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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Early history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_conquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_conquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 After the conquest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-16th_to_18th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#16th_to_18th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 16th to 18th centuries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-16th_to_18th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Modern history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Governance </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Governance subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Local" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Local </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Parliament </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ceremonial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceremonial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Ceremonial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceremonial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Location </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Green_belt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Green_belt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Green belt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Green_belt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Demography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Population change </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Ethnicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Overview </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Public services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Transport </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transport subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Water </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Roads </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Railway </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Air </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Education </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Education subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Institutions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Higher_and_further" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Higher_and_further"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Higher and further </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Higher_and_further-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_and_primary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_and_primary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Secondary and primary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_and_primary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Theatre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_and_drink" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_and_drink"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Food and drink </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_and_drink-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attractions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attractions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Attractions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Attractions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Attractions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Attractions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pubs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pubs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Pubs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pubs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tea_Rooms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tea_Rooms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Tea Rooms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tea_Rooms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Sport </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sport subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Football </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rugby" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rugby"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Rugby </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rugby-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Field_hockey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Field_hockey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3 Field hockey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Field_hockey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Racing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.4 Racing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.5 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Garrison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Garrison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Garrison </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Garrison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 International relations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle International relations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Twin towns – sister cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freedom_of_the_City" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freedom_of_the_City"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Freedom of the City </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Freedom_of_the_City-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Freedom of the City subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Freedom_of_the_City-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Individuals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Individuals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1 Individuals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Individuals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.2 Military units </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Notable people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 21 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Photos_and_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photos_and_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 21.1 Photos and images </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photos_and_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_and_genealogical_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_and_genealogical_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 21.2 Historical and genealogical sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_and_genealogical_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">York</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 109 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-109" aria-hidden="true" > 109 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/York" title="York – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="York" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/York" title="York – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="York" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoforw%C4%ABc" title="Eoforwīc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Eoforwīc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%83" title="يورك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يورك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/York" title="York – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="York" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/York" title="York – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="York" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/York" title="York – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="York" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="یورک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یورک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="ইয়র্ক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইয়র্ক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_(Eng-l%C3%A2n)" title="York (Eng-lân) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="York (Eng-lân)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%81%D1%80%D0%BA_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Ёрк (горад) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ёрк (горад)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%81%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Ёрк – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ёрк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Йорк – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Йорк" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/York" title="York – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="York" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/York" title="York – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="York" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Йорк – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Йорк" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_(kapital_sa_kondado_sa_Hiniusang_Gingharian)" title="York (kapital sa kondado sa Hiniusang Gingharian) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="York (kapital sa kondado sa Hiniusang Gingharian)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/York" title="York – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="York" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efrog" title="Efrog – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Efrog" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/York" title="York – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="York" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/York" title="York – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="York" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/York" title="York – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="York" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BA" title="Γιορκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γιορκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/York" title="York – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="York" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorko" title="Jorko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jorko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/York" title="York – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="York" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="یورک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یورک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/York" title="York – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="York" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/York" title="York – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="York" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_(Ingel%C3%A2n)" title="York (Ingelân) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="York (Ingelân)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eabhrac" title="Eabhrac – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Eabhrac" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eabhraig" title="Eabhraig – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Eabhraig" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/York" title="York – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="York" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%BA" title="𐌹𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌹𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/York" title="York – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="York" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%94%ED%81%AC" title="요크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="요크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%85%D5%B8%D6%80%D6%84" title="Յորք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Յորք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="यॉर्क – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यॉर्क" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/York" title="York – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="York" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/York" title="York – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="York" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/York" title="York – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="York" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Йорк – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Йорк" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/York" title="York – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="York" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/York" title="York – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="York" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7" title="יורק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יורק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="იორკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იორკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA_(%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Йорк (Англия) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Йорк (Англия)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evrek" title="Evrek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Evrek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/York" title="York – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="York" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/York" title="York – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="York" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Йорк – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Йорк" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/York" title="York – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="York" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Eboracum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorka" title="Jorka – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jorka" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/York" title="York – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="York" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorkas" title="Jorkas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jorkas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/York" title="York – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="York" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/York" title="York – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="York" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_(Anglia)" title="York (Anglia) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="York (Anglia)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Јорк – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јорк" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioka" title="Ioka – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Ioka" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="यॉर्क – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="यॉर्क" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%83" title="يورك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يورك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="یورک – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="یورک" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/York" title="York – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="York" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%9B_(%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9C%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%9D%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F)" title="ꯌꯣꯔ꯭ꯛ (ꯃꯌꯣꯜꯂꯝꯂꯦꯟ) – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯌꯣꯔ꯭ꯛ (ꯃꯌꯣꯜꯂꯝꯂꯦꯟ)" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_(Verenigd_Koninkrijk)" title="York (Verenigd Koninkrijk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="York (Verenigd Koninkrijk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF_(%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89)" title="ヨーク (イングランド) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヨーク (イングランド)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_(Yorkshire)" title="York (Yorkshire) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="York (Yorkshire)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/York" title="York – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="York" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/York" title="York – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="York" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89verouic" title="Éverouic – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Éverouic" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_(shahar)" title="York (shahar) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="York (shahar)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="یارک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یارک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/York" title="York – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="York" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/York" title="York – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="York" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iorque" title="Iorque – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Iorque" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/York" title="York – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="York" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/York" title="York – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="York" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/York" title="York – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="York" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Йорк – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Йорк" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/York" title="York – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="York" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/York" title="York – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="York" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/York" title="York – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="York" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_(Anglicko)" title="York (Anglicko) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="York (Anglicko)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/York" title="York – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="York" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/York" title="York – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="York" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%86%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="یۆرک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یۆرک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Јорк – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јорк" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/York" title="York – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="York" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/York" title="York – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="York" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/York" title="York – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="York" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/York" title="York – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="York" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="யார்க் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="யார்க்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Йорк – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Йорк" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81" title="ยอร์ก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยอร์ก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/York" title="York – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="York" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Йорк – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Йорк" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="یورک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یورک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/York" title="York – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="York" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/York" title="York – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="York" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/York" title="York – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="York" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/York" title="York – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="York" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/York" title="York – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="York" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E5%85%8B" title="约克 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="约克" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A7" title="יארק – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="יארק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E5%85%8B" title="約克 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="約克" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/York" title="York – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="York" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E5%85%8B" title="約克 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="約克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q42462#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=York&params=53.96_N_1.08_W_region:GB_type:city(141685)">53°58′N 1°05′W / 53.96°N 1.08°W / 53.96; -1.08</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in North Yorkshire, England</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the city in the United Kingdom. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/York_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="York (disambiguation)">York (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in England</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1165525471">.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place{border-collapse:collapse}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .infobox-label{width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .infobox-above{font-size:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place-other-names{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:3px}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place td,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedrow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}</style><table class="infobox ib-uk-place vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org nowrap">York</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">City</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:York_Montage_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/York_Montage_2022.jpg/240px-York_Montage_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/York_Montage_2022.jpg/360px-York_Montage_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/York_Montage_2022.jpg/480px-York_Montage_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="3264" /></a><div>Clockwise from the top left: <a href="/wiki/Micklegate_Bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Micklegate Bar">Micklegate Bar</a>; <a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a> from <a href="/wiki/York_City_Walls" class="mw-redirect" title="York City Walls">the city walls</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bridges_of_York" title="Bridges of York">Lendal Bridge</a>; an aerial view of the city; and <a href="/wiki/York_Castle" title="York Castle">the castle</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Yorkshire_UK_location_map_(2023).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="York is located in North Yorkshire"><img alt="York is located in North Yorkshire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/North_Yorkshire_UK_location_map_%282023%29.svg/240px-North_Yorkshire_UK_location_map_%282023%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/North_Yorkshire_UK_location_map_%282023%29.svg/360px-North_Yorkshire_UK_location_map_%282023%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/North_Yorkshire_UK_location_map_%282023%29.svg/480px-North_Yorkshire_UK_location_map_%282023%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="1037" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:66.355%;left:60.8%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>York</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within <a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire" title="North Yorkshire">North Yorkshire</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">33.7 km2 (13.0 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">141,685 (<a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census" title="2021 United Kingdom census">2021 census</a>) <a href="#cite_note-2021census-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">• <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">Density</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4,204/km2 (10,890/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_England" title="Districts of England">Unitary authority</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_of_York" title="City of York">York</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial county</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire" title="North Yorkshire">North Yorkshire</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_and_the_Humber" title="Yorkshire and the Humber">Yorkshire and the Humber</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow adr"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign state</a></th><td class="infobox-data">United Kingdom</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Areas of the city</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Acomb,_North_Yorkshire" title="Acomb, North Yorkshire">Acomb</a> (Village)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Bootham" title="Bootham">Bootham</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Clifton,_York" title="Clifton, York">Clifton</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Derwenthorpe" title="Derwenthorpe">Derwenthorpe</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Dringhouses" title="Dringhouses">Dringhouses</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Fulford,_North_Yorkshire" title="Fulford, North Yorkshire">Fulford</a> (Village)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Heslington" title="Heslington">Heslington</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Heworth,_York" title="Heworth, York">Heworth</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Holgate,_York" title="Holgate, York">Holgate</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Huntington,_North_Yorkshire" title="Huntington, North Yorkshire">Huntington</a> (Village)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Knapton,_York" title="Knapton, York">Knapton</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Middlethorpe,_North_Yorkshire" title="Middlethorpe, North Yorkshire">Middlethorpe</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/New_Earswick" title="New Earswick">New Earswick</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Osbaldwick" title="Osbaldwick">Osbaldwick</a> (Village)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Rawcliffe,_North_Yorkshire" title="Rawcliffe, North Yorkshire">Rawcliffe</a> (Village)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/South_Bank,_York" title="South Bank, York">South Bank</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Tang_Hall" title="Tang Hall">Tang Hall</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Woodthorpe,_North_Yorkshire" title="Woodthorpe, North Yorkshire">Woodthorpe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Post_town" title="Post town">Post town</a></th><td class="infobox-data">YORK</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postcodes_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Postcodes in the United Kingdom">Postcode district</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/YO_postcode_area" title="YO postcode area">YO1, YO10, YO19, YO23-24, YO26, YO30-32, YO41</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom">Dialling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">01904</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_the_United_Kingdom,_Crown_Dependencies_and_British_Overseas_Territories" title="List of law enforcement agencies in the United Kingdom, Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories">Police</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire_Police" title="North Yorkshire Police">North Yorkshire</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Fire_services_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Fire services in the United Kingdom">Fire</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire_Fire_and_Rescue_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="North Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service">North Yorkshire</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Emergency medical services in the United Kingdom">Ambulance</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Ambulance_Service" title="Yorkshire Ambulance Service">Yorkshire</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://york.gov.uk">york.gov.uk</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <dl><dt><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>List of places</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_locations" title="List of United Kingdom locations">UK</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_England" title="List of places in England">England</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Yorkshire" title="List of places in Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a></dd></dl></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=York&params=53.96_N_1.08_W_region:GB_type:city(141685)">53°58′N 1°05′W / 53.96°N 1.08°W / 53.96; -1.08</a></td></tr></tbody></table> York is a <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral city">cathedral city</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire" title="North Yorkshire">North Yorkshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman origins</a>, sited at the confluence of the rivers <a href="/wiki/River_Ouse,_Yorkshire" title="River Ouse, Yorkshire">Ouse</a> and <a href="/wiki/River_Foss" title="River Foss">Foss</a>. The city has many historic buildings and other structures, such as a <a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">minster</a>, <a href="/wiki/York_Castle" title="York Castle">castle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/York_city_walls" title="York city walls">city walls</a>. It is the largest settlement and the administrative centre of the wider <a href="/wiki/City_of_York" title="City of York">City of York</a> district. It is located 27 miles (43 km) north-east of <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>, 90 miles (140 km) south of <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a> and 207 miles (333 km) north of <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. York's built-up area had a recorded population of 141,685 in <a href="/wiki/2021_UK_census" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 UK census">2021</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2021census-1">[1]</a> The city was founded under the name of <a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a> in 71 AD. It then became the capital of the Roman province of <a href="/wiki/Britannia_Inferior" title="Britannia Inferior">Britannia Inferior</a>, and later of the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Deira" title="Deira">Deira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3rv%C3%ADk" class="mw-redirect" title="Jórvík">Scandinavian York</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, it became the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_York" title="Province of York">northern England ecclesiastical province</a>'s centre, and grew as a wool-trading centre.<a href="#cite_note-timeline-2">[2]</a> In the 19th century, it became a major railway network hub and confectionery manufacturing centre. In the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Baedeker_Blitz" title="Baedeker Blitz">Baedeker Blitz</a> bombed the city. Although York was less targeted during the war than other, more industrialised northern cities, several historic buildings were gutted and restoration took place up until the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Historic local governance of the city was as a <a href="/wiki/County_corporate" title="County corporate">county corporate</a>, not included in the <a href="/wiki/Ridings_of_Yorkshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ridings of Yorkshire">county's riding system</a>. The city has since been locally governed as a <a href="/wiki/Municipal_borough" title="Municipal borough">municipal borough</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_borough" title="County borough">county borough</a>, and since 1996, a <a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district" title="Non-metropolitan district">non-metropolitan district</a> (the City of York), which also includes surrounding villages and rural areas, and the town of <a href="/wiki/Haxby" title="Haxby">Haxby</a>. The current district's local council, <a href="/wiki/City_of_York_Council" title="City of York Council">City of York Council</a>, is responsible for providing all local services and facilities throughout this area. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toponymy">Toponymy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Toponymy">edit</a>]</div> The city's name is derived from <a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Brittonic</a> Eburākon "place of yew trees", from <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/eburos" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/eburos">eburos</a> "<a href="/wiki/Taxus_baccata" title="Taxus baccata">yew tree</a>" (compare <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> efwr, <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a> evor, "alder, buckthorn"; <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a> ibar, <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> iobhar, iubhar, iúr, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> iubhar) + <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/-%C4%81kos" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/-ākos">*-āko(n)</a>, a suffix of <a href="/wiki/Appurtenance" title="Appurtenance">appurtenance</a> meaning "belonging to", or "place of" (compare Welsh -og).<a href="#cite_note-Xavier_Delamarre_2003,_p._159-4">[4]</a> However, Eburos (Eβουρος, Eburus, Eburius) was also a <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a> personal name, so Eburākon could also mean "the property of Eburos".<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Xavier_Delamarre_2003,_p._159-4">[4]</a> Indeed, the 12th‑century chronicler <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a>, in his fictional account of the prehistoric kings of Britain, <a href="/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniae" title="Historia Regum Britanniae">Historia Regum Britanniae</a>, suggests the name derives from that of a pre-Roman city founded by the legendary king <a href="/wiki/Ebraucus" title="Ebraucus">Ebraucus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The name was <a href="/wiki/Latin_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin (language)">Latinised</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a> as <a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a> or Eburacum, and is called Eabhraig in Scottish Gaelic and Eabhrac in Irish, derived from the Latin name. The Latin Eboracum became <a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Anglian</a> Eoforwic in the 7th century: a compound of Eofor-, from the old name, and -wic, meaning "village", probably by conflation of the element Ebor- with a <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> root *eburaz ('boar'); by the 7th century, the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> for 'boar' had become eofor. When the <a href="/wiki/Danes_(Germanic_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Danes (Germanic tribe)">Danish</a> army conquered the city in 866, the name was rendered in <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> as Jórvík.<a href="#cite_note-coyyh-7">[7]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a> name of the city following the <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest of England">Norman Conquest</a> was recorded as Everwic (modern Norman Évèroui) in works such as Wace's <a href="/wiki/Roman_de_Rou" title="Roman de Rou">Roman de Rou</a> and as Euruic in the <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Jórvík, meanwhile, gradually reduced to York in the centuries after the Conquest, moving from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> Yerk in the 14th century through Yourke in the 16th century to Yarke in the 17th century. The form York was first recorded in the 13th century.<a href="#cite_note-timeline-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Willis35-10">[10]</a> Many company and place names, such as the Ebor race meeting, refer to the Roman name.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_York" title="Archbishop of York">Archbishop of York</a> signs his surname as Ebor (abbreviating Eboracensis).<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_York" title="History of York">History of York</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_York" title="Timeline of York">Timeline of York</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early history">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Fortifications_in_Museum_Gardens_York.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Roman_Fortifications_in_Museum_Gardens_York.jpg/200px-Roman_Fortifications_in_Museum_Gardens_York.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Roman_Fortifications_in_Museum_Gardens_York.jpg/300px-Roman_Fortifications_in_Museum_Gardens_York.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Roman_Fortifications_in_Museum_Gardens_York.jpg/400px-Roman_Fortifications_in_Museum_Gardens_York.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1232" /></a><figcaption>Roman wall and the west corner tower of <a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a>. The top half is medieval.</figcaption></figure> Archaeological evidence suggests that <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> people settled in the region of York between 8000 and 7000 BC, although it is not known whether their settlements were permanent or temporary. By the time of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain" title="Roman conquest of Britain">Roman conquest of Britain</a>, the area was occupied by a <a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">tribe</a> known to the Romans as the <a href="/wiki/Brigantes" title="Brigantes">Brigantes</a>. The Brigantian tribal area initially became a Roman client state, but later its leaders became more hostile and the Roman <a href="/wiki/Legio_IX_Hispana" title="Legio IX Hispana">Ninth Legion</a> was sent north of the <a href="/wiki/Humber" title="Humber">Humber</a> into Brigantian territory.<a href="#cite_note-Willis26-13">[13]</a> The city was founded in 71 AD, when the Ninth Legion conquered the Brigantes and constructed a wooden military <a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">fortress</a> on flat ground above the <a href="/wiki/River_Ouse,_Yorkshire" title="River Ouse, Yorkshire">River Ouse</a> close to its <a href="/wiki/Confluence" title="Confluence">confluence</a> with the <a href="/wiki/River_Foss" title="River Foss">River Foss</a>. The fortress, whose walls were rebuilt in stone by the VI legion based there subsequent to the IX legion, covered an area of 50 acres (20 ha) and was inhabited by 6,000 <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">legionary</a> soldiers. The site of the principia (HQ) of the fortress lies under the foundations of <a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a>, and excavations in the undercroft have revealed part of the Roman structure and columns.<a href="#cite_note-coyyh-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-ytss-2-14">[14]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constantine_York.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Constantine_York.jpg/200px-Constantine_York.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Constantine_York.jpg/300px-Constantine_York.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Constantine_York.jpg/400px-Constantine_York.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Constantine_the_Great,_York" title="Statue of Constantine the Great, York">Roman Emperor Constantine the Great proclaimed Emperor at York in 306 AD</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Emperors <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Constantius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantius I">Constantius I</a> all held court in York during their various campaigns. During his stay 207–211 AD, the Emperor Severus proclaimed York capital of the province of Britannia Inferior, and it is likely that it was he who granted York the privileges of a '<a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">colonia</a>' or city. Constantius I died in 306 AD during his stay in York, and his son <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> was proclaimed Emperor by the troops based in the fortress.<a href="#cite_note-ytss-2-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> In 314 AD a bishop from York attended the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Arles_(314)" class="mw-redirect" title="Synod of Arles (314)">Council at Arles</a> to represent Christians from the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">province</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> While the Roman colonia and <a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">fortress</a> were on high ground, by 400 AD the town was victim to occasional flooding from the Rivers Ouse and Foss, and the population reduced.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> York declined in the <a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">post-Roman</a> era, and was taken and settled by the <a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a> in the 5th century.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Reclamation of parts of the town was initiated in the 7th century under <a href="/wiki/Edwin_of_Northumbria" title="Edwin of Northumbria">King Edwin</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a>, and York became his chief city.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The first wooden <a href="/wiki/Minster_(church)" title="Minster (church)">minster church</a> was built in York for the baptism of Edwin in 627, according to the Venerable Bede.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Edwin ordered the small wooden church be rebuilt in stone; however, he was killed in 633, and the task of completing the stone minster fell to his successor <a href="/wiki/Oswald_of_Northumbria" title="Oswald of Northumbria">Oswald</a>.<a href="#cite_note-coyyh-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-ymhist-21">[21]</a> In the following century, <a href="/wiki/Alcuin_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcuin of York">Alcuin of York</a> came to the cathedral school of York. He had a long career as a teacher and scholar, first at the school at York now known as <a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s_School,_York" title="St Peter's School, York">St Peter's School</a>, founded in 627 AD, and later as <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>'s leading advisor on ecclesiastical and educational affairs.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> In 866, Northumbria was in the midst of internecine struggles when the <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> raided and captured York. As a thriving Anglo-Saxon metropolis and prosperous economic hub, York was a clear target for the Vikings. Led by <a href="/wiki/Ivar_the_Boneless" title="Ivar the Boneless">Ivar the Boneless</a> and <a href="/wiki/Halfdan_Ragnarsson" title="Halfdan Ragnarsson">Halfdan</a>, Scandinavian forces attacked the town on All Saints' Day. Launching the assault on a holy day proved an effective tactical move – most of York's leaders were in the cathedral, leaving the town vulnerable to attack and unprepared for battle. After it was conquered, the city was renamed from the Old English Eoforwic to <a href="/wiki/Jorvik" class="mw-redirect" title="Jorvik">Jorvik</a>. It became the capital of Viking territory in Britain, and at its peak boasted more than 10,000 inhabitants. This was a population second only to London within Great Britain. Jorvik proved an important economic and trade centre for the Vikings. Norse coinage was created at the Jorvik mint, while archaeologists have found evidence of a variety of craft workshops around the town's central <a href="/wiki/Coppergate" title="Coppergate">Coppergate</a> area. These demonstrate that textile production, metalwork, carving, glasswork and jewellery-making were all practised in Jorvik. Materials from as far afield as the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> have also been discovered, suggesting that the town was part of an international trading network.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Under Viking rule the city became a major river port, part of the extensive Viking trading routes throughout northern Europe. The last ruler of an independent Jórvík, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Bloodaxe" title="Eric Bloodaxe">Eric Bloodaxe</a>, was driven from the city in 954 AD by King <a href="/wiki/Eadred" title="Eadred">Eadred</a> in his successful attempt to complete the unification of England.<a href="#cite_note-coyyjv-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_conquest">After the conquest</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: After the conquest">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RidsdalePanorma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/RidsdalePanorma.jpg/200px-RidsdalePanorma.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/RidsdalePanorma.jpg/300px-RidsdalePanorma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/RidsdalePanorma.jpg/400px-RidsdalePanorma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>A panorama of 15th-century York by <a href="/wiki/E._Ridsdale_Tate" title="E. Ridsdale Tate">E. Ridsdale Tate</a>; York Castle is on the right hand side of the river, opposite the abandoned motte of <a href="/wiki/Baile_Hill" title="Baile Hill">Baile Hill</a>.</figcaption></figure> In 1068, two years after the <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest of England">Norman conquest of England</a>, the people of York rebelled. Initially they succeeded, but upon the arrival of <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="William I of England">William the Conqueror</a> the rebellion was put down. William at once built a wooden fortress on a motte. In 1069, after another rebellion, the king built another timbered castle across the River Ouse. These were destroyed in 1069 and rebuilt by William about the time of his ravaging Northumbria in what is called the "<a href="/wiki/Harrying_of_the_North" title="Harrying of the North">Harrying of the North</a>" where he destroyed everything from York to Durham. The remains of the rebuilt castles, now in stone, are visible on either side of the River Ouse.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The first stone minster church was badly damaged by fire in the uprising, and the Normans built a minster on a new site. Around the year 1080, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_I_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas I of York">Archbishop Thomas</a> started building the cathedral that in time became the current Minster.<a href="#cite_note-ymhist-21">[21]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clifford%27s_Tower,_from_south.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Clifford%27s_Tower%2C_from_south.JPG/200px-Clifford%27s_Tower%2C_from_south.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Clifford%27s_Tower%2C_from_south.JPG/300px-Clifford%27s_Tower%2C_from_south.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Clifford%27s_Tower%2C_from_south.JPG/400px-Clifford%27s_Tower%2C_from_south.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Clifford%27s_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Clifford's Tower">Clifford's Tower</a>, part of York Castle</figcaption></figure> In the 12th century, York started to prosper. In 1190, <a href="/wiki/York_Castle#12th_century" title="York Castle">York Castle</a> was the site of an infamous <a href="/wiki/12th_century_English_pogroms" class="mw-redirect" title="12th century English pogroms">massacre of its Jewish inhabitants</a>, in which at least 150 were murdered, although some authorities put the figure as high as 500.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbcpog-28">[28]</a> The city, through its location on the River Ouse and its proximity to the <a href="/wiki/Great_North_Road_(Great_Britain)" title="Great North Road (Great Britain)">Great North Road</a>, became a major trading centre. <a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">King John</a> granted the city's first <a href="/wiki/Charter" title="Charter">charter</a> in 1212,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> confirming trading rights in England and Europe.<a href="#cite_note-ymhist-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-coynm-30">[30]</a> During the later Middle Ages, York merchants imported wine from France, cloth, wax, canvas, and oats from the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>, timber and furs from the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_region" title="Baltic region">Baltic</a> and exported grain to <a href="/wiki/Gascony" title="Gascony">Gascony</a> and grain and wool to the Low Countries.<a href="#cite_note-VCH-31">[31]</a> York became a major cloth manufacturing and trading centre. <a href="/wiki/Edward_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward I">Edward I</a> further stimulated the city's economy by using the city as a base for his war in Scotland. The city was the location of significant unrest during the so-called <a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_Revolt" title="Peasants' Revolt">Peasants' Revolt</a> in 1381. The city acquired an increasing degree of autonomy from central government including the privileges granted by a charter of <a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a> in 1396. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="16th_to_18th_centuries">16th to 18th centuries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 16th to 18th centuries">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wall_of_the_ruins,_st_marys_abbey_York_8714.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Wall_of_the_ruins%2C_st_marys_abbey_York_8714.jpg/200px-Wall_of_the_ruins%2C_st_marys_abbey_York_8714.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Wall_of_the_ruins%2C_st_marys_abbey_York_8714.jpg/300px-Wall_of_the_ruins%2C_st_marys_abbey_York_8714.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Wall_of_the_ruins%2C_st_marys_abbey_York_8714.jpg/400px-Wall_of_the_ruins%2C_st_marys_abbey_York_8714.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1602" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Abbey,_York" title="St Mary's Abbey, York">St Mary's Abbey</a> was founded in 1155 and destroyed during the Dissolution, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1539.</figcaption></figure> The city underwent a period of economic decline during <a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudor</a> times. Under <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">King Henry VIII</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Monasteries">Dissolution of the Monasteries</a> saw the end of York's many <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastic houses</a>, including several orders of <a href="/wiki/Friars" class="mw-redirect" title="Friars">friars</a>, the hospitals of St Nicholas and of St Leonard, the largest such institution in the north of England. This led to the <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage_of_Grace" title="Pilgrimage of Grace">Pilgrimage of Grace</a>, an uprising of northern Catholics in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire opposed to religious reform. Henry VIII restored his authority by establishing the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_North" title="Council of the North">Council of the North</a> in York in the dissolved St Mary's Abbey. The city became a trading and service centre during this period.<a href="#cite_note-coyad-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-iadbpm-33">[33]</a> King Henry VIII spent a lot of time travelling around the country on official Royal Tours also known as ‘progresses’<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> In the year 1541, Henry VIII and Catherine Howard visited the city of York on their royal tour. The Royal Party would have been met outside the walls by civic dignitaries before formally entering the city.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The civic dignitary would have been the Lord Mayor of york, who at the time of their arrival on 15 September 1541<a href="#cite_note-yorkmuseumgardens-36">[36]</a> was Robert Hall.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> He owned the residential property at 74 Low Petergate. Following a special service held in their honour at York minster. Henry VIII and Catherine rode from the minster down to Petergate, one of the five gateways, and over to the closed Benedictine abbey of St. Mary<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> which had been converted into a palace for the King to stay in while he visited York on his Royal Tour.<a href="#cite_note-yorkmuseumgardens-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Denmark" title="Anne of Denmark">Anne of Denmark</a> came to York with her children <a href="/wiki/Henry_Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales">Prince Henry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Stuart,_Queen_of_Bohemia" title="Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia">Princess Elizabeth</a> on 11 June 1603. The Mayor gave her a tour and offered her <a href="/wiki/Hippocras" title="Hippocras">spiced wine</a>, but she preferred beer.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Guy_Fawkes" title="Guy Fawkes">Guy Fawkes</a>, who was born and educated in York, was a member of a group of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> restorationists that planned the <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_Plot" title="Gunpowder Plot">Gunpowder Plot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Its aim was to displace <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> rule by blowing up the <a href="/wiki/Houses_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Houses of Parliament">Houses of Parliament</a> while King <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">James I</a>, the entire Protestant, and even most of the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a> were inside. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_map_of_York_england.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/A_map_of_York_england.jpg/200px-A_map_of_York_england.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/A_map_of_York_england.jpg/300px-A_map_of_York_england.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/A_map_of_York_england.jpg/400px-A_map_of_York_england.jpg 2x" data-file-width="964" data-file-height="927" /></a><figcaption>A map of York, 1611</figcaption></figure> In 1644, during the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roundhead" title="Roundhead">Parliamentarians</a> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_York" title="Siege of York">besieged York</a>, and many medieval houses outside the city walls were lost. The <a href="/wiki/Barbican" title="Barbican">barbican</a> at Walmgate Bar was undermined and explosives laid, but the plot was discovered. On the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Prince_Rupert_of_the_Rhine" title="Prince Rupert of the Rhine">Prince Rupert</a>, with an army of 15,000 men, the siege was lifted. The Parliamentarians retreated some 6 miles (10 km) from York with Rupert in pursuit, before turning on his army and soundly defeating it at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marston_Moor" title="Battle of Marston Moor">Battle of Marston Moor</a>. Of Rupert's 15,000 troops, 4,000 were killed and 1,500 captured. The siege was renewed and the city surrendered to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fairfax,_3rd_Lord_Fairfax_of_Cameron" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Lord Fairfax of Cameron">Sir Thomas Fairfax</a><a href="#cite_note-coyad-32">[32]</a> on 15 July. Following the <a href="/wiki/English_Restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="English Restoration">restoration of the monarchy</a> in 1660, and the removal of the garrison from York in 1688, the city was dominated by the gentry and merchants, although the clergy were still important. Competition from <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Hull</a>, together with silting of the River Ouse, resulted in York losing its pre-eminent position as a trading centre, but its role as the social and cultural centre for wealthy northerners was rising. York's many elegant <a href="/wiki/Townhouse" title="Townhouse">townhouses</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mansion_House,_York" title="Mansion House, York">Lord Mayor's Mansion House</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fairfax_House" title="Fairfax House">Fairfax House</a> date from this period, as do the <a href="/wiki/York_Assembly_Rooms" title="York Assembly Rooms">Assembly Rooms</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre Royal, York">Theatre Royal</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/York_Racecourse" title="York Racecourse">racecourse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-iadbpm-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-coygt-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern history">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Railway_Museum_-_Virgin_91101_(rear).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/National_Railway_Museum_-_Virgin_91101_%28rear%29.JPG/200px-National_Railway_Museum_-_Virgin_91101_%28rear%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/National_Railway_Museum_-_Virgin_91101_%28rear%29.JPG/300px-National_Railway_Museum_-_Virgin_91101_%28rear%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/National_Railway_Museum_-_Virgin_91101_%28rear%29.JPG/400px-National_Railway_Museum_-_Virgin_91101_%28rear%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="910" /></a><figcaption>The Great Hall at the <a href="/wiki/National_Railway_Museum" title="National Railway Museum">National Railway Museum</a></figcaption></figure> The railway promoter <a href="/wiki/George_Hudson" title="George Hudson">George Hudson</a> was responsible for bringing the railway to York in 1839. Although Hudson's career as a railway entrepreneur ended in disgrace and bankruptcy, his promotion of York over Leeds, and of his own railway company (the <a href="/wiki/York_and_North_Midland_Railway" title="York and North Midland Railway">York and North Midland Railway</a>), helped establish York as a major railway centre by the late 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The introduction of the railways established engineering in the city.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-ind1-44">[44]</a> At the turn of the 20th century, the railway accommodated the headquarters and works of the <a href="/wiki/North_Eastern_Railway_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="North Eastern Railway (UK)">North Eastern Railway</a>, which employed more than 5,500 people. The railway was instrumental in the expansion of <a href="/wiki/Rowntree%27s" title="Rowntree's">Rowntree's Cocoa Works</a>. It was founded in 1862 by Henry Isaac Rowntree, who was joined in 1869 by his brother the philanthropist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rowntree_(Philanthropist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Rowntree (Philanthropist)">Joseph</a>.<a href="#cite_note-history-45">[45]</a> Another chocolate manufacturer, <a href="/wiki/Terry%27s" title="Terry's">Terry's of York</a>, was a major employer.<a href="#cite_note-iadbpm-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-coyrapd-46">[46]</a> By 1900, the railways and confectionery had become the city's two major industries.<a href="#cite_note-ind1-44">[44]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lower_Petergate_in_York,_England.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Lower_Petergate_in_York%2C_England.jpg/200px-Lower_Petergate_in_York%2C_England.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Lower_Petergate_in_York%2C_England.jpg/300px-Lower_Petergate_in_York%2C_England.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Lower_Petergate_in_York%2C_England.jpg/400px-Lower_Petergate_in_York%2C_England.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1622" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Low Petergate with the minster in the background</figcaption></figure> York was a centre of <a href="/wiki/Early_photography" class="mw-redirect" title="Early photography">early photography</a>, as described by Hugh Murray in his 1986 book Photographs and Photographers of York: The Early Years, 1844–79. Photographers who had studios in York included <a href="/wiki/William_Hayes_(photographer)" title="William Hayes (photographer)">William Hayes</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Pumphrey" title="William Pumphrey">William Pumphrey</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Augustus_Mahalski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Augustus Mahalski (page does not exist)">Augustus Mahalski</a> who operated on <a href="/wiki/Davygate" title="Davygate">Davygate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petergate" title="Petergate">Low Petergate</a> in the 19th century, having come to England as a refugee after serving as a <a href="/wiki/Uhlan" title="Uhlan">Polish lancer</a> in the Austro-Hungarian war.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> In 1942, the city was bombed during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> (part of the <a href="/wiki/Baedeker_Blitz" title="Baedeker Blitz">Baedeker Blitz</a>) by the German <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> and 92 people were killed and hundreds injured.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Buildings damaged in the raid included the <a href="/wiki/York_railway_station" title="York railway station">Railway Station</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rowntree%27s" title="Rowntree's">Rowntree's</a> Factory, Poppleton Road Primary School, St Martin-le-Grand Church, the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Convent" title="Bar Convent">Bar Convent</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Guildhall,_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Guildhall, York">Guildhall</a> which was left in total disrepair until 1960. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bench_King%27s_Square_York.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Bench_King%27s_Square_York.jpg/200px-Bench_King%27s_Square_York.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Bench_King%27s_Square_York.jpg/300px-Bench_King%27s_Square_York.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Bench_King%27s_Square_York.jpg/400px-Bench_King%27s_Square_York.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1678" data-file-height="1259" /></a><figcaption>Bench with <a href="/wiki/Kit_Kat" title="Kit Kat">Kit Kat</a> advertising in York (where the bar was created by the confectionery company <a href="/wiki/Rowntree%27s" title="Rowntree's">Rowntree's</a>) to mark National Chocolate Week in 2018</figcaption></figure> With the emergence of tourism, the historic core of York became one of the city's major assets, and in 1968 it was designated a <a href="/wiki/Conservation_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation area">conservation area</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The existing tourist attractions were supplemented by the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/National_Railway_Museum" title="National Railway Museum">National Railway Museum</a> in York in 1975,<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Jorvik_Viking_Centre" title="Jorvik Viking Centre">Jorvik Viking Centre</a> in 1984<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/York_Dungeon" title="York Dungeon">York Dungeon</a> in 1986.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The opening of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_York" title="University of York">University of York</a> in 1963 added to the prosperity of the city.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In March 2012, <a href="/wiki/York%27s_Chocolate_Story" title="York's Chocolate Story">York's Chocolate Story</a> opened.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> York was voted European Tourism City of the Year by European Cities Marketing in June 2007, beating 130 other European cities to gain first place, surpassing <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a> in Sweden (second) and <a href="/wiki/Valencia,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencia, Spain">Valencia</a> in Spain (third).<a href="#cite_note-yorkaward-56">[56]</a> York was also voted safest place to visit in the 2010 <a href="/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast_Traveller" title="Condé Nast Traveller">Condé Nast Traveller</a> Readers' Choice Awards.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In 2018, <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a> deemed York to be its overall 'Best Place to Live' in Britain, highlighting the city's "perfect mix of heritage and hi-tech" and as a "mini-metropolis with cool cafes, destination restaurants, innovative companies – plus the fastest internet in Britain".<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The result was confirmed in a <a href="/wiki/YouGov" title="YouGov">YouGov</a> survey, reported in August 2018, with 92% of respondents saying that they liked the city, more than any of 56 other British cities.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Governance">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local">Local</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Local">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For detailed history on local government in the City of York, see <a href="/wiki/City_of_York_Council" title="City of York Council">City of York Council</a>.</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (July 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:York_Guildhall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/York_Guildhall.jpg/200px-York_Guildhall.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/York_Guildhall.jpg/300px-York_Guildhall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/York_Guildhall.jpg/400px-York_Guildhall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3704" data-file-height="2658" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/York_Guildhall" title="York Guildhall">York Guildhall</a> is the seat of local government.</figcaption></figure> The City of York is governed by the <a href="/wiki/City_of_York_Council" title="City of York Council">City of York Council</a>. It is a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_authority" title="Unitary authority">unitary authority</a> that operates on a <a href="/wiki/Leader_and_cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader and cabinet">leader and cabinet</a> style of governance, having the powers of a non-metropolitan county and district council combined. It provides a full range of local government services including Council Tax billing, libraries, social services, processing planning applications, waste collection and disposal, and it is a local education authority. The city council consists of 47 councillors<a href="#cite_note-councillors-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Constitution-62">[62]</a> representing 21 <a href="/wiki/Ward_(electoral_subdivision)" title="Ward (electoral subdivision)">wards</a>, with one, two or three per ward serving four-year terms. Its headquarters are at the <a href="/wiki/York_Guildhall" title="York Guildhall">Guildhall</a> and West Offices in the city centre. York is divided into 21 administrative wards: <a href="/wiki/Acomb,_North_Yorkshire" title="Acomb, North Yorkshire">Acomb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishopthorpe" title="Bishopthorpe">Bishopthorpe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clifton,_York" title="Clifton, York">Clifton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copmanthorpe" title="Copmanthorpe">Copmanthorpe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dringhouses" title="Dringhouses">Dringhouses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Woodthorpe,_North_Yorkshire" title="Woodthorpe, North Yorkshire">Woodthorpe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fishergate" title="Fishergate">Fishergate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fulford,_North_Yorkshire" title="Fulford, North Yorkshire">Fulford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heslington" title="Heslington">Heslington</a>, Guildhall, <a href="/wiki/Haxby" title="Haxby">Haxby</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wigginton,_North_Yorkshire" title="Wigginton, North Yorkshire">Wigginton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heworth,_York" title="Heworth, York">Heworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heworth_Without" title="Heworth Without">Heworth Without</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holgate,_North_Yorkshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Holgate, North Yorkshire">Holgate</a>, Hull Road, <a href="/wiki/Huntington,_City_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Huntington, City of York">Huntington</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Earswick" title="New Earswick">New Earswick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Micklegate" title="Micklegate">Micklegate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osbaldwick" title="Osbaldwick">Osbaldwick</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Derwent_(ward)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Derwent (ward) (page does not exist)">Derwent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rawcliffe,_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Rawcliffe, York">Rawcliffe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clifton_Without" title="Clifton Without">Clifton Without</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rural_West_York" title="Rural West York">Rural West York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strensall" title="Strensall">Strensall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Westfield,_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Westfield, York">Westfield</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wheldrake" title="Wheldrake">Wheldrake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The members of the cabinet, led by the <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_City_of_York_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader of the City of York Council">Council Leader</a>, makes decisions on their portfolio areas individually.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_2000" title="Local Government Act 2000">Local Government Act 2000</a>, the Council Leader commands the <a href="/wiki/Confidence_and_supply" title="Confidence and supply">confidence</a> of the city council; the leader of the largest political group and head of the City of York Council. The Leader of the council and the cabinet (consisting of all the executive councillors) are collectively <a href="/wiki/Accountability" title="Accountability">accountable</a> for their policies and actions to the city council. The current Council Leader, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a>' Cllr Keith Aspden, was appointed on 22 May 2019, following the <a href="/wiki/2019_City_of_York_Council_election" title="2019 City of York Council election">2019 City of York Council election</a>. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Helen%27s_Square,_York.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/St_Helen%27s_Square%2C_York.jpg/200px-St_Helen%27s_Square%2C_York.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/St_Helen%27s_Square%2C_York.jpg/300px-St_Helen%27s_Square%2C_York.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/St_Helen%27s_Square%2C_York.jpg/400px-St_Helen%27s_Square%2C_York.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4913" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mansion_House,_York" title="Mansion House, York">Mansion House</a> is home to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_lord_mayors_of_York" title="List of lord mayors of York">Lord Mayor of York</a>.</figcaption></figure> York's first citizen and civic head is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_lord_mayors_of_York" title="List of lord mayors of York">Lord Mayor</a>, who is the <a href="/wiki/Chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman">chairman</a> of the City of York Council. The appointment is made by the city council each year in May, at the same time appointing the Sheriff, the city's other civic head. The offices of Lord Mayor and Sheriff are purely ceremonial. The Lord Mayor carries out civic and ceremonial duties in addition to chairing full council meetings.<a href="#cite_note-Constitution-62">[62]</a> The incumbent Lord Mayor since 26 May 2022 is Councillor David Carr, and the Sheriff is Suzie Mercer.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> York Youth Council consists of several young people who negotiate with the councillors to get better facilities for York's young people, and who also elect York's <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Youth_Parliament" title="Member of Youth Parliament">Member of Youth Parliament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The results of the <a href="/wiki/2023_City_of_York_Council_election" title="2023 City of York Council election">2023 City of York Council election</a> saw the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> with three councillors, the Liberal Democrats with 19 councillors, the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> had 24 councillors and one Independent.<a href="#cite_note-yorkgovelection23-69">[69]</a> The council went from <a href="/wiki/No_overall_control" title="No overall control">no overall control</a> in the 2019 election, to being run by the Labour Party holding a majority. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;">Party </th> <th style="vertical-align:top">Seats </th> <th colspan="25"><a href="/wiki/2023_City_of_York_Council_election" title="2023 City of York Council election">City of York Council (2023 election)</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #0087DC;" data-sort-value="Conservative Party (UK)"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> </td> <td>3 </td> <td style="width: 4px" bgcolor="#0087DC"> </td> <td style="width: 4px" bgcolor="#0087DC"> </td> <td style="width: 4px" bgcolor="#0087DC"> </td> <td colspan="25" style="width:4px; background:#fff;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #DCDCDC;" data-sort-value="Independent (politician)"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">Independent</a> </td> <td>1 </td> <td style="width: 4px" bgcolor="#DCDCDC"> </td> <td colspan="25" style="width:4px; background:#fff;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #E4003B;" data-sort-value="Labour Party (UK)"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> </td> <td>24 </td> <td style="width: 4px" bgcolor="#E4003B"> </td> <td style="width: 4px" bgcolor="#E4003B"> </td> <td style="width: 4px" bgcolor="#E4003B"> </td> <td style="width: 4px" bgcolor="#E4003B"> </td> <td style="width: 4px" bgcolor="#E4003B"> </td> <td style="width: 4px" bgcolor="#E4003B"> </td> <td style="width: 4px" bgcolor="#E4003B"> </td> <td style="width: 4px" bgcolor="#E4003B"> </td> <td style="width: 4px" bgcolor="#E4003B"> </td> <td style="width: 4px" bgcolor="#E4003B"> </td> <td style="width: 4px" bgcolor="#E4003B"> </td> <td style="width: 4px" bgcolor="#E4003B"> </td> <td style="width: 4px" bgcolor="#E4003B"> </td> <td style="width: 4px" bgcolor="#E4003B"> </td> <td style="width: 4px" bgcolor="#E4003B"> </td> <td style="width: 4px" bgcolor="#E4003B"> </td> <td style="width: 4px" bgcolor="#E4003B"> </td> <td style="width: 4px" bgcolor="#E4003B"> </td> <td style="width: 4px" bgcolor="#E4003B"> </td> <td style="width: 4px" bgcolor="#E4003B"> </td> <td style="width: 4px" bgcolor="#E4003B"> </td> <td style="width: 4px" bgcolor="#E4003B"> </td> <td style="width: 4px" bgcolor="#E4003B"> </td> <td style="width: 4px" bgcolor="#E4003B"> </td> <td colspan="25" style="width:4px; background:#fff;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #FAA61A;" data-sort-value="Liberal Democrats (UK)"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a> </td> <td>19 </td> <td style="width: 4px" bgcolor="#FAA61A"> </td> <td style="width: 4px" bgcolor="#FAA61A"> </td> <td style="width: 4px" bgcolor="#FAA61A"> </td> <td style="width: 4px" bgcolor="#FAA61A"> </td> <td style="width: 4px" bgcolor="#FAA61A"> </td> <td style="width: 4px" bgcolor="#FAA61A"> </td> <td style="width: 4px" bgcolor="#FAA61A"> </td> <td style="width: 4px" bgcolor="#FAA61A"> </td> <td style="width: 4px" bgcolor="#FAA61A"> </td> <td style="width: 4px" bgcolor="#FAA61A"> </td> <td style="width: 4px" bgcolor="#FAA61A"> </td> <td style="width: 4px" bgcolor="#FAA61A"> </td> <td style="width: 4px" bgcolor="#FAA61A"> </td> <td style="width: 4px" bgcolor="#FAA61A"> </td> <td style="width: 4px" bgcolor="#FAA61A"> </td> <td style="width: 4px" bgcolor="#FAA61A"> </td> <td style="width: 4px" bgcolor="#FAA61A"> </td> <td style="width: 4px" bgcolor="#FAA61A"> </td> <td style="width: 4px" bgcolor="#FAA61A"> </td> <td colspan="25" style="width:4px; background:#fff;"> </td></tr> </tbody></table> York is the traditional <a href="/wiki/County_town" title="County town">county town</a> of <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a>, and therefore did not form part of any of its <a href="/wiki/Ridings_of_Yorkshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ridings of Yorkshire">three historic ridings</a>, or divisions. Its Mayor has had the status of Lord Mayor since 1370,<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> one of 23 in England.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Only five of these have the title "<a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a>", the others being the Lord Mayors of <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] York is an ancient <a href="/wiki/Borough" title="Borough">borough</a>, and was reformed by the <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Corporations_Act_1835" title="Municipal Corporations Act 1835">Municipal Corporations Act 1835</a> to form a <a href="/wiki/Municipal_borough" title="Municipal borough">municipal borough</a>. It gained the status of a <a href="/wiki/County_borough" title="County borough">county borough</a> in 1889, under the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1888" title="Local Government Act 1888">Local Government Act 1888</a>, and existed so until 1974, when, under the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972" title="Local Government Act 1972">Local Government Act 1972</a>, it became a <a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district" title="Non-metropolitan district">non-metropolitan district</a> in the county of North Yorkshire, whilst retaining its Lord Mayor and its Sheriff.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> As a result of <a href="/wiki/1990s_UK_local_government_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="1990s UK local government reform">1990s UK local government reform</a>, York regained unitary status and saw a substantial alteration in its borders, taking in parts of <a href="/wiki/Selby_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Selby (district)">Selby</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harrogate_(borough)" class="mw-redirect" title="Harrogate (borough)">Harrogate</a> districts, and about half the population of the <a href="/wiki/Ryedale" title="Ryedale">Ryedale</a> district.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The new boundary was imposed after central government rejected the former city council's own proposal. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parliament">Parliament</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Parliament">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:208px;max-width:208px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Rachael_Maskell_MP_-_official_portrait_2017_(3-to-4_crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Rachael_Maskell_MP_-_official_portrait_2017_%283-to-4_crop%29.jpg/100px-Rachael_Maskell_MP_-_official_portrait_2017_%283-to-4_crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Rachael_Maskell_MP_-_official_portrait_2017_%283-to-4_crop%29.jpg/150px-Rachael_Maskell_MP_-_official_portrait_2017_%283-to-4_crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Rachael_Maskell_MP_-_official_portrait_2017_%283-to-4_crop%29.jpg/200px-Rachael_Maskell_MP_-_official_portrait_2017_%283-to-4_crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1554" data-file-height="2072" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Rachael_Maskell" title="Rachael Maskell">Rachael Maskell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">L</a>), <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> (MP) for York Central since 2015</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Luke_Charters_Portrait_-_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Luke_Charters_Portrait_-_2024.jpg/100px-Luke_Charters_Portrait_-_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Luke_Charters_Portrait_-_2024.jpg/150px-Luke_Charters_Portrait_-_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Luke_Charters_Portrait_-_2024.jpg/200px-Luke_Charters_Portrait_-_2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Luke_Charters" title="Luke Charters">Luke Charters</a> (<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">L</a>), <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">MP</a> for York Outer since 2024</div></div></div></div></div> From 1997 to 2010, the central part of the district was covered by the <a href="/wiki/City_of_York_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="City of York (UK Parliament constituency)">City of York</a> constituency, while the remainder was split between the constituencies of <a href="/wiki/Ryedale_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Ryedale (UK Parliament constituency)">Ryedale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selby_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Selby (UK Parliament constituency)">Selby</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vale_of_York_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Vale of York (UK Parliament constituency)">Vale of York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> These constituencies were represented by <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Bayley" title="Hugh Bayley">Hugh Bayley</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Greenway_(MP)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Greenway (MP)">John Greenway</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Grogan_(UK_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Grogan (UK politician)">John Grogan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anne_McIntosh" title="Anne McIntosh">Anne McIntosh</a> respectively. Following their review in 2003 of parliamentary representation in <a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire" title="North Yorkshire">North Yorkshire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Boundary_Commission_for_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundary Commission for England">Boundary Commission for England</a> recommended the creation of two new seats for the City of York, in time for the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2010 United Kingdom general election">general election in 2010</a>. These are <a href="/wiki/York_Central_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="York Central (UK Parliament constituency)">York Central</a>, which covers the inner urban area, and is entirely surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/York_Outer_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="York Outer (UK Parliament constituency)">York Outer</a> constituency.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ceremonial">Ceremonial</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ceremonial">edit</a>]</div> York is within the <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_county" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceremonial county">ceremonial county</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire" title="North Yorkshire">North Yorkshire</a> and, until 1974, was within the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_the_West_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="Lord Lieutenant of the West Riding of Yorkshire">Lord Lieutenant of the County of York, West Riding and the County of The City of York</a>. The city does retain the right to appoint its own Sheriff. The holder of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Duke" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Duke">Royal</a> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_York" title="Duke of York">dukedom of York</a> has no responsibilities either ceremonially or administratively as regards to the city. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Areas_of_York" title="Areas of York">Areas of York</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location">Location</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Location">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th>Place </th> <th>Distance </th> <th>Direction </th> <th>Relation </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> </td> <td>280 km<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> </td> <td>South-east </td> <td>Capital </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_England" title="Lincoln, England">Lincoln</a> </td> <td>90 km<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> </td> <td>South-east </td> <td>Next nearest historic <a href="/wiki/County_town" title="County town">county town</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Middlesbrough" title="Middlesbrough">Middlesbrough</a> </td> <td>70 km<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> </td> <td>North </td> <td>Largest place in the county </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ripon" title="Ripon">Ripon</a> </td> <td>35 km<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> </td> <td>North-west </td> <td>Next nearest city </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a> </td> <td>35 km<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> </td> <td>South-west </td> <td>Next nearest city </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Places_adjacent_to_York" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_York" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to York</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ripon" title="Ripon">Ripon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masham" title="Masham">Masham</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Helmsley" title="Helmsley">Helmsley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northallerton" title="Northallerton">Northallerton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middlesbrough" title="Middlesbrough">Middlesbrough</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malton,_North_Yorkshire" title="Malton, North Yorkshire">Malton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scarborough,_North_Yorkshire" title="Scarborough, North Yorkshire">Scarborough</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Wetherby" title="Wetherby">Wetherby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knaresborough" title="Knaresborough">Knaresborough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harrogate" title="Harrogate">Harrogate</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" />York<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Pocklington" title="Pocklington">Pocklington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bridlington" title="Bridlington">Bridlington</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tadcaster" title="Tadcaster">Tadcaster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Selby" title="Selby">Selby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doncaster" title="Doncaster">Doncaster</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Market_Weighton" title="Market Weighton">Market Weighton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Kingston upon Hull</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> York lies in the <a href="/wiki/Vale_of_York" title="Vale of York">Vale of York</a>, a flat area of fertile arable land bordered by the <a href="/wiki/Pennines" title="Pennines">Pennines</a>, the <a href="/wiki/North_York_Moors" title="North York Moors">North York Moors</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Wolds" title="Yorkshire Wolds">Yorkshire Wolds</a>. The city was built at the confluence of the Rivers Ouse and Foss on a terminal <a href="/wiki/Moraine" title="Moraine">moraine</a> left by the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">last ice age</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hall-25-82">[82]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tour_boats_on_the_River_Ouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Tour_boats_on_the_River_Ouse.jpg/200px-Tour_boats_on_the_River_Ouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Tour_boats_on_the_River_Ouse.jpg/300px-Tour_boats_on_the_River_Ouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Tour_boats_on_the_River_Ouse.jpg/400px-Tour_boats_on_the_River_Ouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Tour boats on the <a href="/wiki/River_Ouse,_Yorkshire" title="River Ouse, Yorkshire">Ouse</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:River_Foss_(19380846674).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/River_Foss_%2819380846674%29.jpg/200px-River_Foss_%2819380846674%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/River_Foss_%2819380846674%29.jpg/300px-River_Foss_%2819380846674%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/River_Foss_%2819380846674%29.jpg/400px-River_Foss_%2819380846674%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3817" data-file-height="2654" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/River_Foss" title="River Foss">River Foss</a></figcaption></figure> During Roman times, the land surrounding the Ouse and Foss was marshy, making the site easy to defend. The city is prone to flooding from the River Ouse, and has an extensive network of flood defences with walls along the river, and a liftable barrier across the Foss where it joins the Ouse at the "<a href="/wiki/Bridges_of_York#The_Blue_Bridge" title="Bridges of York">Blue Bridge</a>". In October and November 2000, York experienced the worst flooding in 375 years; more than 300 homes were flooded.<a href="#cite_note-dmcbflood-83">[83]</a> In December 2015, the flooding was more extensive and caused major disruption.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The extreme impact led to a personal visit by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Much land in and around the city is on flood plains too flood-prone for development other than agriculture. The <a href="/wiki/Clifton_Ings" class="mw-redirect" title="Clifton Ings">ings</a> are flood meadows along the Ouse, while the <a href="/wiki/Strays_of_York" title="Strays of York">strays</a> are open common grassland in various locations around the city. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> York has a <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">temperate climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Cfb</a>) with four distinct seasons. As with the rest of the Vale of York, the city's climate is drier and warmer than the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_and_the_Humber" title="Yorkshire and the Humber">Yorkshire and the Humber</a> region. Owing to its lowland location, York is prone to frosts, fog, and cold winds during winter, spring, and very early summer.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Snow can fall in winter from December onwards to as late as April but quickly melts. As with much of the British Isles, the weather is changeable. York experiences most sunshine from May to July, an average of six hours per day.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> With its inland location, summers are often warmer than the Yorkshire coast with temperatures of 27 °C or more. Extremes recorded at the University of York campus between 1998 and 2010 include a highest temperature of 34.5 °C (94.1 °F)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] and a lowest temperature of −16.3 °C (2.7 °F) on 6 December 2010. The most rainfall in one day was 88.4 millimetres (3.5 in).<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for <a href="/wiki/RAF_Linton-on-Ouse" title="RAF Linton-on-Ouse">RAF Linton-on-Ouse</a>, 15 km north-west of York </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16 (61) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18 (64) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22 (72) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28 (82) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30 (86) </td> <td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32 (90) </td> <td style="background: #FF0800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.2 (104.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34 (93) </td> <td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32 (90) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29 (84) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20 (68) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17 (63) </td> <td style="background: #FF0800; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">40.2 (104.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 (44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 (45.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 (50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.0 (55.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6 (61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5 (67.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.0 (71.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.0 (71.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.4 (65.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.9 (57.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 (49.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 (44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.0 (57.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0 (35.6) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0 (33.8) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4 (36.3) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0 (39.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7 (44.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 (49.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8 (53.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6 (52.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFDCBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5 (49.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 (44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0 (39.2) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0 (35.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.0 (42.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #9090FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−16 (3) </td> <td style="background: #B0B0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10 (14) </td> <td style="background: #A0A0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13 (9) </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3 (27) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 (34) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 (36) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 (41) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 (41) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1 (30) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4 (25) </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8 (18) </td> <td style="background: #9090FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−16 (3) </td> <td style="background: #9090FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−16 (3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #B0FFB0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.7 (2.07) </td> <td style="background: #BDFFBD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.9 (1.57) </td> <td style="background: #BCFFBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.9 (1.77) </td> <td style="background: #B1FFB1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.1 (1.97) </td> <td style="background: #BDFFBD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.8 (1.72) </td> <td style="background: #A5FFA5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.0 (2.28) </td> <td style="background: #AFFFAF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.2 (2.09) </td> <td style="background: #A2FFA2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.4 (2.46) </td> <td style="background: #B6FFB6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.9 (1.85) </td> <td style="background: #A9FFA9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.7 (2.27) </td> <td style="background: #A5FFA5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.8 (2.28) </td> <td style="background: #ABFFAB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.8 (2.20) </td> <td style="background: #AFFFAF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">626.0 (24.65) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days </th> <td style="background: #7676FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1 </td> <td style="background: #8989FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5 </td> <td style="background: #8888FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3 </td> <td style="background: #8E8EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1 </td> <td style="background: #8888FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3 </td> <td style="background: #9191FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 </td> <td style="background: #9191FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6 </td> <td style="background: #7E7EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4 </td> <td style="background: #6E6EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3 </td> <td style="background: #7A7AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7 </td> <td style="background: #8484FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">117.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #494949; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40 </td> <td style="background: #787878; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">60 </td> <td style="background: #ADAD96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">100 </td> <td style="background: #C2C219; color:#000000;" class="notheme">141 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">190 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">220 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">230 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">205 </td> <td style="background: #C9C900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">156 </td> <td style="background: #AFAF89; color:#000000;" class="notheme">105 </td> <td style="background: #7A7A7A; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65 </td> <td style="background: #555555; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47 </td> <td style="background: #BBBB40; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,550 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Met Office<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/BBC_Weather" title="BBC Weather">BBC Weather</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Green_belt">Green belt</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Green belt">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/York_Green_Belt" title="York Green Belt">York Green Belt</a></div> York's urbanised areas are surrounded by a green belt that restricts development in the rural areas and parts of surrounding villages,<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> to preserve the setting and historic character of the city.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> The green belt surrounds nearly all of the city and its outer villages, extending out into North Yorkshire. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Demography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:York_population_pyramid.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/York_population_pyramid.svg/220px-York_population_pyramid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/York_population_pyramid.svg/330px-York_population_pyramid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/York_population_pyramid.svg/440px-York_population_pyramid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2743" data-file-height="2163" /></a><figcaption>Population pyramid of York (local authority) in 2021</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:SouthBankYork2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/SouthBankYork2.jpg/150px-SouthBankYork2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/SouthBankYork2.jpg/225px-SouthBankYork2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/SouthBankYork2.jpg/300px-SouthBankYork2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1137" data-file-height="758" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Terraced housing in <a href="/wiki/South_Bank,_York" title="South Bank, York">Southbank</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Slaidburn_House,_Holgate,_York_(28th_August_2020).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Slaidburn_House%2C_Holgate%2C_York_%2828th_August_2020%29.jpg/150px-Slaidburn_House%2C_Holgate%2C_York_%2828th_August_2020%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Slaidburn_House%2C_Holgate%2C_York_%2828th_August_2020%29.jpg/225px-Slaidburn_House%2C_Holgate%2C_York_%2828th_August_2020%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Slaidburn_House%2C_Holgate%2C_York_%2828th_August_2020%29.jpg/300px-Slaidburn_House%2C_Holgate%2C_York_%2828th_August_2020%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Apartment blocks in <a href="/wiki/Holgate,_North_Yorkshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Holgate, North Yorkshire">Holgate</a></div></div></div></div></div> The York <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban area</a> (built-up area) had a population of 153,717 at the time of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Census 2011">2011 UK census</a>,<a href="#cite_note-BUA-93">[93]</a> compared with 137,505 in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-KS01-94">[94]</a> The population of the <a href="/wiki/City_of_York" title="City of York">City of York</a> (Local Authority) was 198,051 and its ethnic composition was 94.3% White, 1.2% Mixed, 3.4% Asian and 0.6% Black. York's elderly population (those 65 and over) was 16.9%, however only 13.2% were listed as retired.<a href="#cite_note-UAStats-95">[95]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2018)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Also at the time of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Census 2001">2001 UK census</a>, the City of York had a total population of 181,094 of whom 93,957 were female and 87,137 were male. Of the 76,920 households in York, 36.0% were married couples living together, 31.3% were one-person households, 8.7% were <a href="/wiki/Cohabitation" title="Cohabitation">co-habiting</a> couples and 8.0% were lone parents. The figures for lone parent households were below the national average of 9.5%, and the percentage of married couples was also close to the national average of 36.5%; the proportion of one person households was slightly higher than the national average of 30.1%.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> In 2001, the population density was 4,368/km2 (11,310/sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-KS01-94">[94]</a> Of those aged 16–74 in York, 24.6% had no academic qualifications, a little lower than 28.9% in all of England. Of York's residents, 5.1% were born outside the United Kingdom, significantly lower than the national average of 9.2%. <a href="/wiki/White_British" title="White British">White British</a> form 95% of the population; the largest single minority group was recorded as Asian, at 1.9% of the population. The number of theft-from-a-vehicle offences and theft of a vehicle per 1,000 of the population was 8.8 and 2.7, compared to the English national average of 6.9 and 2.7 respectively.<a href="#cite_note-CrimeFigs-97">[97]</a> The number of sexual offences was 0.9, in line with the national average.<a href="#cite_note-CrimeFigs-97">[97]</a> The national average of violence against another person was 16.2 compared to the York average of 17.5.<a href="#cite_note-CrimeFigs-97">[97]</a> The figures for crime statistics were all recorded during the 2006–07 financial year. The city's estimated population in 2019 was 210,620.<a href="#cite_note-auto4-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_change">Population change</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Population change">edit</a>]</div> <div style="overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable" style="width:70%; border:0; text-align:center; line-height:120%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="24" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">Population growth</a> in York since 1801 </th></tr> <tr style="background:#fff; color:navy; height:17px;"> <th>Year </th> <th>1801</th> <th>1811</th> <th>1821</th> <th>1831</th> <th>1841</th> <th>1851</th> <th>1861</th> <th>1871</th> <th>1881</th> <th>1891</th> <th>1901</th> <th>1911</th> <th>1921</th> <th>1931</th> <th>1941<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#endnote_1939a">[a]</a></th> <th>1951</th> <th>1961</th> <th>1971</th> <th>1981</th> <th>1991</th> <th>2001<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_2001b">[b]</a></th> <th>2011 </th></tr> <tr style="background:#fff; color:black; height:17px;"> <th>Population </th> <td>24,080</td> <td>27,486</td> <td>30,913</td> <td>36,340</td> <td>40,337</td> <td>49,899</td> <td>58,632</td> <td>67,364</td> <td>76,097</td> <td>81,802</td> <td>90,665</td> <td>100,487</td> <td>106,278</td> <td>112,402</td> <td>123,227</td> <td>135,093</td> <td>144,585</td> <td>154,749</td> <td>158,170</td> <td>172,847</td> <td>181,131</td> <td>198,051 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="24" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;">Source: Vision of Britain<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ethnicity">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3">Ethnic Group </th> <th colspan="8">Year </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">1991<a href="#cite_note-:412-100">[100]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">2001<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">2011<a href="#cite_note-:36-102">[102]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">2021<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Number</th> <th>%</th> <th>Number</th> <th>%</th> <th>Number</th> <th>%</th> <th>Number</th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="White people in the United Kingdom">White</a>: Total</th> <th>165,118</th> <th>99%</th> <th>177,191</th> <th>97.8%</th> <th>186,731</th> <th>94.2%</th> <th>188,167</th> <th>92.8% </th></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/White_British" title="White British">British</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>172,237</td> <td>95.1%</td> <td>178,613</td> <td>90.1%</td> <td>176,963</td> <td>87.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/White_Irish" title="White Irish">Irish</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>1,217</td> <td></td> <td>1,103</td> <td></td> <td>1,317</td> <td>0.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/White_Gypsy_or_Irish_Traveller" class="mw-redirect" title="White Gypsy or Irish Traveller">Gypsy or Irish Traveller</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>269</td> <td></td> <td>368</td> <td>0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: Roma</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>222</td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/Other_White" title="Other White">Other</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>3,737</td> <td></td> <td>6,746</td> <td></td> <td>9,297</td> <td>4.6% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/British_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Asian">Asian or Asian British</a>: Total</th> <th>952</th> <th>0.6%</th> <th>2,027</th> <th>1.1%</th> <th>6,740</th> <th>3.4%</th> <th>7,634</th> <th>3.8% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Indians" title="British Indians">Indian</a></td> <td>237</td> <td></td> <td>542</td> <td></td> <td>1,531</td> <td></td> <td>1,853</td> <td>0.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Pakistanis" title="British Pakistanis">Pakistani</a></td> <td>68</td> <td></td> <td>201</td> <td></td> <td>417</td> <td></td> <td>545</td> <td>0.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Bangladeshis" title="British Bangladeshis">Bangladeshi</a></td> <td>133</td> <td></td> <td>364</td> <td></td> <td>370</td> <td></td> <td>413</td> <td>0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Chinese" title="British Chinese">Chinese</a></td> <td>318</td> <td></td> <td>642</td> <td></td> <td>2,449</td> <td></td> <td>2,889</td> <td>1.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: Other Asian</td> <td>196</td> <td></td> <td>278</td> <td></td> <td>1,973</td> <td></td> <td>1,934</td> <td>1.0% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">Black or Black British</a>: Total</th> <th>304</th> <th>0.2%</th> <th>341</th> <th>0.2%</th> <th>1,194</th> <th>0.6%</th> <th>1,325</th> <th>0.7% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Black or Black British: <a href="/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_people" title="British African-Caribbean people">African</a></td> <td>113</td> <td></td> <td>164</td> <td></td> <td>903</td> <td></td> <td>978</td> <td>0.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Black or Black British: <a href="/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_people" title="British African-Caribbean people">Caribbean</a></td> <td>104</td> <td></td> <td>143</td> <td></td> <td>205</td> <td></td> <td>208</td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Black or Black British: <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_ethnicity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom">Other Black</a></td> <td>87</td> <td></td> <td>34</td> <td></td> <td>86</td> <td></td> <td>139</td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">Mixed or British Mixed</a>: Total</th> <th>–</th> <th>–</th> <th>1,144</th> <th>0.6%</th> <th>2,410</th> <th>1.2%</th> <th>3,741</th> <th>1.8% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Mixed: White and Black Caribbean</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>248</td> <td></td> <td>529</td> <td></td> <td>631</td> <td>0.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mixed: White and Black African</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>114</td> <td></td> <td>305</td> <td></td> <td>494</td> <td>0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mixed: White and Asian</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>456</td> <td></td> <td>873</td> <td></td> <td>1,579</td> <td>0.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mixed: Other Mixed</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>326</td> <td></td> <td>703</td> <td></td> <td>1,037</td> <td>0.5% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Other: Total</th> <th>439</th> <th>0.2%</th> <th></th> <th></th> <th>973</th> <th></th> <th>1,954</th> <th>1% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Other: Arab</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>498</td> <td></td> <td>623</td> <td>0.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other: Any other ethnic group</td> <td>439</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>391</td> <td></td> <td>475</td> <td></td> <td>1,331</td> <td>0.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total</th> <th>166,813</th> <th>100%</th> <th>181,094</th> <th>100%</th> <th>198,051</th> <th>100%</th> <th>202,821</th> <th>100% </th></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_York" title="Religion in York">Religion in York</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:343px;max-width:343px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:116px;max-width:116px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:170px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Inside_York_Minster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Inside_York_Minster.jpg/114px-Inside_York_Minster.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Inside_York_Minster.jpg/171px-Inside_York_Minster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Inside_York_Minster.jpg/228px-Inside_York_Minster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Nave of York Minster</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:105px;max-width:105px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:170px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Stained_glass_yorkminster_8424.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Stained_glass_yorkminster_8424.jpg/103px-Stained_glass_yorkminster_8424.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Stained_glass_yorkminster_8424.jpg/155px-Stained_glass_yorkminster_8424.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Stained_glass_yorkminster_8424.jpg/206px-Stained_glass_yorkminster_8424.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3992" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Stained glass at York Minster</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:116px;max-width:116px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:170px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:YorkStWilliamsCollege1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/YorkStWilliamsCollege1.jpg/114px-YorkStWilliamsCollege1.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/YorkStWilliamsCollege1.jpg/171px-YorkStWilliamsCollege1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/YorkStWilliamsCollege1.jpg/228px-YorkStWilliamsCollege1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5472" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">St William's College facade</div></div></div></div></div> Having "No Religion" was higher than the national average for York in 2011 and 0.9% lower than having a religion in 2021. Christianity has the largest religious following in York, 43.9% residents reported as Christian in the 2021 census. York has multiple churches, most present churches in York are from the medieval period. Leaders of different Christian denominations work together across the city, forming a network of churches known as One Voice York.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> There are 33 active <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> churches in York. It is the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_York" title="Province of York">northern province</a>'s administrative centre, home to the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_York" title="Archbishop of York">Archbishop of York</a> and the province's <a href="/wiki/Mother_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother Church">Mother Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a>). <a href="/wiki/St_William%27s_College" title="St William's College">St William's College</a> behind the Minster, and <a href="/wiki/Bedern" title="Bedern">Bedern Hall</a>, off <a href="/wiki/Goodramgate" title="Goodramgate">Goodramgate</a>, are former dwelling places of the <a href="/wiki/Canon_(priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon (priest)">canons</a> of the York Minster. York, in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Middlesbrough" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Middlesbrough">Roman Catholic Diocese of Middlesbrough</a>, has eight churches and a number of different Catholic religious orders. Other Christian denominations active in York include the <a href="/wiki/Religious_Society_of_Friends" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Society of Friends">Religious Society of Friends</a> who have three <a href="/wiki/Friends_meeting_house" title="Friends meeting house">meeting houses</a>,<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarians</a>. St Columba's <a href="/wiki/United_Reformed_Church" title="United Reformed Church">United Reformed Church</a> in Priory Street, originally built for the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterians" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterians">Presbyterians</a>, dates from 1879.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Percentages in York following non-Christian religion were below England's national average, in the 2011 census. York's only Mosque is located in the <a href="/wiki/Layerthorpe" title="Layerthorpe">Layerthorpe</a> area, and the city also has a <a href="/wiki/UK_Islamic_Mission" title="UK Islamic Mission">UK Islamic Mission</a> centre.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Various <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> traditions are represented in the city and around York.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> There is also an active Jewish community.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Religion </th> <th colspan="2">2001<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">2011<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">2021<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>No religion </th> <th style="text-align:right">30,003 </th> <th style="text-align:right">16.6 </th> <th style="text-align:right">59,646 </th> <th style="text-align:right">30.1 </th> <th style="text-align:right">93,577 </th> <th style="text-align:right">46.1 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Holds religious beliefs </th> <th>137,377 </th> <th>75.9 </th> <th>123,009 </th> <th>62.1 </th> <th>95,314 </th> <th>47.0 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_Christian_Cross_no_Red.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gold_Christian_Cross_no_Red.svg/20px-Gold_Christian_Cross_no_Red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gold_Christian_Cross_no_Red.svg/30px-Gold_Christian_Cross_no_Red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gold_Christian_Cross_no_Red.svg/40px-Gold_Christian_Cross_no_Red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="805" data-file-height="1052" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">134,771 </td> <td style="text-align:right">74.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right">117,856 </td> <td style="text-align:right">59.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right">89,019 </td> <td style="text-align:right">43.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/20px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/30px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/40px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">388 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,016 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,045 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Om.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/20px-Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/31px-Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/40px-Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">347 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right">983 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,043 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/20px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/30px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/40px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">191 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right">202 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right">273 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Star_and_Crescent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/20px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/30px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/40px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="216" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,047 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right">2,072 </td> <td style="text-align:right">1.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right">2,488 </td> <td style="text-align:right">1.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Khanda.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/19px-Khanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/29px-Khanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/39px-Khanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="632" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikh</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">95 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right">133 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right">179 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other religion </td> <td style="text-align:right">538 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right">747 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,266 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.6 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Religion not stated </th> <th style="text-align:right">13,714 </th> <th style="text-align:right">7.6 </th> <th style="text-align:right">15,396 </th> <th style="text-align:right">7.8 </th> <th style="text-align:right">13,930 </th> <th style="text-align:right">6.9 </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total population </th> <th style="text-align:right">181,094 </th> <th style="text-align:right">100.0 </th> <th style="text-align:right">198,051 </th> <th style="text-align:right">100.0 </th> <th style="text-align:right">202,821 </th> <th style="text-align:right">100.0 </th></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Christian hierarchies </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Denomination </th> <th>Top tier</th> <th>2nd</th> <th>3rd</th> <th>4th </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Province_of_York" title="Province of York">Province of York</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_York" title="Diocese of York">Diocese of York</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Archdeaconry_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdeaconry of York">Archdeaconry of York</a></td> <td>Deanery of York<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Liverpool" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Liverpool">Archdiocese of Liverpool</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Middlesbrough" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Middlesbrough">Diocese of Middlesbrough</a> </td> <td colspan="2">Central Vicariate<a href="#cite_note-Middiocese-115">[115]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_the_Methodist_Church_of_Great_Britain#List_of_districts_and_circuits" title="Organisation of the Methodist Church of Great Britain">Methodist</a> </td> <td colspan="2">District of York and Hull </td> <td colspan="2">Circuit of York<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_based_in_York" title="List of companies based in York">List of companies based in York</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yorkshire_Museum,_York,_England-23March2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Yorkshire_Museum%2C_York%2C_England-23March2005.jpg/200px-Yorkshire_Museum%2C_York%2C_England-23March2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Yorkshire_Museum%2C_York%2C_England-23March2005.jpg/300px-Yorkshire_Museum%2C_York%2C_England-23March2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Yorkshire_Museum%2C_York%2C_England-23March2005.jpg/400px-Yorkshire_Museum%2C_York%2C_England-23March2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Museum" title="Yorkshire Museum">Yorkshire Museum</a></figcaption></figure> A July 2020 report by Council stated that York is worth "£5.2 billion to the UK economy ... with 9,000 businesses and 110,000 people employed across the city".<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> According to Make It York, the city benefits from features that include a well-educated workforce, "excellent transport links to both national and international markets, pronounced strengths in a range of high value sectors, a pioneering digital infrastructure, outstanding business support networks ...".<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> York's economy is based on the <a href="/wiki/Service_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Service industry">service industry</a>, which in 2000 was responsible for 88.7% of employment in the city.<a href="#cite_note-NOMIS-119">[119]</a> Statistics based on 2019 data indicated that tourism was worth over £765 million to the city, supported 24,000 jobs and attracted 8.4 million visitors each year.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-120">[120]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:York_designer_outlet_(geograph_6848025).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/York_designer_outlet_%28geograph_6848025%29.jpg/200px-York_designer_outlet_%28geograph_6848025%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/York_designer_outlet_%28geograph_6848025%29.jpg/300px-York_designer_outlet_%28geograph_6848025%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/York_designer_outlet_%28geograph_6848025%29.jpg/400px-York_designer_outlet_%28geograph_6848025%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/York_Designer_Outlet" class="mw-redirect" title="York Designer Outlet">York Designer Outlet</a></figcaption></figure> The Employment Rate in 2018 was 78.8%. The private sector accounted for 77,000 jobs in 2019 while 34,500 jobs were in the public sector.<a href="#cite_note-auto4-98">[98]</a> The service industries include public sector employment, health, education, finance, information technology (IT) and tourism that accounted for 10.7% of employment as of 2016. Tourism has become an important element of the economy, with the city offering a wealth of historic attractions, of which <a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a> is the most prominent, and a variety of cultural activities. As a holiday destination York was the 6th most visited English city by UK residents (2014–16)<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> and the 13th most visited by overseas visitors (2016).<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> A 2014 report, based on 2012 data,<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> stated that the city receives 6.9 million visitors annually; they contribute £564 million to the economy and support over 19,000 jobs.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> In the 2017 Condé Nast Traveller survey of readers, York rated 12th among The 15 Best Cities in the UK for visitors.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> In a 2020 Condé Nast Traveller report, York rated as the sixth best among ten "urban destinations [in the UK] that scored the highest marks when it comes to ... nightlife, restaurants, and friendliness".<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spark_York_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Spark_York_02.jpg/200px-Spark_York_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Spark_York_02.jpg/300px-Spark_York_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Spark_York_02.jpg/400px-Spark_York_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Spark:York, opened in 2018 as part of the Piccadilly regeneration scheme, offers a range of <a href="/wiki/Street_food" title="Street food">street food</a>, drinks and live music.</figcaption></figure> Unemployment in York was low at 4.2% in 2008 compared to the United Kingdom national average of 5.3%.<a href="#cite_note-NOMIS-119">[119]</a> The biggest employer in York is the City of York Council, with over 7,500 employees. Employers with more than 2,000 staff include <a href="/wiki/Aviva" title="Aviva">Aviva</a> (formerly Norwich Union Life), <a href="/wiki/Network_Rail" title="Network Rail">Network Rail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Trains" title="Northern Trains">Northern Trains</a>, York Hospitals NHS Trust and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_York" title="University of York">University of York</a>. Other major employers include <a href="/wiki/BT_Group" title="BT Group">BT Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/CPP_Group" title="CPP Group">CPP Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9" title="Nestlé">Nestlé</a>, <a href="/wiki/NFU_Mutual" title="NFU Mutual">NFU Mutual</a> and a number of railway companies.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> A 2007 report stated that the economic position at that time very different from the 1950s, when its prosperity was based on chocolate manufacturing and the railways. This position continued until the early 1980s when 30% of the workforce were employed by just five employers and 75% of manufacturing jobs were in four companies.<a href="#cite_note-FYGREPORT-129">[129]</a> Most industry around the railway has gone, including the <a href="/wiki/York_Carriage_Works" class="mw-redirect" title="York Carriage Works">York Carriage Works</a>, which at its height in the 1880s employed 5,500 people, but closed in the mid-1990s.<a href="#cite_note-FYGREPORT-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> York is the headquarters of the confectionery manufacturer Nestlé York (formerly Nestlé Rowntrees) and home to the <a href="/wiki/KitKat" class="mw-redirect" title="KitKat">KitKat</a> and eponymous <a href="/wiki/Yorkie_(chocolate_bar)" title="Yorkie (chocolate bar)">Yorkie bar</a> chocolate brands. <a href="/wiki/Terry%27s" title="Terry's">Terry's</a> chocolate factory, makers of the <a href="/wiki/Terry%27s_Chocolate_Orange" title="Terry's Chocolate Orange">Chocolate Orange</a>, was located in the city; but it closed on 30 September 2005, when production was moved by its owners, <a href="/wiki/Kraft_Foods" title="Kraft Foods">Kraft Foods</a>, to Poland. The historic factory building is situated next to the Knavesmire racecourse. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aviva,_York.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Aviva%2C_York.jpg/200px-Aviva%2C_York.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Aviva%2C_York.jpg/300px-Aviva%2C_York.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Aviva%2C_York.jpg/400px-Aviva%2C_York.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1394" data-file-height="930" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Aviva_Building" title="Aviva Building">Aviva Building</a></figcaption></figure> On 20 September 2006, Nestlé announced that it would cut 645 jobs at the Rowntree's chocolate factory in York.<a href="#cite_note-bbcrown-131">[131]</a> This came after a number of other job losses in the city at <a href="/wiki/Aviva" title="Aviva">Aviva</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Sugar" title="British Sugar">British Sugar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Chocolate_Works" title="The Chocolate Works">Terry's chocolate factory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbcjobs-132">[132]</a> Despite this, the employment situation in York remained fairly buoyant until the effects of the <a href="/wiki/Late_2000s_recession" class="mw-redirect" title="Late 2000s recession">late 2000s recession</a> began to be felt.<a href="#cite_note-pressjobs-133">[133]</a> Since the closure of the carriage works, the site has been developed into offices. York's economy has been developing in the areas of science, technology and the <a href="/wiki/Creative_industries" title="Creative industries">creative industries</a>. The city became a founding National Science City with the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Science_park" title="Science park">science park</a> near the <a href="/wiki/University_of_York" title="University of York">University of York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Between 1998 and 2008, York gained 80 new technology companies and 2,800 new jobs in the sector.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-strgv-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic">Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> was confirmed to have <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_England" title="COVID-19 pandemic in England">reached England</a> after cases were discovered in York on 31 January 2020.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> The pandemic caused an economic slowdown because of restrictions imposed on businesses and on travel in the UK; by January 2021, many cities were in their third lockdown and the country's unemployment rate had reached its highest level in over four years.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> The retail, hospitality, and tourism sectors were especially hard hit in York.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-141">[141]</a> In August 2020, the campaign "Make It York" and the city council embarked on a six-month tourism marketing plan "to reenergise the city while building resident and visitor confidence".<a href="#cite_note-auto3-120">[120]</a> A report in June 2020 stated that unemployment had risen 114% over the previous year because of restrictions imposed as a result of the pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> In addition to high unemployment during lockdown periods, one analysis by the York and North Yorkshire Local Enterprise Partnership predicted in August 2020 that "as many as 13,835 jobs in York will be lost in the scenario considered most likely, taking the city's unemployment rate to 14.5%". Some critics claimed that part of the problem was caused by "over-reliance on the booming tourism industry at the expense of a long-term economic plan".<a href="#cite_note-auto2-141">[141]</a> Other analyses suggested that "York is well-placed for the high street to recover and evolve from the pandemic if new businesses focus on creating an attraction or experience rather than traditional retail". The North Yorkshire Local Enterprise Partnership also "predicted a significant rise in <a href="/wiki/Staycation" title="Staycation">staycation</a> trips to York in 2021".<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_services">Public services</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Public services">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:York_Hospital_Front_entrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/York_Hospital_Front_entrance.jpg/200px-York_Hospital_Front_entrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/York_Hospital_Front_entrance.jpg/300px-York_Hospital_Front_entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/York_Hospital_Front_entrance.jpg/400px-York_Hospital_Front_entrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="676" /></a><figcaption>York Hospital is the city's primary medical facility.</figcaption></figure> Under the requirements of the <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Corporations_Act_1835" title="Municipal Corporations Act 1835">Municipal Corporations Act 1835</a>, York City Council appointed a <a href="/wiki/Watch_committee" title="Watch committee">watch committee</a> which established a police force and appointed a chief constable.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> On 1 June 1968 the York City, East Riding of Yorkshire, and North Riding of Yorkshire police forces were amalgamated to form the <a href="/wiki/York_and_North_East_Yorkshire_Police" title="York and North East Yorkshire Police">York and North East Yorkshire Police</a>. Since 1974, <a href="/wiki/Home_Office" title="Home Office">Home Office</a> policing in York has been provided by the <a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire_Police" title="North Yorkshire Police">North Yorkshire Police</a>. The force's central headquarters for policing York and nearby <a href="/wiki/Selby_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Selby (district)">Selby</a> are in Fulford.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fire_service_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire service in the United Kingdom">Statutory emergency fire and rescue service</a> is provided by the <a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire_Fire_and_Rescue_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="North Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service">North Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/Northallerton" title="Northallerton">Northallerton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> The city's first hospital, <a href="/wiki/York_County_Hospital" title="York County Hospital">York County Hospital</a>, opened in 1740 in Monkgate<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> funded by public subscription. It closed in 1976 when it was replaced by <a href="/wiki/York_Hospital" title="York Hospital">York Hospital</a>, which opened the same year and gained <a href="/wiki/NHS_foundation_trust" title="NHS foundation trust">Foundation status</a> in April 2007. It has 524 adult inpatient beds and 127 special purpose beds providing general healthcare and some specialist inpatient, daycase, and outpatient services.<a href="#cite_note-YDH-148">[148]</a> It is also known as York District Hospital and YDH.<a href="#cite_note-YDH-148">[148]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cour_Magistrats_York_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Cour_Magistrats_York_6.jpg/200px-Cour_Magistrats_York_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Cour_Magistrats_York_6.jpg/300px-Cour_Magistrats_York_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Cour_Magistrats_York_6.jpg/400px-Cour_Magistrats_York_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10401" data-file-height="7543" /></a><figcaption>York Magistrates Court</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Ambulance_Service" title="Yorkshire Ambulance Service">Yorkshire Ambulance Service</a> NHS Trust was formed on 1 July 2006 bringing together South Yorkshire Ambulance Service, West Yorkshire Metropolitan Ambulance Service and the North and East Yorkshire parts of Tees, East and North Yorkshire Ambulance Service to provide patient transport.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Other forms of health care are provided for locally by clinics and surgeries. Since 1998, <a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">waste management</a> has been co-ordinated via the York and North Yorkshire Waste Partnership.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> York's <a href="/wiki/Distribution_network_operator" title="Distribution network operator">distribution network operator</a> for electricity is <a href="/wiki/CE_Electric_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="CE Electric UK">CE Electric UK</a>;<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> there are no <a href="/wiki/Power_station" title="Power station">power stations</a> in the city. <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Water" title="Yorkshire Water">Yorkshire Water</a>, which has a local water extraction plant on the <a href="/wiki/River_Derwent,_Yorkshire" title="River Derwent, Yorkshire">River Derwent</a> at Elvington, manages York's <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waste_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste water">waste water</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:York_Crown_Court.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/York_Crown_Court.jpg/200px-York_Crown_Court.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/York_Crown_Court.jpg/300px-York_Crown_Court.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/York_Crown_Court.jpg/400px-York_Crown_Court.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1232" /></a><figcaption>York Crown Court</figcaption></figure> The city has a <a href="/wiki/Magistrates%27_court_(England_and_Wales)" title="Magistrates' court (England and Wales)">magistrates' court</a>,<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> and venues for the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Court" title="Crown Court">Crown Court</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/County_Court_(England_and_Wales)" title="County Court (England and Wales)">County Court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <a href="/wiki/York_Crown_Court" title="York Crown Court">York Crown Court</a> was designed by the architect <a href="/wiki/John_Carr_(architect)" title="John Carr (architect)">John Carr</a>, and built next to the then prison (including execution area).<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Between 1773 and 1777, the Grand Jury House was replaced by John Carr's elegant Court House for the <a href="/wiki/Assizes" title="Assizes">Assizes</a> of the whole county. The Female Prison was built opposite and mirrors the court building positioned around a circular lawn which became known as the "Eye of the Ridings", or the "Eye of York". 1776 saw the last recorded instance of a wife hanged and burnt for poisoning her husband. <a href="/wiki/Horse_theft" title="Horse theft">Horse theft</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Capital_offence" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital offence">capital offence</a>. The culprits of lesser crimes were brought to court by the city constables and would face a fine. The corporation employed a "common informer" whose task was to bring criminals to justice.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> The former prison is now the <a href="/wiki/York_Castle_Museum" title="York Castle Museum">Castle Museum</a> but still contains the cells. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water">Water</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Water">edit</a>]</div> York's location on the River Ouse, and in the centre of the Vale of York, means that it has always had a significant position in the nation's transport system.<a href="#cite_note-VCH-31">[31]</a> The city grew up as a river port at the confluence of the Ouse and the Foss. The Ouse was originally a <a href="/wiki/Tidal_river" title="Tidal river">tidal river</a>, accessible to seagoing ships of the time. Today, both of these rivers remain navigable, although the Foss is only navigable for a short distance above the confluence. A <a href="/wiki/Lock_(water_navigation)" title="Lock (water navigation)">lock</a> at <a href="/wiki/Naburn" title="Naburn">Naburn</a> on the Ouse to the south of York means that the river in York is no longer tidal.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Until the end of the 20th century, the Ouse was used by <a href="/wiki/Barge" title="Barge">barges</a> to carry freight between York and the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Hull" title="Port of Hull">port of</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Hull</a>. The last significant such traffic was the supply of <a href="/wiki/Newsprint" title="Newsprint">newsprint</a> to the local newspaper's Foss-side print works, which continued until 1997. Today, navigation is almost exclusively leisure-oriented. <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1008px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:York_night.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Panorama of the River Ouse looking south from Lendal Bridge"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/York_night.JPG/1000px-York_night.JPG" decoding="async" width="1000" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/York_night.JPG/1500px-York_night.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/York_night.JPG/2000px-York_night.JPG 2x" data-file-width="11375" data-file-height="2887" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:York_night.JPG" title="File:York night.JPG"> </a></div>Panorama of the <a href="/wiki/River_Ouse,_Yorkshire" title="River Ouse, Yorkshire">River Ouse</a> looking south from Lendal Bridge</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads">Roads</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Roads">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stonegate_in_York_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1261035.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Stonegate_in_York_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1261035.jpg/200px-Stonegate_in_York_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1261035.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Stonegate_in_York_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1261035.jpg/300px-Stonegate_in_York_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1261035.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Stonegate_in_York_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1261035.jpg/400px-Stonegate_in_York_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1261035.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Stonegate is pedestrianised during the day.</figcaption></figure> Like most cities founded by the Romans, York is well served by long-distance trunk roads. The city lies at the intersection of the <a href="/wiki/A19_road" title="A19 road">A19 road</a> from <a href="/wiki/Doncaster" title="Doncaster">Doncaster</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tyneside" title="Tyneside">Tyneside</a>, the <a href="/wiki/A59_road" title="A59 road">A59 road</a> from <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> to York, the <a href="/wiki/A64_road" title="A64 road">A64 road</a> from <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a> to <a href="/wiki/Scarborough,_North_Yorkshire" title="Scarborough, North Yorkshire">Scarborough</a> and the <a href="/wiki/A1079_road" title="A1079 road">A1079 road</a> from York to <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Hull</a>. The A64 road provides the principal link to the motorway network, linking York to both the <a href="/wiki/A1(M)_motorway" title="A1(M) motorway">A1(M)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/M1_motorway" title="M1 motorway">M1 motorways</a> at a distance of about 10 miles (15 km) from the city. The trans-Pennine <a href="/wiki/M62_motorway" title="M62 motorway">M62 motorway</a> is less than 20 miles (30 km) away providing links to <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> and Liverpool. The city is surrounded on all sides by an outer ring road, at a distance of some 3 miles (5 km) from the centre of the city, which allows through traffic to by-pass the city. The street plan of the historic core of the city dates from medieval times and is not suitable for modern traffic. As a consequence, many of the routes inside the city walls are designated as <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_zone" title="Pedestrian zone">car-free</a> during business hours or restrict traffic entirely. To alleviate this situation, six bus-based <a href="/wiki/York_park_and_ride" title="York park and ride">park and ride</a> sites operate in York. The sites are located towards the edge of the urban area, with easy access from the ring road and allow out of town visitors to complete their journey into the city centre by bus.<a href="#cite_note-coypar-159">[159]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_bendy_bus_on_York_P%26R.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/First_bendy_bus_on_York_P%26R.jpg/200px-First_bendy_bus_on_York_P%26R.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/First_bendy_bus_on_York_P%26R.jpg/300px-First_bendy_bus_on_York_P%26R.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/First_bendy_bus_on_York_P%26R.jpg/400px-First_bendy_bus_on_York_P%26R.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>First York <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Citaro" title="Mercedes-Benz Citaro">Mercedes-Benz Citaro</a> articulated bus on Rougier Street</figcaption></figure> Public transport within the city is largely bus-based. <a href="/wiki/First_York" title="First York">First York</a> operates the majority of the city's local bus services, as well as the <a href="/wiki/York_park_and_ride" title="York park and ride">York park and ride</a> services. York was the location of the first implementation of FirstGroup's experimental and controversial <a href="/wiki/FTR_(bus)" title="FTR (bus)">FTR bus concept</a>, which sought to confer the advantages of a modern tramway system at a lower cost.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> The service was withdrawn following an election manifesto pledge by the Labour Group at the 2011 local government election.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> <a href="/wiki/Transdev_Blazefield" title="Transdev Blazefield">Transdev York</a> also operates a large number of local bus services. Open-top tourist and sightseeing buses are operated by Transdev York, on behalf of <a href="/wiki/City_Sightseeing" title="City Sightseeing">City Sightseeing</a> and York Pullman on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Golden_Tours" title="Golden Tours">Golden Tours</a>. Rural services, linking local towns and villages with York, are provided by a number of companies with <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Coastliner" title="Yorkshire Coastliner">Transdev York & Country</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Yorkshire_(bus_company)" title="East Yorkshire (bus company)">East Yorkshire</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reliance_Motor_Services&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reliance Motor Services (page does not exist)">Reliance Motor Services</a> operating most of them.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Longer-distance bus services are provided by a number of operators, including <a href="/wiki/Arriva_Yorkshire" title="Arriva Yorkshire">Arriva Yorkshire</a> services to Selby, <a href="/wiki/East_Yorkshire_(bus_company)" title="East Yorkshire (bus company)">East Yorkshire</a> services to Hull, Beverley, Market Weighton and Pocklington, and <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Coastliner" title="Yorkshire Coastliner">Transdev York & Country</a> services to Boroughbridge, <a href="/wiki/Knaresborough" title="Knaresborough">Knaresborough</a>, Harrogate, <a href="/wiki/Castle_Howard" title="Castle Howard">Castle Howard</a> and Malton. <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Coastliner" title="Yorkshire Coastliner">Yorkshire Coastliner</a> links <a href="/wiki/Leeds_City_bus_station" title="Leeds City bus station">Leeds</a> & York with Scarborough, Malton, Pickering and <a href="/wiki/Whitby" title="Whitby">Whitby</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railway">Railway</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Railway">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:York_Train_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_588892.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/York_Train_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_588892.jpg/200px-York_Train_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_588892.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/York_Train_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_588892.jpg/300px-York_Train_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_588892.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/York_Train_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_588892.jpg/400px-York_Train_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_588892.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/York_railway_station" title="York railway station">York railway station</a>, viewed from Queen Street</figcaption></figure> York has been a major railway centre since the first line arrived in 1839, at the beginning of the railway age. For many years, the city hosted the headquarters and works of the <a href="/wiki/North_Eastern_Railway_(United_Kingdom)" title="North Eastern Railway (United Kingdom)">North Eastern Railway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-coyrapd-46">[46]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:York_station_rush_hour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/York_station_rush_hour.jpg/200px-York_station_rush_hour.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/York_station_rush_hour.jpg/300px-York_station_rush_hour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/York_station_rush_hour.jpg/400px-York_station_rush_hour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1268" data-file-height="840" /></a><figcaption>York railway station interior</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%; width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Point A</th> <th>Via</th> <th>Point B</th> <th>Via </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/London_North_Eastern_Railway" title="London North Eastern Railway">London North Eastern Railway</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/London_King%27s_Cross_railway_station" title="London King's Cross railway station">London King's Cross</a> (under two hours from York, around 25 direct trains each weekday) </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Peterborough_railway_station" title="Peterborough railway station">Peterborough</a> & <a href="/wiki/Doncaster_railway_station" title="Doncaster railway station">Doncaster</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Waverley_railway_station" title="Edinburgh Waverley railway station">Edinburgh Waverley</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Durham_railway_station" title="Durham railway station">Durham</a> & <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_railway_station" title="Newcastle railway station">Newcastle</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sunderland_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunderland railway station">Sunderland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Middlesbrough_railway_station" title="Middlesbrough railway station">Middlesbrough</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thornaby_railway_station" title="Thornaby railway station">Thornaby</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/CrossCountry" title="CrossCountry">CrossCountry</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_railway_station" title="Plymouth railway station">Plymouth</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Temple_Meads_railway_station" title="Bristol Temple Meads railway station">Bristol Temple Meads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_New_Street_railway_station" title="Birmingham New Street railway station">Birmingham New Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derby_railway_station" title="Derby railway station">Derby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheffield railway station">Sheffield</a> & <a href="/wiki/Wakefield_Westgate_railway_station" title="Wakefield Westgate railway station">Wakefield Westgate</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Central_railway_station" title="Glasgow Central railway station">Glasgow Central</a> & or Edinburgh Waverley </td> <td>Darlington, Durham & Newcastle </td></tr> <tr> <td>Newcastle </td> <td>Durham & Darlington </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Southampton_Central_railway_station" title="Southampton Central railway station">Southampton Central</a> & or <a href="/wiki/Reading_railway_station" title="Reading railway station">Reading</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_International_railway_station" title="Birmingham International railway station">Birmingham International</a>, Birmingham New Street & <a href="/wiki/Oxford_railway_station" title="Oxford railway station">Oxford</a><a href="#cite_note-coyrail-164">[164]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/TransPennine_Express" title="TransPennine Express">TransPennine Express</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Newcastle </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Darlington_railway_station" title="Darlington railway station">Darlington</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Lime_Street_railway_station" title="Liverpool Lime Street railway station">Liverpool Lime Street</a> </td> <td>Leeds, <a href="/wiki/Dewsbury_railway_station" title="Dewsbury railway station">Dewsbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huddersfield_railway_station" title="Huddersfield railway station">Huddersfield</a> & <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Victoria_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Victoria railway station">Manchester Victoria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Redcar_Central_railway_station" title="Redcar Central railway station">Redcar Central</a> </td> <td>Middlesbrough </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Airport_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Airport railway station">Manchester Airport</a> </td> <td>Huddersfield, <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Oxford_Road_railway_station" title="Manchester Oxford Road railway station">Manchester Oxford Road</a> & <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Piccadilly_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Piccadilly railway station">Manchester Piccadilly</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>York </td> <td>Terminus </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scarborough_railway_station" title="Scarborough railway station">Scarborough</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malton_railway_station" title="Malton railway station">Malton</a> & <a href="/wiki/Seamer_railway_station" title="Seamer railway station">Seamer</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Trains" title="Northern Trains">Northern</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">York (the provider's headquarters) </td> <td rowspan="3">Terminus </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leeds_railway_station" title="Leeds railway station">Leeds</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harrogate_railway_station" title="Harrogate railway station">Harrogate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bridlington_railway_station" title="Bridlington railway station">Bridlington</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hull_Paragon_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Hull Paragon railway station">Hull Paragon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheffield railway station">Sheffield</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rotherham_Central_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotherham Central railway station">Rotherham Central</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Blackpool_North_railway_station" title="Blackpool North railway station">Blackpool North</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bradford_Interchange" title="Bradford Interchange">Bradford Interchange</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halifax_railway_station_(England)" title="Halifax railway station (England)">Halifax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebden_Bridge_railway_station" title="Hebden Bridge railway station">Hebden Bridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burnley_Manchester_Road_railway_station" title="Burnley Manchester Road railway station">Burnley Manchester Road</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blackburn_railway_station" title="Blackburn railway station">Blackburn</a> & <a href="/wiki/Preston_railway_station" title="Preston railway station">Preston</a><a href="#cite_note-coyrail-164">[164]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_(train_operating_company)" title="Grand Central (train operating company)">Grand Central</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>London King's Cross </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peterborough_railway_station" title="Peterborough railway station">Peterborough</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sunderland_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunderland railway station">Sunderland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eaglescliffe_railway_station" title="Eaglescliffe railway station">Eaglescliffe</a> & <a href="/wiki/Hartlepool_railway_station" title="Hartlepool railway station">Hartlepool</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Air">edit</a>]</div> The closest international airports are <a href="/wiki/Leeds_Bradford_Airport" title="Leeds Bradford Airport">Leeds Bradford</a> at 30 miles (48 km), <a href="/wiki/Teesside_International_Airport" title="Teesside International Airport">Teesside</a> 47 miles (76 km), <a href="/wiki/Humberside_Airport" title="Humberside Airport">Humberside</a> 54 miles (87 km). Further afield are <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Airport" title="Manchester Airport">Manchester</a> 84 miles (135 km) and <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_International_Airport" title="Newcastle International Airport">Newcastle</a> 95 miles (153 km). Manchester Airport – with connections to Europe, North America, Africa and Asia – has direct rail links by <a href="/wiki/TransPennine_Express" title="TransPennine Express">TransPennine Express</a> with its <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Airport_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Airport railway station">namesake station</a>.<a href="#cite_note-coyrail-164">[164]</a> By road its accessible by the <a href="/wiki/A64_road" title="A64 road">A64</a> to the <a href="/wiki/M60_motorway_(Great_Britain)" title="M60 motorway (Great Britain)">M60</a> via the <a href="/wiki/A1(M)_motorway" title="A1(M) motorway">A1(M) motorway</a>, <a href="/wiki/M1_motorway" title="M1 motorway">M1</a> and <a href="/wiki/M62_motorway" title="M62 motorway">M62</a>. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hawker_Hunter_at_Yorkshire_Air_Museum_(8248).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Hawker_Hunter_at_Yorkshire_Air_Museum_%288248%29.jpg/200px-Hawker_Hunter_at_Yorkshire_Air_Museum_%288248%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Hawker_Hunter_at_Yorkshire_Air_Museum_%288248%29.jpg/300px-Hawker_Hunter_at_Yorkshire_Air_Museum_%288248%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Hawker_Hunter_at_Yorkshire_Air_Museum_%288248%29.jpg/400px-Hawker_Hunter_at_Yorkshire_Air_Museum_%288248%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Yorkshire Air Museum</figcaption></figure> Teesside Airport has one connection via <a href="/wiki/Darlington_railway_station" title="Darlington railway station">Darlington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eaglescliffe_railway_station" title="Eaglescliffe railway station">Eaglescliffe</a> with a limited service with a bus from <a href="/wiki/Teesside_Airport_railway_station" title="Teesside Airport railway station">its station</a> to the airport. By road, it is accessible by the <a href="/wiki/A19_road" title="A19 road">A19</a> north to the <a href="/wiki/A67_road" title="A67 road">A67</a>. Newcastle Airport has one connection via <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_railway_station" title="Newcastle railway station">Newcastle</a> with the metro to <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Airport_Metro_station" title="Newcastle Airport Metro station">Newcastle Airport</a>, it is accessible by the <a href="/wiki/A1(M)_motorway" title="A1(M) motorway">A1(M)</a> north to the <a href="/wiki/A1_road_(Great_Britain)" title="A1 road (Great Britain)">A1</a> then the <a href="/wiki/A696_road" title="A696 road">A696</a>. Leeds Bradford and Humberside have no direct station with buses from the nearest stations. Leeds Bradford serves most major European and North African airports.<a href="#cite_note-fgyac-165">[165]</a> Humberside is accessible by the <a href="/wiki/A1079_road" title="A1079 road">A1079</a> to the <a href="/wiki/A15_road_(England)" title="A15 road (England)">A15</a> via the <a href="/wiki/A63_road" title="A63 road">A63</a>; Leeds Bradford by the <a href="/wiki/A59_road" title="A59 road">A59</a> to the <a href="/wiki/A658_road" title="A658 road">A658</a> via the <a href="/wiki/A661_road" title="A661 road">A661</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> York has an airfield at the former <a href="/wiki/RAF_Elvington" title="RAF Elvington">RAF Elvington</a>, 7 miles (11 km) south-east of the city centre, which is the home of the <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Air_Museum" title="Yorkshire Air Museum">Yorkshire Air Museum</a> and used for <a href="/wiki/Private_aviation" title="Private aviation">private aviation</a>. In 2003, plans were drafted to expand the site for business aviation or a full commercial service.<a href="#cite_note-tpelb-167">[167]</a> Former <a href="/wiki/RAF_Church_Fenton" title="RAF Church Fenton">RAF Church Fenton</a> is also near the city and private, it is now called <a href="/wiki/Leeds_East_Airport" title="Leeds East Airport">Leeds East</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_York" title="List of schools in York">List of schools in York</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Institutions">Institutions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Institutions">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:York_Castle_Museum_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3609942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/York_Castle_Museum_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3609942.jpg/200px-York_Castle_Museum_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3609942.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/York_Castle_Museum_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3609942.jpg/300px-York_Castle_Museum_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3609942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/York_Castle_Museum_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3609942.jpg/400px-York_Castle_Museum_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3609942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption>York Castle Museum, an 18th century building</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:York_Art_Gallery_(geograph_7551006).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/York_Art_Gallery_%28geograph_7551006%29.jpg/220px-York_Art_Gallery_%28geograph_7551006%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/York_Art_Gallery_%28geograph_7551006%29.jpg/330px-York_Art_Gallery_%28geograph_7551006%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/York_Art_Gallery_%28geograph_7551006%29.jpg/440px-York_Art_Gallery_%28geograph_7551006%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4080" data-file-height="3060" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/York_Art_Gallery" title="York Art Gallery">York Art Gallery</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/York_Castle" title="York Castle">York Castle</a>, a complex of buildings ranging from the medieval Clifford's Tower to the 20th-century entrance to the <a href="/wiki/York_Castle_Museum" title="York Castle Museum">York Castle Museum</a> (formerly a prison) has had a chequered history. As well as the Castle Museum, the city contains numerous other museums and historic buildings such as the <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Museum" title="Yorkshire Museum">Yorkshire Museum</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Museum_Gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum Gardens">Museum Gardens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jorvik_Viking_Centre" title="Jorvik Viking Centre">Jorvik Viking Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/York_Art_Gallery" title="York Art Gallery">York Art Gallery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merchant_Adventurers%27_Hall" title="Merchant Adventurers' Hall">Merchant Adventurers' Hall</a>, the reconstructed medieval house <a href="/wiki/Barley_Hall" title="Barley Hall">Barley Hall</a> (owned by the <a href="/wiki/York_Archaeological_Trust" title="York Archaeological Trust">York Archaeological Trust</a>), the 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Fairfax_House" title="Fairfax House">Fairfax House</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mansion_House,_York" title="Mansion House, York">Mansion House</a> (the historic home of the Lord Mayor) and the so-called <a href="/wiki/Treasurer%27s_House,_York" title="Treasurer's House, York">Treasurer's House</a> (owned by the <a href="/wiki/National_Trust_for_Places_of_Historic_Interest_or_Natural_Beauty" class="mw-redirect" title="National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty">National Trust</a>).<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Railway_Museum" title="National Railway Museum">National Railway Museum</a> is situated just beyond the station, and is home to a vast range of transport material and the largest collection of railway locomotives in the world. Included in this collection are the world's fastest steam locomotive <a href="/wiki/LNER_Class_A4_4468_Mallard" title="LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard">LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard</a> and the world-famous <a href="/wiki/LNER_Class_A3_4472_Flying_Scotsman" title="LNER Class A3 4472 Flying Scotsman">LNER Class A3 4472 Flying Scotsman</a>, which has been overhauled in the Museum.<a href="#cite_note-nrmfs-169">[169]</a> Although noted for its Medieval history, visitors can also gain an understanding of the Cold War through visiting the <a href="/wiki/York_Cold_War_Bunker" title="York Cold War Bunker">York Cold War Bunker</a>, former headquarters of No 20 Group of the Royal Observer Corps.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:York_Library_(15th_July_2013)_002.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/York_Library_%2815th_July_2013%29_002.JPG/200px-York_Library_%2815th_July_2013%29_002.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/York_Library_%2815th_July_2013%29_002.JPG/300px-York_Library_%2815th_July_2013%29_002.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/York_Library_%2815th_July_2013%29_002.JPG/400px-York_Library_%2815th_July_2013%29_002.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2176" /></a><figcaption>York Library</figcaption></figure> The city's first subscription library opened in 1794.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> The first free <a href="/wiki/Public_library" title="Public library">public library</a>, the <a href="/wiki/York_Library" title="York Library">York Library</a>, was built on <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Street_(York)" title="Clifford Street (York)">Clifford Street</a> in 1893, to mark <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>'s jubilee. A new building was erected on <a href="/wiki/Museum_Street_(York)" title="Museum Street (York)">Museum Street</a> in 1927, and this is still the library today; it was extended in 1934 and 1938.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Higher_and_further">Higher and further</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Higher and further">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:York_central_hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/York_central_hall.jpg/200px-York_central_hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/York_central_hall.jpg/300px-York_central_hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/York_central_hall.jpg/400px-York_central_hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2173" data-file-height="1449" /></a><figcaption>University of York, view across the lake to <a href="/wiki/Central_Hall,_University_of_York" title="Central Hall, University of York">Central Hall</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_York" title="University of York">University of York</a>'s main campus is on the southern edge of the city at <a href="/wiki/Heslington" title="Heslington">Heslington</a>. The Department of Archaeology and the graduate Centres for Eighteenth Century Studies and Medieval Studies are located in the historic King's Manor in the city centre.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> It was York's only institution with university status until 2006, when the more centrally located <a href="/wiki/York_St_John_University" title="York St John University">York St John University</a>, formerly an autonomous college of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leeds" title="University of Leeds">University of Leeds</a>, attained full university status. The city formerly hosted a branch of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Law" title="University of Law">University of Law</a> before it moved to Leeds. The University of York also has a medical school, <a href="/wiki/Hull_York_Medical_School" title="Hull York Medical School">Hull York Medical School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> The city has two major further education institutions. <a href="/wiki/York_College_(York)" title="York College (York)">York College</a> is an amalgamation of York Technical College and York Sixth Form College. Students there study a very wide range of academic and vocational courses, and range from <a href="/wiki/School_leaving_age" class="mw-redirect" title="School leaving age">school leavers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sixth_form" title="Sixth form">sixth formers</a> to people training to make career moves.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> <a href="/wiki/Askham_Bryan_College" title="Askham Bryan College">Askham Bryan College</a> offers further education courses, foundation and honours degrees, specialising in more vocational subjects such as horticulture, agriculture, animal management and even <a href="/wiki/Golf_course" title="Golf course">golf course</a> management.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_and_primary">Secondary and primary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Secondary and primary">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hall_range_St_Peter%27s_School_York.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hall_range_St_Peter%27s_School_York.jpg/165px-Hall_range_St_Peter%27s_School_York.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hall_range_St_Peter%27s_School_York.jpg/248px-Hall_range_St_Peter%27s_School_York.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hall_range_St_Peter%27s_School_York.jpg/331px-Hall_range_St_Peter%27s_School_York.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>St Peter's School, the city's oldest school founded in the 7th century AD</figcaption></figure> There are 70 <a href="/wiki/Local_Education_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Education Authority">local council</a> schools with over 24,000 pupils in the City of York Council area.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> The City of York Council manages most primary and secondary schools within the city.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (July 2022)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Primary schools cover education from ages 5–11, with some offering early years education from age 3. From 11 to 16 education is provided by 10 secondary schools, four of which offer additional education up to the age of 18.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> In 2007, Oaklands Sports College and Lowfield Comprehensive School merged to become one school known as <a href="/wiki/York_High_School,_York" title="York High School, York">York High School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> There is one "outstanding"<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> Roman Catholic secondary school in the city, <a href="/wiki/All_Saints_Roman_Catholic_School,_York" title="All Saints Roman Catholic School, York">All Saints School</a>, which was founded in 1665, the school is split-site meaning that the education of lower years (years 7–9) happens on the Lower Site attached to the oldest running convent in the country, <a href="/wiki/Bar_Convent" title="Bar Convent">Bar Convent</a>. And the upper years including sixth form are taught on the Upper Site which is on Mill Mount, the former site of <a href="/wiki/Millthorpe_School" title="Millthorpe School">Mill Mount County Grammar School for Girls</a>. The Sixth form is the largest sixth form in the city. As a school it plays an essential role in York's Catholic community being the only secondary institution dedicated to the denomination. It was the first Catholic school in the country to admit girls for education in the 1660s. York also has several private schools. <a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s_School,_York" title="St Peter's School, York">St Peter's School</a> was founded in 627. The scholar <a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a>, who went on to serve <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>, taught there.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> It was also the school attended by <a href="/wiki/Guy_Fawkes" title="Guy Fawkes">Guy Fawkes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> Two schools have <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a> origins: <a href="/wiki/Bootham_School" title="Bootham School">Bootham School</a> is <a href="/wiki/Co-education" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-education">co-educational</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Mount_School,_York" title="The Mount School, York">The Mount School</a> is all-girls.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> Another all-girls school is <a href="/wiki/Queen_Margaret%27s_School,_York" title="Queen Margaret's School, York">Queen Margaret's School</a>, which was established under the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Woodard_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Woodard Foundation (page does not exist)">Woodard Foundation</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Roses_rivalry" title="Roses rivalry">Roses rivalry</a></div> The city is part of the UNESCO <a href="/wiki/Creative_Cities_Network" title="Creative Cities Network">Creative Cities Network</a> as a city of Media Arts. An unsuccessful 2010 bid by York city council and a number of heritage organisations to make a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> indirectly led to the city making a successful bid for its title.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_WHS_1-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_WHS_2-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-YorksPost_MediaCity-187">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Theatre">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Royal_York_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Royal_York_1.jpg/200px-Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Royal_York_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Royal_York_1.jpg/300px-Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Royal_York_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Royal_York_1.jpg/400px-Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Royal_York_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>York Theatre Royal</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/York_Theatre_Royal" title="York Theatre Royal">Theatre Royal</a>, which was established in 1744, produces an annual <a href="/wiki/Pantomime" title="Pantomime">pantomime</a> which attracts loyal audiences from around the country. The theatre's veteran star, <a href="/wiki/Berwick_Kaler" title="Berwick Kaler">Berwick Kaler</a>, often played the <a href="/wiki/Pantomime_dame" title="Pantomime dame">dame</a>, before he retired from acting in the pantomime in 2019,<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> and officially parted ways with the theatre after the so-called "Panto Wars".<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> The Theatre Royal continues to produce an annual pantomime without Kaler, who came out of retirement in 2021 to star in a new panto at The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Opera_House,_York" title="Grand Opera House, York">Grand Opera House</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> Both the Grand Opera House and Joseph Rowntree Theatre also offer a variety of productions.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> The city is home to the <a href="/wiki/Riding_Lights_Theatre_Company" title="Riding Lights Theatre Company">Riding Lights Theatre Company</a>, which as well as operating a busy national touring department, also operates a busy youth theatre and educational departments. York is also home to a number of amateur dramatic groups.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> The Department of Theatre, Film and Television and Student Societies of the University of York put on public drama performances.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:York_Opera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/York_Opera.jpg/200px-York_Opera.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/York_Opera.jpg/300px-York_Opera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/York_Opera.jpg/400px-York_Opera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Interior of York's Grand Opera House</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/York_Mystery_Plays" title="York Mystery Plays">York Mystery Plays</a> are performed in public at intervals, using texts based on the original medieval plays of this type that were performed by the guilds – often with specific connections to the subject matter of each play. (For instance the Shipwrights' Play is the Building of Noah's Ark and the fish-sellers and mariners the Landing of Noah's Ark).<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> The York Cycle of Mystery Plays or Pageants is the most complete in England. Originally performed from wagons at various locations around the city from the 14th century until 1570, they were revived in 1951 during the <a href="/wiki/Festival_of_Britain" title="Festival of Britain">Festival of Britain</a>, when York was one of the cities with a regional festival.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> They became part of the York City Festival every three years and later four years. They were mostly produced in a temporary open-air theatre within the ruins of St Mary's Abbey, using some professional but mostly amateur actors. Lead actors have included <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Timothy" title="Christopher Timothy">Christopher Timothy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robson_Green" title="Robson Green">Robson Green</a> (in the role of Christ) and Dame <a href="/wiki/Judi_Dench" title="Judi Dench">Judi Dench</a> as a school girl, in 1951, 1954 and 1957. (She remains a Patron of the plays). The cycle was presented in the Theatre Royal in 1992 and 1996, within York Minster in 2000 and in 2002, 2006 and 2010 by Guild groups from wagons in the squares, in the <a href="/wiki/Dean%27s_Park" title="Dean's Park">Dean's Park</a>, or at the Eye of York.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> They go around the streets, recreating the original productions. In 2012, the York Mystery Plays were performed between 2 and 27 August at <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Abbey,_York" title="St Mary's Abbey, York">St Mary's Abbey</a> in the <a href="/wiki/York_Museum_Gardens" title="York Museum Gardens">York Museum Gardens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_St_Olave%27s" title="Academy of St Olave's">Academy of St Olave's</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Chamber_orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber orchestra">chamber orchestra</a> which gives concerts in <a href="/wiki/St_Olave%27s_Church,_York" title="St Olave's Church, York">St Olave's Church, Marygate</a>, is one of the music groups that perform regularly in York.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> A former church, <a href="/wiki/Medieval_churches_of_York#St_Margaret,_Walmgate" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval churches of York">St Margaret's, Walmgate</a>, is the <a href="/wiki/National_Centre_for_Early_Music" title="National Centre for Early Music">National Centre for Early Music</a>, which hosts concerts, broadcasts, competitions and events including the <a href="/wiki/York_Early_Music_Festival" title="York Early Music Festival">York Early Music Festival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> Students, staff and visiting artists of <a href="/wiki/York_St_John_University" title="York St John University">York St John University</a> music department regularly perform lunchtime concerts in the university chapel. The staff and students of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_York" title="University of York">University of York</a> also perform in the city.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_and_drink">Food and drink</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Food and drink">edit</a>]</div> Each September since 1997, York has held an annual Festival of Food and Drink. The aim of the festival is to spotlight food culture in York and North Yorkshire by promoting local food production. The Festival attracts up to 150,000 visitors over 10 days from all over the country.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> The Assize of Ale is an annual event in the city where people in medieval costume take part in a <a href="/wiki/Pub_crawl" title="Pub crawl">pub crawl</a> to raise money for local charities. It has its origins in the 13th century, when an <a href="/wiki/Assize_of_Bread_and_Ale" title="Assize of Bread and Ale">Assize of Bread and Ale</a> was used to regulate the quality of goods. The current version was resurrected in 1990/91 by the then Sheriff of York, Peter Brown, and is led by the Guild of Scriveners.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:York_ham.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/York_ham.jpg/200px-York_ham.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/York_ham.jpg/300px-York_ham.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/York_ham.jpg/400px-York_ham.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1854" data-file-height="1658" /></a><figcaption>York ham</figcaption></figure> The Knavesmire, home of York Racecourse, plays host to Yorkshire's largest beer festival every September run by York CAMRA – York Beer & Cider Festival.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> It is housed in a marquee opposite the grandstand of the racecourse in the enclosure and in 2016 offered over 450 real ales and over 100 ciders.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> A product claimed to be local is York ham,<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> a mild-flavoured <a href="/wiki/Ham" title="Ham">ham</a> with delicate pink colouring. It is traditionally served with <a href="/wiki/Madeira_wine#Uses" title="Madeira wine">Madeira Sauce</a>.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> The ham has been described as a lightly smoked, dry-cured ham that is saltier but milder in flavour than other European dry-cured hams.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> Folklore has it that the oak construction for York Minster provided the sawdust for smoking the ham.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> A likely apocryphal story attributes Robert Burrow Atkinson's butchery shop, in <a href="/wiki/Blossom_Street" title="Blossom Street">Blossom Street</a>, to be the birthplace of the original York ham, or at least to have made it famous.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attractions">Attractions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Attractions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Architecture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/York_sites_of_interest" class="mw-redirect" title="York sites of interest">York sites of interest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medieval_parish_churches_of_York" title="Medieval parish churches of York">Medieval parish churches of York</a></div> <a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a>, a large <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> cathedral, dominates the city. York's centre is enclosed by <a href="/wiki/York_city_walls" title="York city walls">the city's medieval walls</a>, which are a popular walk.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> These defences are the most complete in England. They have the only walls set on high ramparts and they retain all their principal gateways.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> They incorporate part of the walls of the Roman fortress and some Norman and medieval work, as well as 19th- and 20th-century renovations.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> The entire circuit is approximately 2.5 miles (4 km), and encloses an area of 263 acres (106 ha).<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> The north-east section includes a part where walls never existed, because the Norman <a href="/wiki/Moat" title="Moat">moat</a> of York Castle, formed by damming the <a href="/wiki/River_Foss" title="River Foss">River Foss</a>, also created a lake which acted as a city defence. This lake was later called the King's Fishpond, as the rights to fish belonged to the Crown. A feature of central York is the <a href="/wiki/Snickelways_of_York" title="Snickelways of York">Snickelways</a>, narrow pedestrian routes, many of which led towards the former market-places in <a href="/wiki/Pavement_(York)" title="Pavement (York)">Pavement</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_Sampson%27s_Square" title="St Sampson's Square">St Sampson's Square</a>.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Shambles" title="The Shambles">The Shambles</a> is a narrow <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> street, lined with shops, boutiques and <a href="/wiki/Tea_room" class="mw-redirect" title="Tea room">tea rooms</a>. Its unusual name comes from an old English term for an open-air slaughterhouse or meat market.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> Most of these premises were once butchers' shops, and the hooks from which carcasses were hung and the shelves on which meat was laid out can still be seen outside some of them. The street also contains the Shrine of <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Clitherow" title="Margaret Clitherow">Margaret Clitherow</a>, although it is not located in the house where she lived.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> <a href="/wiki/Goodramgate" title="Goodramgate">Goodramgate</a> has many medieval houses including the early-14th‑century <a href="/wiki/Lady_Row" title="Lady Row">Lady Row</a> built to finance a <a href="/wiki/Chantry" title="Chantry">Chantry</a>, at the edge of the churchyard of <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Church,_Goodramgate,_York" title="Holy Trinity Church, Goodramgate, York">Holy Trinity church</a>. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:York_Micklegate_Bar_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The southern entrance to York, Micklegate Bar, is a 12th–14th century structure."><img alt="The southern entrance to York, Micklegate Bar, is a 12th–14th century structure." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/York_Micklegate_Bar_-_panoramio.jpg/241px-York_Micklegate_Bar_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/York_Micklegate_Bar_-_panoramio.jpg/361px-York_Micklegate_Bar_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/York_Micklegate_Bar_-_panoramio.jpg/481px-York_Micklegate_Bar_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The southern entrance to York, Micklegate Bar, is a 12th–14th century structure.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Shambles_shopper_8686.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Shambles is a medieval shopping street; most of the buildings date from between c. 1350 and 1475."><img alt="The Shambles is a medieval shopping street; most of the buildings date from between c. 1350 and 1475." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Shambles_shopper_8686.jpg/270px-Shambles_shopper_8686.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Shambles_shopper_8686.jpg/405px-Shambles_shopper_8686.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Shambles_shopper_8686.jpg/540px-Shambles_shopper_8686.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/The_Shambles" title="The Shambles">The Shambles</a> is a medieval shopping street; most of the buildings date from between <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1350 and 1475.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Odeon_Cinema_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Art Deco style Odeon Cinema on Blossom Street"><img alt="The Art Deco style Odeon Cinema on Blossom Street" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Odeon_Cinema_3.jpg/240px-Odeon_Cinema_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Odeon_Cinema_3.jpg/360px-Odeon_Cinema_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Odeon_Cinema_3.jpg/480px-Odeon_Cinema_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> style Odeon Cinema on Blossom Street</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Stonebow_House,_York.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The 1960s Brutalist-style Stonebow House"><img alt="The 1960s Brutalist-style Stonebow House" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Stonebow_House%2C_York.jpg/270px-Stonebow_House%2C_York.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Stonebow_House%2C_York.jpg/405px-Stonebow_House%2C_York.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Stonebow_House%2C_York.jpg/540px-Stonebow_House%2C_York.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The 1960s <a href="/wiki/Brutalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Brutalist">Brutalist</a>-style Stonebow House</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pubs">Pubs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Pubs">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kings_Arms_York_-_geograph.org.uk_-_583995.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Kings_Arms_York_-_geograph.org.uk_-_583995.jpg/200px-Kings_Arms_York_-_geograph.org.uk_-_583995.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Kings_Arms_York_-_geograph.org.uk_-_583995.jpg/300px-Kings_Arms_York_-_geograph.org.uk_-_583995.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Kings_Arms_York_-_geograph.org.uk_-_583995.jpg/400px-Kings_Arms_York_-_geograph.org.uk_-_583995.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>The Kings Arms</figcaption></figure> In June 2015, York <a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_Real_Ale" title="Campaign for Real Ale">CAMRA</a> listed 101 pubs on its map of the city centre, some of which are hundreds of years old.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> These include the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Fleece_Inn,_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Fleece Inn, York">Golden Fleece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ye_Olde_Starre_Inne" title="Ye Olde Starre Inne">Ye Olde Starre Inne</a>, noted for its sign which has spanned the street since 1733,<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kings_Arms,_York" title="Kings Arms, York">The Kings Arms</a>, often photographed during floods.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> On 18 June 2016, York CAMRA undertook a "Beer Census" and found 328 unique real ales being served in over 200 pubs in York, reinforcing the city's reputation as a top UK beer destination.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tea_Rooms">Tea Rooms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Tea Rooms">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Betty%27s_Cafe_Tea_Rooms,_York_(geograph_407877).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Betty%27s_Cafe_Tea_Rooms%2C_York_%28geograph_407877%29.jpg/200px-Betty%27s_Cafe_Tea_Rooms%2C_York_%28geograph_407877%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Betty%27s_Cafe_Tea_Rooms%2C_York_%28geograph_407877%29.jpg/300px-Betty%27s_Cafe_Tea_Rooms%2C_York_%28geograph_407877%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Betty%27s_Cafe_Tea_Rooms%2C_York_%28geograph_407877%29.jpg/400px-Betty%27s_Cafe_Tea_Rooms%2C_York_%28geograph_407877%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Bettys Café Tea Rooms</figcaption></figure> In the centre of York, in <a href="/wiki/St_Helen%27s_Square" title="St Helen's Square">St Helen's Square</a>, there is the York branch of <a href="/wiki/Bettys_and_Taylors_of_Harrogate" title="Bettys and Taylors of Harrogate">Bettys Café</a> Tea Rooms. Bettys' founder, Frederick Belmont, travelled on the maiden voyage of the <a href="/wiki/RMS_Queen_Mary" title="RMS Queen Mary">Queen Mary</a> in 1936. He was so impressed by the splendour of the ship that he employed the Queen Mary's designers and craftsmen to turn a dilapidated furniture store in York into an elegant café in St Helen's Square. A few years after Bettys opened in York war broke out, and the basement 'Bettys Bar' became a favourite haunt of the thousands of airmen stationed around York. 'Bettys Mirror', on which many of them engraved their signatures with a diamond pen, remains on display today as a tribute to them.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Press,_York_(geograph_6247772).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/The_Press%2C_York_%28geograph_6247772%29.jpg/200px-The_Press%2C_York_%28geograph_6247772%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/The_Press%2C_York_%28geograph_6247772%29.jpg/300px-The_Press%2C_York_%28geograph_6247772%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/The_Press%2C_York_%28geograph_6247772%29.jpg/400px-The_Press%2C_York_%28geograph_6247772%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2432" /></a><figcaption>The Press on Walmgate</figcaption></figure> The York area is served by a local newspaper, <a href="/wiki/The_Press_(York)" title="The Press (York)">The Press</a> (known as the Evening Press until April 2006), The York Advertiser newspaper (based at The Press on Walmgate), and four local radio stations: <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_York" title="BBC Radio York">BBC Radio York</a>, <a href="/wiki/YorkMix_Radio" title="YorkMix Radio">YorkMix Radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/YO1_Radio" title="YO1 Radio">YO1 Radio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jorvik_Radio" title="Jorvik Radio">Jorvik Radio</a>. A local commercial radio station, <a href="/wiki/Minster_FM" title="Minster FM">Minster FM</a>, broadcast until 2020 when it was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Minster_FM" title="Minster FM">Greatest Hits Radio York and North Yorkshire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> Another digital news and radio website is <a href="/w/index.php?title=YorkMix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="YorkMix (page does not exist)">YorkMix</a> run by former print journalists, that incorporates Local News; What's On; Food & Drink; Things To Do and Business sections with articles written by residents and local journalists.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> In August 2016 YorkMix was nominated in two categories in the O2 Media Awards for Yorkshire and The Humber.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> Local news and television programmes are provided by <a href="/wiki/BBC_Yorkshire" title="BBC Yorkshire">BBC Yorkshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/BBC_North_East_and_Cumbria" title="BBC North East and Cumbria">BBC North East and Cumbria</a> on BBC One and <a href="/wiki/ITV_Yorkshire" title="ITV Yorkshire">ITV Yorkshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/ITV_Tyne_Tees" title="ITV Tyne Tees">ITV Tyne Tees</a> on ITV. Television signals are received from either the <a href="/wiki/Emley_Moor_transmitting_station" title="Emley Moor transmitting station">Emley Moor</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bilsdale_transmitting_station" title="Bilsdale transmitting station">Bilsdale</a> transmitters. <a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> On 27 November 2013, Ofcom awarded the 12-year local TV licence for the York area to a consortium entitled The York Channel, with the channel due to be on air in spring 2015.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> This service is now on air as <a href="/wiki/That%27s_TV" title="That's TV">That's TV</a> North Yorkshire.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> <a href="/wiki/York_St_John_University" title="York St John University">York St John University</a> has a Film and Television Production department with links to many major industrial partners. The department hosts an annual festival of student work and a showcase of other regional films.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_York" title="University of York">University of York</a> has its own television station <a href="/wiki/York_Student_Television" title="York Student Television">York Student Television</a> (YSTV) and two campus newspapers <a href="/wiki/Nouse" title="Nouse">Nouse</a> and <a href="/wiki/York_Vision" title="York Vision">York Vision</a>.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> Its radio station <a href="/wiki/University_Radio_York" title="University Radio York">URY</a> is the longest running legal independent radio station in the UK, and was voted Student Radio Station of the Year 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Student_Radio_Association" title="Student Radio Association">Student Radio Awards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Sport">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Football">Football</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Football">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:York%27s_new_stadium_(geograph_6866365).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/York%27s_new_stadium_%28geograph_6866365%29.jpg/200px-York%27s_new_stadium_%28geograph_6866365%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/York%27s_new_stadium_%28geograph_6866365%29.jpg/300px-York%27s_new_stadium_%28geograph_6866365%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/York%27s_new_stadium_%28geograph_6866365%29.jpg/400px-York%27s_new_stadium_%28geograph_6866365%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption>York Community Stadium</figcaption></figure> The city's <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a> team is <a href="/wiki/York_City_F.C." title="York City F.C.">York City</a> who are competing in the <a href="/wiki/National_League_(division)" title="National League (division)">National League</a> as of the 2023–24 season. York have played as high as the <a href="/wiki/Football_League_Second_Division" title="Football League Second Division">old Second Division</a> but are best known for their 'giant killing' status in cup competitions, having reached the <a href="/wiki/FA_Cup" title="FA Cup">FA Cup</a> semi-final in <a href="/wiki/1954%E2%80%9355_FA_Cup" title="1954–55 FA Cup">1955</a> and beaten <a href="/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C." title="Manchester United F.C.">Manchester United</a> 3–0 during the 1995–96 <a href="/wiki/Football_League_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Football League Cup">League Cup</a>. Their matches are played at the <a href="/wiki/York_Community_Stadium" title="York Community Stadium">York Community Stadium</a> as of 2021,<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> having previously played at <a href="/wiki/Bootham_Crescent" title="Bootham Crescent">Bootham Crescent</a> since 1932. The most notable footballers to come from York in recent years are <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Staniforth" title="Lucy Staniforth">Lucy Staniforth</a>,<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> <a href="/wiki/2017_FIFA_U-20_World_Cup" title="2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup">Under-20 World Cup</a> winning captain <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cook_(footballer,_born_1997)" title="Lewis Cook (footballer, born 1997)">Lewis Cook</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> and former <a href="/wiki/England_national_football_team" title="England national football team">England</a> manager <a href="/wiki/Steve_McClaren" title="Steve McClaren">Steve McClaren</a>.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> York also has a strong <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">rugby league</a> history. York FC, later known as <a href="/wiki/York_Wasps" title="York Wasps">York Wasps</a>, formed in 1868, were one of the oldest rugby league clubs in the country but the effects of a move to the out of town <a href="/wiki/Huntington_Stadium" title="Huntington Stadium">Huntington Stadium</a>, poor results and falling attendances led to their bankruptcy in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> The supporters formed a new club, <a href="/wiki/York_City_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="York City Knights">York City Knights</a>, who played at the same stadium until 2015 when they moved to <a href="/wiki/Bootham_Crescent" title="Bootham Crescent">Bootham Crescent</a>. In 2021, they moved to <a href="/wiki/York_Community_Stadium" title="York Community Stadium">York Community Stadium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> In 2022, the club was renamed York RLFC<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> and as of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit">[update]</a> the men's team (York Knights) play in The <a href="/wiki/Championship_(rugby_league)" class="mw-redirect" title="Championship (rugby league)">Championship</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> and the women's team (<a href="/wiki/York_Valkyrie" title="York Valkyrie">York Valkyrie</a>) play in the <a href="/wiki/RFL_Women%27s_Super_League" title="RFL Women's Super League">Super League</a>.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> There are three amateur rugby league teams in York; New Earswick All Blacks (in <a href="/wiki/New_Earswick" title="New Earswick">New Earswick</a>), <a href="/wiki/York_Acorn_A.R.L.F.C." title="York Acorn A.R.L.F.C.">York Acorn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heworth_A.R.L.F.C." title="Heworth A.R.L.F.C.">Heworth</a>. <a href="/wiki/York_International_9s" title="York International 9s">York International 9s</a> was an annual <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_nines" title="Rugby league nines">rugby league nines</a> tournament which took place in York between 2002 and 2009.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> Amateur side <a href="/wiki/York_Lokomotive" title="York Lokomotive">York Lokomotive</a> compete in the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_League_Conference" title="Rugby League Conference">Rugby League Conference</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rugby">Rugby</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Rugby">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Rugby union</a> has been played in York since the 1860s, with multiple teams currently playing within the city. <a href="/wiki/York_RUFC" title="York RUFC">York RUFC</a> was formed in 1928, and amalgamated with the <a href="/wiki/York_Cricket_Club" title="York Cricket Club">York Cricket Club</a> in 1966. The teams' home ground is at York sports ground at Clifton Park. The men's 1st team play in <a href="/wiki/North_1_East" title="North 1 East">North 1 East</a>, with the women's team in RFUW Women's NC1 North East championship.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> York Railway Institute (RI) RUFC home ground is at the York RI sports club on newlane, York. The men's team currently compete in Yorkshire Division 4 South East (<a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Yorkshire 4">Yorkshire 4</a>), and the ladies team play in the RFUW Women's NC1 North East championship.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> Based at the York site of chocolate and confectionery maker Nestle <a href="/wiki/Rowntree%27s" title="Rowntree's">Rowntree's</a>, Nestle Rowntree RUFC was founded originally in 1894 and re-founded in 1954. They currently play their home games at <a href="/wiki/York_St._John_University" class="mw-redirect" title="York St. John University">York St. John University</a> Sports Field and they compete in Yorkshire Division 4 South East (<a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Yorkshire 4">Yorkshire 4</a>).<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Field_hockey">Field hockey</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Field hockey">edit</a>]</div> York has a few <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">field hockey</a> clubs that compete in the <a href="/wiki/North_Hockey_Association" title="North Hockey Association">North Hockey League</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Hockey_Association" title="Yorkshire Hockey Association">Yorkshire Hockey Association League</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Universities_and_Colleges_Sport" title="British Universities and Colleges Sport">BUCS leagues</a>. These are City of York Hockey Club, <a href="/wiki/Acomb,_North_Yorkshire" title="Acomb, North Yorkshire">Acomb</a> Hockey Club and <a href="/wiki/University_of_York" title="University of York">University of York</a> Hockey Club.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racing">Racing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Racing">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:York_Racecourse_(geograph_6167043).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/York_Racecourse_%28geograph_6167043%29.jpg/200px-York_Racecourse_%28geograph_6167043%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/York_Racecourse_%28geograph_6167043%29.jpg/300px-York_Racecourse_%28geograph_6167043%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/York_Racecourse_%28geograph_6167043%29.jpg/400px-York_Racecourse_%28geograph_6167043%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>York Racecourse</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/York_Racecourse" title="York Racecourse">York Racecourse</a> was established in 1731 and from 1990 has been awarded Northern Racecourse of the Year for 17 years running. This major <a href="/wiki/Horseracing" class="mw-redirect" title="Horseracing">horseracing</a> venue is located on the <a href="/wiki/Knavesmire" title="Knavesmire">Knavesmire</a> and sees thousands flocking to the city every year for the 15 race meetings. The Knavesmire Racecourse also hosted <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ascot" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Ascot">Royal Ascot</a> in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> In August, racing takes place over the four-day <a href="/wiki/Ebor_Festival" title="Ebor Festival">Ebor Festival</a> that includes the Ebor Handicap dating from 1843.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> On 6 July 2014, York hosted the start of Stage 2 of the 2014 <a href="/wiki/Tour_de_France" title="Tour de France">Tour de France</a>. Starting the Départ Fictif from <a href="/wiki/York_Racecourse" title="York Racecourse">York Racecourse</a>, the riders travelled through the city centre to the Départ Actuel on the A59 just beyond the junction with the Outer Ring Road heading towards <a href="/wiki/Knaresborough" title="Knaresborough">Knaresborough</a>.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> In 2015, the inaugural <a href="/wiki/Tour_de_Yorkshire" title="Tour de Yorkshire">Tour de Yorkshire</a> was held as a legacy event to build on the popularity of the previous year, with the Day 2 stage finishing in York.<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> Motorbike speedway once took place at York. The track in the Burnholme Estate was completed in 1930 and a demonstration event staged. In 1931 the track staged team and open events and the York team took part in the National Trophy.<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Other">edit</a>]</div> An open rowing club <a href="/wiki/York_City_Rowing_Club" title="York City Rowing Club">York City Rowing Club</a> is located underneath Lendal Bridge.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> The rowing clubs of The University of York, <a href="/wiki/York_St_John_University_Rowing_Club" title="York St John University Rowing Club">York St John University Rowing Club</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leeds_University_Boat_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Leeds University Boat Club">Leeds University Boat Club</a> as well as York City RC use the Ouse for training. There are two sailing clubs close to York, both of which sail dinghies on the River Ouse. The York RI (Railway Institute) Sailing Club has a club house and boat park on the outskirts of <a href="/wiki/Bishopthorpe" title="Bishopthorpe">Bishopthorpe</a>, a village3 miles (4.8 km) to the south of York. The Yorkshire Ouse Sailing Club has a club house in the village of <a href="/wiki/Naburn" title="Naburn">Naburn</a>,5 miles (8.0 km) south of York. York hosts the <a href="/wiki/UK_Championship" title="UK Championship">UK Snooker Championship</a>, which is the second biggest ranking tournament in the sport, at the <a href="/wiki/York_Barbican" title="York Barbican">York Barbican</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Garrison">Garrison</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Garrison">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Imphall_Barracks_(geograph_6765373).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Imphall_Barracks_%28geograph_6765373%29.jpg/200px-Imphall_Barracks_%28geograph_6765373%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Imphall_Barracks_%28geograph_6765373%29.jpg/300px-Imphall_Barracks_%28geograph_6765373%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Imphall_Barracks_%28geograph_6765373%29.jpg/400px-Imphall_Barracks_%28geograph_6765373%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Imphal Barracks</figcaption></figure> York Garrison is a garrison of the British army, which administers a number of units based in and around the city of York.<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> The garrison's current units are:<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> <ul><li>York Station <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imphal_Barracks" title="Imphal Barracks">Imphal Barracks</a> <ul><li>Headquarters, <a href="/wiki/1st_(United_Kingdom)_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="1st (United Kingdom) Division">1st (United Kingdom) Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Signal_Regiment_(United_Kingdom)" title="2nd Signal Regiment (United Kingdom)">2 Signal Regiment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Corps_of_Signals" title="Royal Corps of Signals">Royal Corps of Signals</a></li> <li>12 Military Intelligence Company, 1 Military Intelligence Battalion</li> <li>1 Investigation Company, <a href="/wiki/Special_Investigation_Branch" title="Special Investigation Branch">Special Investigation Branch Regiment</a></li> <li>Kohima Troop, 50 (Northern) Signal Squadron, <a href="/wiki/37th_Signal_Regiment_(United_Kingdom)" title="37th Signal Regiment (United Kingdom)">37 Signal Regiment</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a></li> <li>3 Army Education Centre, <a href="/wiki/Educational_and_Training_Services_Branch" title="Educational and Training Services Branch">Educational and Training Services Branch</a></li></ul></li> <li>Worsley Barracks<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> <ul><li>Helmand Company, <a href="/wiki/East_and_West_Riding_Regiment" title="East and West Riding Regiment">4th Battalion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Yorkshire_Regiment" title="Royal Yorkshire Regiment">Royal Yorkshire Regiment</a></li> <li>York Detachment, <a href="/wiki/Officers%27_Training_Corps#Leeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Officers' Training Corps">Leeds University Officers' Training Corps</a></li></ul></li> <li>Yeomanry Barracks<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a> <ul><li>A (<a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Own_Yorkshire_Yeomanry" title="Queen's Own Yorkshire Yeomanry">Yorkshire Yeomanry</a>) Squadron, <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Own_Yeomanry" title="Queen's Own Yeomanry">Queen's Own Yeomanry</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Strensall Station <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Barracks,_Strensall" title="Queen Elizabeth Barracks, Strensall">Queen Elizabeth Barracks</a> <ul><li>Headquarters, <a href="/wiki/2nd_Medical_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Medical Brigade (United Kingdom)">2nd Medical Brigade</a></li> <li>34 Field Hospital, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Army_Medical_Corps" title="Royal Army Medical Corps">Royal Army Medical Corps</a></li> <li>Headquarters, Army Training Unit (North)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Infantry_Brigade_and_Headquarters_North_East" class="mw-redirect" title="4th Infantry Brigade and Headquarters North East">4th Infantry Brigade</a> Cadet Training Team</li> <li>1st (United Kingdom) Division Operational Shooting Training Team</li></ul></li> <li>Towthorpe Lines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_Medical_Services" title="Army Medical Services">Army Medical Services</a> Training Centre<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: International relations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities">Twin towns – sister cities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in the United Kingdom">List of twin towns and sister cities in the United Kingdom</a></div> York is <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">twinned</a> with: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dijon" title="Dijon">Dijon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bourgogne-Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Bourgogne-Franche-Comté">Bourgogne-Franche-Comté</a>, France, since 1953<a href="#cite_note-Twin-275">[275]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a>, Germany, since 1957<a href="#cite_note-Twin-275">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-Münster_twinnings-276">[276]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>, China, since 2016<a href="#cite_note-York_Press-277">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-Visit_York-278">[278]</a></li></ul> In 2016 York became <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">sister cities</a> with the Chinese city of Nanjing, in line with an agreement signed by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_lord_mayors_of_York" title="List of lord mayors of York">Lord Mayor of York</a>, focusing on building links in tourism, education, science, technology and culture.<a href="#cite_note-York_Press-277">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-Visit_York-278">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a> On 22 October 2014, it announced the first 'temporal twinning' with Jórvík, the Viking city on the site of York from 866 to 1066.<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a> In 2017 York became UK's first <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_City" title="Human Rights City">human rights city</a>, which formalised the city's aim to use human rights in decision making.<a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Freedom_of_the_City">Freedom of the City</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Freedom of the City">edit</a>]</div> The following people and military units have received the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_City" title="Freedom of the City">Freedom of the City</a> of York. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. (July 2020)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Individuals">Individuals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Individuals">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Kendal" title="John Kendal">John Kendal</a>: 1482.<a href="#cite_note-Freemen-283">[283]</a></li> <li>John Moore: 29 September 1687.<a href="#cite_note-Freemen-283">[283]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmo_Gordon_Lang" title="Cosmo Gordon Lang">Cosmo Gordon Lang</a>: 1928.<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Princess_Royal_and_Countess_of_Harewood" title="Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood">Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood</a>: 1952.<a href="#cite_note-Freemen-283">[283]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edna_Annie_Crichton" title="Edna Annie Crichton">Edna Annie Crichton</a>: 1955.<a href="#cite_note-Freemen-283">[283]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Andrew,_Duke_of_York" title="Prince Andrew, Duke of York">Prince Andrew, Duke of York</a>: 23 February 1987<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a> (revoked by a <a href="/wiki/Unanimity" title="Unanimity">Unanimous</a> vote of the <a href="/wiki/City_of_York_Council" title="City of York Council">City of York Council</a> on 27 April 2022).<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah,_Duchess_of_York" title="Sarah, Duchess of York">Sarah, Duchess of York</a>: 23 February 1987.<a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine,_Duchess_of_Kent" title="Katharine, Duchess of Kent">Katharine, Duchess of Kent</a>: April 1989.<a href="#cite_note-Freemen-283">[283]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Barry_(composer)" title="John Barry (composer)">John Barry</a>: 2002.<a href="#cite_note-Freemen-283">[283]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judi_Dench" title="Judi Dench">Dame Judi Dench</a>: 13 July 2002.<a href="#cite_note-Freemen-283">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berwick_Kaler" title="Berwick Kaler">Berwick Kaler</a>: 2003.<a href="#cite_note-Freemen-283">[283]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">Professor</a> <a href="/wiki/Ron_Cooke" title="Ron Cooke">Sir Ronald Cooke</a>: 2006.<a href="#cite_note-Freemen-283">[283]</a></li> <li>Neal Guppy: 2010.<a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_units">Military units</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Military units">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Dragoon_Guards" title="Royal Dragoon Guards">Royal Dragoon Guards</a>: 24 April 1999.<a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Signal_Regiment_(United_Kingdom)" title="2nd Signal Regiment (United Kingdom)">2 Signals Regiment</a>: January 2001.<a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a></li> <li>A Squadron The <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Own_Yeomanry" title="Queen's Own Yeomanry">Queen's Own Yeomanry</a>: 3 December 2009.<a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Linton-on-Ouse" title="RAF Linton-on-Ouse">RAF Linton on Ouse</a>: 19 September 2010.<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Gurkha_Signals" title="Queen's Gurkha Signals">Queen's Gurkha Signals</a>: 8 September 2015.<a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Notable people">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_York" title="List of people from York">List of people from York</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Yorkshire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Yorkshire.svg/32px-Flag_of_Yorkshire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Yorkshire.svg/48px-Flag_of_Yorkshire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Yorkshire.svg/64px-Flag_of_Yorkshire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Yorkshire" title="Portal:Yorkshire">Yorkshire portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Blue_Ocean_Cleanup" title="Big Blue Ocean Cleanup">Big Blue Ocean Cleanup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CityConnect_WIFI" title="CityConnect WIFI">CityConnect WIFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_collection" title="Evelyn collection">Evelyn collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddards_House_and_Garden" title="Goddards House and Garden">Goddards House and Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowntree_Park" title="Rowntree Park">Rowntree Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southlands_Methodist_Church" title="Southlands Methodist Church">Southlands Methodist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Rose_Theatre" title="White Rose Theatre">White Rose Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_Festival_of_Ideas" title="York Festival of Ideas">York Festival of Ideas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_Shakespeare_Project" title="York Shakespeare Project">York Shakespeare Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_dialect" title="Yorkshire dialect">Yorkshire dialect</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_1939a">a</a> There was no census in 1941: figures are from National Register. United Kingdom and Isle of Man. Statistics of Population on 29 September 1939 by Sex, Age, and Marital Condition.</dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_2001b">b</a> There is a discrepancy of 37 between Office for National Statistics figures (quoted before) and those on the Vision of Britain website (quoted here).</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2021census-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2021census_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021census_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/visualisations/dvc2257a/fig1/datadownload.xlsx">"Figure 1: Explore population characteristics of individual BUAs"</a> (XLS). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230805183245/https://www.ons.gov.uk/visualisations/dvc2257a/fig1/datadownload.xlsx">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Figure+1%3A+Explore+population+characteristics+of+individual+BUAs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fvisualisations%2Fdvc2257a%2Ffig1%2Fdatadownload.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-timeline-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-timeline_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-timeline_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080108205146/http://www.visityork.org/information/timeline.asp">"Timeline"</a>. York Tourism Bureau. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visityork.org/information/timeline.asp">the original</a> on 8 January 2008. Retrieved 25 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Timeline&rft.pub=York+Tourism+Bureau&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visityork.org%2Finformation%2Ftimeline.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/9676910.when-sparks-flew-across-the-sky">"When sparks flew across the sky"</a>. The Press. Newsquest Media Group. 28 April 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190420182049/https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/9676910.when-sparks-flew-across-the-sky/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Press&rft.atitle=When+sparks+flew+across+the+sky&rft.date=2012-04-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yorkpress.co.uk%2Fnews%2F9676910.when-sparks-flew-across-the-sky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Xavier_Delamarre_2003,_p._159-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Xavier_Delamarre_2003,_p._159_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Xavier_Delamarre_2003,_p._159_4-1">b</a> Xavier Delamarre, Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise, éditions errance 2003, p. 159. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Pierre-Yves Lambert, La langue gauloise, éditions errance 1994, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeoffrey_of_Monmouth1136" class="citation book cs1">Geoffrey of Monmouth (1136). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_Kings_of_Britain/Book_2#7">Historia Regum Britanniae</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414000917/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_Kings_of_Britain/Book_2#7">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2016 – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+Regum+Britanniae&rft.date=1136&rft.au=Geoffrey+of+Monmouth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FHistory_of_the_Kings_of_Britain%2FBook_2%237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-coyyh-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-coyyh_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-coyyh_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-coyyh_7-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071031235552/http://www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/">"York's history"</a>. City of York Council. 20 December 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/">the original</a> on 31 October 2007. Retrieved 1 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=York%27s+history&rft.pub=City+of+York+Council&rft.date=2006-12-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.york.gov.uk%2Fleisure%2FLocal_history_and_heritage%2Fyorks_history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWace" class="citation web cs1">Wace, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k65499509/f362">"Le Roman de Rou et des ducs de Normandie"</a>. BnF Gallica. p. 362. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161109065801/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k65499509/f362">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2016. <q>Li Barunz de Everwic Schire (the barons of Yorkshire)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BnF+Gallica&rft.atitle=Le+Roman+de+Rou+et+des+ducs+de+Normandie&rft.pages=362&rft.aulast=Wace&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k65499509%2Ff362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMills2011" class="citation book cs1">Mills, A. D. (2011). A Dictionary of British Place Names. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199609086.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780199609086.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191739446" title="Special:BookSources/9780191739446"><bdi>9780191739446</bdi></a> – via Oxford Reference.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+British+Place+Names&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199609086.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780191739446&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=A.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Willis35-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Willis35_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillis1988" class="citation book cs1">Willis, Ronald (1988). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yorkfestivals.com/metadot/index.pl?iid=2757&isa=Category">the original</a> on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ebor+Festival&rft.pub=York+City+of+Festivals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yorkfestivals.com%2Fmetadot%2Findex.pl%3Fiid%3D2757%26isa%3DCategory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120121101106/http://www.debretts.com/forms-of-address/professions/religion/church-of-england/archbishops-of-canterbury-and-york.aspx">"How to address the Archbishops of Canterbury and York – Forms of Address, Church of England, Religion"</a>. Debretts.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.debretts.com/forms-of-address/professions/religion/church-of-england/archbishops-of-canterbury-and-york.aspx">the original</a> on 21 January 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+address+the+Archbishops+of+Canterbury+and+York+%E2%80%93+Forms+of+Address%2C+Church+of+England%2C+Religion&rft.pub=Debretts.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.debretts.com%2Fforms-of-address%2Fprofessions%2Freligion%2Fchurch-of-england%2Farchbishops-of-canterbury-and-york.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Willis26-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Willis26_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillis1988" class="citation book cs1">Willis, Ronald (1988). The illustrated portrait of York (4th ed.). Robert Hale Limited. pp. 26–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7090-3468-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7090-3468-7"><bdi>0-7090-3468-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+illustrated+portrait+of+York&rft.pages=26-27&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Robert+Hale+Limited&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-7090-3468-7&rft.aulast=Willis&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ytss-2-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ytss-2_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ytss-2_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShannonTilbrook1990" class="citation book cs1">Shannon, John; Tilbrook, Richard (1990). York – the second city. Jarrold Publishing. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7117-0507-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7117-0507-0"><bdi>0-7117-0507-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=York+%E2%80%93+the+second+city&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Jarrold+Publishing&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-7117-0507-0&rft.aulast=Shannon&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Tilbrook%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/Classics/roman_provinces/britain/image21.htm">"Lower (Britannia Inferior) and Upper Britain (Britannia Superior)"</a>. Vanderbilt University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080302180601/http://www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/Classics/roman_provinces/britain/image21.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2008. Retrieved 24 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lower+%28Britannia+Inferior%29+and+Upper+Britain+%28Britannia+Superior%29&rft.pub=Vanderbilt+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanderbilt.edu%2FAnS%2FClassics%2Froman_provinces%2Fbritain%2Fimage21.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTillott1961" class="citation book cs1">Tillott, P. M., ed. (1961). "Before the Norman Conquest". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/yorks/city-of-york/pp2-24">A History of the County of York: the City of York</a>. pp. 2–24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190419023839/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/yorks/city-of-york/pp2-24">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019 – via British History Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Before+the+Norman+Conquest&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+County+of+York%3A+the+City+of+York&rft.pages=2-24&rft.date=1961&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Fvch%2Fyorks%2Fcity-of-york%2Fpp2-24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRusso1998" class="citation book cs1">Russo, Daniel G. (1998). Town Origins and Development in Early England, c. 400–950 A.D. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 119–120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30079-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30079-0"><bdi>978-0-313-30079-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Town+Origins+and+Development+in+Early+England%2C+c.+400%E2%80%93950+A.D.&rft.pages=119-120&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30079-0&rft.aulast=Russo&rft.aufirst=Daniel+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesMattingly1990" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Barri; Mattingly, David (1990). An Atlas of Roman Britain. Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers (published 2007). p. 317. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84217-067-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84217-067-0"><bdi>978-1-84217-067-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Atlas+of+Roman+Britain&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=317&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1-84217-067-0&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Barri&rft.au=Mattingly%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork" class="Z3988"> Cemeteries that are identifiably Anglian date from this period; some graves are within the Roman cemetery on The Mount. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070314135055/http://www.yorkhistory.com/timeline/index.php">"York history timeline"</a>. YorkHistory.com. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yorkhistory.com/timeline/index.php">the original</a> on 14 March 2007. Retrieved 4 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=York+history+timeline&rft.pub=YorkHistory.com&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yorkhistory.com%2Ftimeline%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111004123310/http://www.historyofyork.org.uk/themes/anglian-york/the-first-minster">"The First Minster: History of York"</a>. History of York. York Museums Trust. 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BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090831084537/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/alcuin_01.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2009. Retrieved 18 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alcuin+of+York&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2001-07-01&rft.aulast=Ritchie&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fancient%2Fvikings%2Falcuin_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyextra.com/period/anglo-saxon/key-viking-dates-lindisfarne-raid-danelaw-swein-forkbeard-harald-hardrada-stamford-bridge/">"From the raid on Lindisfarne to Harald Hardrada's defeat: 8 Viking dates you need to know"</a>. History Extra. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200616222141/https://www.historyextra.com/period/anglo-saxon/key-viking-dates-lindisfarne-raid-danelaw-swein-forkbeard-harald-hardrada-stamford-bridge/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Extra&rft.atitle=From+the+raid+on+Lindisfarne+to+Harald+Hardrada%27s+defeat%3A+8+Viking+dates+you+need+to+know&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyextra.com%2Fperiod%2Fanglo-saxon%2Fkey-viking-dates-lindisfarne-raid-danelaw-swein-forkbeard-harald-hardrada-stamford-bridge%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-coyyjv-24"><a href="#cite_ref-coyyjv_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070913081501/http://www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/03_jorvik/">"Jorvik: Viking York"</a>. City of York Council. 20 December 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/03_jorvik/">the original</a> on 13 September 2007. Retrieved 5 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jorvik%3A+Viking+York&rft.pub=City+of+York+Council&rft.date=2006-12-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.york.gov.uk%2Fleisure%2FLocal_history_and_heritage%2Fyorks_history%2F03_jorvik%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/York">"York" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 927–929.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=York&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=927-929&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"The Old Baile". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/rchme/york/vol2/pp87-89">An Inventory of the Historical Monuments in City of York, Volume 2, the Defences</a>. 1972. pp. 87–89. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227014309/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/rchme/york/vol2/pp87-89">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 16 June 2020 – via British History Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Old+Baile&rft.btitle=An+Inventory+of+the+Historical+Monuments+in+City+of+York%2C+Volume+2%2C+the+Defences&rft.pages=87-89&rft.date=1972&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Frchme%2Fyork%2Fvol2%2Fpp87-89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130103050430/http://www.historyofyork.org.uk/themes/norman/the-1190-massacre">"The 1190 Massacre"</a>. History Of York. York Museums Trust. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofyork.org.uk/themes/norman/the-1190-massacre">the original</a> on 3 January 2013. Retrieved 13 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Of+York&rft.atitle=The+1190+Massacre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofyork.org.uk%2Fthemes%2Fnorman%2Fthe-1190-massacre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbcpog-28"><a href="#cite_ref-bbcpog_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/history/pogromyork_1.shtml">"Death in York"</a>. BBC. 28 September 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081214091034/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/history/pogromyork_1.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2008. Retrieved 10 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Death+in+York&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2006-09-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fjudaism%2Fhistory%2Fpogromyork_1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-14078535">"Charter Day celebrations for York announced"</a>. BBC News. 8 July 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016054044/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-14078535">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2015. 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Retrieved 19 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Vision+of+Britain+Through+Time&rft.atitle=York+UA%2FCity%3A+Total+Population&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visionofbritain.org.uk%2Fdata_cube_page.jsp%3Fdata_theme%3DT_POP%26data_cube%3DN_TOT_POP%26u_id%3D10057127%26c_id%3D10001043%26add%3DN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:412-100"><a href="#cite_ref-:412_100-0">^</a> Data is taken from United Kingdom <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/index.htm">Casweb Data services</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211215152146/http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/index.htm">Archived</a> 15 December 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of the United Kingdom <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/step1.cfm">1991 Census on Ethnic Data for England, Scotland and Wales</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220405213012/http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/step1.cfm">Archived</a> 5 April 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Table 6) </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/local-authorities-ks06--ethnic-group.xls">"Office of National Statistics; 2001 Census Key Statistics"</a>. UK Government Web Archive. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220602031124/https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/local-authorities-ks06--ethnic-group.xls">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2022. Retrieved 7 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UK+Government+Web+Archive&rft.atitle=Office+of+National+Statistics%3B+2001+Census+Key+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fukgwa%2F20160105160709%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Frel%2Fcensus%2Fcensus-2001-key-statistics%2Flocal-authorities-in-england-and-wales%2Flocal-authorities-ks06--ethnic-group.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:36-102"><a href="#cite_ref-:36_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls">"2011 Census: Ethnic Group, local authorities in England and Wales"</a>. 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Retrieved 15 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UK+Government+Web+Archive&rft.atitle=2011+Census%3A+Ethnic+Group%2C+local+authorities+in+England+and+Wales&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fukgwa%2F20160105160709%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Frel%2Fcensus%2F2011-census%2Fkey-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales%2Frft-table-ks201ew.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS021/editions/2021/versions/1/filter-outputs/d2f0a39a-75b6-4995-b4bd-a5b68ff79027#get-data">"Ethnic group – Office for National Statistics"</a>. www.ons.gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221207095805/https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS021/editions/2021/versions/1/filter-outputs/d2f0a39a-75b6-4995-b4bd-a5b68ff79027#get-data">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2022. 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Retrieved 19 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=YorkMix+nominated+for+two+awards&rft.pub=YorkMix&rft.date=2016-08-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yorkmix.com%2Fnews%2Fyorkmix-nominated-two-awards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ukfree.tv/transmitters/tv/Emley_Moor">"Emley Moor (Kirklees, England) Full Freeview transmitter"</a>. UK Free TV. 1 May 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819070317/https://ukfree.tv/transmitters/tv/Emley_Moor">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UK+Free+TV&rft.atitle=Emley+Moor+%28Kirklees%2C+England%29+Full+Freeview+transmitter&rft.date=2004-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fukfree.tv%2Ftransmitters%2Ftv%2FEmley_Moor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ukfree.tv/transmitters/tv/Bilsdale">"Bilsdale (North Yorkshire, England) Full Freeview transmitter"</a>. UK Free TV. 1 May 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230903034040/https://ukfree.tv/transmitters/tv/Bilsdale">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UK+Free+TV&rft.atitle=Bilsdale+%28North+Yorkshire%2C+England%29+Full+Freeview+transmitter&rft.date=2004-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fukfree.tv%2Ftransmitters%2Ftv%2FBilsdale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131220162102/http://media.ofcom.org.uk/2013/11/27/ofcom-awards-york-and-middlesbrough-local-tv-licences/">"The York Channel"</a>. Local Television – York & North Yorkshire. The York Channel. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.ofcom.org.uk/2013/11/27/ofcom-awards-york-and-middlesbrough-local-tv-licences/">the original</a> on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Local+Television+%E2%80%93+York+%26+North+Yorkshire&rft.atitle=The+York+Channel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.ofcom.org.uk%2F2013%2F11%2F27%2Fofcom-awards-york-and-middlesbrough-local-tv-licences%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thats.tv/north-yorkshire/">"North Yorkshire – That's TV"</a>. 2 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210917041554/http://www.thats.tv/north-yorkshire/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North+Yorkshire+%E2%80%93+That%27s+TV&rft.date=2020-10-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thats.tv%2Fnorth-yorkshire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090511070933/http://www2.yorksj.ac.uk/default.asp?Page_ID=4724">"Film & Television Production BA (Hons) Entry Profile"</a>. York St John University. 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.yorksj.ac.uk/default.asp?Page_ID=4724">the original</a> on 11 May 2009. 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Retrieved 12 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=YSTV+%E2%80%93+Watch+TV.+Make+TV.+YSTV&rft.pub=York+Student+Television&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fystv.york.ac.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ury.org.uk/about">"URY – About Us"</a>. University Radio York. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211022132020/https://ury.org.uk/about/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2021. 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Retrieved 6 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=York+City+Football+Club&rft.atitle=Visit+Us&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yorkcityfootballclub.co.uk%2Fclub%2Fvisit-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/22841597">"Lucy Staniforth: Bristol Academy midfielder wants new deal"</a>. BBC Sport. 11 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180104143426/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/22841597">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2018. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/sport/15346161.York__39_s_World_Cup_winning_captain_Lewis_Cook_has_right_ingredients_to_make_it_to_the_top_says_ex_Minstermen_mentor/">the original</a> on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=York%27s+World+Cup-winning+captain+Lewis+Cook+has+right+ingredients+to+make+it+to+the+top+says+ex-Minstermen+mentor&rft.date=2017-06-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yorkpress.co.uk%2Fsport%2F15346161.York__39_s_World_Cup_winning_captain_Lewis_Cook_has_right_ingredients_to_make_it_to_the_top_says_ex_Minstermen_mentor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080905224408/http://www.millthorpeschool.co.uk/school/expupils/nunthorpe.php">"Millthorpe School – Steve McClaren – Nunthorpe Grammar School"</a>. Millthorpe School. 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Retrieved 13 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+To+Rowntree+RUFC+Club&rft.pub=Nestle+Rowntree+Rugby+Union+Football+Club&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnestlerowntreerufc.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cityofyorkhc.co.uk/">"City of York Hockey Club"</a>. 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Retrieved 4 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+York+-+Hockey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyorksu.org%2Factivities%2Fview%2Fhockey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.englandhockey.co.uk/clubs/university-of-york-hc/teams">"England Hockey - University of York Hockey Club"</a>. 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Retrieved 24 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Freedom+of+the+City+of+York+by+Royal+Air+Force+Linton+on+Ouse&rft.pub=Royal+Air+Force&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rafa.org.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F12%2F20160624-Freedom-of-City-of-York-Parade-Timings.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170426152525/http://www.raf.mod.uk/raflintononouse/newsweather/index.cfm?storyid=D1EA5C28-5056-A318-A80F55A2CA577E3B">"RAF Linton-on-Ouse – Royal Air Force"</a>. www.raf.mod.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raf.mod.uk/raflintononouse/newsweather/index.cfm?storyid=D1EA5C28-5056-A318-A80F55A2CA577E3B">the original</a> on 26 April 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.raf.mod.uk&rft.atitle=RAF+Linton-on-Ouse+%E2%80%93+Royal+Air+Force&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.raf.mod.uk%2Fraflintononouse%2Fnewsweather%2Findex.cfm%3Fstoryid%3DD1EA5C28-5056-A318-A80F55A2CA577E3B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-11362707">"RAF staff in Freedom of the City"</a>. BBC News. 19 September 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190502155607/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-11362707">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=RAF+staff+in+Freedom+of+the+City&rft.date=2010-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-york-north-yorkshire-11362707&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/13652262.Gurkhas_to_parade_through_York_today/">"Gurkhas parade through York: 13 photos"</a>. York Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180627062407/http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/13652262.Gurkhas_to_parade_through_York_today/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 24 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=York+Press&rft.atitle=Gurkhas+parade+through+York%3A+13+photos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yorkpress.co.uk%2Fnews%2F13652262.Gurkhas_to_parade_through_York_today%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180728101411/https://www.yorkmix.com/news/video-the-gurkhas-receive-the-freedom-of-york-in-colourful-ceremony/">"Video: the Gurkhas receive the Freedom Of York in colourful ceremony • YorkMix"</a>. 8 September 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yorkmix.com/news/video-the-gurkhas-receive-the-freedom-of-york-in-colourful-ceremony/">the original</a> on 28 July 2018. Retrieved 24 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Video%3A+the+Gurkhas+receive+the+Freedom+Of+York+in+colourful+ceremony+%E2%80%A2+YorkMix&rft.date=2015-09-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yorkmix.com%2Fnews%2Fvideo-the-gurkhas-receive-the-freedom-of-york-in-colourful-ceremony%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/York#Q42462" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:York">York</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/York" class="extiw" title="commons:York">York</a>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photos_and_images">Photos and images</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Photos and images">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://images.exploreyork.org.uk/default.aspx">Imagine York: Historic Photographs</a> – online council library archive of historic photographs of York, searchable by keyword</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_and_genealogical_sources">Historical and genealogical sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=York&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Historical and genealogical sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/YKS/ARY/York">The ancient parish of York</a>: historical and genealogical information at <a href="/wiki/GENUKI" title="GENUKI">GENUKI</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/17848">Life in a Mediæval City Illustrated by York in the XVth Century</a> – Gutenberg</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Hanseatic_League_by_quarter,_and_trading_posts_of_the_Hanseatic_League" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hanseatic_League" title="Template:Hanseatic League"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hanseatic_League" title="Template talk:Hanseatic League"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hanseatic_League" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hanseatic League"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Hanseatic_League_by_quarter,_and_trading_posts_of_the_Hanseatic_League" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> by quarter, and trading posts of the Hanseatic League</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Chief cities shown in smallcaps.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">Free Imperial Cities</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> shown in italics.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wendish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Lübeck" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;;padding:0.75em 1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anklam" title="Anklam">Anklam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demmin" title="Demmin">Demmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greifswald" title="Greifswald">Greifswald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%82obrzeg" title="Kołobrzeg">Kolberg (Kołobrzeg)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg" title="Lüneburg">Lüneburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar%C5%82owo" title="Darłowo">Rügenwalde (Darłowo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Stettin (Szczecin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82upsk" title="Słupsk">Stolp (Słupsk)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stargard" title="Stargard">Stargard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stralsund" title="Stralsund">Stralsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visby" title="Visby">Visby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wismar" title="Wismar">Wismar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Principal trading routes of the Hanseatic League"><img alt="Principal trading routes of the Hanseatic League" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/150px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/225px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/300px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="603" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lubeck — a main city of the Hanseatic League"><img alt="Lubeck — a main city of the Hanseatic League" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/150px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/225px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/300px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3720" data-file-height="2996" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saxon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="BrunswickMagdeburg" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Brunswick</a> <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_(Oder)" title="Frankfurt (Oder)">Frankfurt an der Oder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goslar" title="Goslar">Goslar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChlhausen" title="Mühlhausen">Mühlhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordhausen,_Thuringia" title="Nordhausen, Thuringia">Nordhausen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Baltic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Danzig(Gdańsk)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Danzig (Gdańsk)</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Breslau (Wrocław)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Dorpat (Tartu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbl%C4%85g" title="Elbląg">Elbing (Elbląg)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Cracow (Kraków)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Reval (Tallinn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga (Rīga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Thorn (Toruń)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Westphalian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cologne_1Dortmund_1" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> 1 <a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a> 1</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deventer" title="Deventer">Deventer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen">Groningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampen,_Overijssel" title="Kampen, Overijssel">Kampen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soest,_Germany" title="Soest, Germany">Soest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zutphen" title="Zutphen">Zutphen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwolle" title="Zwolle">Zwolle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><hr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kontor" title="Kontor">Kontore</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bryggen" title="Bryggen">Bryggen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kontor_of_Bruges" title="Kontor of Bruges">Kontor of Bruges</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>2 </li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steelyard" title="Steelyard">Steelyard</a> (<a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterhof_(Novgorod)" title="Peterhof (Novgorod)">Peterhof</a> (<a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Novgorod</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vitten</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falsterbo" title="Falsterbo">Falsterbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6" title="Malmö">Malmö</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Factories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Lynn" title="King's Lynn">Bishop's Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston,_Lincolnshire" title="Boston, Lincolnshire">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Ipswich" title="Port of Ipswich">Ipswich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leith" title="Leith">Leith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herford" title="Herford">Herford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polotsk" title="Polotsk">Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pskov_Republic" title="Pskov Republic">Pskov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Yarmouth" title="Great Yarmouth">Yarmouth</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1 <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a> were both chief city of the Westphalian Quarter at different times.</li><li>2 The kontor was moved to <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> once <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a> became inaccessible due to the silting of the <a href="/wiki/Zwin" title="Zwin">Zwin</a> channel.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ceremonial_county_of_North_Yorkshire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist vcard mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_Yorkshire" title="Template:North Yorkshire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_Yorkshire" title="Template talk:North Yorkshire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_Yorkshire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North Yorkshire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ceremonial_county_of_North_Yorkshire" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial county</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire" title="North Yorkshire">North Yorkshire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Portal:Yorkshire" title="Portal:Yorkshire">Yorkshire Portal</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unitary authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Middlesbrough" title="Borough of Middlesbrough">Middlesbrough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire_Council" title="North Yorkshire Council">North Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redcar_and_Cleveland" title="Redcar and Cleveland">Redcar and Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Stockton-on-Tees" title="Borough of Stockton-on-Tees">Stockton-on-Tees</a> (part)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_York" title="City of York">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major settlements (cities in italics)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedale" title="Bedale">Bedale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bentham,_North_Yorkshire" title="Bentham, North Yorkshire">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boroughbridge" title="Boroughbridge">Boroughbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catterick_Garrison" title="Catterick Garrison">Catterick Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colburn,_North_Yorkshire" title="Colburn, North Yorkshire">Colburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easingwold" title="Easingwold">Easingwold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastfield,_North_Yorkshire" title="Eastfield, North Yorkshire">Eastfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eston" title="Eston">Eston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filey" title="Filey">Filey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassington" title="Grassington">Grassington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guisborough" title="Guisborough">Guisborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrogate" title="Harrogate">Harrogate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawes" title="Hawes">Hawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haxby" title="Haxby">Haxby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmsley" title="Helmsley">Helmsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingleby_Barwick" title="Ingleby Barwick">Ingleby Barwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkbymoorside" title="Kirkbymoorside">Kirkbymoorside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaresborough" title="Knaresborough">Knaresborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leyburn" title="Leyburn">Leyburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loftus,_North_Yorkshire" title="Loftus, North Yorkshire">Loftus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malton,_North_Yorkshire" title="Malton, North Yorkshire">Malton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masham" title="Masham">Masham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middleham" title="Middleham">Middleham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middlesbrough" title="Middlesbrough">Middlesbrough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northallerton" title="Northallerton">Northallerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norton-on-Derwent" title="Norton-on-Derwent">Norton-on-Derwent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pateley_Bridge" title="Pateley Bridge">Pateley Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickering,_North_Yorkshire" title="Pickering, North Yorkshire">Pickering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redcar" title="Redcar">Redcar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_North_Yorkshire" title="Richmond, North Yorkshire">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon" title="Ripon">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltburn-by-the-Sea" title="Saltburn-by-the-Sea">Saltburn-by-the-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarborough,_North_Yorkshire" title="Scarborough, North Yorkshire">Scarborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selby" title="Selby">Selby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settle,_North_Yorkshire" title="Settle, North Yorkshire">Settle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skelton-in-Cleveland" title="Skelton-in-Cleveland">Skelton-in-Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skipton" title="Skipton">Skipton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokesley" title="Stokesley">Stokesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadcaster" title="Tadcaster">Tadcaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirsk" title="Thirsk">Thirsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thornaby-on-Tees" title="Thornaby-on-Tees">Thornaby-on-Tees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitby" title="Whitby">Whitby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarm" title="Yarm">Yarm</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">York</a> See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_North_Yorkshire" title="List of civil parishes in North Yorkshire">List of civil parishes in North Yorkshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_Aire" title="River Aire">Aire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Derwent,_Yorkshire" title="River Derwent, Yorkshire">Derwent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Esk,_North_Yorkshire" title="River Esk, North Yorkshire">Esk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Foss" title="River Foss">Foss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Leven,_North_Yorkshire" title="River Leven, North Yorkshire">Leven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Ouse,_Yorkshire" title="River Ouse, Yorkshire">Ouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Ribble" title="River Ribble">Ribble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Swale" title="River Swale">Swale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Tees" title="River Tees">Tees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Ure" title="River Ure">Ure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Wharfe" title="River Wharfe">Wharfe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliamentary_constituencies_in_North_Yorkshire" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliamentary constituencies in North Yorkshire">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Country_houses_in_North_Yorkshire" title="Category:Country houses in North Yorkshire">Country houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_North_Yorkshire" title="Grade I listed buildings in North Yorkshire">Grade I listed buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_II*_listed_buildings_in_North_Yorkshire" title="Grade II* listed buildings in North Yorkshire">Grade II* listed buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_windmills_in_North_Yorkshire" title="List of windmills in North Yorkshire">Windmills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monastic_houses_in_North_Yorkshire" title="List of monastic houses in North Yorkshire">Monastic houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Yorkshire" class="mw-redirect" title="History of North Yorkshire">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Yorkshire" title="List of rivers of Yorkshire">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_North_Yorkshire" title="List of schools in North Yorkshire">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_North_Yorkshire" title="List of museums in North Yorkshire">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_North_Yorkshire" title="Lord Lieutenant of North Yorkshire">Lord Lieutenants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_North_Yorkshire" title="High Sheriff of North Yorkshire">High Sheriffs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_North_Yorkshire" title="List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in North Yorkshire">SSSIs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_local_nature_reserves_in_North_Yorkshire" title="List of local nature reserves in North Yorkshire">Nature Reserves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Cities_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_overseas_territories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UK_cities" title="Template:UK cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:UK_cities" title="Template talk:UK cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UK_cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UK cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Cities_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_overseas_territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">Cities of the</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and overseas territories</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Bradford" title="City of Bradford">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove" title="Brighton and Hove">Brighton and Hove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Canterbury" title="City of Canterbury">Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlisle" title="Carlisle">Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Chelmsford" title="City of Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichester" title="Chichester">Chichester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Doncaster" title="City of Doncaster">Doncaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham,_England" title="Durham, England">Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ely,_Cambridgeshire" title="Ely, Cambridgeshire">Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereford" title="Hereford">Hereford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Kingston upon Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Lancaster" title="City of Lancaster">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Leeds" title="City of Leeds">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichfield" title="Lichfield">Lichfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_England" title="Lincoln, England">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Milton_Keynes" title="City of Milton Keynes">Milton Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Peterborough" title="City of Peterborough">Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Preston,_Lancashire" title="City of Preston, Lancashire">Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon" title="Ripon">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Albans_City_and_District" class="mw-redirect" title="St Albans City and District">St Albans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Salford" title="City of Salford">Salford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salisbury" title="Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sheffield" title="City of Sheffield">Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea">Southend-on-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent" title="Stoke-on-Trent">Stoke-on-Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sunderland" title="City of Sunderland">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truro" title="Truro">Truro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Wakefield" title="City of Wakefield">Wakefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wells,_Somerset" title="Wells, Somerset">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Westminster" title="City of Westminster">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Winchester" title="City of Winchester">Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton" title="Wolverhampton">Wolverhampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester,_England" title="Worcester, England">Worcester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_York" title="City of York">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunfermline" title="Dunfermline">Dunfermline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverness" title="Inverness">Inverness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perth,_Scotland" title="Perth, Scotland">Perth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stirling" title="Stirling">Stirling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/35px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42462#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42462#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/254624434">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4067205-0">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge307468&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007528221705171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/3a28f05b-59e0-4aa1-9a79-b96f5ef6403b">MusicBrainz area</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/89175">Pleiades</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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