh's main idea is that there are perennial unchanging religious truths, but our understanding of them remains contingent on our knowledge in the fields of science and philosophy. Unlike Ali Shariati, who turned to Marxism to bring a historicist perspective to the Shiite thought, Soroosh debates the relation between democracy and religion and discusses the possibility of what he calls <i>religious democracy</i>. </p><p>Influenced by Persian mysticism, Soroush advocated a type of reformist Islam that went beyond most liberal Muslim thinkers of the 20th century and argued that the search for reconciliation of Islam and democracy was not a matter of simply finding appropriate phrases in the Qur'an that were in agreement with modern science, democracy, or human rights. Drawing on the works of <a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Molana Jalaleddin Balkhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>, <a href="/wiki/G.W.F._Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="G.W.F. Hegel">G.W.F. Hegel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Erich Fromm</a>, Soroush called for a reexamination of all tenets of Islam, insisting on the need to maintain the religion's original spirit of social justice and its emphasis on caring for other people.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other influential figures in these circles are <a href="/wiki/Saeed_Hajjarian" title="Saeed Hajjarian">Saeed Hajjarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Sadri" title="Ahmad Sadri">Ahmad Sadri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Sadri" title="Mahmoud Sadri">Mahmoud Sadri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ezzatollah_Sahabi" title="Ezzatollah Sahabi">Ezzatollah Sahabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Ghabel" title="Ahmad Ghabel">Ahmad Ghabel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Yousefi_Eshkevari" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan Yousefi Eshkevari">Hassan Yousefi Eshkevari</a>. <a href="/wiki/Akbar_Ganji" title="Akbar Ganji">Akbar Ganji</a> had also been associated with this circle before he published his <i>Manifest of Republicanism</i>. Moreover, Akbar Ganji took a tour around the world in order to invite non Iranian intellectuals to join Iran's intellectual movement. Many Persian scholars believe that such interactions with world scholars would promote Iranian intellectualism and democratic reform. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rorty" title="Richard Rorty">Richard Rorty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Anthony Giddens</a>, David Hild, <a href="/wiki/Shmuel_Noah_Eisenstadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Shmuel Noah Eisenstadt">Shmuel Noah Eisenstadt</a> among a few others accepted the honorary membership of Iranian intellectual society. </p><p>Perhaps the most important achievement of this circle was training a new generation of Iranian intellectuals who are far ahead of their mentors and do not belong to any of well-established intellectual circles in Iran. <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Zeidabadi" title="Ahmad Zeidabadi">Ahmad Zeidabadi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Jami" title="Mehdi Jami">Mehdi Jami</a> belong to this new generation of Persian scholars. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democratic_religious_circles_(In-system_reformers)"><span id="Democratic_religious_circles_.28In-system_reformers.29"></span>Democratic religious circles (In-system reformers)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_movements_in_Iran&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Democratic religious circles (In-system reformers)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These groups are characterized by the followings: </p> <ul><li>Support for Islamic republic as the best <a href="/wiki/Form_of_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Form of government">form of government</a></li> <li>Calling for Religious tolerance</li> <li>Calling for democratic values</li> <li>Rejecting <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a></li> <li>Rejecting <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a></li> <li>Calling for the rule of law and <a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">civil society</a></li> <li>They believe that <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a> has priority over <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>.</li></ul> <p>The main thinker and theorist of this circle is <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Khatami" title="Mohammad Khatami">Mohammad Khatami</a>, former president of Iran. Other notable figures include <a href="/wiki/Yousef_Sanei" class="mw-redirect" title="Yousef Sanei">Yousef Sanei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdollah_Noori" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdollah Noori">Abdollah Noori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mir_Hossein_Mousavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mir Hossein Mousavi">Mir Hossein Mousavi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mostafa_Moin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mostafa Moin">Mostafa Moin</a>. They are mainly under the influence of ideas of Ayatollah Mirza Hossein Na'eeni and Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neo-conservative_intellectual_circles">Neo-conservative intellectual circles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_movements_in_Iran&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Neo-conservative intellectual circles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike the reformist intellectuals, the neo- conservative intellectuals in Iran are in favor of the supremacy of the Leader and against concepts such as democracy, civil society and pluralism. This movement includes figures such as <a href="/wiki/Reza_Davari_Ardakani" title="Reza Davari Ardakani">Reza Davari Ardakani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Javad_Larijani" class="mw-redirect" title="Javad Larijani">Javad Larijani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Golshani" title="Mehdi Golshani">Mehdi Golshani</a>. The famous personality among these is Reza Davari Ardakani, who as an anti- Western philosopher is very familiar with the works of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a>. Davari, unlike Soroosh, takes some of the features of Heidegger's thought, mainly the critic of modernity and puts it into an Islamic wording. He rejects the Western model of democracy, which is based on the separation of politics and religion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-religious_intellectual_circles">Non-religious intellectual circles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_movements_in_Iran&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Non-religious intellectual circles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Main figures in this category are <a href="/wiki/Javad_Tabatabaei" class="mw-redirect" title="Javad Tabatabaei">Javad Tabatabaei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dariush_Shayegan" title="Dariush Shayegan">Dariush Shayegan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amir_Hossein_Aryanpour" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir Hossein Aryanpour">Amir Hossein Aryanpour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramin_Jahanbegloo" title="Ramin Jahanbegloo">Ramin Jahanbegloo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Naraghi" title="Ehsan Naraghi">Ehsan Naraghi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khosro_Naghed" title="Khosro Naghed">Khosro Naghed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbas_Milani" title="Abbas Milani">Abbas Milani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aramesh_Doustdar" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramesh Doustdar">Aramesh Doustdar</a>. </p><p>Javad Tabtabaei deplores the deep roots of religion in the Iranian culture. For Tabatabai, the decline of the Iranian political thought goes back to the 9th and 10th centuries and, since then, it has been impossible for them to adequately understand the modernity. The social sciences, according to him, have been introduced in Iran without the secularization of thought and its rationalization and therefore, they reproduce in an unconscious way the ancient prejudices and the inability to think adequately. Dariush Shayegan criticizes a view of religion that does not take into account the major trends of the modern world where cultural homogeneity and religious absolutism are questioned. The quest for a holistic identity based on a monolithic view of Islam is alien to the evolution of modern world and means the isolation and regression of the (Iranian) society. </p><p>Dariush Shayegan, who writes mainly in French (but has been extensively translated into Persian), shares some of the views of these particular intellectuals, but his major contribution is to invite Iranians to accept the ‘‘fragmented identity’’ of the modern world and to renounce a unitary view of the Self which leads to a fascination with utopian and mythological ideologies. He insists that, since Iran has undergone the change directly from tradition to postmodernity without the mediation of modernity, it is experiencing a strong malaise. His solution is to open up Iran to the new multicultural world in which one has to accept the diversity of the perspectives and, therefore, to be tolerant towards others who do not think and behave in the same way as the Self. This invitation to become open-minded and to give up the idea of a homogeneous culture exerts an undeniable influence on many young people in Iran. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_scholars">Traditional scholars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_movements_in_Iran&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Traditional scholars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most notable circle was associated with <a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Hossein Nasr</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Iranian_Academy_of_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Iranian Academy of Philosophy">Imperial Iranian Academy of Philosophy</a>. For Nasr, the traditional world was pervaded by a tremendous sense of the Sacred and the Absolute, whereas the inception of modernity involved precisely the severing off of that awareness, resulting in what Max Weber would later dub the <i>disenchantment of the world.</i> Nasr has been an unrelenting opponent of Islamic fundamentalism in all its forms throughout his career because he sees it as a somewhat vigilante reactionary movement operating within the paradigm of the modern nation state, but even more so, because it lacks a well thought out metaphysical basis rooted in a traditional Muslim understanding of the world which respects both nature and human dignity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_notable_figures">Other notable figures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_movements_in_Iran&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Other notable figures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MoslemBahadori.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/MoslemBahadori.jpg/220px-MoslemBahadori.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/MoslemBahadori.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Prof <a href="/wiki/Moslem_Bahadori" title="Moslem Bahadori">Moslem Bahadori</a>, one of the pioneering figures in modern Iranian medicine</figcaption></figure> <p>There are several intellectual figures who continue to be very influential in Iranian society, while they do not belong to any of the above-mentioned philosophical circles: </p><p><b>Scholars:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yadollah_Sahabi" title="Yadollah Sahabi">Yadollah Sahabi</a>, prominent academic, writer and scientist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Gharib" title="Mohammad Gharib">Mohammad Gharib</a>, pioneering physician and academic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fereydoun_Hoveyda" class="mw-redirect" title="Fereydoun Hoveyda">Fereydoun Hoveyda</a> (prominent scholar, writer and filmmaker)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daryoush_Ashouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Daryoush Ashouri">Daryoush Ashouri</a> (prominent scholar, linguist and cultural theorist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoud_Behnoud" title="Masoud Behnoud">Masoud Behnoud</a> (prominent journalist and writer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parviz_Varjavand" title="Parviz Varjavand">Parviz Varjavand</a> (scholar, archeologist and expert of cultural heritage)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farrokhroo_Parsa" title="Farrokhroo Parsa">Farrokhroo Parsa</a> (scholar, politician and physician; first female minister of Iran)</li></ul> <p><b>Economists:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mousa_Ghaninejad" title="Mousa Ghaninejad">Mousa Ghaninejad</a> (senior Iranian economist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fariborz_Rais-Dana" class="mw-redirect" title="Fariborz Rais-Dana">Fariborz Rais-Dana</a> (senior economist)</li></ul> <p><b>Experts on law and political sciences:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Davoud_Hermidas-Bavand" title="Davoud Hermidas-Bavand">Davoud Hermidas-Bavand</a> (prominent scholar and political scientist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasser_Katouzian" title="Nasser Katouzian">Nasser Katouzian</a> (Tehran University professor of law and political sciences)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamshid_Momtaz" title="Jamshid Momtaz">Jamshid Momtaz</a> (Tehran University professor of international law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javad_Zarif" class="mw-redirect" title="Javad Zarif">Javad Zarif</a> (prominent scholar, political analyst and expert on international relations)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadeq_Zibakalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadeq Zibakalam">Sadeq Zibakalam</a> (leading political scientist and professor of Tehran University)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Attaran" title="Amir Attaran">Amir Attaran</a> lawyer and immunologist; expert on public health and global development issues.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaheh_Koulaei" title="Elaheh Koulaei">Elaheh Koulaei</a> (political scientist and expert on <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a> at Tehran University)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy_education_in_Iran">Philosophy education in Iran</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_movements_in_Iran&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Philosophy education in Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoseiniyeh_Ershad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Hoseiniyeh_Ershad.jpg/220px-Hoseiniyeh_Ershad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Hoseiniyeh_Ershad.jpg/330px-Hoseiniyeh_Ershad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Hoseiniyeh_Ershad.jpg/440px-Hoseiniyeh_Ershad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hoseiniyeh_Ershad" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoseiniyeh Ershad">Hoseiniyeh Ershad</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Ali Shariati</a> used to hold many of his speeches.</figcaption></figure> <p>Philosophy has become a popular subject of study during last few decades in Iran. Comparing the number of philosophy books currently published in Iran with that in other countries, Iran possibly ranks first in this field but it is definitely on top in terms of publishing philosophy books. Currently different approaches are working in a diverging fields of philosophy: </p> <ul><li>1. Traditional Persian Islamic philosophy. traditional classic philosophy revived after a period of silence, in Tehran School, and notably works of Agha Ali Modarres Zonoozi in the early 20th century, after him both schools of Tehran and Ghom (with the works of Allameh Tabatabai and Imam Ruhollah Khomayni) activated philosophical debates. Nowaday, Islamic philosophy is the most fresh period all over the world in Iran all the way after Sfavid school of Isfahan. The most notable figures of our time include Allameh Hossein tabatabaii, Allameh Rafiai Gazvini, Mehdi Hayeri Yazdi, Falatouri, Hasan zadeh Amoli, Morteza Motahhari, Abolhasan Jelveh, Mohammad tagi Amoli, allameh hossein Gharavi Isfahani (kompani), Ibrahim Ashtiyani, Jalaloddin Ashtiyani, Kazem assar.</li> <li>2. Western philosophy. The Western philosophy was mostly welcome to Iran in the 19th century, but its full development began in the 1970s, with the reactive movement against the left political thought of Soviet sect of <i>Toodeh</i> party, most notably by refutation of their Marxist–Leninist works (typically in Tagi Arani's works). The leading figures include Allameh Tabatabai, and his pupil Morteza Motahhari. Also <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Fardid" title="Ahmad Fardid">Ahmad Fardid</a> and his Circle who introduced <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">phenomenology</a> and very specifically Martin Heidegger to Iranian Academia. His pupils like Reza Davari, <a href="/wiki/Dariush_Shayegan" title="Dariush Shayegan">Dariush Shayegan</a> who are now among famous Iranian philosophers developed his way to interpret modern conditions in Iran. Today the most dominant branch of Western philosophy in Iranian academia is Continental philosophy; The domination of the department of philosophy of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tehran" title="University of Tehran">University of Tehran</a> over the teaching of philosophy with laying on Islamic philosophy and Continental philosophy put it ahead of philosophy education in Iran. Department of philosophy of the University of Tehran traditionally is the top place of the greatest philosophers in secular education system in Iran; among the philosophers of the University of Tehran to be named are <a href="/wiki/Reza_Davari" class="mw-redirect" title="Reza Davari">Reza Davari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gholamhossein_Ebrahimi_Dinani" title="Gholamhossein Ebrahimi Dinani">Ebrahimi Dinani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Khatami" title="Mahmoud Khatami">Mahmoud Khatami</a> whose influences are clear all over students of philosophy. Reza Davari who is a philosopher with great debates on Modern condition, intellectualism and enlightenment ranked as the leading Persian philosopher with anti-Western approach. His ideas challenge the defender of Western culture and notably the defender of analytical philosophy and scienticism. Dinani is a defender of Islamic philosophy who also talks about the west; <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Khatami" title="Mahmoud Khatami">Mahmoud Khatami</a>, who is commonly considered as a phenomenologist, is ranked as a totally scholar with no political sign who teaches analytical and continental philosophies in the university, but he has developed a different philosophy of his own that is called [<i>Ontetics</i>].<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, analytical philosophy is also introduced in Iran in the 1970s by the translations from British Empiricism, and then, in 1980 to the present an increasing interest is in students of philosophy to learn more from this 20th-century branch of philosophy. Very specifically, analytic philosophy of science and social science, and <a href="/wiki/Moral_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral philosophy">moral philosophy</a> introduced by Abdolkarim Soroush in the early 1980s, and followed by others. <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Philosophy of mind</a> introduced to Iranian academia by Mahmoud Khatami, and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_logic" title="Philosophy of logic">philosophy of logic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">philosophy of language</a> introduced by Hamid Vahid Dastgerdi. <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a> is also most welcome branch with the Iranian scholars.</li> <li>3. Comparative philosophy is a tendency in Iranian scholarship.</li> <li>4. Traditionalist (sonnatgera)is also an approach introduced by <a href="/wiki/Hossein_Nasr" class="mw-redirect" title="Hossein Nasr">Hossein Nasr</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_movements_in_Iran&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/48px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/64px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iran" title="Portal:Iran">Iran portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophy" title="History of philosophy">History of philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ideas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of ideas">History of ideas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_history" title="Intellectual history">Intellectual history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">Iranian modern and contemporary art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">Iranian philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isfahan_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Isfahan School">Isfahan School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intellectualism_in_Iran" title="Religious intellectualism in Iran">Religious intellectualism in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Iran" title="Science and technology in Iran">Science and technology in Iran</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_movements_in_Iran&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDabashi2001" class="citation web cs1">Dabashi, Hamid (1 November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/1859843328">"Close Up: Iranian Cinema, Past, Present, and Future"</a>. Verso – via Amazon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Close+Up%3A+Iranian+Cinema%2C+Past%2C+Present%2C+and+Future&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2001-11-01&rft.aulast=Dabashi&rft.aufirst=Hamid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fgp%2Freader%2F1859843328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntellectual+movements+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osaka-geidai.ac.jp/geidai/tokusyuu/fivestar/outline.html">"Five Star Designers' Banquet - Outline"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Five+Star+Designers%27+Banquet+-+Outline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osaka-geidai.ac.jp%2Fgeidai%2Ftokusyuu%2Ffivestar%2Foutline.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntellectual+movements+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWanner" class="citation web cs1">Wanner, Rene. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://posterpage.ch/div/news09/n091111a.htm">"Rene Wanner's Poster Page / News"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rene+Wanner%27s+Poster+Page+%2F+News&rft.aulast=Wanner&rft.aufirst=Rene&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fposterpage.ch%2Fdiv%2Fnews09%2Fn091111a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntellectual+movements+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070125030653/http://www.princeclausfund.org/en/what_we_do/awards/AbediniPlatform21.shtml">"The Visual Language of Reza Abedini"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.princeclausfund.org/en/what_we_do/awards/AbediniPlatform21.shtml">the original</a> on 2007-01-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Visual+Language+of+Reza+Abedini&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.princeclausfund.org%2Fen%2Fwhat_we_do%2Fawards%2FAbediniPlatform21.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntellectual+movements+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/arts/story/2006/12/061217_pm-farrokh-ghaffari.shtml">"BBCPersian.com"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBCPersian.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fpersian%2Farts%2Fstory%2F2006%2F12%2F061217_pm-farrokh-ghaffari.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntellectual+movements+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehrdadHeydariSarboloukiEtemad2004" class="citation journal cs1">Mehrdad, Morteza; Heydari, Akbar; Sarbolouki, Mohammad Nabi; Etemad, Shapour (2004). "Basic science in the Islamic Republic of Iran". <i>Scientometrics</i>. <b>61</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">79–</span>80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FB%3ASCIE.0000037364.65282.4d">10.1023/B:SCIE.0000037364.65282.4d</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37655037">37655037</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientometrics&rft.atitle=Basic+science+in+the+Islamic+Republic+of+Iran&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E79-%3C%2Fspan%3E80&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FB%3ASCIE.0000037364.65282.4d&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A37655037%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mehrdad&rft.aufirst=Morteza&rft.au=Heydari%2C+Akbar&rft.au=Sarbolouki%2C+Mohammad+Nabi&rft.au=Etemad%2C+Shapour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntellectual+movements+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Clawson" title="Patrick Clawson">Patrick Clawson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Rubin_(historian)" title="Michael Rubin (historian)">Michael Rubin</a>. <i>Eternal Iran</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4039-6276-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-4039-6276-6">1-4039-6276-6</a> p.34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIIAS2015" class="citation web cs1">IIAS (16 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iias.nl/iiasn/31/IIASN31_20.pdf">"The Newsletter 31 Summer 2003"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Newsletter+31+Summer+2003&rft.date=2015-11-16&rft.au=IIAS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iias.nl%2Fiiasn%2F31%2FIIASN31_20.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntellectual+movements+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visionlab.ir/">"Research Laboratory for Brain and Cognitive Sciences"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Research+Laboratory+for+Brain+and+Cognitive+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visionlab.ir%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntellectual+movements+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasood2006" class="citation journal cs1">Masood, Ehsan (2 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F444022a">"Islam and Science: An Islamist revolution"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>444</b> (7115): <span class="nowrap">22–</span>25. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Natur.444...22M">2006Natur.444...22M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F444022a">10.1038/444022a</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17080057">17080057</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2967719">2967719</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Islam+and+Science%3A+An+Islamist+revolution&rft.volume=444&rft.issue=7115&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.date=2006-11-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F444022a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2967719%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17080057&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Natur.444...22M&rft.aulast=Masood&rft.aufirst=Ehsan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F444022a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntellectual+movements+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/podcast/v443/n7110/nature-2006-09-28.html">"Nature"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fpodcast%2Fv443%2Fn7110%2Fnature-2006-09-28.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntellectual+movements+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSection2007" class="citation web cs1">Section, United Nations News Service (2 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=22424&Cr=population&Cr1=">"UN News - Four laureates awarded UN Population Fund's highest honour"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UN+News+-+Four+laureates+awarded+UN+Population+Fund%27s+highest+honour&rft.date=2007-05-02&rft.aulast=Section&rft.aufirst=United+Nations+News+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fapps%2Fnews%2Fstory.asp%3FNewsID%3D22424%26Cr%3Dpopulation%26Cr1%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntellectual+movements+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HRW2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HRW2_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2008/09/18/iran19845.htm">UN: Hold Ahmadinejad Accountable for Iran Rights Crisis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>, September 18, 2008; accessed September 21, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sun-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sun_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nysun.com/new-york/iranian-dissidents-at-forum-speak-on-ahmadinejad/64730/">Iranian Dissidents at Forum Speak On Ahmadinejad, Women's Rights</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Sun" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Sun">New York Sun</a></i>, Special to the Sun, October 17, 2007; accessed September 21, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LAT-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LAT_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/asection/la-fg-marriage3-2008sep03,0,5861662.story">victory on marriage legislation</a>, Borzou Daragahi, <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>, September 3, 2008; accessed September 21, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCed-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBCed_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5359672.stm">Women graduates challenge Iran</a>, Francis Harrison, <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, September 26, 2006; accessed September 21, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VOE-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VOE_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1079460.html">Iran: Does Government Fear Educated Women?</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraj_Gorgin" title="Iraj Gorgin">Iraj Gorgin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Free Europe">Radio Free Europe</a>, February 10, 2008; accessed September 21, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>CLANDESTINE SERVICE HISTORY: OVERTHROW OF PREMIER MOSSADEQ OF IRAN</i>, Mar. 1954: p iii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CN-IC-01-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CN-IC-01_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NQnpQNKeKKAC&pg=PA775"><i>Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez, and Decolonization</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. 2007. pp. 775 of 1082. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845113476" title="Special:BookSources/9781845113476"><bdi>9781845113476</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ends+of+British+Imperialism%3A+The+Scramble+for+Empire%2C+Suez%2C+and+Decolonization&rft.pages=775+of+1082&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781845113476&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNQnpQNKeKKAC%26pg%3DPA775&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntellectual+movements+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FP_2013-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FP_2013_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryne2013" class="citation journal cs1">Bryne, Malcolm (18 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/08/18/cia_admits_it_was_behind_irans_coup">"CIA Admits It Was Behind Iran's Coup"</a>. <i>Foreign Policy</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=CIA+Admits+It+Was+Behind+Iran%27s+Coup&rft.date=2013-08-18&rft.aulast=Bryne&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2Farticles%2F2013%2F08%2F18%2Fcia_admits_it_was_behind_irans_coup&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntellectual+movements+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/library/world/mideast/041600iran-cia-index.html">The CIA's history of the 1953 coup in Iran is made up of the following documents: a historian's note, a summary introduction, a lengthy narrative account written by Dr. Donald N. Wilber, and, as appendicies, five planning documents he attached.</a> Published June 18, 2000 by <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kressin-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kressin_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kressin_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKressin1991" class="citation web cs1">Kressin, Wolfgang K. (May 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a239339.pdf">"Prime Minister Mossadegh and Ayatullah Kashani From Unity to Enmity: As Viewed from the American Embassy in Tehran, June 1950 – August 1953"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University of Texas at Austin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131109224808/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a239339.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on November 9, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prime+Minister+Mossadegh+and+Ayatullah+Kashani+From+Unity+to+Enmity%3A+As+Viewed+from+the+American+Embassy+in+Tehran%2C+June+1950+%E2%80%93+August+1953&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+at+Austin&rft.date=1991-05&rft.aulast=Kressin&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fdtic%2Ftr%2Ffulltext%2Fu2%2Fa239339.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntellectual+movements+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milani_Persians-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Milani_Persians_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani_Persians_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilani2008" class="citation book cs1">Milani, Abbas (2008-11-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ixU33FaG_dgC&q=Eminent+Persians"><i>Eminent Persians</i></a>. Syracuse University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815609070" title="Special:BookSources/9780815609070"><bdi>9780815609070</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eminent+Persians&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2008-11-01&rft.isbn=9780815609070&rft.aulast=Milani&rft.aufirst=Abbas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DixU33FaG_dgC%26q%3DEminent%2BPersians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntellectual+movements+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milani_Shah-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Milani_Shah_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani_Shah_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani_Shah_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilani2011" class="citation book cs1">Milani, Abbas (2011-01-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8V1UhqWhKRwC"><i>The Shah</i></a>. St. Martin's Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230115620" title="Special:BookSources/9780230115620"><bdi>9780230115620</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shah&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Publishing&rft.date=2011-01-04&rft.isbn=9780230115620&rft.aulast=Milani&rft.aufirst=Abbas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8V1UhqWhKRwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntellectual+movements+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>U.S. foreign policy in perspective: clients, enemies and empire</i>. David Sylvan, Stephen Majeski, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian_19.8.2013-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_19.8.2013_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaeed_Kamali_DehghanRichard_Norton-Taylor2013" class="citation news cs1">Saeed Kamali Dehghan; Richard Norton-Taylor (19 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/19/cia-admits-role-1953-iranian-coup">"CIA admits role in 1953 Iranian coup"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=CIA+admits+role+in+1953+Iranian+coup&rft.date=2013-08-19&rft.au=Saeed+Kamali+Dehghan&rft.au=Richard+Norton-Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2013%2Faug%2F19%2Fcia-admits-role-1953-iranian-coup&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntellectual+movements+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA19532013admission_cnn-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CIA19532013admission_cnn_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2013/08/19/politics/cia-iran-1953-coup/?hpt=po_c2">"In declassified document, CIA acknowledges role in '53 Iran coup"</a>. Cnn.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=In+declassified+document%2C+CIA+acknowledges+role+in+%2753+Iran+coup&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2013%2F08%2F19%2Fpolitics%2Fcia-iran-1953-coup%2F%3Fhpt%3Dpo_c2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntellectual+movements+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521650003">"Intellectual Discourse and the Politics of Modernization - Cambridge University Press"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intellectual+Discourse+and+the+Politics+of+Modernization+-+Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcatalogue%2Fcatalogue.asp%3Fisbn%3D0521650003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntellectual+movements+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iranproject.info/">"オリックス銀行カードローンを利用したときの体験談"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%92%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E3%81%97%E3%81%9F%E3%81%A8%E3%81%8D%E3%81%AE%E4%BD%93%E9%A8%93%E8%AB%87&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Firanproject.info%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntellectual+movements+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhosrokhavar2004" class="citation journal cs1">Khosrokhavar, Farhad (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0037768604043006">"The New Intellectuals in Iran"</a>. <i>Social Compass</i>. <b>51</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">191–</span>202. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0037768604043006">10.1177/0037768604043006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-7686">0037-7686</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Compass&rft.atitle=The+New+Intellectuals+in+Iran&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E191-%3C%2Fspan%3E202&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0037768604043006&rft.issn=0037-7686&rft.aulast=Khosrokhavar&rft.aufirst=Farhad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F0037768604043006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntellectual+movements+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061210053259/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/pdf/meeting_transcripts/011106khatami.pdf">"<i>Tolerance, Moderation and the Dialogue of Civilizations</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/pdf/meeting_transcripts/011106khatami.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2006-12-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tolerance%2C+Moderation+and+the+Dialogue+of+Civilizations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chathamhouse.org.uk%2Fpdf%2Fmeeting_transcripts%2F011106khatami.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntellectual+movements+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071229085806/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-230083">"Iran :: Internal reform -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-230083">the original</a> on 2007-12-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-04-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iran+%3A%3A+Internal+reform+--+Britannica+Online+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-230083&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntellectual+movements+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110816041427/http://fieldofphilosophy.webs.com/">"Philosophy - Philosophy: Ontetics"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fieldofphilosophy.webs.com/">the original</a> on 2011-08-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philosophy+-+Philosophy%3A+Ontetics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffieldofphilosophy.webs.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntellectual+movements+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_movements_in_Iran&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Latifiyan" title="Ali Latifiyan">Latifiyan, Ali</a>. Reviewing the Performance of Intellectuals from 1941 to 1979, (1995), Tehran: <a href="/wiki/Imam_Sadiq_University" title="Imam Sadiq University">Imam Sadiq University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Milani" title="Abbas Milani">Abbas Milani</a>, <i>Lost Wisdom: Rethinking Modernity in Iran</i>, Mage Publishers, (2004). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-934211-90-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-934211-90-6">0-934211-90-6</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranian.com/Opinion/2000/November/Jahanbegloo/index.html"><i>The fourth generation of Iranian intellectuals</i></a>, Ramin Jahanbegloo, (2000).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928150021/http://www.bitterlemons-dialogue.org/dialogue2.html"><i>Secularism, national identity, and the role of the intellectual</i></a>, by Ramin Jahanbegloo, (2005).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramin_Jahanbegloo" title="Ramin Jahanbegloo">Ramin Jahanbegloo</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iranproject.info/"><i>Iranian intellectuals: from revolution to dissent</i></a></li> <li>Farhad Khosrokhavar, <i>The New Intellectuals in Iran</i>, Social Compass, Vol. 51, No. 2, 191-202 (2004)</li> <li>Afshin Matin-asgari, <i>Iranian postmodernity: the rhetoric of irrationality?</i>, Critique: Critical Middle Eastern Studies, Volume 13, Number 1 / Spring (2004).</li> <li>Gheissari, Ali. <i>Iranian Intellectuals in the 20th Century</i>. Austin University of Texas Press, 1998.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_movements_in_Iran&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drsoroush.com/PDF/E-CMO-20001021-Religious_Intellectuals_and_Political_Action_in_the_Reform_Movement.pdf">Religious Intellectual and Political Action in the Reform Movement</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranian.com/Opinion/2003/October/Shayegan/">The next chapter: Atypical conversations with Daryush Shayegan on the impact of ideology in contemporary Iranian history</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archiv.hkw.de/assets/dossiers/id_2004/iran_dossier/Shayegan_eng.doc.pdf">Far Near Distance: Contemporary positions of Iranian artists</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranian.com/History/2003/February/Persia/">The great land of the Sophy: Persian influences</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drsoroush.com/PDF/E-CMO-20040000-Religious_Intellectualism_in_Iran.pdf">The Emergence and Development of Religious Intellectualism in Iran </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iran.sa.utoronto.ca/hedayat/hedayat.pdf">Sadeq Hedayat Centenary Symposium</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranian.com/Features/2001/August/AHA/">Amir Hossein Aryanpour, A rational man</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060319060922/http://www.iranchamber.com/podium/society/050526_coming_to_terms_with_modernity1.php">Coming to Terms with Modernity: Iranian intellectuals and the emerging public sphere</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030808004551/http://kadivar.com/Htm/English/Reviews/Paper-02.htm">The reform movement and the debate on modernity and tradition in contemporary Iran</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drsoroush.com/English/News_Archive/E-NWS-20050418-Time_Magazine.html">Abdolkarim Soroush; Iran's Democratic Voice</a> <i>Time</i> magazine</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/obituaries/story/0,3604,531467,00.html">Amir Hossein Aryanpour, Prominent Iranian intellectual</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.maxwell.syr.edu/mborouje/Pages/Book.htm">Iranian Intellectuals and the West: The Tormented Triumph of Nativism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stockholmian.com/news/persiska/2006/11november/022_encrypt.htm">Swedish scholar, Hans Rosling on Iranian experience of modernity</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Persian)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iran_topics215" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iran_topics" title="Template:Iran topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iran_topics" title="Template talk:Iran topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iran_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iran topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iran_topics215" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History215" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Prehistory84"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Iran" title="Prehistory of Iran">Prehistory</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">3400–539 BC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura-Araxes <span class="nowrap">culture (3400–2000 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Proto-Elamite <span class="nowrap">civilization (3100–2700 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamite <span class="nowrap">dynasties (2700–540 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian <span class="nowrap">Empire (c.2334 BC–c.2154 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lullubi" title="Lullubi">Lullubi <span class="nowrap">(c.2300–675 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites <span class="nowrap">(c.1595–c.1155 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Mannaeans">Kingdom of <span class="nowrap">Mannai (10th–7th century BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian <span class="nowrap">Empire (911–609 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu <span class="nowrap">(860 BC–590 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median <span class="nowrap">Empire (678–549 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythian <span class="nowrap">Kingdom (652–625 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian <span class="nowrap">Empire (626–539 BC)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">550 BC–AD 224</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid <span class="nowrap">Empire (550–330 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atropatene" title="Atropatene">Atropatene <span class="nowrap">(c.323 BC–AD 226)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of <span class="nowrap">Armenia (321 BC–AD 428)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Kingdom of <span class="nowrap">Cappadocia (320s BC–AD 17)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid <span class="nowrap">Empire (312–63 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frataraka" title="Frataraka">Frataraka <span class="nowrap">(c.295–220 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Kingdom of <span class="nowrap">Pontus (281 BC–AD 62)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian <span class="nowrap">Empire (247 BC–AD 224)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Persis" title="Kings of Persis">Kings of <span class="nowrap">Persis (after 132 BC–AD 224)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">AD 224–651</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian <span class="nowrap">Empire (AD 224–651)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval and<br />early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">632–1090</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun <span class="nowrap">Caliphate (632–661)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad <span class="nowrap">Caliphate (661–750)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid <span class="nowrap">Caliphate (750–1258)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (819–999)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (821–873)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alid_dynasties_of_northern_Iran" title="Alid dynasties of northern Iran">Alavid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (864–928)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (861–1003)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyarid_dynasty" title="Ziyarid dynasty">Ziyarid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (931–1090)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (934–1062)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">977–1432</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid <span class="nowrap">Empire (977–1186)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1011–1215)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk <span class="nowrap">Empire (1037–1194)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushtegin_dynasty" title="Anushtegin dynasty">Anushtegin <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1077–1231)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldiguzids" title="Eldiguzids">Eldiguzids <span class="nowrap">(1135/36-1225)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kart_dynasty" title="Kart dynasty">Kart <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1244–1381)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate"><span class="nowrap">Ilkhanate (1256–1335)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzaffarids_(Iran)" title="Muzaffarids (Iran)">Muzaffarid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1314–1393)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalayirid_Sultanate" title="Jalayirid Sultanate">Jalayirid Sultanate <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1335–1432)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chobanids" title="Chobanids">Chobanid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1338–1357)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">1370–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid <span class="nowrap">Empire (1370–1507)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu <span class="nowrap">Turcomans (1374–1468)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu <span class="nowrap">Turcomans (1378–1508)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid <span class="nowrap">Empire (1501–1736)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid <span class="nowrap">Empire (1736–1796)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand <span class="nowrap">Dynasty (1751–1794)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar <span class="nowrap">Empire (1789–1925)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanates_of_the_Caucasus" title="Khanates of the Caucasus">Khanates of the <span class="nowrap">Caucasus (18th–20th centuries)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_bombardment_of_the_Majlis" title="1908 bombardment of the Majlis">1908 bombardment of the Majlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_separatism_in_Iran" title="Kurdish separatism in Iran">Kurdish separatism in Iran (1918–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921_Persian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1921 Persian coup d'état">1921 Persian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan" title="Arab separatism in Khuzestan">Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">1925–1979</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1925–1979)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab_dispute" title="Shatt al-Arab dispute">Shatt al-Arab dispute (1936–1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Balochistan" title="Insurgency in Balochistan">Insurgency in Balochistan (1948–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Iranian_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election">1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian <span class="nowrap">revolution (1979)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Islamic Republic</a></span><br />1979–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="History of the Islamic Republic of Iran"><span class="nowrap">History (1979–)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Government_of_Iran" title="Interim Government of Iran">Interim Government (1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1979_Iranian_Islamic_Republic_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum">March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Khuzestan_insurgency" title="1979 Khuzestan insurgency">1979 Khuzestan insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis (1979–1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1979_Iranian_constitutional_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum">December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Embassy_siege" title="Iranian Embassy siege">Iranian Embassy <span class="nowrap">siege (1980)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nojeh_coup_plot" title="Nojeh coup plot">Nojeh coup plot (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq <span class="nowrap">War (1980–88)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Government_of_Iran_(1981)" title="Interim Government of Iran (1981)">Interim Government of Iran (1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Mecca_incident" title="1987 Mecca incident">1987 Mecca incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655" title="Iran Air Flight 655">Iran Air Flight 655 <span class="nowrap">shootdown (1988)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDPI_insurgency_(1989%E2%80%931996)" title="KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)">KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93PJAK_conflict" title="Iran–PJAK conflict">PJAK conflict (2004–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Iranian_presidential_election_protests" title="2009 Iranian presidential election protests">2009 Iranian presidential election protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war (2011–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_military_intervention_against_the_Islamic_State" class="mw-redirect" title="International military intervention against the Islamic State">International military intervention against the Islamic State (2014–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">United States withdrawal (2018)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_Iranian_protests" title="2017–2018 Iranian protests">2017–2018 Iranian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932019_Iranian_general_strikes_and_protests" title="2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests">2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iran" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Iran">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sistan_and_Baluchestan_protests" title="2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests">2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Iranian_protests" title="2019–2020 Iranian protests">2019–2020 Iranian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Sistan_and_Baluchestan_protests" title="2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests">2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_Iranian_protests" title="2021–2022 Iranian protests">2021–2022 Iranian protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Persians" title="List of ancient Persians">Ancient Persians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persianization" title="Persianization">Persianization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persianate_society" title="Persianate society">Persianate society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">languages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiroft_culture" title="Jiroft culture">Jiroft culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">Aryans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_the_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoples of the Caucasus">Peoples of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Persia">Monarchs of Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Iran" title="List of heads of state of Iran">Heads of state of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_democracy_in_classical_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="History of democracy in classical Iran">History of democracy in classical Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Iran" title="Military history of Iran">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_electricity_in_Iran" title="History of electricity in Iran">Electric history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Iran" title="List of years in Iran">Years in Iran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography215" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iran" title="Geography of Iran">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Iran" title="Borders of Iran">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Iran_by_province" title="List of cities in Iran by province">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_of_Iran" title="List of largest cities of Iran">largest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Iran" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Iran">twin towns and sister cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Iran" title="List of earthquakes in Iran">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Iran" title="Environmental issues in Iran">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Iran" title="Climate change in Iran">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Iranian Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_province" title="Sistan and Baluchestan province">Iranian Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Hyrcanian_mixed_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests">Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Iranian Kurdistan">Iranian Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Urmia" title="Lake Urmia">Lake Urmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Iran" title="List of islands of Iran">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Iran" title="List of mountains in Iran">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Iran" title="Provinces of Iran">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Iran" title="Wildlife of Iran">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics215" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iran" title="Politics of Iran">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Iran" title="Censorship in Iran">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iran" title="Constitution of Iran">Constitution</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">Persian Constitutional Revolution</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iran" title="Corruption in Iran">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iran" title="Elections in Iran">Elections</a> (<a href="/wiki/2009_Iranian_presidential_election" title="2009 Iranian presidential election">2009 presidential</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iran" title="Foreign relations of Iran">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iran" title="Human rights in Iran">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childrens%27_Rights_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Childrens' Rights in Iran">Children's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Iran">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Iran" title="Women's rights in Iran">Women's rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_judicial_system_of_Iran" title="History of the judicial system of Iran">Judicial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Armed_Forces" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces">Military</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Air_Force" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Navy" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Navy">Navy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Intelligence_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Intelligence (Iran)">Ministry of Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare_and_Iran" title="Cyberwarfare and Iran">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1747" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747">UN Security Council Resolution 1747</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Iran" title="List of political parties in Iran">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principlists" class="mw-redirect" title="Principlists">Principlists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Iran" title="Propaganda in Iran">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Reformists" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Reformists">Reformists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_and_terrorism_in_Iran" title="Assassination and terrorism in Iran">Terrorism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">state-sponsorship allegations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Revolution" title="White Revolution">White Revolution (1963)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_movement_in_Iran" title="Women's rights movement in Iran">Women's rights movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Councils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Experts" title="Assembly of Experts">Assembly (or Council) of Experts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expediency_Discernment_Council" title="Expediency Discernment Council">Expediency Discernment Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_Council" title="Guardian Council">Guardian Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Consultative_Assembly" title="Islamic Consultative Assembly">Islamic Consultative Assembly (parliament)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_councils_of_Iran" title="Local councils of Iran">Local councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_National_Security_Council" title="Supreme National Security Council">Supreme National Security Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_officials" title="List of Iranian officials">Officials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_ambassadors_from_Iran" title="List of current ambassadors from Iran">Ambassadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iran" title="President of Iran">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Iran_governors-general" title="List of current Iran governors-general">Provincial governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy215" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iran" title="Economy of Iran">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonyad" title="Bonyad">Bonyad (charitable trust)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_capital_flight_from_Iran" title="Human capital flight from Iran">Brain drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Iran" title="List of companies of Iran">Companies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Iran" title="Automotive industry in Iran">Automotive industry</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Iran" title="Child labour in Iran">Child labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iran" title="Corruption in Iran">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Iran" title="Economic history of Iran">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Economic_Reform_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Economic Reform Plan">Economic Reform Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Iran" title="Energy in Iran">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Iran" title="Environmental issues in Iran">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_Iran" title="Foreign direct investment in Iran">Foreign direct investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_in_Iran" title="Intellectual property in Iran">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_oil_bourse" title="Iranian oil bourse">International oil bourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Iran" title="International rankings of Iran">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Iran and the World Trade Organization">Iran and the World Trade Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Iran" title="Taxation in Iran">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_economic_laws_in_Iran" title="List of economic laws in Iran">Main economic laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Middle_East" title="Economy of the Middle East">Economy of the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milad_Tower" title="Milad Tower">Milad Tower and complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_equipment_manufactured_in_Iran" title="List of military equipment manufactured in Iran">Military equipment manufactured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1747" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747">UN Security Council Resolution 1747</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_Iran" title="Privatization in Iran">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_rial" title="Iranian rial">Rial (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Space_Agency" title="Iranian Space Agency">Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Imam_Khomeini%27s_Order" title="Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order">Setad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Audit_Court_of_Iran" title="Supreme Audit Court of Iran">Supreme Audit Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Stock_Exchange" title="Tehran Stock Exchange">Tehran Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_capital_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Venture capital in Iran">Venture capital</a> (<a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Iran#Technology_start-ups" title="Communications in Iran">Technology start-ups</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_sector" title="Economic sector">Sectors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Iran" title="Agriculture in Iran">Agriculture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fruit_production_in_Iran" title="Fruit production in Iran">fruit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_and_insurance_in_Iran" title="Banking and insurance in Iran">Banking and insurance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iran" title="Central Bank of Iran">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetab_Banking_System" title="Shetab Banking System">Shetab Banking System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Iran" title="Construction industry of Iran">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Iran" title="Defense industry of Iran">Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Iran" title="Healthcare in Iran">Health care</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pharmaceuticals_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceuticals in Iran">Pharmaceuticals</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Iran" title="Industry of Iran">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Iran" title="Mining in Iran">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iran" title="Petroleum industry in Iran">Petroleum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_Oil_Company" title="Anglo-Persian Oil Company">Anglo-Persian Oil Company</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Iran" title="Communications in Iran">Telecommunications and IT</a> (<a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_Company_of_Iran" title="Telecommunication Company of Iran">TCI</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iran" title="Transport in Iran">Transport</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Iran" title="List of airlines of Iran">airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Metro" title="Tehran Metro">metro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Railways" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Railways">railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRISL_Group" title="IRISL Group">shipping</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Iran" title="Tourism in Iran">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">State-owned<br />companies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Industries_Organization" title="Defense Industries Organization">Defense Industries Organization (DIO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDRO_Group" title="IDRO Group">Industrial Development and Renovation Organization (IDRO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Aviation_Industries_Organization" title="Iran Aviation Industries Organization">Iran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Electronics_Industries" title="Iran Electronics Industries">Iran Electronics Industries (IEI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian Oil Company">National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Development_Fund_of_Iran" title="National Development Fund of Iran">National Development Fund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asaluyeh" title="Asaluyeh">Asaluyeh industrial corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabahar_Free_Trade-Industrial_Zone" title="Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone">Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kish_Island" title="Kish Island">Kish Island Free Trade Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_research_centers" title="List of Iranian research centers">Research centers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society215" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Iran" title="Category:Society of Iran">Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iran" title="Demographics of Iran">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iran" title="Languages of Iran">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian (Farsi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Neo-Aramaic">Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iran" title="Demographics of Iran">Iranian citizens</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_diaspora" title="Iranian diaspora">abroad</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic minorities in Iran">Ethnic minorities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenians" title="Iranian Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Iran" title="Assyrians in Iran">Assyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Iran" title="Circassians in Iran">Circassians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Georgians" title="Iranian Georgians">Georgians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iran" title="Kurds in Iran">Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens" title="Iranian Turkmens">Turkmen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iran" title="Islam in Iran">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Iran" title="Baháʼí Faith in Iran">Baháʼí Faith</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">persecution</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iran" title="Christianity in Iran">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Iran" title="Zoroastrianism in Iran">Zoroastrians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">persecution</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Iran" title="Freedom of religion in Iran">Freedom of religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iran" title="Corruption in Iran">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Iran" title="Crime in Iran">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iran" title="Education in Iran">Education</a> (<a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Iran" title="Higher education in Iran">higher</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Intellectual movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-modern_Iranian_scientists_and_scholars" title="List of pre-modern Iranian scientists and scholars">scientists and scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Iran" title="List of universities in Iran">universities</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Iran" title="International rankings of Iran">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationality_law" title="Iranian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Iran" title="Water supply and sanitation in Iran">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iran" title="Women in Iran">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iran" title="Culture of Iran">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Architecture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_architecture" title="Achaemenid architecture">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architects_of_Iran" title="Architects of Iran">architects</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">Art</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">modern / contemporary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_astronomy" title="Persian astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blogging_in_Iran" title="Blogging in Iran">Blogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Calendars</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Persian New Year (<i>Nowruz</i>)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_Iran" title="Fashion in Iran">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Persian_antiquities_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Chicago Persian antiquities dispute">Chicago Persian antiquities dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iran" title="Cinema of Iran">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_cuisine" title="Iranian cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_wine" title="Persian wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_folklore" title="Iranian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Intellectual movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranians" title="List of Iranians">Iranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_studies" title="Iranian studies">Iranian studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iran" title="Islam in Iran">Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Iran" title="Islamization of Iran">Islamization</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Iran" title="Mass media in Iran">Media</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_news_agencies" title="List of Iranian news agencies">news agencies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_Students_News_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Students News Agency">student</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Iran" title="List of newspapers in Iran">newspapers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_National_Jewels" title="Iranian National Jewels">National Jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_symbols_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national symbols of Iran">National symbols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Imperial_Anthem_of_Iran" title="Imperial Anthem of Iran">Imperial Anthem</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_in_Iran" title="Opium in Iran">Opium consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_name" title="Persian name">Persian name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Iran" title="Public holidays in Iran">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouting_in_Iran" title="Scouting in Iran">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Iran" title="Sport in Iran">Sport</a> (<a href="/wiki/Football_in_Iran" title="Football in Iran">football</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iran" title="Music of Iran">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_folk_music" title="Iranian folk music">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_jazz" title="Iranian jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_pop_music" title="Iranian pop music">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian hip hop">Rap and hip-hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_rock" title="Iranian rock">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_traditional_music" title="Persian traditional music">Traditional</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ey_Iran" title="Ey Iran">Ey Iran</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Iran" title="Science and technology in Iran">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Iranian_sentiment" title="Anti-Iranian sentiment">Anti-Iranian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehrangeles" title="Tehrangeles">Tehrangeles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iran" title="Category:Iran">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Iran" title="Portal:Iran">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_movements_in_Iran&oldid=1249996141">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_movements_in_Iran&oldid=1249996141</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Iran" title="Category:Culture of Iran">Culture of Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Persian_philosophy" title="Category:Persian philosophy">Persian philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_civil_rights_and_liberties_in_Iran" title="Category:History of civil rights and liberties in Iran">History of civil rights and liberties in Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Intellectualism" title="Category:Intellectualism">Intellectualism</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_July_2009" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from July 2009">Articles needing additional references from July 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_introduction_cleanup_from_September_2012" title="Category:Wikipedia introduction cleanup from September 2012">Wikipedia introduction cleanup from September 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_cleanup" title="Category:All pages needing cleanup">All pages needing cleanup</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify_from_September_2012" title="Category:Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from September 2012">Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from September 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify" title="Category:All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify">All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues" title="Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues">Articles with multiple maintenance issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2011" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Persian-language_sources_(fa)" title="Category:Articles with Persian-language sources (fa)">Articles with Persian-language sources (fa)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 7 October 2024, at 22:47<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_movements_in_Iran&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Intellectual movements in Iran</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>2 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5f46f78fdb-9jj9s","wgBackendResponseTime":140,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.580","walltime":"0.855","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3132,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":166273,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":9699,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":16,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":110580,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 659.915 1 -total"," 31.98% 211.008 1 Template:Reflist"," 20.88% 137.795 1 Template:Multiple_issues"," 18.72% 123.537 1 Template:Iran_topics"," 17.46% 115.216 15 Template:Cite_web"," 13.48% 88.931 1 Template:In_lang"," 7.76% 51.238 2 Template:Ambox"," 7.76% 51.235 1 Template:More_citations_needed"," 5.38% 35.506 2 Template:ISBN"," 5.08% 33.539 8 Template:Main"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.352","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18681264,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-6458bccbb8-w7kv2","timestamp":"20250210045736","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Intellectual movements in Iran","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intellectual_movements_in_Iran","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3326876","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3326876","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-03-04T15:37:49Z","dateModified":"2024-10-07T22:47:45Z"}</script> </body> </html>