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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p> The <i><b>Modus Tenendi Parliamentum</b></i> (<b>Method of Holding Parliaments</b>) is a 14th-century document that outlined an idealised version of English <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_procedure" title="Parliamentary procedure">parliamentary procedure</a>. Part of its significance lies in its very title: <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">parliament</a> was now "seen as both institutionally well defined and a proper subject for description and conscious reflection".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it also includes elements of fantasy, both in relation to the way it sets out the history of parliaments, and its aspirations for the roles of different groups in parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Provenance">Provenance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modus_Tenendi_Parliamentum&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Provenance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An ancient document which has exercised much debate over its antiquity and authorship, the <i>Modus</i> is no longer seen as a later forgery, despite the doubts of earlier <a href="/wiki/Antiquarian" title="Antiquarian">antiquaries</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/John_Selden" title="John Selden">John Selden</a> (1584–1654) and <a href="/wiki/William_Prynne" title="William Prynne">William Prynne</a> (1600–1669). Thomas Duffus Hardy (1804–78) was a prominent <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archivist" title="Archivist">archivist</a>, whose final position was senior assistant keeper of the <a href="/wiki/Public_Record_Office" title="Public Record Office">Public Record Office</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He edited the most complete version of the volume in 1846, and believed it was probably written "some time between the years 1294 and 1327", at or shortly after <a href="/wiki/Edward_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward I">Edward I</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Model_Parliament" title="Model Parliament">Model Parliament</a> of 1295.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing in 1934, William A Morris reviewed the conflicting views on the date of the <i>Modus</i> that were first offered in the seventeenth century and concluded that it must have been written during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II (1307-27)</a>, probably 1321.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> M. V. Clarke says the book "was written in 1322 in order to expound and define the parliamentary theory and practice upheld by moderate men of that time".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That view on the date is also supported by W. C. Weber.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> References within the <i>Modus</i> suggest that the writer had experience of parliament, as well as an understanding of the royal administration. V. H. Galbraith believed that someone who had such experience was the Yorkshireman, <a href="/wiki/William_Ayermin" title="William Ayermin">William Ayermin</a> (also Airmyn, or Ayreminne) (died 1336).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ayermin held a number of offices in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">church</a> and royal administration, including being <a href="/wiki/Master_of_the_Rolls" title="Master of the Rolls">Keeper of the Rolls of Chancery</a> from 1316–24 and almost certainly also <a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_Parliaments" title="Clerk of the Parliaments">clerk of the parliament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance">Significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modus_Tenendi_Parliamentum&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The significance of the <i>Modus</i> lies in its descriptions of the procedures and organisation of Parliament and the growing importance of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England" title="House of Commons of England">Commons</a>. Parliament had developed by the early 14th century to the point where it could promote the transmission of the crown's policies and intentions in a positive manner outwards from the centre, and representation was the best method of doing this; notably, the Commons were more representative than <a href="/wiki/Magnate" title="Magnate">magnates</a> or <a href="/wiki/Prelate" title="Prelate">prelates</a>, who only represented themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increasingly, the agreement of the Commons was necessary for the levy of all taxes: peers could give such consent personally, whereas the Commons were proxies for the bulk of the population. During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a>, prominent members of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">House of Lancaster</a> wished to play up the importance of the Commons, compared to that of the Lords, prelates and magnates, and to legitimate processes in the Commons to depose a king who had lost the support of the people. The <i>Modus</i> was helpful to them in its emphasis on the representative power of the Commons: "We must understand that two Knights which come to the Parliament for the Shires and County out of which they come have a greater voice in Parliament to grant, than the greatest Earl in England".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maddicott offers a concise summary of the document's significance: "About the precise functions and powers of the commons the author of the <i>Modus</i> was, so far as we can see, often wrong. But about their general weight and position he was not so far out ... It is not hard to envisage the sort of body which it had in mind playing its part in the deposition of a king".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a major political crisis in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> in 1418–19, the veteran statesman <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Preston,_2nd_Baron_Gormanston" title="Christopher Preston, 2nd Baron Gormanston">Christopher Preston, 2nd Baron Gormanston</a>, was accused of <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a>, largely on account of his ownership of a copy of the document. He was quickly released and restored to favour, apparently after explaining that he had simply found it among his father's papers and thought it worth keeping.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This copy was itself copied onto the <a href="/wiki/Patent_roll" title="Patent roll">patent roll</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Chancery" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Chancery">Irish Chancery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modus_Tenendi_Parliamentum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the United Kingdom">Constitution of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet" title="House of Plantagenet">House of Plantagenet</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modus_Tenendi_Parliamentum&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maddicott 2010, p. 277</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maddicott 2010, p. 365</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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.citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Hardy, Sir Thomas Duffus (1804–1878)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F12292">10.1093/ref:odnb/12292</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hardy%2C+Sir+Thomas+Duffus+%281804%E2%80%931878%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F12292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModus+Tenendi+Parliamentum" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardy 1846, p.xvii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1934" class="citation journal cs1">Morris, William A. (July 1934). "The Date of the 'Modus Tenendi Parliamentum'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>The English Historical Review</i>. <b>49</b> (195): 407–422. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2Fxlix.cxcv.407">10.1093/ehr/xlix.cxcv.407</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/552855">552855</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Date+of+the+%27Modus+Tenendi+Parliamentum%27&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=195&rft.pages=407-422&rft.date=1934-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2Fxlix.cxcv.407&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F552855%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModus+Tenendi+Parliamentum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke1936" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, M. V. (1936). <i>Medieval Representation and Consent : A Study of Early Parliaments in England and Ireland, with Special Reference to the Modus Tenendi Parliamentum</i>. London: Longmans, Green & Co. p. 367. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4141851">4141851</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Representation+and+Consent+%3A+A+Study+of+Early+Parliaments+in+England+and+Ireland%2C+with+Special+Reference+to+the+Modus+Tenendi+Parliamentum&rft.place=London&rft.pages=367&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+%26+Co.&rft.date=1936&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4141851&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=M.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModus+Tenendi+Parliamentum" class="Z3988"></span>; quoted in Galbraith 1953, p. 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber1998" class="citation journal cs1">Weber, W. C. (1998). "The Purpose of the English <i>Modus Tenendi Parliamentum</i>". <i>Parliamentary History</i>. <b>17</b> (2). Edinburgh University Press: 149–177. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1750-0206.1998.tb00342.x">10.1111/j.1750-0206.1998.tb00342.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+History&rft.atitle=The+Purpose+of+the+English+Modus+Tenendi+Parliamentum&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=149-177&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1750-0206.1998.tb00342.x&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=W.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModus+Tenendi+Parliamentum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Galbraith 1953, p.90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Airmyn, William (d. 1336)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F944">10.1093/ref:odnb/944</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Airmyn%2C+William+%28d.+1336%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F944&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModus+Tenendi+Parliamentum" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span> and Galbraith 1953<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2014)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maddicott 2010, p. 293</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHakewel1671" class="citation book cs1">Hakewel, W (1671). <i>Modus Tenendi Parliamentum: Or, The Old Manner of Holding Parliaments in England</i>. London: Abel Roper. pp. 24–25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modus+Tenendi+Parliamentum%3A+Or%2C+The+Old+Manner+of+Holding+Parliaments+in+England&rft.place=London&rft.pages=24-25&rft.pub=Abel+Roper&rft.date=1671&rft.aulast=Hakewel&rft.aufirst=W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModus+Tenendi+Parliamentum" class="Z3988"></span> in <a href="/wiki/Early_English_Books_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Early English Books Online">Early English Books Online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maddicott 2010, p. 366</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtway-Ruthven1993" class="citation book cs1">Otway-Ruthven, A.J. (1993) [1980]. <i>History of Medieval Ireland</i>. Introduction by Kathleen Hughes (reissue ed.). Barnes and Noble. pp. 354–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1566192161" title="Special:BookSources/1566192161"><bdi>1566192161</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Medieval+Ireland&rft.pages=354-7&rft.edition=reissue&rft.pub=Barnes+and+Noble&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=1566192161&rft.aulast=Otway-Ruthven&rft.aufirst=A.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModus+Tenendi+Parliamentum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chancery.tcd.ie/document/patent/6-henry-v/15">"Patent Roll 6 Henry V 15"</a>. <i>CIRCLE</i>. Trinity College, Dublin<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIRCLE&rft.atitle=Patent+Roll+6+Henry+V+15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchancery.tcd.ie%2Fdocument%2Fpatent%2F6-henry-v%2F15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModus+Tenendi+Parliamentum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modus_Tenendi_Parliamentum&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalbraith1953" class="citation journal cs1">Galbraith, Vivian Hunter (1953). "The Modus Tenendi Parliamentum". <i>Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes</i>. <b>16</b> (1/2): 81–99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F750228">10.2307/750228</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0083-7180">0083-7180</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/750228">750228</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/888230931">888230931</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192413448">192413448</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Warburg+and+Courtauld+Institutes&rft.atitle=The+Modus+Tenendi+Parliamentum&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=81-99&rft.date=1953&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F750228%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F750228&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F888230931&rft.issn=0083-7180&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A192413448%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Galbraith&rft.aufirst=Vivian+Hunter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModus+Tenendi+Parliamentum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardy1846" class="citation book cs1">Hardy, Sir Thomas Duffus (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modustenendipar01offigoog"><i>Modus Tenendi Parliamentum : An Ancient Treatise on the Mode of Holding the Parliament in England</i></a>. London: George Edward Eyre and William Spottiswoode<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modus+Tenendi+Parliamentum+%3A+An+Ancient+Treatise+on+the+Mode+of+Holding+the+Parliament+in+England&rft.place=London&rft.pub=George+Edward+Eyre+and+William+Spottiswoode&rft.date=1846&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=Sir+Thomas+Duffus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodustenendipar01offigoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModus+Tenendi+Parliamentum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddicott2010" class="citation book cs1">Maddicott, John Robert Lewendon (2010). <i>The Origins of the English Parliament, 924–1327</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199585502" title="Special:BookSources/9780199585502"><bdi>9780199585502</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+English+Parliament%2C+924%E2%80%931327&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780199585502&rft.aulast=Maddicott&rft.aufirst=John+Robert+Lewendon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModus+Tenendi+Parliamentum" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modus_Tenendi_Parliamentum&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> The full text of <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Select_Historical_Documents_of_the_Middle_Ages/Book_I/Manner_of_holding_Parliament" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Select Historical Documents of the Middle Ages/Book I/Manner of holding Parliament">Manner of Holding Parliament</a> at Wikisource</li></ul> <style 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