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href="#Tipuri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Tipuri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tipuri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Efecte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Efecte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Efecte</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Efecte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Istoric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istoric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Istoric</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Istoric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dezarmarea_și_neproliferarea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dezarmarea_și_neproliferarea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Dezarmarea și neproliferarea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dezarmarea_și_neproliferarea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impactul_asupra_mediului" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impactul_asupra_mediului"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Impactul asupra mediului</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impactul_asupra_mediului-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tratate_internaționale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tratate_internaționale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Tratate internaționale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tratate_internaționale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Galerie_de_imagini" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galerie_de_imagini"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Galerie de imagini</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galerie_de_imagini-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vezi_și" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vezi_și"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Vezi și</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vezi_și-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legături_externe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legături_externe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Legături externe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legături_externe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Armă nucleară</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 127 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-127" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">127 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernwapen" title="Kernwapen – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kernwapen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernwaffe" title="Kernwaffe – germană (Elveția)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kernwaffe" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="germană (Elveția)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arma_nucleyar" title="Arma nucleyar – aragoneză" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Arma nucleyar" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A" title="سلاح نووي – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلاح نووي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%89" title="سلاح نووى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سلاح نووى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arma_nuclear" title="Arma nuclear – asturiană" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Arma nuclear" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCv%C9%99_silah%C4%B1" title="Nüvə silahı – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nüvə silahı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AF%DA%A9_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88" title="چکیردک بومبو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چکیردک بومبو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE_%D2%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Ядро ҡоралы – bașkiră" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ядро ҡоралы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bașkiră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondoul%C4%97nis_g%C4%97nklos" title="Kondoulėnis gėnklos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kondoulėnis gėnklos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8F" title="Ядзерная зброя – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ядзерная зброя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8F" title="Ядзерная зброя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ядзерная зброя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Ядрено оръжие – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ядрено оръжие" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%B0%E1%80%81%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="နျူးကလီးယားစူခွုမ် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="နျူးကလီးယားစူခွုမ်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="পারমাণবিক অস্ত্র – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পারমাণবিক অস্ত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm_nukleel" title="Arm nukleel – bretonă" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Arm nukleel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuklearno_oru%C5%BEje" title="Nuklearno oružje – bosniacă" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nuklearno oružje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%B3" title="Атомой зэбсэг – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Атомой зэбсэг" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arma_nuclear" title="Arma nuclear – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arma nuclear" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%80%D0%BE%D1%8C%D1%8A%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B7" title="ХӀоьънан герз – cecenă" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ХӀоьънан герз" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="cecenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="چەکی ناوکی – kurdă centrală" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چەکی ناوکی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdă centrală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadern%C3%A1_zbra%C5%88" title="Jaderná zbraň – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jaderná zbraň" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0p%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%85%C4%95%C3%A7%D0%BF%C4%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Нуклонсаpла хĕçпăшал – ciuvașă" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Нуклонсаpла хĕçпăшал" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arf_niwclear" title="Arf niwclear – galeză" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Arf niwclear" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernev%C3%A5ben" title="Kernevåben – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kernevåben" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernwaffe" title="Kernwaffe – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kernwaffe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87eka_nukleere" title="Çeka nukleere – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Çeka nukleere" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%BF" title="Πυρηνικό όπλο – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πυρηνικό όπλο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Nuclear weapon" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuklea_armilo" title="Nuklea armilo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nuklea armilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arma_nuclear" title="Arma nuclear – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arma nuclear" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuumarelv" title="Tuumarelv – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tuumarelv" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arma_nuklear" title="Arma nuklear – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arma nuklear" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="جنگ‌افزار هسته‌ای – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ‌افزار هسته‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ydinase" title="Ydinase – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ydinase" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arme_nucl%C3%A9aire" title="Arme nucléaire – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arme nucléaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kearnwapen" title="Kearnwapen – frizonă occidentală" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kearnwapen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frizonă occidentală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airm_n%C3%BAicl%C3%A9acha" title="Airm núicléacha – irlandeză" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Airm núicléacha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8" title="核武器 – chineză gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="核武器" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="chineză gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm_nikl%C3%A9y%C3%A8r" title="Arm nikléyèr – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Arm nikléyèr" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arma_nuclear" title="Arma nuclear – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Arma nuclear" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mboka_oipur%C3%BAva_tumingue%27a_mbaretekue" title="Mboka oipurúva tumingue'a mbaretekue – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mboka oipurúva tumingue'a mbaretekue" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC" title="अणुबॉंब – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="अणुबॉंब" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makaman_nukiliya" title="Makaman nukiliya – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Makaman nukiliya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%A7_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99" title="נשק גרעיני – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נשק גרעיני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%AE" title="परमाणु बम – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="परमाणु बम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parmanu_hathiyaar" title="Parmanu hathiyaar – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Parmanu hathiyaar" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuklearno_oru%C5%BEje" title="Nuklearno oružje – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nuklearno oružje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukle%C3%A1ris_fegyver" title="Nukleáris fegyver – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nukleáris fegyver" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A6%D5%A5%D5%B6%D6%84" title="Միջուկային զենք – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միջուկային զենք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arma_nuclear" title="Arma nuclear – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Arma nuclear" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senjata_nuklir" title="Senjata nuklir – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Senjata nuklir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleal_armo" title="Nukleal armo – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nukleal armo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjarnorkuvopn" title="Kjarnorkuvopn – islandeză" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kjarnorkuvopn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arma_nucleare" title="Arma nucleare – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Arma nucleare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%85%B5%E5%99%A8" title="核兵器 – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="核兵器" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyuuklier_wepan" title="Nyuuklier wepan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Nyuuklier wepan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaman_nuklir" title="Gaman nuklir – javaneză" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Gaman nuklir" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%98" title="ბირთვული იარაღი – georgiană" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბირთვული იარაღი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83" title="Ядролық қару – kazahă" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ядролық қару" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಪರಮಾಣು ಶಸ್ತ್ರಾಸ್ತ್ರ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪರಮಾಣು ಶಸ್ತ್ರಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%B5%EB%AC%B4%EA%B8%B0" title="핵무기 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="핵무기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87eka_nukleer%C3%AE" title="Çeka nukleerî – kurdă" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Çeka nukleerî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Ядролук курал – kârgâză" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ядролук курал" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kârgâză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arma_nuclearia" title="Arma nuclearia – latină" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Arma nuclearia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latină" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomwaff" title="Atomwaff – luxemburgheză" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Atomwaff" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arma_nuclear" title="Arma nuclear – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Arma nuclear" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%A7%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%8D" title="ອາວຸດນິວເຄລຍ – laoțiană" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ອາວຸດນິວເຄລຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laoțiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branduolinis_ginklas" title="Branduolinis ginklas – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Branduolinis ginklas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodoliero%C4%8Di" title="Kodolieroči – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kodolieroči" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bom_atom" title="Bom atom – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bom atom" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Јадрено оружје – macedoneană" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јадрено оружје" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoneană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%82" title="ആണവായുധം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആണവായുധം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D3%A9%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%B3" title="Цөмийн зэвсэг – mongolă" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цөмийн зэвсэг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="अण्वस्त्र – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अण्वस्त्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senjata_nuklear" title="Senjata nuklear – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Senjata nuklear" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arma_nukleari" title="Arma nukleari – malteză" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Arma nukleari" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="malteză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%8F%E1%80%AF%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B0_%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="အဏုမြူ လက်နက် – birmană" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အဏုမြူ လက်နက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnwapen" title="Karnwapen – germana de jos" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Karnwapen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="germana de jos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%AE" title="परमाणु बम – nepaleză" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="परमाणु बम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%83" title="आणविक ल्वाभः – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="आणविक ल्वाभः" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernwapen" title="Kernwapen – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kernwapen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomv%C3%A5pen" title="Atomvåpen – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Atomvåpen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjernefysiske_v%C3%A5pen" title="Kjernefysiske våpen – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kjernefysiske våpen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81eetsoh_bee%CA%BCeld%C7%AB%C7%ABhtsoh_bee%CA%BCal%C4%AF%CC%81%C4%AF%CC%81h" title="Łeetsoh beeʼeldǫǫhtsoh beeʼalį́į́h – navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Łeetsoh beeʼeldǫǫhtsoh beeʼalį́į́h" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arma_nucleara" title="Arma nucleara – occitană" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Arma nucleara" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cdinsodavehkeh" title="Üdinsodavehkeh – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Üdinsodavehkeh" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AC" title="ਨਿਊਕਲੀ ਬੰਬ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਿਊਕਲੀ ਬੰਬ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernwaffe" title="Kernwaffe – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Kernwaffe" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bro%C5%84_j%C4%85drowa" title="Broń jądrowa – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Broń jądrowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%B9%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%A8" title="ایٹم بمب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایٹم بمب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%8A_%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%90" title="هستوي وسلې – paștună" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هستوي وسلې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paștună" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomba_nuclear" title="Bomba nuclear – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bomba nuclear" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B1uku_huk%27i_ay%C3%B1i" title="Iñuku huk'i ayñi – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Iñuku huk'i ayñi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Ядерное оружие – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ядерное оружие" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="अण्वस्त्रम् – sanscrită" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अण्वस्त्रम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanscrită" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%BD%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%85" title="ائٽم بم – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ائٽم بم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuklearno_oru%C5%BEje" title="Nuklearno oružje – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nuklearno oružje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%85%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92" title="න්‍යෂ්ටික අවි – singhaleză" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="න්‍යෂ්ටික අවි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singhaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nuclear weapon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadrov%C3%A1_zbra%C5%88" title="Jadrová zbraň – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jadrová zbraň" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedrsko_oro%C5%BEje" title="Jedrsko orožje – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jedrsko orožje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvombo_zveShomwe" title="Zvombo zveShomwe – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Zvombo zveShomwe" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arma_b%C3%ABrthamore" title="Arma bërthamore – albaneză" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Arma bërthamore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Нуклеарно оружје – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нуклеарно оружје" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4%C3%A4denwoape" title="Käädenwoape – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Käädenwoape" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakarang_nuklir" title="Pakarang nuklir – sundaneză" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Pakarang nuklir" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4rnvapen" title="Kärnvapen – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kärnvapen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomu_la_nyuklia" title="Bomu la nyuklia – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bomu la nyuklia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="அணுக்கரு ஆயுதங்கள் – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அணுக்கரு ஆயுதங்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%A3%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%82" title="అణ్వాయుధం – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అణ్వాయుధం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8_%D2%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D3%A3" title="Ҷангафзори ҳастаӣ – tadjică" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷангафзори ҳастаӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="อาวุธนิวเคลียร์ – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาวุธนิวเคลียร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandatang_nukleyar" title="Sandatang nukleyar – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sandatang nukleyar" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCkleer_silah" title="Nükleer silah – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nükleer silah" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC-%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%88_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Атом-төш коралы – tătară" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Атом-төш коралы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tătară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8F" title="Ядерна зброя – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ядерна зброя" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%DB%81%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DB%81%D8%AA%DA%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="جوہری ہتھیار – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جوہری ہتھیار" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yadro_quroli" title="Yadro quroli – uzbecă" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yadro quroli" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C5%A9_kh%C3%AD_h%E1%BA%A1t_nh%C3%A2n" title="Vũ khí hạt nhân – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vũ khí hạt nhân" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armas_Nukleyar" title="Armas Nukleyar – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" 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class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspect</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Nagasakibomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Nagasakibomb.jpg/230px-Nagasakibomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Nagasakibomb.jpg/345px-Nagasakibomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Nagasakibomb.jpg/460px-Nagasakibomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3245" data-file-height="3877" /></a><figcaption> Norul tipic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mushroom_cloud" class="extiw" title="en:mushroom cloud">ciupercă</a> al detonării <a href="/wiki/Bombardamentele_atomice_de_la_Hiroshima_%C8%99i_Nagasaki" title="Bombardamentele atomice de la Hiroshima și Nagasaki">bombei atomice la Nagasaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japonia" title="Japonia">Japonia</a> din <a href="/wiki/9_august" title="9 august">9 august</a> <a href="/wiki/1945" title="1945">1945</a> s-a înălțat la peste <a href="/wiki/18" title="18">18</a> kilometri altitudine deasupra <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypocenter" class="extiw" title="en:Hypocenter">hipocentrului</a> bombei.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Arma nucleară</b> (sau <b>Bomba nucleară</b>) este un dispozitiv ce eliberează într-o manieră explozivă <a href="/wiki/Energie_nuclear%C4%83" title="Energie nucleară">energia nucleară</a> produsă de o <a href="/wiki/Reac%C8%9Bie_%C3%AEn_lan%C8%9B" title="Reacție în lanț">reacție în lanț</a> de <a href="/wiki/Fisiune_nuclear%C4%83" title="Fisiune nucleară">fisiune</a> sau <a href="/wiki/Fuziune_nuclear%C4%83" title="Fuziune nucleară">fuziune</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arma nucleară face parte din categoria <a href="/wiki/Arme_de_distrugere_%C3%AEn_mas%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Arme de distrugere în masă">armelor de distrugere în masă</a> destinate uciderii unui număr mare de oameni și distrugerii structurilor construite de om, respectiv a biosferei în general. </p><p>Prima armă nucleară cu fisiune a eliberat o cantitate de energie echivalentă cu cea rezultată din explozia a 20.000 tone de TNT (<a href="/wiki/Trinitrotoluen" title="Trinitrotoluen">trinitrotoluen</a>), în timp ce prima <a href="/wiki/Arm%C4%83_termonuclear%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Armă termonucleară">armă termonucleară</a> (cu fisiune și fuziune) a eliberat o energie echivalentă cu 10.000.000 tone de TNT. La nivelul anului 2012 pe plan mondial existau circa 19.000 de focoase nucleare din care 4.400 sunt menținute în stare operațională, gata oricând pentru a fi utilizate.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Distrugere_reciproc%C4%83_asigurat%C4%83" title="Distrugere reciprocă asigurată">Distrugerea reciprocă este asigurată</a> în cazul folosirii acestora împotriva unei entități care posedă arme nucleare. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tipuri">Tipuri</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arm%C4%83_nuclear%C4%83&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Tipuri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arm%C4%83_nuclear%C4%83&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Tipuri"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>În prezent există două tipuri de arme nucleare: cele bazate exclusiv pe reacția de fisiune nucleară și cele care utilizează fisiunea nucleară pentru amorsarea reacției de fuziune nucleară.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Armele bazate pe fisiunea nucleară constau dintr-o cantitate de uraniu îmbogățit care formează o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mas%C4%83_supracritic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masă supracritică — pagină inexistentă">masă supracritică</a> în care se dezvoltă exponențial reacția în lanț. Masa supracritică se realizează fie prin implantarea unei piese din material fisionabil în <a href="/w/index.php?title=Masa_subcritic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masa subcritică — pagină inexistentă">masa subcritică</a> (metoda proiectilului) fie prin comprimarea (cu explozivi chimici) unei sfere de material fisionabil până se atinge masa supracritică (metoda imploziei). </p><p><b>Arma nucleară cu fuziune</b> (arma termonucleară, bomba cu Hidrogen) folosește energia rezultată din fisiune pentru a comprima și încălzi <a href="/wiki/Deuteriu" title="Deuteriu">deuteriul</a> și <a href="/wiki/Tritiu" title="Tritiu">tritiul</a> până aceștia fuzionează. </p><p>Există și arme nucleare cu destinații speciale precum arma cu <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutroni</a> sau arma cu <a href="/wiki/Contaminare_radioactiv%C4%83" title="Contaminare radioactivă">contaminare radioactivă</a>. <b>Arma cu neutroni</b> este o armă termonucleară construită special pentru a produce un <a href="/wiki/Flux" title="Flux">flux</a> mare de neutroni ce produce multe decese dar nu produce contaminare radioactivă și nu afectează construcțiile. <b>Arma cu contaminare</b> este o armă cu fisiune învelită cu un material (cobalt, aur) care prin <a href="/wiki/Activare_cu_neutroni" title="Activare cu neutroni">activare</a> produce o contaminare radioactivă extrem de puternică. <b>Proiectile cu uraniu sărăcit</b> au fost dezvoltate și testate în anii `70 în scopul întăririi puterii de penetrare. Aceste muniții sunt cu dispersie de substanțe radioactive care, inhalate sau ingerate devin letale. </p><p>Din punct de vedere al strategiei militare armele nucleare se împart în : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arm%C4%83_nuclear%C4%83_strategic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armă nucleară strategică — pagină inexistentă">arme strategice</a> (care vizează țări sau populații mari) sau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arm%C4%83_nuclear%C4%83_tactic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armă nucleară tactică — pagină inexistentă">tactice</a> (utilizate numai pe câmpul de luptă). Armele nucleare strategice sunt transportate la țintă cu avioane sau rachete. Armele tactice sunt transportate cu rachete, artilerie, torpile, etc. </p><p>În perioada 1960-1980 <a href="/wiki/Statele_Unite_ale_Americii" title="Statele Unite ale Americii">SUA</a> și URSS au folosit dispozitive explozive bazate pe energie nucleară pentru scopuri comerciale (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Explozii_nucleare_pa%C8%99nice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Explozii nucleare pașnice — pagină inexistentă">explozii nucleare pașnice</a>). Tratatul de eliminare a testelor nucleare din 1966 a interzis toate exploziile nucleare, indiferent de scopul lor.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Efecte">Efecte</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arm%C4%83_nuclear%C4%83&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Efecte" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arm%C4%83_nuclear%C4%83&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Efecte"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Explozia nucleară are efecte imediate și întârziate. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unda_de_%C8%99oc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unda de șoc — pagină inexistentă">Unda de șoc</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radia%C8%9Bia_termic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radiația termică — pagină inexistentă">radiația termică</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radia%C8%9Bia_ionizant%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radiația ionizantă — pagină inexistentă">radiația ionizantă</a> promptă produc distrugeri mari în câteva secunde sau minute de la detonare. Efectele întârziate precum căderile radioactive acționează pe perioade mari de timp, de la ore la ani.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Unda de șoc produce modificarea bruscă a presiunii aerului și vânturi puternice. Construcțiile mari sunt distruse de modificarea presiunii aerului în timp ce vânturile puternice distrug vegetația și omoară oamenii. Dacă explozia are loc la suprafața sau în apropierea solului se produce un crater din care materialul este ridicat în atmosferă, de unde revine sub forma de depuneri radioactive.</li></ul> <ul><li>Circa 35% din energia exploziei este sub forma de radiație luminoasă și termică (căldură). Radiația luminoasă produce orbirea prin arderea retinei. Radiația termică produce arsuri ființelor vii și incendierea materialelor combustibile.</li></ul> <ul><li>Efectele radiațiilor nucleare directe sunt în general mai mici decât cele ale undei de șoc sau radiației termice. La armele cu neutroni spre exemplu efectul radiației directe (neutroni) este cel mai puternic. Iradierea directă cu radiații nucleare duce la deces sau în cazul dozelor mai mici la <a href="/wiki/Sindromul_iradierii_acute" title="Sindromul iradierii acute">boala de iradiere</a>.</li> <li>Particulele radioactive ridicate în atmosferă (norul în formă de ciupercă) revin pe pământ în apropierea locului exploziei. Ele nu produc multe decese deoarece afectează zona unde oamenii au fost deja uciși de celelalte efecte. În funcție de condițiile meteorologice, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norul_radioactiv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norul radioactiv — pagină inexistentă">norul radioactiv</a> poate fi deplasat la distanțe mari iar depunerile pe sol pot afecta zonele mai îndepărtate.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undele_electromagnetice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Undele electromagnetice — pagină inexistentă">Undele electromagnetice</a> produse de explozie rezultă prin absorbția <a href="/wiki/Radia%C8%9Bie_gama" title="Radiație gama">radiației gama</a> în aer și în sol. Pulsul de unde electromagnetice generează <a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A2mpuri_electrice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Câmpuri electrice — pagină inexistentă">câmpuri electrice</a> de mii de volți pe durate extrem de scurte. Consecințele privesc în special comunicațiile și rețelele electrice.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istoric">Istoric</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arm%C4%83_nuclear%C4%83&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Istoric" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arm%C4%83_nuclear%C4%83&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Istoric"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Istoria armei nucleare începe cu scrisoarea trimisă de <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> la 2 august 1939 președintelui <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>. La scurt timp guvernul SUA a lansat proiectul de realizare a armei nucleare cunoscut sub numele de “<a href="/wiki/Proiectul_Manhattan" title="Proiectul Manhattan">Proiectul Manhattan</a>”.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deoarece pentru realizarea armei nucleare era nevoie de <a href="/wiki/Uraniu_%C3%AEmbog%C4%83%C8%9Bit" title="Uraniu îmbogățit">uraniu îmbogățit</a> a fost construită la Oak Ridge – Tennessee o instalație de îmbogățire prin procedeul de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Difuzie_gazoas%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Difuzie gazoasă — pagină inexistentă">difuzie gazoasă</a>, pus la punct de Harold Urey, iar la Universitatea California, Ernest Lawrence a pus la punct procedeul separării magnetice a <a href="/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop">izotopilor</a> uraniului. Pe parcursul a șase ani, 1939-1945 în proiectul Manhattan au fost cheltuiți peste 2 miliarde de dolari.<br />La proiectul Manhattan au participat a pleiadă de savanți conduși de <a href="/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer" title="Robert Oppenheimer">Robert Oppenheimer</a>: David Bohm, <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3_Szil%C3%A1rd" title="Leó Szilárd">Leo Szilard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Paul_Wigner" title="Eugene Paul Wigner">Eugene Wigner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Robert_Frisch" title="Otto Robert Frisch">Otto Frisch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Peierls" title="Rudolf Peierls">Rudolf Peierls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Felix Bloch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Segre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Fuchs" title="Klaus Fuchs">Klaus Fuchs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a>. Prima armă nucleară a fost testată la 16 iulie 1945 în deșertul <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>. </p><p>Armele nucleare s-au folosit împotriva oamenilor doar de două ori, și anume în anul 1945 în jurul încheierii celui de-<a href="/wiki/Al_doilea_r%C4%83zboi_mondial" class="mw-redirect" title="Al doilea război mondial">al doilea război mondial</a>, când SUA au aruncat câte o singură bombă atomică cu fisiune asupra orașelor japoneze <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a> și <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>. Primul eveniment a avut loc în dimineața zilei de <a href="/wiki/6_august" title="6 august">6 august</a> <a href="/wiki/1945" title="1945">1945</a>, când Statele Unite ale Americii au aruncat un dispozitiv tip pistol, cu uraniu, cu codul „<a href="/wiki/Little_Boy" title="Little Boy">Little Boy</a>” (Băiețelul), asupra orașului Hiroșhima. Al doilea eveniment a avut loc după trei zile, la <a href="/wiki/9_august" title="9 august">9 august</a> <a href="/wiki/1945" title="1945">1945</a>, când un dispozitiv tip implozie, cu plutoniu, cu codul „<a href="/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man">Fat Man</a>” (Grasul), a fost aruncat asupra orașului Nagasaki. Norul, sau „ciuperca” acestei bombe s-a înălțat mai mult de 18 kilometri deasupra hipocentrului exploziei. </p><p>Folosirea acestor 2 bombe, din care a rezultat moartea imediată a aproximativ 100.000 – 200.000 de oameni (majoritatea civili) și chiar și mai mulți cu trecerea timpului, a fost și rămâne controversată. Criticii spun că a fost un act de omucidere în masă inutil, în timp ce alții sunt de părere că de fapt s-a limitat numărul de victime de ambele părți prin grăbirea sfârșitului războiului și evitarea unor lupte sângeroase pe teritoriul <a href="/wiki/Japonia" title="Japonia">Japoniei</a>; de asemenea se aduce argumentul reducerii înaintării sovietice (și comuniste) în <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> drept una din consecințele acestor bombe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dezarmarea_și_neproliferarea"><span id="Dezarmarea_.C8.99i_neproliferarea"></span>Dezarmarea și neproliferarea</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arm%C4%83_nuclear%C4%83&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Dezarmarea și neproliferarea" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arm%C4%83_nuclear%C4%83&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Dezarmarea și neproliferarea"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tratatul_de_Neproliferare_Nuclear%C4%83" title="Tratatul de Neproliferare Nucleară">Tratatul de neproliferare nucleară</a> are ca obiectiv prevenirea răspândirii armelor nucleare și a tehnologiilor de fabricare a acestora, promovarea cooperării în domeniul utilizării pașnice a energiei nucleare și în final dezarmarea nucleară.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deschis pentru semnare în 1968 tratatul a intrat vigoare în 1970 și în prezent este semnat de 190 de state inclusiv cele 5 state deținătoare în mod oficial de arme nucleare. Pentru asigurarea neproliferării și întărirea încrederii între statele semnatare tratatul stabilește un sistem de garanții nucleare în responsabilitatea <a href="/wiki/AIEA" class="mw-redirect" title="AIEA">AIEA</a>. Tratatul promovează cooperarea și accesul egal al statelor la utilizarea pașnică a energiei nucleare și în același timp previne deturnarea materialului fisionabil pentru fabricarea de arme. </p><p>Riscul <a href="/wiki/Proliferare_nuclear%C4%83" title="Proliferare nucleară">proliferării armelor nucleare</a> nu este complet eliminat deoarece unele țări precum <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (80-110 focoase active), <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> (90-110 focoase active), <a href="/wiki/Coreea_de_Nord" title="Coreea de Nord">Coreea de Nord</a> (10 focoase active) și <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> (75-200 focoase active) nu au semnat tratatul și au dezvoltat în secret arsenale nucleare.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>În 1996, la solicitarea <a href="/wiki/ONU" class="mw-redirect" title="ONU">ONU</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curtea_Interna%C8%9Bional%C4%83_de_Justi%C8%9Bie" title="Curtea Internațională de Justiție">Curtea Internațională de Justiție</a> a emis o opinie consultativă privind « Legalitatea amenințării sau folosirii armelor nucleare ». Curtea a stabilit că amenințarea sau folosirea armelor nucleare ar putea viola diferite articole ale dreptului internațional, inclusiv <a href="/wiki/Conven%C8%9Bia_de_la_Geneva" class="mw-redirect" title="Convenția de la Geneva">Convenția de la Geneva</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conven%C8%9Bia_de_la_Haga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Convenția de la Haga — pagină inexistentă">Convenția de la Haga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carta_ONU" class="mw-redirect" title="Carta ONU">carta ONU</a> și <a href="/wiki/Declara%C8%9Bia_universal%C4%83_a_drepturilor_omului" class="mw-redirect" title="Declarația universală a drepturilor omului">Declarația universală a drepturilor omului</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impactul_asupra_mediului">Impactul asupra mediului</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arm%C4%83_nuclear%C4%83&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Impactul asupra mediului" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arm%C4%83_nuclear%C4%83&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Impactul asupra mediului"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Producerea și testarea armelor nucleare în <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a> (fosta URSS) a condus la contaminarea excesivă a anumitor regiuni, peste limitele admisibile. </p><p>Numai suprafața contaminată de activitățile Minatom depășește 480 km<sup>2</sup>. O problemă gravă privește stocarea necorespunzătoare a deșeurilor nucleare. Circa 650 milioane m<sup>3</sup> de deșeuri stocate de Minatom conțin o activitate de 2 miliarde de Ci. Alte organizații dețin 12 000 tone de combustibil ars cu o activitate de 8,2 miliarde de Ci. În plus, cantități foarte mari de ape puternic contaminate (1,5 miliarde Ci) au fost injectate în subteran sau pur și simplu aruncate în lacurile sau râurile din apropiere. Din cele 184 submarine nucleare scoase din uz acum 10-15 ani 104 au rămas cu combustibilul ars la bord, iar starea lor precară reprezintă un mare pericol pentru mediu. </p><p>Începând din 1989 SUA a înființat la Departamentul Energiei un oficiu dedicat eliminării riscurilor asociate moștenirii <a href="/wiki/R%C4%83zboiul_Rece" title="Războiul Rece">Războiului Rece</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cea mai mare parte din această moștenire radioactivă provine din instalațiile de producere a uraniului îmbogățit și a plutoniului (minele de uraniu, prelucrarea chimică a uraniului, îmbogățirea, fabricarea combustibilului și a țintelor, iradierea în reactor, separarea chimică a plutoniului). Deșeurile generate la extragerea plutoniului reprezintă 85% din radioactivitatea asociată producerii armamentului nuclear, 71 % din apele contaminate și 33 % din terenurile contaminate. </p><p>Activitățile de producere a armamentului nuclear au lăsat o moștenire de 1500 milioane metri cubi de ape contaminate (inclusive ape subterane) și 73 milioane metri cubi de solide contaminate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tratate_internaționale"><span id="Tratate_interna.C8.9Bionale"></span>Tratate internaționale</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arm%C4%83_nuclear%C4%83&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: Tratate internaționale" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arm%C4%83_nuclear%C4%83&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Tratate internaționale"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Galerie_de_imagini">Galerie de imagini</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arm%C4%83_nuclear%C4%83&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifică secțiunea: Galerie de imagini" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arm%C4%83_nuclear%C4%83&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Galerie de imagini"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:20060330204733!Fat_man.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bomba cu fisiune "Fat man""><img alt="Bomba cu fisiune "Fat man"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/20060330204733%21Fat_man.jpg/120px-20060330204733%21Fat_man.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/20060330204733%21Fat_man.jpg/180px-20060330204733%21Fat_man.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/20060330204733%21Fat_man.jpg/240px-20060330204733%21Fat_man.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="318" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bomba cu fisiune "Fat man"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Peacekeeper_missile.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rachetă balistică intercontinentală "LGM-118A Peacekeeper""><img alt="Rachetă balistică intercontinentală "LGM-118A Peacekeeper"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Peacekeeper_missile.jpg/81px-Peacekeeper_missile.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Peacekeeper_missile.jpg/122px-Peacekeeper_missile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Peacekeeper_missile.jpg/162px-Peacekeeper_missile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1183" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rachet%C4%83_balistic%C4%83_intercontinental%C4%83" title="Rachetă balistică intercontinentală">Rachetă balistică intercontinentală</a> "<a href="/wiki/LGM-118A_Peacekeeper" title="LGM-118A Peacekeeper">LGM-118A Peacekeeper</a>"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:W87_MIRV.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Focoase W87 termonucleare multiple de tip MIRV pentru racheta "Peacekeeper""><img alt="Focoase W87 termonucleare multiple de tip MIRV pentru racheta "Peacekeeper"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/W87_MIRV.jpg/120px-W87_MIRV.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/W87_MIRV.jpg/180px-W87_MIRV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/W87_MIRV.jpg/240px-W87_MIRV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="628" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Focoase W87 termonucleare multiple de tip MIRV pentru racheta "Peacekeeper"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:W87_MX_Missile_schematic.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Schema rachetei "Peacekeeper" cu focoase multiple"><img alt="Schema rachetei "Peacekeeper" cu focoase multiple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/W87_MX_Missile_schematic.jpg/120px-W87_MX_Missile_schematic.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/W87_MX_Missile_schematic.jpg/180px-W87_MX_Missile_schematic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/W87_MX_Missile_schematic.jpg/240px-W87_MX_Missile_schematic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="662" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Schema rachetei "Peacekeeper" cu focoase multiple</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Moscow_Parad_2008_Ballist.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rachetă balistică intercontinentală "SS-25 Sickle" cu rampă de lansare mobilă"><img alt="Rachetă balistică intercontinentală "SS-25 Sickle" cu rampă de lansare mobilă" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Moscow_Parad_2008_Ballist.jpg/120px-Moscow_Parad_2008_Ballist.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Moscow_Parad_2008_Ballist.jpg/180px-Moscow_Parad_2008_Ballist.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Moscow_Parad_2008_Ballist.jpg/240px-Moscow_Parad_2008_Ballist.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1941" data-file-height="1344" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rachet%C4%83_balistic%C4%83_intercontinental%C4%83" title="Rachetă balistică intercontinentală">Rachetă balistică intercontinentală</a> "<a href="/wiki/SS-25_Sickle" class="mw-redirect" title="SS-25 Sickle">SS-25 Sickle</a>" cu rampă de lansare mobilă</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:B2_spirit.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bombardier strategic greu detectabil "B-2 Spirit""><img alt="Bombardier strategic greu detectabil "B-2 Spirit"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/B2_spirit.jpg/120px-B2_spirit.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/B2_spirit.jpg/180px-B2_spirit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/B2_spirit.jpg/240px-B2_spirit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1474" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bombardier strategic greu detectabil "<a href="/wiki/B-2_Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="B-2 Spirit">B-2 Spirit</a>"</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arm%C4%83_nuclear%C4%83&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arm%C4%83_nuclear%C4%83&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nti.org/glossary/#nuclear-weapon">nuclear-weapon</a>, nti.org/glossary</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.org/programs/ssp/nukes/nuclearweapons/nukestatus.html">Status of World Nuclear Forces</a>fas.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/">A Guide to Nuclear Weapons</a>nuclearweaponarchive.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctbto.org/nuclear-testing/history-of-nuclear-testing/peaceful-nuclear-explosions/">Peaceful Nuclear Explosions</a>ctbto.org/nuclear-testing</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atomicarchive.com/Docs/pdfs/7906.pdf">„The Effects of Nuclear War”</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Effects+of+Nuclear+War&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atomicarchive.com%2FDocs%2Fpdfs%2F7906.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AArm%C4%83+nuclear%C4%83" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16236537">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"„""”""«""»"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inventors.about.com/od/astartinventions/a/atomic_bomb.htm">The Invention of the Atomic Bomb</a><sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Leg%C4%83turi_externe" title="Wikipedia:Legături externe">nefuncțională</a></i>]</sup>inventors.about.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/disarmament/WMD/Nuclear/NPT.shtml">Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)</a>un.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sipri.org/yearbook/2011/07">World nuclear forces</a>sipri.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icj-cij.org/en">The International Court of Justice</a>icj-cij.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.em.doe.gov/Publications/linklegacy.aspx">Office of Environmental Management</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120804175154/http://www.em.doe.gov/Publications/linklegacy.aspx">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2012-08-04">4 august 2012</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.em.doe.gov</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografie">Bibliografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arm%C4%83_nuclear%C4%83&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifică secțiunea: Bibliografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arm%C4%83_nuclear%C4%83&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nti.org/glossary/#nuclear-weapon">NTI</a><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.org/programs/ssp/nukes/nuclearweapons/nukestatus.html">FAS</a><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/">Nuclear Weapon Archive</a><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctbto.org/nuclear-testing/history-of-nuclear-testing/peaceful-nuclear-explosions/">CTBTO</a><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atomicarchive.com/Docs/pdfs/7906.pdf">Atomic Archive</a><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inventors.about.com/od/astartinventions/a/atomic_bomb.htm">ABOUT</a><sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Leg%C4%83turi_externe" title="Wikipedia:Legături externe">nefuncțională</a></i>]</sup><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/disarmament/WMD/Nuclear/NPT.shtml">United Nations</a><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sipri.org/yearbook/2011/07">SIPRI</a><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?p1=3&p2=4&k=e1&p3=4&case=95">ICJ-CIJ</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120608190253/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?p1=3&p2=4&k=e1&p3=4&case=95">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2012-06-08">8 iunie 2012</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.<span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.em.doe.gov/Publications/linklegacy.aspx">Department of Energy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120804175154/http://www.em.doe.gov/Publications/linklegacy.aspx">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2012-08-04">4 august 2012</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.<span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span></li> <li>The Effects of Nuclear War- NTIS order #PB-296946, May 1979 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.atomicarchive.com/Docs/pdfs/7906.pdf">[1]</a><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span></li> <li>Closing the Circle on the Splitting of the Atom <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://ndep.nv.gov/lts/close/circle.htm">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120830190616/http://ndep.nv.gov/lts/close/circle.htm">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2012-08-30">30 august 2012</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.<span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span></li> <li>Carey Sublette - Nuclear Weapons Frequently Asked Questions <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Nwfaq/Nfaq4.html">[3]</a><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span></li> <li>IAEA-TECDOC-1280 Radiation legacy of the 20th century: Environmental restoration</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vezi_și"><span id="Vezi_.C8.99i"></span>Vezi și</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arm%C4%83_nuclear%C4%83&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifică secțiunea: Vezi și" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arm%C4%83_nuclear%C4%83&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Vezi și"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testul_Trinity" title="Testul Trinity">Testul Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Boy" title="Little Boy">Little Boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man">Fat Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distrugere_reciproc%C4%83_asigurat%C4%83" title="Distrugere reciprocă asigurată">Distrugere reciprocă asigurată</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arme_de_distrugere_%C3%AEn_mas%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Arme de distrugere în masă">Arme de distrugere în masă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachet%C4%83_balistic%C4%83_intercontinental%C4%83" title="Rachetă balistică intercontinentală">Rachetă balistică intercontinentală</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardier_strategic" title="Bombardier strategic">Bombardier strategic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energie_nuclear%C4%83" title="Energie nucleară">Energie nucleară</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%83zboi_nuclear" title="Război nuclear">Război nuclear</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legături_externe"><span id="Leg.C4.83turi_externe"></span>Legături externe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arm%C4%83_nuclear%C4%83&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifică secțiunea: Legături externe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span 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<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/focus/npt/index.shtml">IAEA- NTP</a></li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/">The Nuclear Weapon Archive</a></li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cddc.vt.edu/host/atomic/nukeffct/index.html">Trinity Atomic Site</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090228061926/http://www.cddc.vt.edu/host/atomic/nukeffct/index.html">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2009-02-28">28 februarie 2009</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrdc.org/nuclear/euro/euro.pdf">U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Europe</a></li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.org/_docs/Non_Strategic_Nuclear_Weapons.pdf">Non-Strategic Nuclear Weapons</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120525023136/http://www.fas.org/_docs/Non_Strategic_Nuclear_Weapons.pdf">Arhivat</a> în <time 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