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Syntaxis (taalkunde) - Wikipedia

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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afbakening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Afbakening</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afbakening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntaxis_vs._andere_disciplines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntaxis_vs._andere_disciplines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Syntaxis vs. andere disciplines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntaxis_vs._andere_disciplines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntaxis_op_taaloverstijgend_niveau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntaxis_op_taaloverstijgend_niveau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Syntaxis op taaloverstijgend niveau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntaxis_op_taaloverstijgend_niveau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methoden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methoden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Methoden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methoden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geschiedenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geschiedenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Geschiedenis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geschiedenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nieuwe_modellen_en_benaderingen_vanaf_de_20e_eeuw" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nieuwe_modellen_en_benaderingen_vanaf_de_20e_eeuw"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Nieuwe modellen en benaderingen vanaf de 20e eeuw</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nieuwe_modellen_en_benaderingen_vanaf_de_20e_eeuw-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Nieuwe modellen en benaderingen vanaf de 20e eeuw-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Nieuwe_modellen_en_benaderingen_vanaf_de_20e_eeuw-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Generatieve_grammatica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generatieve_grammatica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Generatieve grammatica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Generatieve_grammatica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Categoriale_grammatica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Categoriale_grammatica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Categoriale grammatica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Categoriale_grammatica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dependentiegrammatica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dependentiegrammatica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Dependentiegrammatica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dependentiegrammatica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stochastische_grammatica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stochastische_grammatica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Stochastische grammatica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stochastische_grammatica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Functionele_grammatica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functionele_grammatica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Functionele grammatica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Functionele_grammatica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benadering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benadering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Benadering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benadering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externe_link" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externe_link"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Externe link</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externe_link-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Syntaxis (taalkunde)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 115 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-115" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">115 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinsbou" title="Sinsbou – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sinsbou" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax – Zwitserduits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Syntax" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Zwitserduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaxi" title="Sintaxi – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sintaxi" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88" title="علم النحو – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم النحو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3" title="سينطاكس – Marokkaans Arabisch" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="سينطاكس" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Marokkaans Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaxis" title="Sintaxis – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sintaxis" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksis" title="Sintaksis – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sintaksis" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Синтаксис – Basjkiers" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Синтаксис" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Basjkiers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%97ntaks%C4%97" title="Sėntaksė – Samogitisch" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Sėntaksė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Сінтаксіс мовы – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сінтаксіс мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81" title="Сынтаксіс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сынтаксіс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88lmu_nahwu" title="Èlmu nahwu – Bataviaans" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Èlmu nahwu" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Bataviaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Синтаксис – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Синтаксис" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksis" title="Sintaksis – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Sintaksis" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="বাক্যতত্ত্ব – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাক্যতত্ত্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevreadurezh" title="Kevreadurezh – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kevreadurezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaxi" title="Sintaxi – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sintaxi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="ڕستەناسی – Soranî" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕستەناسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Soranî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Syntax" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%B7%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%AF%D1%8C" title="Сѷнтаѯь – Kerkslavisch" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Сѷнтаѯь" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Kerkslavisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Синтаксис – Tsjoevasjisch" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Синтаксис" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Tsjoevasjisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystrawen" title="Cystrawen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cystrawen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaks" title="Syntaks – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Syntaks" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Syntax" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BE%CE%B7_(%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%89%CF%83%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Σύνταξη (γλωσσολογία) – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σύνταξη (γλωσσολογία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Syntax" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintakso" title="Sintakso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sintakso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaxis" title="Sintaxis – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sintaxis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCntaks" title="Süntaks – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Süntaks" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaxi" title="Sintaxi – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sintaxi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88" title="نحو – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نحو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaksi" title="Syntaksi – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Syntaksi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaxe" title="Syntaxe – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Syntaxe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinlear" title="Sinlear – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sinlear" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comhr%C3%A9ir" title="Comhréir – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Comhréir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaxe" title="Sintaxe – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sintaxe" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91e%27%E1%BA%BDjoajukatu" title="Ñe&#039;ẽjoajukatu – Guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñe&#039;ẽjoajukatu" data-language-autonym="Avañe&#039;ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-ordrail" title="Co-ordrail – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Co-ordrail" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8" title="תחביר – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תחביר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="वाक्यविन्यास – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वाक्यविन्यास" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax – Fijisch Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Syntax" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fijisch Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksa" title="Sintaksa – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sintaksa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaksa" title="Syntaksa – Oppersorbisch" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Syntaksa" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Oppersorbisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentaks" title="Sentaks – Haïtiaans Creools" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sentaks" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haïtiaans Creools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szintaxis_(nyelv%C3%A9szet)" title="Szintaxis (nyelvészet) – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szintaxis (nyelvészet)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Շարահյուսություն – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շարահյուսություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Շարահիւսութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Շարահիւսութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaxe" title="Syntaxe – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Syntaxe" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksis" title="Sintaksis – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sintaksis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaxo" title="Sintaxo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sintaxo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setningafr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Setningafræði – IJslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Setningafræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="IJslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintassi" title="Sintassi – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sintassi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%AA%9E%E8%AB%96" title="統語論 – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="統語論" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/genlalske" title="genlalske – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="genlalske" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksis" title="Sintaksis – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sintaksis" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="სინტაქსი – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სინტაქსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Синтаксис – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Синтаксис" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8" title="ಪದವಿನ್ಯಾಸ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪದವಿನ್ಯಾಸ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%B5%EC%82%AC%EB%A1%A0" title="통사론 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="통사론" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Синтаксис – Komi-Permjaaks" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Синтаксис" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permjaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Синтаксис – Kirgizisch" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Синтаксис" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgizisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaxis" title="Syntaxis – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Syntaxis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintatica" title="Sintatica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sintatica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaxis" title="Syntaxis – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Syntaxis" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintassi" title="Sintassi – Lombardisch" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sintassi" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombardisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaks%C4%97" title="Sintaksė – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sintaksė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintakse" title="Sintakse – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sintakse" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Синтаксиссь – Moksja" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Синтаксиссь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rariteny" title="Rariteny – Malagassisch" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Rariteny" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagassisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksis" title="Sintaksis – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Sintaksis" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Синтакса – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Синтакса" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%98%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A8" title="വാക്യഘടന – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വാക്യഘടന" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksis" title="Sintaksis – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sintaksis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="सिन्ट्याक्स – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सिन्ट्याक्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaks" title="Syntaks – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Syntaks" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaks" title="Syntaks – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Syntaks" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaxe" title="Sintaxe – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Sintaxe" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint%C3%A1ksis" title="Sintáksis – Papiaments" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Sintáksis" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiaments" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaktyka_(j%C4%99zykoznawstwo)" title="Syntaktyka (językoznawstwo) – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Syntaktyka (językoznawstwo)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88" title="نحو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نحو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaxe" title="Sintaxe – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sintaxe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaxa" title="Sintaxa – Reto-Romaans" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Sintaxa" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Reto-Romaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintax%C4%83" title="Sintaxă – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sintaxă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Синтаксис – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Синтаксис" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax – Schots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Syntax" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Schots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="نحويات – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نحويات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksa" title="Sintaksa – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sintaksa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Syntax" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax_(jazykoveda)" title="Syntax (jazykoveda) – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Syntax (jazykoveda)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skladnja" title="Skladnja – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Skladnja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksa" title="Sintaksa – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sintaksa" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Синтакса – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Синтакса" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksis" title="Sintaksis – Soendanees" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sintaksis" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Soendanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Syntax" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksi" title="Sintaksi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sintaksi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="சொற்றொடரியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சொற்றொடரியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D2%B7%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Аъзои ҷумла – Tadzjieks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Аъзои ҷумла" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadzjieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%8C" title="วากยสัมพันธ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วากยสัมพันธ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaugnayan" title="Palaugnayan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Palaugnayan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6zdizim" title="Sözdizim – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sözdizim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knklaan_gaya_nkari" title="Knklaan gaya nkari – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Knklaan gaya nkari" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Синтаксис – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Синтаксис" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Синтаксис – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Синтаксис" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88" title="نحو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نحو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksis" title="Sintaksis – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sintaksis" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintasi" title="Sintasi – Venetiaans" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sintasi" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BA_ph%C3%A1p_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Cú pháp học – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cú pháp học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjin%C3%A7aedje_del_fr%C3%A5ze" title="Adjinçaedje del fråze – Waals" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Adjinçaedje del fråze" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Waals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksis" title="Sintaksis – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sintaksis" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95" title="句法 – Wuyu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="句法" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵢⵜ – Standaard Marokkaanse Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standaard Marokkaanse Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95" title="句法 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="句法" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8" title="語法學 – Klassiek Chinees" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="語法學" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Klassiek Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B9-hoat" title="Kù-hoat – Minnanyu" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kù-hoat" 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</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Paginahulpmiddelen"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Uiterlijk"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Uiterlijk</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><p><b>Syntaxis</b> (van het <a href="/wiki/Oudgrieks" title="Oudgrieks">Oudgriekse</a> συν- syn-, "samen", en τάξις táxis, "regeling"), ook vaak <b>zinsleer</b> genoemd, is een deelgebied binnen de <a href="/wiki/Theoretische_taalkunde" title="Theoretische taalkunde">theoretische taalkunde</a> dat in ruime zin de studie omvat van alles wat met de opbouw en structuur van <a href="/wiki/Zinsdeel" title="Zinsdeel">zinsdelen</a> en <a href="/wiki/Zin_(taalkunde)" title="Zin (taalkunde)">zinnen</a> te maken heeft, ofwel van de <b>zinsbouw</b>. Het begrip syntaxis wordt ook wel gelijkgesteld aan zinsbouw.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Afbakening">Afbakening</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntaxis_(taalkunde)&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Afbakening" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntaxis_(taalkunde)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Afbakening"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/P.C._Paardekooper" title="P.C. Paardekooper">P.C. Paardekooper</a> omschreef syntaxis als "de wetenschap die zich bezighoudt met de verbinding van woorden en woordgroepen en met hun verbindbaarheid". Met "verbindbaarheid" of syntactische <a href="/wiki/Valentie_(taalkunde)" title="Valentie (taalkunde)">valentie</a> wordt meer in het bijzonder bedoeld dat bepaalde reeksen woorden bijv. als gemeenschappelijk kenmerk hebben dat ze kunnen worden gecombineerd met een <a href="/wiki/Lidwoord" title="Lidwoord">lidwoord</a>, en op grond hiervan tot één bepaalde <a href="/wiki/Woordsoort" title="Woordsoort">woordsoort</a> kunnen worden gerekend. In veel gevallen blijken dergelijke syntactische criteria beter bruikbaar dan bijv. <a href="/wiki/Morfologie_(taalkunde)" title="Morfologie (taalkunde)">morfologische</a> of <a href="/wiki/Semantiek" title="Semantiek">semantische</a> criteria.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Syntaxis speelt een zeer belangrijke rol in andere deelgebieden van de <a href="/wiki/Taalkunde" title="Taalkunde">taalkunde</a>, zoals de <a href="/wiki/Taaltypologie" title="Taaltypologie">taaltypologie</a>. Centraal in de syntaxis staan bijvoorbeeld de verschillende mogelijke volgordes van <a href="/wiki/Woord" title="Woord">woorden</a> en/of <a href="/wiki/Zinsdeel" title="Zinsdeel">zinsdelen</a> (<a href="/wiki/SVO-volgorde" title="SVO-volgorde">SVO</a>, <a href="/wiki/SOV-volgorde" title="SOV-volgorde">SOV</a>, <a href="/wiki/VSO-volgorde" title="VSO-volgorde">VSO</a>, <a href="/wiki/VOS-volgorde" title="VOS-volgorde">VOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/OSV-volgorde" title="OSV-volgorde">OSV</a> en <a href="/wiki/OVS-volgorde" title="OVS-volgorde">OVS</a>), iets dat doorgaans min of meer vastligt, in het bijzonder bij <a href="/wiki/Analytische_taal" title="Analytische taal">analytische talen</a>. </p> <div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/15px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/23px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/30px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>Zie ook <a href="/wiki/Woordvolgorde" title="Woordvolgorde">Woordvolgorde</a></i></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntaxis_vs._andere_disciplines">Syntaxis vs. andere disciplines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntaxis_(taalkunde)&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Syntaxis vs. andere disciplines" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntaxis_(taalkunde)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Syntaxis vs. andere disciplines"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Syntaxis vormt samen met de <a href="/wiki/Fonologie" title="Fonologie">fonologie</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Morfologie_(taalkunde)" title="Morfologie (taalkunde)">morfologie</a> en de grammaticale <a href="/wiki/Ontleding_(grammatica)" title="Ontleding (grammatica)">ontleding</a> een subdiscipline van de <a href="/wiki/Grammatica" title="Grammatica">grammatica</a>. Terwijl het in de <a href="/wiki/Fonologie" title="Fonologie">fonologie</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Fonetiek" title="Fonetiek">fonetiek</a> louter gaat om de bestudering van <a href="/wiki/Spraak" title="Spraak">spraak</a> en <a href="/wiki/Klankwet" title="Klankwet">klankwetten</a>, en in de <a href="/wiki/Morfologie_(taalkunde)" title="Morfologie (taalkunde)">morfologie</a> om de manier waarop afzonderlijke <a href="/wiki/Woord" title="Woord">woorden</a> zijn opgebouwd uit <a href="/wiki/Morfeem" title="Morfeem">morfemen</a>, houdt de syntaxis zich bezig met de manier waarop <a href="/wiki/Zin_(taalkunde)" title="Zin (taalkunde)">zinnen</a> en <a href="/wiki/Zinsdeel" title="Zinsdeel">zinsdelen (frasen)</a> zijn opgebouwd uit kleinere eenheden tot op het woordniveau. De morfologische structuur van woorden en zinsdelen staat centraal in de <a href="/wiki/Morfosyntaxis" title="Morfosyntaxis">morfosyntaxis</a>, een deelgebied van de syntaxis. Tussen de syntaxis en de grammaticale ontleding bestaat veel overlap en er is zelfs geopperd dat de syntaxis – die pas in de <a href="/wiki/19e_eeuw" title="19e eeuw">19e eeuw</a> als serieuze subdiscipline werd ontwikkeld – bezig is de sinds de <a href="/wiki/Oudheid" title="Oudheid">Oudheid</a> bestaande woordsoortenleer volledig te vervangen.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>De syntaxis onderscheidt zich verder van de <a href="/wiki/Fraseologie" title="Fraseologie">fraseologie</a> doordat deze laatste discipline zich specifiek richt op de <a href="/wiki/Betekenis" title="Betekenis">betekenis</a> van <a href="/wiki/Constituent_(taalkunde)" title="Constituent (taalkunde)">constituenten</a> in een bepaalde <a href="/wiki/Context_(taal)" title="Context (taal)">context</a>. Bij syntaxis gaat het in de eerste plaats om de onderlinge verhouding van de zinsdelen en hun <a href="/wiki/Grammatica" title="Grammatica">grammaticale functie</a> binnen de zin als geheel, waarbij betekenis hooguit een secundaire rol speelt. </p><p>Syntactische en <a href="/wiki/Semantiek" title="Semantiek">semantische</a> structuren vallen soms wel, en soms niet of maar gedeeltelijk samen. De <a href="/wiki/Zinskern" title="Zinskern">zinskern</a> vormt de basis van het syntactische bouwschema, waarvan men de onderlinge <a href="/wiki/Hi%C3%ABrarchie" title="Hiërarchie">hiërarchie</a> bijvoorbeeld met behulp van een <a href="/wiki/Boomstructuur" title="Boomstructuur">boomstructuur</a> kan weergeven (zie ook de <a href="#Methoden">methoden</a>). In semantisch opzicht kan de zin echter als een <a href="/wiki/Semantisch_netwerk" title="Semantisch netwerk">netwerk</a> worden voorgesteld. Het <a href="/wiki/Hoofdwerkwoord" title="Hoofdwerkwoord">hoofdwerkwoord</a> (dat ook de <a href="/wiki/Persoonsvorm" title="Persoonsvorm">persoonsvorm</a> kan zijn) vormt daarin het knooppunt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntaxis_op_taaloverstijgend_niveau">Syntaxis op taaloverstijgend niveau</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntaxis_(taalkunde)&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Syntaxis op taaloverstijgend niveau" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntaxis_(taalkunde)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Syntaxis op taaloverstijgend niveau"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/15px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/23px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/30px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>Zie ook <a href="/wiki/Vergelijkende_taalkunde" title="Vergelijkende taalkunde">Vergelijkende taalkunde</a></i></div> <p>Elke taal heeft haar eigen specifieke grammatica en daarmee ook haar eigen syntaxis. Dit geldt in nog sterkere mate wanneer talen die tot verschillende <a href="/wiki/Taalfamilie" title="Taalfamilie">taalfamilies</a> behoren met elkaar worden vergeleken. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methoden">Methoden</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntaxis_(taalkunde)&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Methoden" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntaxis_(taalkunde)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Methoden"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De opbouw van een zin of zinsdeel kan op verschillende manieren worden weergegeven. Bijvoorbeeld door middel van een <a href="/wiki/Boomstructuur" title="Boomstructuur">boomstructuur</a>, die de <a href="/wiki/Hi%C3%ABrarchie" title="Hiërarchie">hiërarchie</a> van de verschillende constituenten binnen de zin toont. In dit geval heeft de structuur de vorm van een <a href="/wiki/Syntaxisboom" title="Syntaxisboom">syntaxisboom</a>. De "moederknoop" staat hierin voor de te analyseren zin of fraseologische eenheid als geheel, de "bladeren" staan voor de afzonderlijke woorden en zinsdelen waaruit de zin of frase is samengesteld. </p><p>Een andere veel gebruikte methode voor het op deze manier "in stukken hakken" van zinnen is door middel van een <a href="/w/index.php?title=Formule_(wiskundige_logica)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Formule (wiskundige logica) (de pagina bestaat niet)">formule</a> met de vorm <i>A = B + C + ...</i>, etc., waarbij "A" voor de zin als geheel staat, en "B,C, ...etc." voor de afzonderlijke constituenten. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geschiedenis">Geschiedenis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntaxis_(taalkunde)&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Geschiedenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntaxis_(taalkunde)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Geschiedenis"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ofschoon de syntaxis in haar huidige vorm nog niet erg oud is, werden analyses op het gebied van grammatica al in de <a href="/wiki/Oudheid" title="Oudheid">Oudheid</a> geschreven. De Aṣṭādhyāyī van <a href="/wiki/Panini_(taalkundige)" title="Panini (taalkundige)">Pāṇini</a> wordt over het algemeen beschouwd als het premoderne voorbeeld van een diepgaande syntactische analyse. In de <a href="/wiki/Westerse_wereld" title="Westerse wereld">westerse landen</a> laat men de "traditionele grammatica" over het algemeen beginnen met <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_Thrax" title="Dionysius Thrax">Dionysius Thrax</a>. </p><p>De in <a href="/wiki/1660" title="1660">1660</a> door <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Arnauld" title="Antoine Arnauld">Antoine Arnauld</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Lancelot&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Claude Lancelot (de pagina bestaat niet)">Claude Lancelot</a> gepubliceerde <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grammatica_van_Port-Royal&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Grammatica van Port-Royal (de pagina bestaat niet)">grammatica van Port-Royal</a> (<i>Grammaire générale et raisonnée contenant les fondemens de l'art de parler, expliqués d'une manière claire et naturelle</i>) en de hierop gebaseerde <a href="/wiki/Logica_van_Port-Royal" title="Logica van Port-Royal">logica van Port-Royal</a> van Arnauld en <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Nicole" title="Pierre Nicole">Pierre Nicole</a> (1662) dienden eeuwenlang als enige leidraad voor de syntaxis. Het basisidee was dat <a href="/wiki/Taal" title="Taal">taal</a> een rechtstreekse weergave is van de gedachtespinsels en daarom de enige natuurlijke manier om deze uit te drukken. <a href="/wiki/Syntactische_categorie" title="Syntactische categorie">Syntactische categorieën</a> werden op één lijn gesteld met logische categorieën en alle zinnen werden ontleed volgens het patroon "<a href="/wiki/Onderwerp_(taalkunde)" title="Onderwerp (taalkunde)">Onderwerp</a> – <a href="/wiki/Koppelwerkwoord" title="Koppelwerkwoord">Koppelwerkwoord</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gezegde_(taalkunde)" title="Gezegde (taalkunde)">Gezegde</a>". Verder werd er alleen enige aandacht besteed aan <a href="/wiki/Flexie_(taalkunde)" title="Flexie (taalkunde)">flexie</a> en <a href="/wiki/Congruentie_(taal)" title="Congruentie (taal)">congruentie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vanaf de 18e eeuw kreeg de structuur van volzinnen als zodanig steeds meer aandacht. Onderwerpen die eerder als het domein van de <a href="/wiki/Retorica" title="Retorica">retorica</a> waren beschouwd, kwamen nu centraal te staan binnen de grammatica. Dit was het begin van de moderne syntaxis. De <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grammaire_fran%C3%A7oise&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Grammaire françoise (de pagina bestaat niet)">Grammaire françoise</a></i> van <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Buffier&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Claude Buffier (de pagina bestaat niet)">Claude Buffier</a> uit 1709, waarin wordt gesproken van <i>modificatifs</i> naast de tot dan toe traditioneel onderscheiden zinsdelen onderwerp en gezegde, vormde een belangrijk keerpunt. Later werd Buffiers werk aangevuld door <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Girard&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabriel Girard (de pagina bestaat niet)">Gabriel Girard</a>, die woordsoorten enerzijds en zinsdelen (<i>fonctions</i>) anderzijds scherp afbakende.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Met de ontwikkeling van de <a href="/wiki/Historische_taalkunde" title="Historische taalkunde">historische</a> en <a href="/wiki/Vergelijkende_taalkunde" title="Vergelijkende taalkunde">vergelijkende taalkunde</a> in de <a href="/wiki/19e_eeuw" title="19e eeuw">19e eeuw</a> werd men zich bewust van de vele mogelijkheden van taal en begon men ook de traditionele <a href="/wiki/Axioma" title="Axioma">axioma</a>'s over het verband tussen taal en <a href="/wiki/Logica" title="Logica">logica</a> in twijfel te trekken. Deze ontwikkeling stond echter grotendeels los van de syntaxis. De centrale plaats die de syntaxis inneemt binnen de <a href="/wiki/Theoretische_taalkunde" title="Theoretische taalkunde">theoretische taalkunde</a> werd pas echt duidelijk in de <a href="/wiki/20e_eeuw" title="20e eeuw">20e eeuw</a>. </p> <div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/15px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/23px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/30px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>Zie ook <a href="/wiki/Taalfilosofie" title="Taalfilosofie">Taalfilosofie</a></i></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nieuwe_modellen_en_benaderingen_vanaf_de_20e_eeuw">Nieuwe modellen en benaderingen vanaf de 20e eeuw</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntaxis_(taalkunde)&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Nieuwe modellen en benaderingen vanaf de 20e eeuw" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntaxis_(taalkunde)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Nieuwe modellen en benaderingen vanaf de 20e eeuw"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In de 20e eeuw werd een aantal alternatieve grammaticale modellen geïntroduceerd om zinnen syntactisch te ontleden, inclusief allerlei nieuwe begrippen als <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A8ta-rol" title="Thèta-rol">thèta-rol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thematische_relatie" title="Thematische relatie">thematische relatie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dieptecasus" title="Dieptecasus">dieptecasus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argument_(taalkunde)" title="Argument (taalkunde)">argument</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dependentiegrammatica" title="Dependentiegrammatica">dependentie</a> en <a href="/wiki/Valentie_(taalkunde)" title="Valentie (taalkunde)">valentie</a>. Sommige van deze begrippen, zoals <a href="/wiki/Agens_(taalkunde)" title="Agens (taalkunde)">agens</a> en <a href="/wiki/Pati%C3%ABns" title="Patiëns">patiëns</a>, overlappen grotendeels met reeds langer gebruikelijke termen als onderwerp en lijdend voorwerp. </p><p>De volgende syntactische modellen zijn algemeen gebruikelijk: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Generatieve_grammatica">Generatieve grammatica</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntaxis_(taalkunde)&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Generatieve grammatica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntaxis_(taalkunde)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Generatieve grammatica"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/15px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/23px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/30px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>Zie <a href="/wiki/Generatieve_taalkunde" title="Generatieve taalkunde">Generatieve taalkunde</a> voor het hoofdartikel over dit onderwerp.</i></div> <p>Volgens de generatieve grammatica is taal een structuur in de menselijke geest. Door middel van <a href="/wiki/Transformatie_(taalkunde)" title="Transformatie (taalkunde)">transformatie</a> wordt in de generatieve grammatica van deze structuur een model gemaakt dat kan worden gebruikt om alle talen te beschrijven en van tevoren de <a href="/wiki/Grammaticaliteit" title="Grammaticaliteit">grammaticaliteit</a> van een taaluiting te voorspellen. Bij generatieve grammatica ligt de nadruk eerder op de vorm van een zin dan op de semantische inhoud. De generatieve taalkunde kent drie "Chomskyaanse" hoofdvarianten: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minimalistisch_programma" title="Minimalistisch programma">Minimalistisch programma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regeer-en-bindtheorie" title="Regeer-en-bindtheorie">Regeer-en-bindtheorie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformatie_(taalkunde)" title="Transformatie (taalkunde)">Transformationele taalkunde</a></li></ul> <p>Daarnaast zijn er de volgende andere varianten, die zich min of meer afzetten tegen de grammaticamodellen van Chomsky: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arc_pair_grammatica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Arc pair grammatica (de pagina bestaat niet)">Arc pair grammatica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_phrase_structure_grammar" title="Generalized phrase structure grammar">Generalized phrase structure grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generatieve_semantiek" title="Generatieve semantiek">Generatieve semantiek</a> (verouderd)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head-driven_phrase_structure_grammar" title="Head-driven phrase structure grammar">Head-driven phrase structure grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexicale_functionele_grammatica" title="Lexicale functionele grammatica">Lexicale functionele grammatica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relationele_grammatica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Relationele grammatica (de pagina bestaat niet)">Relationele grammatica</a> (verouderd)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Categoriale_grammatica">Categoriale grammatica</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntaxis_(taalkunde)&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Categoriale grammatica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntaxis_(taalkunde)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Categoriale grammatica"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/15px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/23px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/30px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>Zie <a href="/wiki/Categoriale_grammatica" title="Categoriale grammatica">Categoriale grammatica</a> voor het hoofdartikel over dit onderwerp.</i></div> <p>In de categoriale grammatica wordt de basis voor syntactische structuur niet toegeschreven aan grammaticale regels maar aan de <a href="/wiki/Syntactische_categorie" title="Syntactische categorie">syntactische categorieën</a> zelf, met name de <a href="/wiki/Naamwoordgroep" title="Naamwoordgroep">nominale</a> en <a href="/wiki/Verbale_constituent" title="Verbale constituent">verbale</a> <a href="/wiki/Constituent_(taalkunde)" title="Constituent (taalkunde)">constituenten</a>. Doordat deze categorieën een zogeheten syntactisch <a href="/wiki/Hoofd_(taalkunde)" title="Hoofd (taalkunde)">hoofd</a> hebben dat de kerninformatie bevat, kunnen ze op zinvolle wijze worden gecombineerd. </p><p>De <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tree-adjoining_grammar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tree-adjoining grammar (de pagina bestaat niet)">tree-adjoining grammar</a> is de belangrijkste subdiscipline binnen de categoriale grammatica. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dependentiegrammatica">Dependentiegrammatica</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntaxis_(taalkunde)&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Dependentiegrammatica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntaxis_(taalkunde)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Dependentiegrammatica"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/15px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/23px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/30px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>Zie <a href="/wiki/Dependentiegrammatica" title="Dependentiegrammatica">Dependentiegrammatica</a> voor het hoofdartikel over dit onderwerp.</i></div> <p>De dependentiegrammatica maakt geen gebruik van boomstructuren en constituenten, maar stelt de grammaticale relaties tussen het hoofd van een zin en zijn dependenten centraal. Hierop zijn onder andere de volgende subdisciplines gebaseerd: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algebra%C3%AFsche_syntaxis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Algebraïsche syntaxis (de pagina bestaat niet)">Algebraïsche syntaxis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operatorgrammatica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Operatorgrammatica (de pagina bestaat niet)">Operatorgrammatica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schakelgrammatica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Schakelgrammatica (de pagina bestaat niet)">Schakelgrammatica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woordgrammatica" title="Woordgrammatica">Woordgrammatica</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stochastische_grammatica">Stochastische grammatica</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntaxis_(taalkunde)&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Stochastische grammatica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntaxis_(taalkunde)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Stochastische grammatica"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/15px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/23px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/30px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>Zie <a href="/wiki/Stochastische_grammatica" title="Stochastische grammatica">Stochastische grammatica</a> voor het hoofdartikel over dit onderwerp.</i></div> <p>Stochastische grammaticamodellen zijn gebaseerd op <a href="/wiki/Kansrekening" title="Kansrekening">kansrekening</a>. Er wordt onder andere gebruikgemaakt van <a href="/wiki/Neuraal_netwerk" title="Neuraal netwerk">neurale netwerken</a> en <a href="/wiki/Connectionisme" title="Connectionisme">connectionisme</a>. Belangrijke subtheorieën binnen deze benadering zijn: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optimaliteitstheorie" title="Optimaliteitstheorie">Optimaliteitstheorie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stochastische_contextvrije_grammatica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Stochastische contextvrije grammatica (de pagina bestaat niet)">Stochastische contextvrije grammatica</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Functionele_grammatica">Functionele grammatica</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntaxis_(taalkunde)&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Functionele grammatica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntaxis_(taalkunde)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Functionele grammatica"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/15px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/23px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/30px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>Zie <a href="/wiki/Functionalistische_taalkunde" title="Functionalistische taalkunde">Functionalistische taalkunde</a> voor het hoofdartikel over dit onderwerp.</i></div> <p>In functionele grammatica's staat de communicatieve functie van de zin centraal. Functionalistische theorieën zijn onder andere: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitieve_grammatica" title="Cognitieve grammatica">Cognitieve grammatica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructiegrammatica" title="Constructiegrammatica">Constructiegrammatica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergente_grammatica" title="Emergente grammatica">Emergente grammatica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rol-en-referentiegrammatica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rol-en-referentiegrammatica (de pagina bestaat niet)">Rol-en-referentiegrammatica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemisch-functionele_grammatica" title="Systemisch-functionele grammatica">Systemisch-functionele grammatica</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benadering">Benadering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntaxis_(taalkunde)&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Benadering" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntaxis_(taalkunde)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Benadering"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sommige 20e-eeuwse taalkundigen zoals <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a> beschouwen syntaxis als studie als een vertakking van de <a href="/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie">biologie</a>, omdat het gaat om de manier waarop taalkennis in het <a href="/wiki/Hersenen" title="Hersenen">brein</a> verankerd zit. Anderen zoals <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Gazdar" title="Gerald Gazdar">Gerald Gazdar</a> plaatsen de syntaxis op een lijn met de <a href="/wiki/Filosofie_van_de_wiskunde" title="Filosofie van de wiskunde">filosofie van de wiskunde</a> en zien haar als een <a href="/wiki/Formeel_systeem" title="Formeel systeem">formeel systeem</a>. Weer anderen zoals <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Greenberg" title="Joseph Greenberg">Joseph Greenberg</a> zien de syntaxis primair als een manier om tot generalisaties op taaloverstijgend niveau te komen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externe_link">Externe link</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntaxis_(taalkunde)&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Externe link" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntaxis_(taalkunde)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Externe link"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.let.rug.nl/~zwart/college/2002/nedsyn2opdr.htm">Opdrachten Syntaxis II (Nederlands)</a>, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen - Faculteit der Letteren</li></ul> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joop_van_der_Horst" title="Joop van der Horst">Joop van der Horst</a> (20013), <i>Taal op drift. Lange-termijnontwikkelingen in taal en samenleving</i>, Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 2013</li></ul> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.let.rug.nl/~zwart/college/docs/zinsleer/zinsleer1.pdf">Zinsleer, C.J.W. Zwart, RUG 2011</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">van der Horst (2013), p. 220</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">van der Horst (2013), p. 214-225</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">van der Horst (2013), p. 205</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">van der Horst (2013), p. 205-206</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67837862">.mw-parser-output .navigatie{position:relative;clear:both;overflow:auto;margin:1em auto -0.5em;padding:2px;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid 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