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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Swedish invasion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Swedish_invasion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Swedish invasion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Swedish_invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1655" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1655"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>1655</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1655-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1656" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1656"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>1656</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1656-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1657" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1657"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>1657</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1657-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1658–1660" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1658–1660"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>1658–1660</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1658–1660-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Other conflicts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outcome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outcome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Outcome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outcome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Destruction_of_the_Commonwealth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Destruction_of_the_Commonwealth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Destruction of the Commonwealth</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Destruction_of_the_Commonwealth-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Destruction of the Commonwealth subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Destruction_of_the_Commonwealth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Effect_on_the_fate_of_the_Commonwealth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_on_the_fate_of_the_Commonwealth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Effect on the fate of the Commonwealth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_on_the_fate_of_the_Commonwealth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Deluge (history)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE)" title="الطوفان (تاريخ) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الطوفان (تاريخ)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufan_(tarix)" title="Tufan (tarix) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tufan (tarix)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE)" title="توفان (تاریخ) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="توفان (تاریخ)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Шведскі патоп – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шведскі патоп" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Швэдзкі патоп – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Швэдзкі патоп" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Шведски потоп – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Шведски потоп" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potop" title="Potop – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Potop" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diluvi_(Pol%C3%B2nia)" title="Diluvi (Polònia) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Diluvi (Polònia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0v%C3%A9dsk%C3%A1_invaze_do_Polska" title="Švédská invaze do Polska – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Švédská invaze do Polska" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_10._Gustavs_polske_krig" title="Karl 10. Gustavs polske krig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Karl 10. Gustavs polske krig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwedische_Sintflut" title="Schwedische Sintflut – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schwedische Sintflut" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uputus_(Poola)" title="Uputus (Poola) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Uputus (Poola)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%BB%CF%85%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82_(%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Κατακλυσμός (ιστορία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κατακλυσμός (ιστορία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Diluvio_(historia_de_Polonia)" title="El Diluvio (historia de Polonia) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="El Diluvio (historia de Polonia)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveda_diluvo" title="Sveda diluvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sveda diluvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84_(%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D9%84%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="سیل (تاریخ لهستان) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیل (تاریخ لهستان)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9luge_(Pologne)" title="Déluge (Pologne) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Déluge (Pologne)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%ED%99%8D%EC%88%98_(%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC)" title="대홍수 (역사) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대홍수 (역사)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0vedska_invazija_na_Poljsku" title="Švedska invazija na Poljsku – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Švedska invazija na Poljsku" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_bah_(sejarah)" title="Air bah (sejarah) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Air bah (sejarah)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diluvio_(Polonia)" title="Diluvio (Polonia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Diluvio (Polonia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ved%C5%B3_tvanas" title="Švedų tvanas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Švedų tvanas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="大洪水時代 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="大洪水時代" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potop_szwedzki" title="Potop szwedzki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Potop szwedzki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Dil%C3%BAvio_(hist%C3%B3ria_polonesa)" title="O Dilúvio (história polonesa) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="O Dilúvio (história polonesa)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potopul_(istorie)" title="Potopul (istorie) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Potopul (istorie)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Шведский потоп – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шведский потоп" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potop_(zgodovina)" title="Potop (zgodovina) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Potop (zgodovina)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%88_(%D9%85%DB%8E%DA%98%D9%88%D9%88)" title="لافاو (مێژوو) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لافاو (مێژوو)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF_(%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Потоп (рат) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Потоп (рат)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_X_Gustavs_polska_krig" title="Karl X Gustavs polska krig – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Karl X Gustavs polska krig" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufan_(tarih)" title="Tufan (tarih) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tufan (tarih)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Шведський потоп – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шведський потоп" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_h%E1%BB%93ng_th%E1%BB%A7y_(l%E1%BB%8Bch_s%E1%BB%AD)" title="Đại hồng thủy (lịch sử) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đại hồng thủy (lịch sử)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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For the 18th-century Swedish invasion, see <a href="/wiki/Swedish_invasion_of_Poland_(1701%E2%80%931706)" title="Swedish invasion of Poland (1701–1706)">Swedish invasion of Poland (1701–1706)</a>. For the use of the term "Deluge" outside the field of European history, see <a href="/wiki/Deluge_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Deluge (disambiguation)">Deluge (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Deluge_(history)" title="Special:EditPage/Deluge (history)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Deluge%22+history">"Deluge" history</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Deluge%22+history+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Deluge%22+history&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Deluge%22+history+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Deluge%22+history">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Deluge%22+history&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">The Deluge</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wars" title="Northern Wars">Northern Wars</a> (<a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Northern War">Second Northern War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Polish_War_(1654%E2%80%931667)" title="Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)">1654–1667 Russo-Polish War</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_occupation_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(union_state_of_the_Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland_and_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania)_during_The_Deluge_and_Chmielnicki%27s_Uprising.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/The_occupation_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth_%28union_state_of_the_Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland_and_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania%29_during_The_Deluge_and_Chmielnicki%27s_Uprising.png/300px-thumbnail.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/The_occupation_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth_%28union_state_of_the_Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland_and_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania%29_during_The_Deluge_and_Chmielnicki%27s_Uprising.png/450px-thumbnail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/The_occupation_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth_%28union_state_of_the_Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland_and_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania%29_during_The_Deluge_and_Chmielnicki%27s_Uprising.png/600px-thumbnail.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1568" /></a></span><br />The occupation of the Commonwealth by Sweden, Russia, Brandenburg and Khmelnytsky's Cossacks</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>January 25, 1648 – 1666 (wider sense)</li><li>1655 – April 23 (O.S.), May 3 (N.S.) 1660 (Swedish Deluge)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Oliva" title="Treaty of Oliva">Treaty of Oliva</a> (see <a href="#Outcome">Outcome</a>)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> <ul><li>Swedish-ruled part of <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Livonia" title="Swedish Livonia">Livonia</a> was formally ceded by the Commonwealth to <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Sweden</a></li> <li>Division of the <a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Russia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Andrusovo" title="Truce of Andrusovo">Truce of Andrusovo</a>)</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg/23px-Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg/35px-Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg/45px-Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland–Lithuania</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Russia</a> (1656–1658)</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="338" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Right-bank_Ukraine" title="Right-bank Ukraine">Right-bank</a> Cossacks</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Crimean_Tatar_tamga_icon_%28blue_and_gold%29.svg/15px-Crimean_Tatar_tamga_icon_%28blue_and_gold%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Crimean_Tatar_tamga_icon_%28blue_and_gold%29.svg/23px-Crimean_Tatar_tamga_icon_%28blue_and_gold%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Crimean_Tatar_tamga_icon_%28blue_and_gold%29.svg/30px-Crimean_Tatar_tamga_icon_%28blue_and_gold%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="272" data-file-height="272" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austria</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ervin_Liptai_1985_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ervin_Liptai_1985-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1657–1667)</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Brandenburg_%281660%E2%80%931750%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brandenburg_%281660%E2%80%931750%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Brandenburg_%281660%E2%80%931750%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brandenburg_%281660%E2%80%931750%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Brandenburg_%281660%E2%80%931750%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brandenburg_%281660%E2%80%931750%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg-Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburg-Prussia">Brandenburg</a> (1657–1667)</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg/46px-Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark-Norway</a></li><li><span data-sort-value="Dutch Republic"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Prinsenvlag.svg/23px-Prinsenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Prinsenvlag.svg/35px-Prinsenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Prinsenvlag.svg/45px-Prinsenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></span></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Russia</a> (1654–1656, 1658–1667)</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Brandenburg_%281660%E2%80%931750%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brandenburg_%281660%E2%80%931750%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Brandenburg_%281660%E2%80%931750%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brandenburg_%281660%E2%80%931750%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Brandenburg_%281660%E2%80%931750%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brandenburg_%281660%E2%80%931750%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg-Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburg-Prussia">Brandenburg</a> (1656–1657)</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="338" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Left-bank_Ukraine" title="Left-bank Ukraine">Left-bank</a> Cossacks)</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Transylvania_before_1918.svg/22px-Flag_of_Transylvania_before_1918.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Transylvania_before_1918.svg/33px-Flag_of_Transylvania_before_1918.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Transylvania_before_1918.svg/43px-Flag_of_Transylvania_before_1918.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Transylvania</a> (1656–1667)</li><li><span data-sort-value="Moldavia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_Moldavia_1646.png/13px-Coat_of_arms_of_Moldavia_1646.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_Moldavia_1646.png/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Moldavia_1646.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_Moldavia_1646.png/26px-Coat_of_arms_of_Moldavia_1646.png 2x" data-file-width="3761" data-file-height="4371" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia_under_Matei_Basarab_%28Marcus_Boschinius_version%29.svg/11px-Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia_under_Matei_Basarab_%28Marcus_Boschinius_version%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia_under_Matei_Basarab_%28Marcus_Boschinius_version%29.svg/16px-Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia_under_Matei_Basarab_%28Marcus_Boschinius_version%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia_under_Matei_Basarab_%28Marcus_Boschinius_version%29.svg/21px-Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia_under_Matei_Basarab_%28Marcus_Boschinius_version%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="875" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania_%281403%E2%80%931410%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania_%281403%E2%80%931410%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania_%281403%E2%80%931410%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania_%281403%E2%80%931410%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania_%281403%E2%80%931410%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania_%281403%E2%80%931410%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="239" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Lithuania" title="Swedish Lithuania">Lithuanian supporters</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg/23px-Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg/35px-Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg/45px-Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/John_II_Casimir_Vasa" title="John II Casimir Vasa">John II Casimir Vasa</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg/23px-Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg/35px-Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg/45px-Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Czarniecki" title="Stefan Czarniecki">Stefan Czarniecki</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg/23px-Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg/35px-Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg/45px-Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_%22Rewera%22_Potocki" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanisław "Rewera" Potocki">Stanisław Potocki</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg/23px-Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg/35px-Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg/45px-Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wincenty_Korwin_Gosiewski" title="Wincenty Korwin Gosiewski">Wincenty Gosiewski</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg/23px-Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg/35px-Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg/45px-Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Jan_Sapieha" title="Paweł Jan Sapieha">Paweł Jan Sapieha</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Crimean_Tatar_tamga_icon_%28blue_and_gold%29.svg/15px-Crimean_Tatar_tamga_icon_%28blue_and_gold%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Crimean_Tatar_tamga_icon_%28blue_and_gold%29.svg/23px-Crimean_Tatar_tamga_icon_%28blue_and_gold%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Crimean_Tatar_tamga_icon_%28blue_and_gold%29.svg/30px-Crimean_Tatar_tamga_icon_%28blue_and_gold%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="272" data-file-height="272" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_IV_Giray" title="Mehmed IV Giray">Mehmed IV Giray</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_Gustav_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles X Gustav of Sweden">Charles X Gustav</a>  <a href="/wiki/Death_by_natural_causes" class="mw-redirect" title="Death by natural causes"><b>#</b></a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Adolph_John_I,_Count_Palatine_of_Kleeburg" title="Adolph John I, Count Palatine of Kleeburg">Adolph John I, Count Palatine of Kleeburg</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="yes"><img alt="Swedish Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Arvid_Wittenberg" title="Arvid Wittenberg">Arvid Wittenberg</a>  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Brandenburg_%281660%E2%80%931750%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brandenburg_%281660%E2%80%931750%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Brandenburg_%281660%E2%80%931750%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brandenburg_%281660%E2%80%931750%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Brandenburg_%281660%E2%80%931750%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brandenburg_%281660%E2%80%931750%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William,_Elector_of_Brandenburg" title="Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg">Frederick William</a> (1656–1658)</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="no"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="338" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bohdan_Khmelnytsky" title="Bohdan Khmelnytsky">Bohdan Khmelnytsky</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_by_natural_causes" class="mw-redirect" title="Death by natural causes"><b>#</b></a></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_COA_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82_Ksi%C4%85%C5%BC%C4%99_Ia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/POL_COA_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82_Ksi%C4%85%C5%BC%C4%99_Ia.svg/22px-POL_COA_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82_Ksi%C4%85%C5%BC%C4%99_Ia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/POL_COA_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82_Ksi%C4%85%C5%BC%C4%99_Ia.svg/33px-POL_COA_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82_Ksi%C4%85%C5%BC%C4%99_Ia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/POL_COA_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82_Ksi%C4%85%C5%BC%C4%99_Ia.svg/44px-POL_COA_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82_Ksi%C4%85%C5%BC%C4%99_Ia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1175" data-file-height="1193" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Janusz_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82_(1612%E2%80%931655)" title="Janusz Radziwiłł (1612–1655)">Janusz Radziwiłł</a>  <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_COA_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82_Ksi%C4%85%C5%BC%C4%99_Ia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/POL_COA_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82_Ksi%C4%85%C5%BC%C4%99_Ia.svg/22px-POL_COA_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82_Ksi%C4%85%C5%BC%C4%99_Ia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/POL_COA_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82_Ksi%C4%85%C5%BC%C4%99_Ia.svg/33px-POL_COA_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82_Ksi%C4%85%C5%BC%C4%99_Ia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/POL_COA_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82_Ksi%C4%85%C5%BC%C4%99_Ia.svg/44px-POL_COA_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82_Ksi%C4%85%C5%BC%C4%99_Ia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1175" data-file-height="1193" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Bogus%C5%82aw_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82" title="Bogusław Radziwiłł">B. Radziwiłł</a>  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Transylvania_before_1918.svg/22px-Flag_of_Transylvania_before_1918.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Transylvania_before_1918.svg/33px-Flag_of_Transylvania_before_1918.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Transylvania_before_1918.svg/43px-Flag_of_Transylvania_before_1918.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/George_II_R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi" title="George II Rákóczi">George II</a>  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capitulation_(surrender)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alexis_of_Russia" title="Alexis of Russia">Alexis I</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia_under_Matei_Basarab_%28Marcus_Boschinius_version%29.svg/11px-Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia_under_Matei_Basarab_%28Marcus_Boschinius_version%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia_under_Matei_Basarab_%28Marcus_Boschinius_version%29.svg/16px-Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia_under_Matei_Basarab_%28Marcus_Boschinius_version%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia_under_Matei_Basarab_%28Marcus_Boschinius_version%29.svg/21px-Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia_under_Matei_Basarab_%28Marcus_Boschinius_version%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="875" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Constantin_%C8%98erban" title="Constantin Șerban">Constantin Șerban</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_Moldavia_1646.png/13px-Coat_of_arms_of_Moldavia_1646.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_Moldavia_1646.png/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Moldavia_1646.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_Moldavia_1646.png/26px-Coat_of_arms_of_Moldavia_1646.png 2x" data-file-width="3761" data-file-height="4371" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_%C8%98tefan" title="Gheorghe Ștefan">Gheorghe Ștefan</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 69,000</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 191,000<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"> <b>Total dead:</b> 3,000,000–4,000,000<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Deluge" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_The_Deluge" title="Template talk:Campaignbox The Deluge"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_The_Deluge" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox The Deluge"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Deluge" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Deluge</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uj%C5%9Bcie" title="Battle of Ujście">Ujście</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Danzig_(1655%E2%80%931660)" title="Siege of Danzig (1655–1660)">Danzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sobota" title="Battle of Sobota">Sobota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%BBarn%C3%B3w" title="Battle of Żarnów">Żarnów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Krak%C3%B3w_(1655)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Kraków (1655)">1st Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nowy_Dw%C3%B3r_Mazowiecki" title="Battle of Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki">Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wojnicz" title="Battle of Wojnicz">Wojnicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krosno" title="Battle of Krosno">Krosno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jasna_G%C3%B3ra" title="Siege of Jasna Góra">Jasna Góra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Radom_(1656)" title="Battle of Radom (1656)">Radom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Go%C5%82%C4%85b" title="Battle of Gołąb">Gołąb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Siege of Zamość">Zamość</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jaros%C5%82aw_(1656)" title="Battle of Jarosław (1656)">Jarosław</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nisko" title="Battle of Nisko">Nisko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sandomierz" title="Battle of Sandomierz">Sandomierz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kozienice" title="Battle of Kozienice">Kozienice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Warka" title="Battle of Warka">Warka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C5%82ecko" title="Battle of Kłecko">Kłecko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Warsaw_(1656)" title="Siege of Warsaw (1656)">1st Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kcynia" title="Battle of Kcynia">Kcynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tykocin" title="Battle of Tykocin">Tykocin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Warsaw_(1656)" title="Battle of Warsaw (1656)">2nd Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%81owicz" title="Battle of Łowicz">Łowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lubrze" title="Battle of Lubrze">Lubrze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prostki" title="Battle of Prostki">Prostki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Filip%C3%B3w" title="Battle of Filipów">Filipów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chojnice_(1656)" title="Battle of Chojnice (1656)">Chojnice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_campaign_into_Poland_(1657)" title="Transylvanian campaign into Poland (1657)">Transylvanian campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Magier%C3%B3w" title="Battle of Magierów">Magierów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Czarny_Ostr%C3%B3w" title="Battle of Czarny Ostrów">Czarny Ostrów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ska%C5%82at" title="Battle of Skałat">Skałat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Krak%C3%B3w_(1657)" title="Siege of Kraków (1657)">2nd Kraków</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Toru%C5%84_(1658)" title="Siege of Toruń (1658)">Toruń</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Skuodas_(1658)" title="Battle of Skuodas (1658)">Skuodas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grudzi%C4%85dz_(1659)" title="Battle of Grudziądz (1659)">Grudziądz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Polish–Swedish_wars" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_Wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Polish–Swedish Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_Wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Polish–Swedish Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Polish–Swedish Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Polish–Swedish_wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Swedish wars"><span class="wrap">Polish–Swedish wars</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_expedition_to_Livonia" title="Swedish expedition to Livonia">1562</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1563%E2%80%931568)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1563–1568)">1563–1568</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_against_Sigismund" title="War against Sigismund">Sigismund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1600%E2%80%931611)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1600–1611)">1600–1611</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1617%E2%80%931618)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1617–1618)">1617–1618</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1621%E2%80%931625)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1621–1625)">1621–1625</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1626%E2%80%931629)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629)">1626–1629</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_War_of_1655%E2%80%931660" title="Northern War of 1655–1660">1655–1660</a></li> <li>(<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deluge</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">War of the Fourth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">War of the Sixth Coalition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Northern_War_of_1655–1660" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Second_Northern_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Second Northern War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Second_Northern_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Second Northern War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Second_Northern_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Second Northern War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Northern_War_of_1655–1660" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Northern_War_of_1655%E2%80%931660" title="Northern War of 1655–1660"><span class="wrap">Northern War of 1655–1660</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Theaters</dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Swedish Deluge</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1656%E2%80%931658)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1656–1658)">Russo-Swedish (1656–1658)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania_during_the_Early_Modern_Age#Second_Northern_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomerania during the Early Modern Age">Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dano-Swedish_War_(1657%E2%80%931658)" title="Dano-Swedish War (1657–1658)">Dano-Swedish (1657–1658)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dano-Swedish_War_(1658%E2%80%931660)" title="Dano-Swedish War (1658–1660)">Dano-Swedish (1658–1660)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_War_and_Norway" title="Second Northern War and Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peach_Tree_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Peach Tree War">Peach Tree War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_New_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of New Sweden">New Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Courland_(1658)" title="Invasion of Courland (1658)">Courland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Carolusborg_(1658)" title="Capture of Carolusborg (1658)">Africa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Battles</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uj%C5%9Bcie" title="Battle of Ujście">Ujście</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Danzig_(1655%E2%80%931660)" title="Siege of Danzig (1655–1660)">Danzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sobota" title="Battle of Sobota">Sobota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%BBarn%C3%B3w" title="Battle of Żarnów">Żarnów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Siege of Kraków">1st Cracow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nowy_Dw%C3%B3r_Mazowiecki" title="Battle of Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki">Nowy Dwór</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wojnicz" title="Battle of Wojnicz">Wojnicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krosno" title="Battle of Krosno">Krosno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jasna_G%C3%B3ra" title="Siege of Jasna Góra">Jasna Góra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Radom_(1656)" title="Battle of Radom (1656)">Radom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Go%C5%82%C4%85b" title="Battle of Gołąb">Gołąb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jaros%C5%82aw_(1656)" title="Battle of Jarosław (1656)">Jarosław</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nisko" title="Battle of Nisko">Nisko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Siege of Zamość">Zamość</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sandomierz" title="Battle of Sandomierz">Sandomierz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Warka" title="Battle of Warka">Warka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C5%82ecko" title="Battle of Kłecko">Kłecko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Warsaw_(1656)" title="Siege of Warsaw (1656)">1st Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kcynia" title="Battle of Kcynia">Kcynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tykocin" title="Battle of Tykocin">Tykocin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Warsaw_(1656)" title="Battle of Warsaw (1656)">2nd Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dyneburg" title="Siege of Dyneburg">Dyneburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_of_Kokenhusen" title="Storm of Kokenhusen">Kokenhusen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Riga_(1656)" title="Siege of Riga (1656)">Riga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%81owicz" title="Battle of Łowicz">Łowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lubrze" title="Battle of Lubrze">Lubrze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Krak%C3%B3w_(1657)" title="Siege of Kraków (1657)">2nd Cracow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prostki" title="Battle of Prostki">Prostki/Prostken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Filip%C3%B3w" title="Battle of Filipów">Filipów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chojnice_(1656)" title="Battle of Chojnice (1656)">Chojnice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Walk" title="Battle of Walk">Walk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Magier%C3%B3w" title="Battle of Magierów">Magierów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Czarny_Ostr%C3%B3w" title="Battle of Czarny Ostrów">Czarny Ostrów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ska%C5%82at" title="Battle of Skałat">Skałat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gdov" title="Battle of Gdov">Gdov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_Across_the_Belts" title="March Across the Belts">March Across the Belts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Toru%C5%84_(1658)" title="Siege of Toruń (1658)">Toruń</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Szkudy" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Szkudy">Szkudy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sound" title="Battle of the Sound">Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kolding_(1658)" title="Siege of Kolding (1658)">Kolding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_R%C3%B6dsund" title="Battle of Rödsund">Rödsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assault_on_Copenhagen_(1659)" title="Assault on Copenhagen (1659)">Copenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ebeltoft" title="Battle of Ebeltoft">Ebeltoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grudzi%C4%85dz_(1659)" title="Battle of Grudziądz (1659)">Grudziądz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nyborg" title="Battle of Nyborg">Nyborg</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Template:Second_Northern_War_treaties" title="Template:Second Northern War treaties">Treaties</a></dt></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Deluge</b> was a series of mid-17th-century military campaigns in the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>. In a wider sense, it applies to the period between the <a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising">Khmelnytsky Uprising</a> of 1648 and the <a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Andrusovo" title="Truce of Andrusovo">Truce of Andrusovo</a> in 1667, comprising the Polish theatres of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Polish_War_(1654%E2%80%931667)" title="Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)">Russo-Polish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Northern War">Second Northern Wars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a stricter sense, the term refers to the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish</a> invasion and occupation of the Commonwealth as a theatre of the Second Northern War (1655–1660) only; in Poland and Lithuania this period is called the <b>Swedish Deluge</b> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">potop szwedzki</i>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>: š<i>vedų tvanas</i>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: <i lang="sv">Svenska syndafloden</i>), or less commonly the <b>Russo–Swedish Deluge</b> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Potop szwedzko-rosyjski</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (June 2019)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> due to the simultaneous Russo-Polish War.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "deluge" (<i>potop</i> in Polish) was popularized by <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Sienkiewicz" title="Henryk Sienkiewicz">Henryk Sienkiewicz</a> in his novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Deluge_(novel)" title="The Deluge (novel)">The Deluge</a></i> (1886). </p><p>During the wars the Commonwealth lost approximately one third of its population as well as its status as a <a href="/wiki/Historical_powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical powers">great power</a> due to invasions by Sweden and Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Professor Andrzej Rottermund, manager of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Castle,_Warsaw" title="Royal Castle, Warsaw">Royal Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, the destruction of Poland in the Deluge was more extensive than the destruction of the country in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Rottermund claims that Swedish invaders robbed the Commonwealth of its most important riches, and most of the stolen items never returned to Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-polskieradio.pl_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-polskieradio.pl-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Warsaw, the capital of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, was destroyed by the Swedes, and out of a pre-war population of 20,000, only 2,000 remained in the city after the war.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the 2012 Polish estimates, the material damage caused by the Swedish army amounted to 4 billion <a href="/wiki/Polish_z%C5%82oty" title="Polish złoty">złotys</a>. 188 cities and towns, 186 villages, 136 churches, 89 palaces, and 81 castles were completely destroyed in Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_background">Historical background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deluge_(history)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising">Khmelnytsky Uprising</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Northern War">Second Northern War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russo-Polish_War_(1654%E2%80%931667)" title="Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)">Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)</a></div> <p>In 1648, <a href="/wiki/Bohdan_Khmelnytsky" title="Bohdan Khmelnytsky">Bohdan Khmelnytsky</a> led a popular uprising of <a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Cossacks" title="Zaporozhian Cossacks">Zaporozhian Cossacks</a> and Ukrainian peasants discontented with the rule of <a href="/wiki/Magnate#Magnates_in_Poland_and_Lithuania" title="Magnate">Polish and Lithuanian magnates</a>. Although the initial phase of the rebellion ended (after much destruction) at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berestechko" title="Battle of Berestechko">Battle of Berestechko</a> (1651), it brought into focus the rivalry between Russia and the Commonwealth for hegemony over <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and over the eastern Slavic lands in general. Thus, in October 1653, the Russian <a href="/wiki/Zemsky_Sobor" title="Zemsky Sobor">Zemsky Sobor</a> declared war on the Commonwealth, and in June 1654 the forces of Tsar <a href="/wiki/Alexis_of_Russia" title="Alexis of Russia">Alexis of Russia</a> invaded the eastern half of Poland-Lithuania, starting the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Polish_War_(1654%E2%80%931667)" title="Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)">Russo-Polish War of 1654–1667</a>. In the summer of 1654, the Russians managed to capture most important cities and strongholds of today's <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a> was captured after a siege on October 3, 1654. The <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a>, which technically already was at war with the Commonwealth (a ceasefire agreement existed from 1629 and was prolonged from 1635 to 1661), invaded in July 1655 and occupied the remaining half of the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Swedish_invasion">Swedish invasion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deluge_(history)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Swedish invasion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deluge_(history)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a> emerged as one of the strongest kingdoms on the continent. It had a large army but little money to pay its soldiers. The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, weakened by wars with the Cossacks and <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a>, seemed like easy prey, also because its best soldiers had been either killed in the 1652 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Batih" title="Battle of Batih">Battle of Batih</a> or <a href="/wiki/Batih_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Batih massacre">massacred</a> after it. Furthermore, Swedes remembered claims to their throne by Polish kings <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa" title="Sigismund III Vasa">Sigismund III Vasa</a> and his sons <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_IV_Vasa" title="Władysław IV Vasa">Władysław IV Vasa</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_II_Casimir_Vasa" title="John II Casimir Vasa">John II Casimir</a>, who themselves belonged to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Vasa" title="House of Vasa">House of Vasa</a>. An earlier conflict, the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1626%E2%80%931629)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629)">Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629)</a> had ended with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stuhmsdorf" title="Treaty of Stuhmsdorf">Treaty of Stuhmsdorf</a>. </p><p>The Polish–Lithuanian King John II Casimir (reigned 1648–68) lacked support among the Commonwealth nobility (<span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta">szlachta</a></i></span>) due to his sympathies with absolutist <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> and his open contempt for the "<a href="/wiki/Sarmatism" title="Sarmatism">Sarmatist</a>" culture of the nobility. Earlier, in 1643, John Casimir had become a member of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> and had received the title of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal (Catholicism)">Cardinal</a>. Nevertheless, in December 1646, he returned to Poland and, in October 1647, resigned his position as Cardinal to stand for election to the Polish throne, after the death of his brother <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_IV_Vasa" title="Władysław IV Vasa">Władysław IV Vasa</a>. He became King in 1648. However, some of the nobility supported Charles Gustav (King of Sweden from 1654 to 1660 and John Casimir's cousin) for the Polish–Lithuanian throne. Many members of the Polish nobility regarded John Casimir as a weak king or a "Jesuit-King"; <a href="/wiki/Podskarbi" title="Podskarbi">Grand Treasurer</a> <a href="/wiki/Bogus%C5%82aw_Leszczy%C5%84ski" title="Bogusław Leszczyński">Bogusław Leszczyński</a>, a Protestant, and <a href="/wiki/Kanclerz" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanclerz">Deputy Chancellor of the Crown</a> <a href="/wiki/Hieronim_Radziejowski" title="Hieronim Radziejowski">Hieronim Radziejowski</a>, an old enemy of the Polish King who had been exiled to Sweden, encouraged Charles Gustav to claim the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Crown of the Kingdom of Poland">Polish crown</a>. Two Lithuanian noble princes, <a href="/wiki/Janusz_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82_(1612%E2%80%931655)" title="Janusz Radziwiłł (1612–1655)">Janusz Radziwiłł</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bogus%C5%82aw_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82" title="Bogusław Radziwiłł">Bogusław Radziwiłł</a>, introduced dissension into the Commonwealth and began <a href="/wiki/Negotiation" title="Negotiation">negotiations</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Swedish king</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_Gustav_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles X Gustav of Sweden">Charles X Gustav of Sweden</a> aimed at breaking up the Commonwealth and the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_union" title="Polish–Lithuanian union">Polish–Lithuanian union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_K%C4%97dainiai" title="Treaty of Kėdainiai">Treaty of Kėdainiai</a> (1655), which envisaged the Radziwiłł princes ruling over two duchies carved out from the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a> under <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Lithuania" title="Swedish Lithuania">Swedish protection</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1655">1655</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deluge_(history)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1655"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siege_of_Clari_Montis_(Jasna_G%C3%B3ra)_in_1655.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Siege_of_Clari_Montis_%28Jasna_G%C3%B3ra%29_in_1655.png/260px-Siege_of_Clari_Montis_%28Jasna_G%C3%B3ra%29_in_1655.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Siege_of_Clari_Montis_%28Jasna_G%C3%B3ra%29_in_1655.png/390px-Siege_of_Clari_Montis_%28Jasna_G%C3%B3ra%29_in_1655.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Siege_of_Clari_Montis_%28Jasna_G%C3%B3ra%29_in_1655.png/520px-Siege_of_Clari_Montis_%28Jasna_G%C3%B3ra%29_in_1655.png 2x" data-file-width="1768" data-file-height="1504" /></a><figcaption>Nineteenth-century reimagining of the 1655 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jasna_G%C3%B3ra" title="Siege of Jasna Góra">Siege of Jasna Góra</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In July 1655 two Swedish armies, operating from <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Pomerania" title="Swedish Pomerania">Swedish Pomerania</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1653%E2%80%931815)" title="Province of Pomerania (1653–1815)">Province of Pomerania</a>, entered <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland" title="Greater Poland">Greater Poland</a>, one of the richest and most developed provinces of the Commonwealth, which had for centuries been unaffected by any military conflicts, and whose <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Pospolite_ruszenie" title="Pospolite ruszenie">levée en masse</a></i></span> had not been used to fighting. Greater Poland's noble camp, located in the valley of the <a href="/wiki/Note%C4%87" title="Noteć">Noteć</a> river, near the town of <a href="/wiki/Uj%C5%9Bcie" title="Ujście">Ujście</a>, looked more like a large party, as the <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta">szlachta</a></i></span>, gathered there to face the Swedish Army, was more interested in drinking. To make matters worse, two powerful magnates, the <a href="/wiki/Voivode" title="Voivode">Voivode</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a> <a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Opali%C5%84ski" title="Krzysztof Opaliński">Krzysztof Opaliński</a>, and the Voivode of <a href="/wiki/Kalisz" title="Kalisz">Kalisz</a>, Andrzej Karol Grudziński, argued with each other whether to fight or to give up. Polish troops lacked gunpowder, cannons, and even food, which was stolen at local villages by hungry soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-historiapolski.eu_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historiapolski.eu-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After an easy Swedish victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uj%C5%9Bcie" title="Battle of Ujście">Battle of Ujście</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Opali%C5%84ski" title="Krzysztof Opaliński">Krzysztof Opaliński</a> surrendered Greater Poland to <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_Gustav_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles X Gustav of Sweden">Charles Gustav</a>. On July 31, 1655, the army commanded by <a href="/wiki/Arvid_Wittenberg" title="Arvid Wittenberg">Arvid Wittenberg</a> captured <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>, and on August 20 near <a href="/wiki/Konin" title="Konin">Konin</a>, the armies of Wittenberg and Charles Gustav joined forces, and headed for Warsaw. On September 2, the Poles lost the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sobota" title="Battle of Sobota">Battle of Sobota</a>, and on September 4, the Swedes captured <a href="/wiki/%C5%81owicz" title="Łowicz">Łowicz</a>. Four days later, the Swedish army entered the Polish capital, becoming the first foreign army in history to capture Warsaw.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King Charles Gustav left a garrison in Warsaw, under <a href="/wiki/Bengt_Gabrielsson_Oxenstierna" title="Bengt Gabrielsson Oxenstierna">Bengt Gabrielsson Oxenstierna</a>, and headed southwards, in pursuit of John Casimir. On September 16, the Swedes defeated Polish troops in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%BBarn%C3%B3w" title="Battle of Żarnów">Battle of Żarnów</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pospolite_ruszenie" title="Pospolite ruszenie">Polish forces</a> gave up resistance and surrendered to the invaders. The Polish king headed towards Kraków on September 25, and then fled to the <a href="/wiki/G%C5%82og%C3%B3wek" title="Głogówek">Głogówek</a> castle near <a href="/wiki/Prudnik" title="Prudnik">Prudnik</a> in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesia" title="Upper Silesia">Upper Silesia</a>. Kraków was left in the hands of <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Czarniecki" title="Stefan Czarniecki">Stefan Czarniecki</a>; on October 3 Swedish forces once again defeated the Poles in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wojnicz" title="Battle of Wojnicz">Battle of Wojnicz</a>, which opened the road to Kraków. The ancient capital of Poland was captured <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Krak%C3%B3w_(1655)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Kraków (1655)">after a siege</a>, on October 13, 1655. With the three most populated and best developed Polish provinces in his hands (Greater Poland, <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland" title="Lesser Poland">Lesser Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mazovia" title="Mazovia">Mazovia</a>), Charles Gustav decided to head back northwards to <a href="/wiki/Royal_Prussia" title="Royal Prussia">Royal Prussia</a>, which was defended by the <a href="/wiki/Malbork_Voivodeship" title="Malbork Voivodeship">Voivode of Malbork</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jakub_Wejher" title="Jakub Wejher">Jakub Wejher</a>. The Swedes, who were generally superior in training, discipline, and equipment, advanced rapidly.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, in the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a>, whose eastern part had been occupied by another Swedish army under <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Gabriel_De_la_Gardie" title="Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie">Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie</a> since August 1655, Janusz Radziwiłł and his cousin Bogusław Radziwiłł signed the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_K%C4%97dainiai" title="Union of Kėdainiai">Union of Kėdainiai</a> (October 20, 1655), which ended Lithuania's union with Poland. The decision of the Radziwiłłs was the result of the 1654 Russian invasion, as Janusz Radziwiłł accused the Poles of not helping the Lithuanians with the defence of the Grand Duchy. The Russian capture of <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a> (August 9, 1655) and the subsequent slaughter of its residents convinced the Lithuanian nobility that Swedish protection was the best solution.<sup id="cite_ref-historiapolski.eu_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historiapolski.eu-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The situation of the Commonwealth was desperate, but hope appeared with the <a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Vilna" title="Truce of Vilna">Truce of Vilna</a> (November 3), in which Poland and the Tsardom of Russia formed an anti-Swedish alliance. With Russian forces attacking Sweden in <a href="/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia">Livonia</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1656%E2%80%931658)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1656–1658)">Russo-Swedish War (1656–1658)</a>), Poland finally had time to recoup and gather fresh forces. On October 12, 1655, with permission from King John Casimir, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William,_Elector_of_Brandenburg" title="Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg">Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rinsk" title="Treaty of Rinsk">Treaty of Rinsk</a>, in which the Royal Prussian nobility agreed to allow Brandenburgian garrisons in their province to defend it against the Swedish invasion (the treaty did not include the cities of <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elbl%C4%85g" title="Elbląg">Elbląg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Toruń</a>). In November and December 1655 the Swedish army under <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Otto_Stenbock" title="Gustaf Otto Stenbock">Gustaf Otto Stenbock</a> captured all the towns of Royal Prussia except for Gdańsk, <a href="/wiki/Puck,_Poland" title="Puck, Poland">Puck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malbork" title="Malbork">Malbork</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1697_Pufendorf_View_of_Krakow_(Cracow),_Poland_-_Geographicus_-_Krakow-pufendorf-1655.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/1697_Pufendorf_View_of_Krakow_%28Cracow%29%2C_Poland_-_Geographicus_-_Krakow-pufendorf-1655.jpg/260px-1697_Pufendorf_View_of_Krakow_%28Cracow%29%2C_Poland_-_Geographicus_-_Krakow-pufendorf-1655.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/1697_Pufendorf_View_of_Krakow_%28Cracow%29%2C_Poland_-_Geographicus_-_Krakow-pufendorf-1655.jpg/390px-1697_Pufendorf_View_of_Krakow_%28Cracow%29%2C_Poland_-_Geographicus_-_Krakow-pufendorf-1655.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/1697_Pufendorf_View_of_Krakow_%28Cracow%29%2C_Poland_-_Geographicus_-_Krakow-pufendorf-1655.jpg/520px-1697_Pufendorf_View_of_Krakow_%28Cracow%29%2C_Poland_-_Geographicus_-_Krakow-pufendorf-1655.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3299" /></a><figcaption>Swedish <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Siege of Kraków">Siege of Kraków</a> in 1655</figcaption></figure> <p>To prevent John Casimir's return to Poland, Swedish units protected the border with Silesia. On November 18, 1655, the Swedes besieged the monastery at <a href="/wiki/Jasna_G%C3%B3ra_Monastery" title="Jasna Góra Monastery">Jasna Góra</a>, located in Lesser Poland, near the border. Led by the <a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">Grand Prior</a> <a href="/wiki/Augustyn_Kordecki" title="Augustyn Kordecki">Augustyn Kordecki</a>, the garrison of this symbolic sanctuary-fortress of Poland held off its enemies in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jasna_G%C3%B3ra" title="Siege of Jasna Góra">Siege of Jasna Góra</a>. The defense of Jasna Góra galvanized Polish resistance against the Swedes. The news of the siege spread across the nation, and in several areas guerrilla units were created, outraged at the Swedes' attempt to seize the monastery. On December 7, 1655, the unit of Colonel Gabriel Wojniłłowicz defeated the Swedes and their Polish collaborators near <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krosno" title="Battle of Krosno">Krosno</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 13, Polish troops under Wojniłłowicz recaptured <a href="/wiki/Nowy_S%C4%85cz" title="Nowy Sącz">Nowy Sącz</a>, and soon afterwards Sweden lost <a href="/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a" title="Bielsko-Biała">Biała</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dukla" title="Dukla">Dukla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biecz" title="Biecz">Biecz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wieliczka" title="Wieliczka">Wieliczka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim" title="Oświęcim">Oświęcim</a>. By late 1655, the situation in southern Lesser Poland had deteriorated to such an extent for the invaders that on December 27 they decided to lift the siege of Jasna Góra. On December 16, 1655, in <a href="/wiki/Sokal" title="Sokal">Sokal</a>, Polish Crown <a href="/wiki/Hetman" title="Hetman">hetmans</a> urged the nation to fight the Swedish armies. Two days later, King John Casimir left the <a href="/wiki/G%C5%82og%C3%B3wek" title="Głogówek">Głogówek</a> in Silesia, and via <a href="/wiki/Racib%C3%B3rz" title="Racibórz">Racibórz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cieszyn" title="Cieszyn">Cieszyn</a>, returned to Poland, arriving at <a href="/wiki/Star%C3%A1_%C4%BDubov%C5%88a" title="Stará Ľubovňa">Lubowla</a> on December 27. Two days later, the <a href="/wiki/Tyszowce_Confederation" title="Tyszowce Confederation">Tyszowce Confederation</a> was formed in support of the Polish king. John Casimir himself met with hetmans <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Rewera_Potocki" title="Stanisław Rewera Potocki">Stanisław Rewera Potocki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Sebastian_Lubomirski" title="Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski">Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Lanckoro%C5%84ski_(hetman)" title="Stanisław Lanckoroński (hetman)">Stanisław Lanckoroński</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Czarniecki" title="Stefan Czarniecki">Stefan Czarniecki</a> in Krosno, on December 31, 1655. The meeting was also attended by Primate <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Leszczy%C5%84ski_(1608%E2%80%931658)" title="Andrzej Leszczyński (1608–1658)">Andrzej Leszczyński</a>, and eight <a href="/wiki/Voivode" title="Voivode">voivodes</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1656">1656</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deluge_(history)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1656"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While in Krosno, the Polish king found out about the end of the siege of Jasna Góra, and about the death of Janusz Radziwiłł. On January 12, 1656, John Casimir left Krosno, and after three days, arrived at <a href="/wiki/%C5%81a%C5%84cut_Castle" title="Łańcut Castle">Łańcut Castle</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Lubomirski_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Lubomirski family">Lubomirski family</a>. On February 10, the king came to <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Lwów">Lwów</a>, which, together with Gdańsk, was one of only two major cities of the Commonwealth not seized by any of Poland's enemies. Soon Polish Army units began to concentrate in the area of Lwów, including <a href="/wiki/Pospolite_ruszenie" title="Pospolite ruszenie">militias</a> from <a href="/wiki/Red_Ruthenia" title="Red Ruthenia">Red Ruthenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volhynia" title="Volhynia">Volhynia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a>, as well as forces under Potocki and Prince Lubomirski, together with the garrison of <a href="/wiki/Kamieniec_Podolski" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamieniec Podolski">Kamieniec Podolski</a> fortress. Charles Gustav, after finding out about the return of the Polish king, ordered his armies to concentrate in Łowicz. On February 8, 1656, the Swedes defeated Czarniecki in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Go%C5%82%C4%85b" title="Battle of Gołąb">Battle of Gołąb</a>, and continued their march towards Lwów, reaching the <a href="/wiki/Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87_Fortress" title="Zamość Fortress">Zamość Fortress</a> on February 25. On March 1, realizing that without heavy guns it was impossible to capture the mighty stronghold, the Swedish army gave up the siege, and headed towards <a href="/wiki/Be%C5%82%C5%BCec,_Lublin_Voivodeship" class="mw-redirect" title="Bełżec, Lublin Voivodeship">Bełżec</a>. On March 3, Charles Gustav, whose units were harassed by Polish guerilla forces, decided to retreat.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, guerilla warfare also broke out in Mazovia and Greater Poland, and Lithuanian units under the Grand Hetman of Lithuania <a href="/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Jan_Sapieha" title="Paweł Jan Sapieha">Paweł Jan Sapieha</a> began moving towards Red Ruthenia. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sluby_Jana_Kazimierza_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Vow of John Casimir by Jan Matejko" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sluby_Jana_Kazimierza_2.jpg/260px-Sluby_Jana_Kazimierza_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sluby_Jana_Kazimierza_2.jpg/390px-Sluby_Jana_Kazimierza_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sluby_Jana_Kazimierza_2.jpg/520px-Sluby_Jana_Kazimierza_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption><i>The Vow of John Casimir</i> by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Matejko" title="Jan Matejko">Jan Matejko</a> (1838–1893) shows the Polish king in <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lwów</a> in 1655, pledging to drive out the Swedes.</figcaption></figure> <p>On March 11, the Swedish army arrived at <a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw" title="Jarosław">Jarosław</a>, fighting its way across the <a href="/wiki/San_(river)" title="San (river)">San</a> river. Charles Gustav sent some of his forces to capture <a href="/wiki/Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Przemyśl">Przemyśl</a>, but on March 16 they returned to Jarosław without success. On March 22, the Swedish army set off northwards, along the San and Vistula rivers, back to Warsaw.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were followed by units of Stefan Czarniecki and Aleksander Koniecpolski, and during the retreat, Polish troops supporting the invaders changed sides, joining the forces of John Casimir. On March 30, the starving, cold and tired Swedish army of 5,000 stopped near <a href="/wiki/Sandomierz" title="Sandomierz">Sandomierz</a>, which was already in Polish hands. The Swedes camped among the forests of <a href="/wiki/Sandomierz_Forest" title="Sandomierz Forest">Sandomierz Forest</a> near <a href="/wiki/Gorzyce,_Tarnobrzeg_County" title="Gorzyce, Tarnobrzeg County">Gorzyce</a>, where they were quickly surrounded by approximately 23,000 Poles and Lithuanians. To help the besieged army, on March 27 <a href="/wiki/Frederick_VI,_Margrave_of_Baden-Durlach" title="Frederick VI, Margrave of Baden-Durlach">Frederick VI</a> left Warsaw with 2,500 <a href="/wiki/Reiter" title="Reiter">reiters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dragoon" title="Dragoon">dragoons</a>, so John Casimir ordered the mounted units of Czarnecki and Lubomirski to face the margrave. Frederick's army was defeated on April 7 in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Warka" title="Battle of Warka">Battle of Warka</a>. At Gorzyce, however, second-quality Polish forces remained, and the Swedish king managed to break out (April 5), and on April 13, Charles Gustav reached Warsaw. Meanwhile, the Polish king made the <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Oath" title="Lwów Oath">Lwów Oath</a> (April 1), in which he entrusted the Commonwealth to the Blessed Virgin Mary's protection, and declared her 'The Queen of the Polish Crown'. </p><p>After the Battle of Warka, Czarniecki and Lubomirski decided to head towards Greater Poland and <a href="/wiki/Kujawy" class="mw-redirect" title="Kujawy">Kujawy</a>, to support guerrilla forces active there. By April 9, Polish troops reached Royal Prussia, capturing <a href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz" title="Bydgoszcz">Bydgoszcz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nak%C5%82o" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakło">Nakło</a> (April 19). The Polish attempt to capture <a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Toruń</a>, on April 17, was a failure. After a short rest, Stefan Czarniecki considered a raid of <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Pomerania" title="Swedish Pomerania">Swedish Pomerania</a>, but other Polish leaders opposed this idea.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles Gustav decided to prevent the Poles from taking control of the northern districts of the country, and departed Warsaw with an army of 10,000 (April 17). On April 21, the Lithuanians under Sapieha freed Lublin, and on April 23, the Lithuanian army reached <a href="/wiki/Praga" title="Praga">Praga</a>, which today is a right-bank district of Warsaw. The forces of Czarniecki and Lubomirski joined other troops near <a href="/wiki/Pi%C5%82a" title="Piła">Piła</a>, but on May 7 they were defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C5%82ecko" title="Battle of Kłecko">Battle of Kłecko</a>, despite their numerical superiority. After the battle, the surviving Polish units regrouped near <a href="/wiki/Gniezno" title="Gniezno">Gniezno</a>, and in late May, they headed for Warsaw, to help the Lithuanians in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Warsaw_(1656)" title="Siege of Warsaw (1656)">siege</a> of the Polish capital (April 24 – July 1). Warsaw was being defended by <a href="/wiki/Arvid_Wittenberg" title="Arvid Wittenberg">Arvid Wittenberg</a> with 2,000 soldiers, as the main Swedish army was busy besieging Gdańsk. Wittenberg capitulated on July 1, 1656. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Warsaw_1656_second_day.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Battle_of_Warsaw_1656_second_day.png/260px-Battle_of_Warsaw_1656_second_day.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Battle_of_Warsaw_1656_second_day.png/390px-Battle_of_Warsaw_1656_second_day.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Battle_of_Warsaw_1656_second_day.png/520px-Battle_of_Warsaw_1656_second_day.png 2x" data-file-width="3430" data-file-height="1850" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Warsaw_(1656)" title="Battle of Warsaw (1656)">Battle of Warsaw</a> in 1656</figcaption></figure> <p>Already in late 1655, Charles Gustav realized that it would be impossible for him to control the Commonwealth. The Swedish king decided to find allies, who would help him to divide Poland-Lithuania. On June 29, 1656, he signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Marienburg" title="Treaty of Marienburg">Treaty of Marienburg</a>, in which he offered <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William,_Elector_of_Brandenburg" title="Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg">Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg</a> a reward for fighting on his side. <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg-Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburg-Prussia">Brandenburg-Prussia</a> was promised sovereignty in four voivodeships – Poznań, Kalisz, Łęczyca, and Sieradz. On July 28, a reinforced Swedish–Brandenburgian army, under Charles Gustav, set out for Warsaw. Even though the allied army was smaller, it still managed to defeat the Poles and Lithuanians in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Warsaw_(1656)" title="Battle of Warsaw (1656)">Battle of Warsaw</a> (July 28–30), and to recapture Warsaw. This victory, however, achieved little, as the Poles retreated behind the <a href="/wiki/Wieprz" title="Wieprz">Wieprz</a>, where they regrouped, and were soon ready to continue fighting. Finally, Charles Gustav decided to abandon Warsaw, and retreat to Royal Prussia. To punish Brandenburg-Prussia, Commonwealth forces decided to invade the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Duchy of Prussia</a>. In early October 1656, an army of 11,000 under <a href="/wiki/Wincenty_Korwin_Gosiewski" title="Wincenty Korwin Gosiewski">Wincenty Korwin Gosiewski</a> entered Prussia, supported by 2,000 <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Tatars</a>. On October 8, Gosiewski's army won the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prostken" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Prostken">Battle of Prostken</a> (October 8), but after the Tatars decided to return to the Crimea, the Polish–Lithuanian army was defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Filip%C3%B3w" title="Battle of Filipów">Battle of Filipów</a> (October 22). In November 1656, Greater Poland's troops invaded the Brandenburger province of <a href="/wiki/Neumark" title="Neumark">Neumark</a>, which resulted in withdrawal of Brandenburger forces from most of Greater Poland. Charles Gustav, knowing that he needed the support of the Elector, agreed to sign the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Labiau" title="Treaty of Labiau">Treaty of Labiau</a> (November 20), which granted full sovereignty to the Prussian ruler, in exchange for his complete military support of Sweden in the ongoing war. The Commonwealth, on the other hand, had already been negotiating with the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a>. On December 1, 1656, the first <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Vienna_(1656)" title="Treaty of Vienna (1656)">Treaty of Vienna</a> was signed, which was followed by a second <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Vienna_(1657)" title="Treaty of Vienna (1657)">Treaty of Vienna</a>, in which Emperor <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold I</a> promised to aid John Casimir with 12,000 troops against the Swedish-Brandenburgian alliance. By late 1656, Swedish troops had been pushed out of most of the Commonwealth. They only held the right-bank half of Royal Prussia, northern Mazovia, Łowicz, Kraków, and <a href="/wiki/Tykocin" title="Tykocin">Tykocin</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1657">1657</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deluge_(history)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1657"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1653, the Transylvanian Hungarian ruler <a href="/wiki/George_II_R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi" title="George II Rákóczi">George II Rákóczi</a> signed an alliance with Poland,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (November 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and the relations between the Commonwealth and Transylvania were friendly. George had even been offered the Polish crown, on condition that he convert to Catholicism.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stunning Swedish successes, however, made Rákóczi change his mind. On May 18, 1656, Charles X Gustav, in a letter sent from Malbork, offered the Hungarian prince Red Ruthenia, in exchange for military support against the Commonwealth. Meanwhile, Rákóczi had already been negotiating with Bohdan Khmelnytsky, and on September 7, 1656, Transylvania and the <a href="/wiki/Zaporizhian_Sich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaporizhian Sich">Zaporizhian Sich</a> signed a peace treaty, which obliged both sides to help each other in war. On December 8, 1656, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Radnot" title="Treaty of Radnot">Treaty of Radnot</a> was signed, which divided Poland-Lithuania among Charles X Gustav, Bogusław Radziwiłł, Elector Frederick William, Bohdan Khmelnytsky, and George II Rákóczi. In late January 1657, the Transylvanian army of 25,000 crossed the <a href="/wiki/Carpathians" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathians">Carpathians</a>, heading towards <a href="/wiki/Medyka" title="Medyka">Medyka</a>, where 10,000 Cossack allies awaited them. To face the new invader, the army of hetman Stanisław Rewera Potocki rushed southwards. At the same time (January 2), in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chojnice_(1656)" title="Battle of Chojnice (1656)">Battle of Chojnice</a>, the Swedes defeated the Poles. On February 26, Stefan Czarniecki and King John Casimir met in <a href="/wiki/Kalisz" title="Kalisz">Kalisz</a>, where they decided to prevent the Swedish and Transylvanian armies from meeting. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biera%C5%9Bcie_Lito%C5%ADskaje._%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_(E._Dahlbergh,_1657)_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Biera%C5%9Bcie_Lito%C5%ADskaje._%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%28E._Dahlbergh%2C_1657%29_%282%29.jpg/260px-Biera%C5%9Bcie_Lito%C5%ADskaje._%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%28E._Dahlbergh%2C_1657%29_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Biera%C5%9Bcie_Lito%C5%ADskaje._%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%28E._Dahlbergh%2C_1657%29_%282%29.jpg/390px-Biera%C5%9Bcie_Lito%C5%ADskaje._%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%28E._Dahlbergh%2C_1657%29_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Biera%C5%9Bcie_Lito%C5%ADskaje._%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%28E._Dahlbergh%2C_1657%29_%282%29.jpg/520px-Biera%C5%9Bcie_Lito%C5%ADskaje._%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%28E._Dahlbergh%2C_1657%29_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2044" data-file-height="1133" /></a><figcaption>Transylvanian–Swedish Siege of <a href="/wiki/Brest,_Belarus" title="Brest, Belarus">Brest</a> in 1657, painted by <a href="/wiki/Erik_Dahlbergh" title="Erik Dahlbergh">E. Dahlbergh</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After joining the Cossacks, Rákóczi decided not to attack Lwów, but set off towards Kraków, where the situation of the Swedish garrison under <a href="/wiki/Paul_Wirtz_(Swedish_Pomerania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Wirtz (Swedish Pomerania)">Wirtz</a> was desperate. On March 21, Rákóczi captured <a href="/wiki/Tarn%C3%B3w" title="Tarnów">Tarnów</a>, and on March 28, he reached Kraków. Along the way to the ancient Polish capital, the Transylvanian-Cossack army burned and looted towns and villages, murdering thousands. Since his army was too busy looting <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland" title="Lesser Poland">Lesser Poland</a>, only 5,000 soldiers reached Kraków, which by the Treaty of Radnot, was to be ruled by Transylvania. After leaving 2,500 soldiers to help the Swedish garrison of Kraków, Rákóczi's army headed northwards, along the <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a>. On April 12, 1657, the Transylvanian-Cossack army met with Swedish forces under Charles X Gustav, at <a href="/wiki/%C4%86miel%C3%B3w" title="Ćmielów">Ćmielów</a>. The joined forces began to follow the Polish Crown army under Stanisław Potocki, and the Lithuanian army under Paweł Sapieha, to force a decisive battle. On April 29, the Polish and Lithuanian armies joined forces at <a href="/wiki/%C5%81osice" title="Łosice">Łosice</a>, and in early May 1657, the Poles decided to organize a revenge raid on Transylvania, under <a href="/wiki/Hetman" title="Hetman">hetman</a> Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski. On May 13, Rákóczi and Charles X Gustav seized the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Brest_Litovsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Brest Litovsk">Brześć Litewski</a>, and on May 17, after a three-day siege, the Swedes, Cossacks, and Transylvanians captured Warsaw. Soon afterwards, however, the <a href="/wiki/Dano-Swedish_War_(1657%E2%80%9358)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dano-Swedish War (1657–58)">Dano-Swedish War</a> began, and Charles X Gustav left Poland with most of his troops. The remaining Swedish army was commanded by <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Otto_Stenbock" title="Gustaf Otto Stenbock">Gustaf Otto Stenbock</a>. The Swedish withdrawal made Rákóczi uneasy, as he was well aware of the poor quality of his soldiers. On July 7–8, 1656, at Łańcut Castle, King John Casimir and his hetmans agreed that Stefan Czarniecki would follow Rákóczi and the Cossacks, while Lubomirski's and Potocki's divisions together with Crimean Tatars. </p><p>The Ottomans were offended that George II Rakoczi, who was officially their vassal, did not ask their approval to attack Poland and did not want to open another war (in that time they tried to attack Venice through Dalmatia) but when he ignored them they ordered the Crimean Tatars to help the Polish troops and punish Rakoczi. They already replaced Rakoczi's vassal voivodes from Moldavia and Wallachia.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 20, 1657, Stenbock was ordered by Charles X Gustav to abandon Rákóczi and head with his army to <a href="/wiki/Stettin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stettin">Stettin</a>. To save his skin, the ruler of Transylvania began a quick retreat southwards, towards the Carpathians. On July 11, Stefan Czarniecki's division defeated Rákóczi at Magierów near Lwów, and on July 20, the Transylvanian-Cossack army was destroyed in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Czarny_Ostr%C3%B3w" title="Battle of Czarny Ostrów">Battle of Czarny Ostrów</a> in <a href="/wiki/Podolia" title="Podolia">Podolia</a>. Three days later, Rákóczi signed a peace treaty with the Commonwealth, in which he promised to break the alliance with Sweden, withdraw his troops from Kraków and Brześć Litewski, and pay for the damage inflicted by his army. On July 26, remnants of the Transylvanian army were surrounded by the Tatars near <a href="/wiki/Skalat" title="Skalat">Skałat</a>. Rákóczi himself managed to flee, and the army was temporarily commanded by <a href="/wiki/John_Kem%C3%A9ny_(prince)" title="John Kemény (prince)">John Kemény</a>, who himself was captured by the Tatars. After six months of fighting in Poland, Rákóczi's army of 25,000 ceased to exist, with all survivors taken prisoner by the Tatars. </p><p>On August 30, the Swedish garrison left Kraków, and throughout August and September 1657, all Swedish troops in Poland moved northwards, to <a href="/wiki/Royal_Prussia" title="Royal Prussia">Royal Prussia</a>. Altogether, by autumn of that year, only some 8,000 Swedish soldiers remained in Poland–Lithuania. The Swedes still kept some Prussian cities, as Malbork, Elbląg, <a href="/wiki/Sztum" title="Sztum">Sztum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brodnica" title="Brodnica">Brodnica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grudzi%C4%85dz" title="Grudziądz">Grudziądz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Toruń</a>. On September 11, an Austrian army of 11,000, allied with Poland, concentrated near Kraków and set off to <a href="/wiki/P%C5%82ock" title="Płock">Płock</a>, where it spent the winter. Polish army commanders and King John Casimir, gathered in Poznań on November 26, decided to delay the attack on Swedish forces in Royal Prussia until spring 1658. On November 6, 1657, Poland and Brandenburg–Prussia signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bromberg" title="Treaty of Bromberg">Treaty of Bromberg</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ducal_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ducal Prussia">Ducal Prussia</a>, which had previously allied itself with Sweden and attacked Poland, changed sides and guaranteed military support of the Commonwealth, in return for sovereignty (it had been a <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fief</a> of Poland since 1466). This treaty is regarded by historian Józef Włodarski as one of the worst mistakes in Polish history.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1658–1660"><span id="1658.E2.80.931660"></span>1658–1660</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deluge_(history)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1658–1660"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siege_of_Torun_1658.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Siege_of_Torun_1658.jpg/260px-Siege_of_Torun_1658.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Siege_of_Torun_1658.jpg/390px-Siege_of_Torun_1658.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Siege_of_Torun_1658.jpg/520px-Siege_of_Torun_1658.jpg 2x" data-file-width="707" data-file-height="315" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Toru%C5%84_(1658)" title="Siege of Toruń (1658)">Siege of Toruń</a> in 1658</figcaption></figure> <p>In the spring of 1658, the Polish army, together with its Austrian allies under <a href="/wiki/Raimondo_Montecuccoli" title="Raimondo Montecuccoli">Raimondo Montecuccoli</a>, began a campaign in Royal Prussia, where several key towns and cities were still in Swedish hands. On July 1, the siege of Toruń began. The heavily fortified city was defended by 2400 soldiers under Barthod Hartwig von Bülow. The Polish troops included the divisions of <a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Grodzicki" title="Krzysztof Grodzicki">Krzysztof Grodzicki</a>, Jan Sapieha and Stefan Czarniecki. Furthermore, they were provided support by the Brandenburgian-Prussian army of <a href="/wiki/Bogus%C5%82aw_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82" title="Bogusław Radziwiłł">Bogusław Radziwiłł</a>, which after the Treaty of Bromberg changed sides. Altogether, almost 25,000 soldiers besieged Toruń. After a prolonged artillery bombardment, the main attack took place in the night of November 16–17, and on December 30 Toruń capitulated. Meanwhile, Stefan Czarniecki's division headed to <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a>, to help the Danes in the <a href="/wiki/Dano-Swedish_War_(1657%E2%80%9358)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dano-Swedish War (1657–58)">Dano-Swedish War</a>. In October 1658, the Polish army of 4500 reached <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, and in December 1658, with the help of Polish troops, the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Kolding" title="Kolding">Kolding</a> was captured (see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kolding_(1658)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Kolding (1658)">Battle of Kolding</a>). </p><p>On July 1, 1658, the <a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Sejm</a> ordered the expulsion of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Brethren" title="Polish Brethren">Polish Brethren</a>, who were accused of collaborating with the Swedish invaders. </p><p>In 1659, the Swedish army still remaining in Poland under <a href="/wiki/Lorens_von_der_Linde" title="Lorens von der Linde">Lorens von der Linde</a> was withdrawn to major Royal Prussian fortresses – Malbork, Głowa Gdańska, <a href="/wiki/Grudzi%C4%85dz" title="Grudziądz">Grudziądz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elbl%C4%85g" title="Elbląg">Elbląg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brodnica" title="Brodnica">Brodnica</a>. In August 1659, the Polish army captured Głowa and Grudziądz, and soon afterwards, the starving Swedish garrison at Brodnica surrendered. The siege of Malbork was continued, and Polish – Brandenburgian troops blocked Elbląg. In December 1659, the siege of Elbląg began. Meanwhile, in late 1658, the Polish–Russian truce ended when Russian forces under <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Andreyevich_Khovansky_(Tararui)" title="Ivan Andreyevich Khovansky (Tararui)">Ivan Andreyevich Khovansky (Tararui)</a> and Jurij Aleksiejewicz Dołgorukow again attacked the Polish – Lithuanian units (see <a href="/wiki/Russo-Polish_War_(1654%E2%80%931667)" title="Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)">Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)</a>). The Russians managed to capture large parts of the Commonwealth, but were later defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Konotop_(1659)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Konotop (1659)">Battle of Konotop</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Polonka" title="Battle of Polonka">Battle of Polonka</a>. </p><p>On May 3, 1660, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Oliva" title="Treaty of Oliva">Treaty of Oliva</a> was signed, which ended the Polish–Swedish War. After the conclusion of the conflict, Poland–Lithuania initiated a large offensive against the Russians, who were beaten in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chudnov" title="Battle of Chudnov">Battle of Chudnov</a>. In 1661, <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a> was recaptured (December 2), and in 1663–64, Polish forces invaded <a href="/wiki/Left-bank_Ukraine" title="Left-bank Ukraine">Left-bank Ukraine</a>. The war with Russia ended with the <a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Andrusovo" title="Truce of Andrusovo">Truce of Andrusovo</a> (January 30, 1667). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_conflicts">Other conflicts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deluge_(history)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other conflicts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Deluge was the climax of a series of wars that took place in Poland–Lithuania in the mid-17th century. The Commonwealth was first affected by the <a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising">Khmelnytsky Uprising</a>, which began in 1648, and affected southeastern provinces of the country. In the final stages of the uprising, the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Polish_War_(1654%E2%80%931667)" title="Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)">Russians invaded Poland–Lithuania</a> in 1654, reaching as far west as the <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a> river near <a href="/wiki/Pu%C5%82awy" title="Puławy">Puławy</a>. The Commonwealth also fought forces from <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg-Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburg-Prussia">Brandenburg-Prussia</a>, but the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Duchy of Prussia</a> gained formal Polish recognition of its independence outside of the Polish state (<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wehlau" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Wehlau">Treaty of Wehlau</a>, 1657). The <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nogai_Horde" title="Nogai Horde">Nogai Horde</a> conducted <a href="/wiki/Tatar_slave_raids_in_East_Slavic_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatar slave raids in East Slavic lands">almost annual slave raids</a> in the territories controlled by the Commonwealth.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In all these other invasions, only the Russian invaders caused the most similar damages to the Swedes, due to Russian raids, destructions and rapid incursion which crippled Polish industries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>With the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hadiach" title="Treaty of Hadiach">Treaty of Hadiach</a> on September 16, 1658, the Polish Crown sought to elevate the <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Ruthenians</a> to a position equal to that of Poland and Lithuania in the Polish–Lithuanian Union, and in fact transform the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth into a <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian%E2%80%93Ruthenian_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth</a> (Polish: <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Rzeczpospolita Trojga Narodów</i></span>, "Commonwealth of Three Nations"). Supported by Cossack <a href="/wiki/Hetman" title="Hetman">Hetman</a> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Vyhovsky" title="Ivan Vyhovsky">Ivan Vyhovsky</a> and the <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/Starshina" title="Starshina">starshyna</a></i></span>, the treaty aimed to change the face of Eastern Europe. However, its terms never came into full operation: in addition to the unpopularity of continued integration with the Commonwealth with the majority of the Cossacks, Russia refused to recognize Hadiach, and maintained its claims to <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>. The Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) ended with the <a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Andrusovo" title="Truce of Andrusovo">Treaty of Andrusovo</a> of January 13, 1667. (Poland-Lithuania profited from <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Turkish</a> participation in the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1676%E2%80%931681)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)">Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)</a> due to Ottoman links with the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimea</a>.) The peace settlement gave Russia control over the so-called <a href="/wiki/Left-bank_Ukraine" title="Left-bank Ukraine">Left-bank Ukraine</a> (left of the river <a href="/wiki/Dnieper_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Dnieper River">Dnieper</a>), with the Commonwealth retaining <a href="/wiki/Right-bank_Ukraine" title="Right-bank Ukraine">Right-bank Ukraine</a> (right of the Dnieper). While initially the agreement stipulated that Russia would return Left-bank Ukraine to the Commonwealth in twenty years, the division became permanent with the <a href="/wiki/Eternal_Peace_Treaty_of_1686" class="mw-redirect" title="Eternal Peace Treaty of 1686">Eternal Peace Treaty of 1686</a>. </p><p>The Deluge brought to an end the era of religious tolerance in the Commonwealth: mostly non-Catholic invaders antagonized Catholic (including Uniate) population. The expulsion of the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Polish_Brethren" title="Polish Brethren">Polish Brethren</a> from Poland in 1658 exemplified the increasing intolerance. During the Deluge, many thousands of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Polish Jews</a> also fell victim to violence carried out by the Zaporozhian Cossacks<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Polish-Lithuanian forces.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outcome">Outcome</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deluge_(history)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Outcome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Oliva" title="Treaty of Oliva">Treaty of Oliva</a> signed in 1660 meant that: Poland gave up most of Livonia with Riga, retaining only part of it (Latgale – the south-eastern part of Livonia) which was in Russian hands at the time, until the Armistice of Andrusov in 1667. King <a href="/wiki/John_II_Casimir_Vasa" title="John II Casimir Vasa">John II Casimir Vasa</a> renounced his right to claim the Swedish throne for himself and those who succeeded him. He did, however, retain the title of King of Sweden for the rest of his life. Sweden had pledged to uphold freedom of trade in the Baltic.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The evaluation of the outcome of the Deluge is disputed. Historians like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Fredholm_von_Essen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Fredholm von Essen (page does not exist)">Michael Fredholm von Essen</a> state that the Deluge "did not end in a Swedish defeat" and "did not end in a Polish victory".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some claim that Sweden won the war.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, other historians claim that Sweden lost the war.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other historians also claim that the war ended favourably for Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With other historians claiming the war to have ended favourably for the Commonwealth or unfavourably for Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Destruction_of_the_Commonwealth">Destruction of the Commonwealth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deluge_(history)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Destruction of the Commonwealth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lemke_Skirmish_with_Polish_Tatars.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Charles X Gustav in skirmish with Polish Tatars at the battle of Warsaw, by Johan Philip Lemke (1684)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Lemke_Skirmish_with_Polish_Tatars.png/266px-Lemke_Skirmish_with_Polish_Tatars.png" decoding="async" width="266" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Lemke_Skirmish_with_Polish_Tatars.png/399px-Lemke_Skirmish_with_Polish_Tatars.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Lemke_Skirmish_with_Polish_Tatars.png/532px-Lemke_Skirmish_with_Polish_Tatars.png 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="542" /></a><figcaption><i>Charles X Gustav in skirmish with Tatars at the battle of Warsaw, July 29, 1656.</i> Johan Philip Lemke, oil on canvas, 1684. </figcaption></figure> <p>The Swedish invasion affected the richest provinces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (<a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland" title="Greater Poland">Greater Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland" title="Lesser Poland">Lesser Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mazovia" title="Mazovia">Mazovia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pomerelia" title="Pomerelia">Pomerelia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kujawy" class="mw-redirect" title="Kujawy">Kujawy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Podlasie" class="mw-redirect" title="Podlasie">Podlasie</a>), which for the most part had not been affected by major wars for 200 years. According to Professor Andrzej Rottermund, manager of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Castle,_Warsaw" title="Royal Castle, Warsaw">Royal Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, the Swedish army robbed Poland of her most precious goods – thousands of works of art, books and valuables.<sup id="cite_ref-polskieradio.pl_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-polskieradio.pl-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of these items have never been returned to Poland, and are kept both in private Swedish hands and in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> museums, such as the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Army_Museum" title="Swedish Army Museum">Swedish Army Museum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Livrustkammaren" title="Livrustkammaren">Livrustkammaren</a>. Almost all cities, towns, castles and churches in locations where Swedish troops were stationed were destroyed, and in guides to many Polish towns and cities one can find notes that read "object destroyed during Swedish invasion". From the Royal Castle in Warsaw the Swedes plundered approximately 200 paintings, a number of carpets and Turkish tents, musical instruments, furniture, Chinese porcelain, weapons, books, manuscripts, marbles, even dresses of maids and door frames pulled from walls.<sup id="cite_ref-polskieradio.pl_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-polskieradio.pl-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, the Russian invaders in the east had also destroyed and damaged much of the eastern part's infrastructure, partly due to heavy agricultural fertile developments there. </p><p>Hubert Kowalski of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warsaw" title="University of Warsaw">University of Warsaw</a> Institute of Archeology says that Swedes stole anything they could lay their hands on – windows, stairs, chimneys, sculptures, floors, doors and gates. Most goods were loaded on boats and transported along the <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> and then to Sweden. In November 2011, archaeologists of the University of Warsaw found approximately 70 items (total weight five tons), which probably come from the Warsaw Royal Castle. They sank in the Vistula while being transported to Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though Article 9 of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Oliva" title="Treaty of Oliva">Treaty of Oliva</a> stated that Sweden should return all stolen goods, all items are still kept in Stockholm and other Swedish locations. Several Polish kings (John II Casimir, <a href="/wiki/John_III_Sobieski" title="John III Sobieski">John III Sobieski</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_II_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanisław II Augustus">Stanisław II Augustus</a>) sent official missions to Sweden, but without success. In most situations, Swedish authorities claimed that they did not know where stolen goods were.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1911, Kraków's Academy of Science sent its own mission, which was made up of renowned professors Eugeniusz Barwiński, Ludwik Birkenmajer and Jan Łoś. In Stockholm and <a href="/wiki/Uppsala" title="Uppsala">Uppsala</a> they found 205 manuscripts and 168 rare Polish books, describing their foundings in a report. In 2002, the Warsaw Royal Castle organized an exhibition, "Eagle and Three Crowns", which presented many items stolen from Poland, and kept in Swedish museums. After the Deluge, the Commonwealth became a "cultural desert". Poland and Lithuania lost 67 libraries and 17 archives. Of all major cities of the country, only <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Lwów">Lwów</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a> were not destroyed, and when Swedish soldiers were unable to steal an item, they would destroy or burn it. In ruins were castles, palaces, churches, abbeys, towns and villages. As a result of the Swedish invasion, few pre-Baroque buildings remained in Poland. An estimated 3 million died.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among others, Swedish troops stole such items as: </p> <ul><li>both Polish and Lithuanian state records (<i>Metrica Regni Poloniae</i>),</li> <li>the royal library from Warsaw,</li> <li>libraries from <a href="/wiki/Ujazd%C3%B3w_Castle" title="Ujazdów Castle">Ujazdów Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Toruń</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz" title="Bydgoszcz">Bydgoszcz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malbork" title="Malbork">Malbork</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grudzi%C4%85dz" title="Grudziądz">Grudziądz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gniezno" title="Gniezno">Gniezno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw" title="Jarosław">Jarosław</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandomierz" title="Sandomierz">Sandomierz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radom" title="Radom">Radom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, also archives and libraries from most towns of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Prussia" title="Royal Prussia">Royal Prussia</a>. Most of the stolen books are kept in the University Library at Uppsala, the Royal Library at Stockholm, and private libraries of the Bielke, Oxenstierna, Rosenhahne, Wrangel and Brahe families,</li> <li>all Warsaw palaces – completely robbed were the Kazanowski Palace, the Ossoliński Palace, the Daniłłowicz Palace, the Primate Palace, the Bishophoric Palace, the Royal Palace and the Royal Castle,</li> <li>castles and churches, which were robbed and destroyed, as were almost all Polish towns; the most notable examples are <a href="/wiki/Golub-Dobrzy%C5%84" title="Golub-Dobrzyń">Golub-Dobrzyń</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krzy%C5%BCtop%C3%B3r" title="Krzyżtopór">Krzyżtopór</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wielu%C5%84" title="Wieluń">Wieluń</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krasnystaw" title="Krasnystaw">Krasnystaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wawel" class="mw-redirect" title="Wawel">Wawel</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C4%99czyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Tęczyn">Tęczyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lanckorona" title="Lanckorona">Lanckorona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pieskowa_Ska%C5%82a" title="Pieskowa Skała">Pieskowa Skała</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kielce" title="Kielce">Kielce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandomierz" title="Sandomierz">Sandomierz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C4%99ciny" title="Chęciny">Chęciny</a> <a href="/wiki/Niepo%C5%82omice" title="Niepołomice">Niepołomice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ojc%C3%B3w" title="Ojców">Ojców</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wi%C5%9Bnicz" title="Wiśnicz">Wiśnicz</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%81obz%C3%B3w" title="Łobzów">Łobzów</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kruszwica" title="Kruszwica">Kruszwica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabsztyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabsztyn">Rabsztyn</a>.</li></ul> <p>According to the estimates of Polish scholars I. Ihnatowicz, Z. Landau, A. Mączak and B. Zientara, the invasion by the Swedish army and its allies (Brandenburg-Prussia and Transilvania), resulted in the loss of 25% of the population in four core Polish provinces. Lesser Poland lost 23% of population, Mazovia 40% in villages and 70% in towns, Greater Poland 50% in villages and 60% in towns. Royal Prussia lost some 60% of its population.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Commonwealth's population losses are estimated at between 30% and 50% in 1648–1660.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2013 Marek Poznański, a <a href="/wiki/Palikot_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Palikot Movement">Palikot Movement</a> member of the Polish parliament, announced his plan to send thousands of postcards to European politicians and journalists, in which he wanted to convince the recipients that Poland should get financial compensation from Sweden for the destruction of the country in the deluge. Poznański claims that in the 1660 Treaty of Oliwa, Sweden pledged to return all stolen goods, which never happened. The MP had previously intervened at the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Culture; he also visited the Embassy of Sweden in Warsaw.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A businessman from Warsaw, Sławian Krzywiński, joined Poznański, creating the Foundation of Reconstruction of Destruction Caused by the Swedish Invasion (Fundacja Odbudowy Zniszczeń Dokonanych w Czasie Potopu Szwedzkiego). According to Krzywiński, looted goods are still kept in Swedish museums and private collections. Among others, Poland lost the <a href="/wiki/Braniewo" title="Braniewo">Braniewo</a> Library, works of <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a>, including the 1543 Nuremberg edition of <i><a href="/wiki/De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium" title="De revolutionibus orbium coelestium">De revolutionibus orbium coelestium</a></i>, and the oldest printed text of <a href="/wiki/Bogurodzica" title="Bogurodzica">Bogurodzica</a>. Krzywiński states that as an act of goodwill, the Swedish side should cover the cost of reconstruction of the <a href="/wiki/Rawa_Mazowiecka" title="Rawa Mazowiecka">Rawa Mazowiecka</a> castle, which was destroyed by them in the 1650s.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The population in cities like Warsaw had been reduced to only 10% of its pre-war population of 20,000, and the entire city was razed to the ground, akin to the centuries-after Nazi occupation of the city during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a> were also devastated, with their populations being reduced by over half. Additionally, the Polish Gross national product (<a href="/wiki/Gross_national_income" title="Gross national income">GNP</a> or GNI) was reduced to 55% of its pre-war levels as a consequence of the Swedish invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effect_on_the_fate_of_the_Commonwealth">Effect on the fate of the Commonwealth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deluge_(history)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Effect on the fate of the Commonwealth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the most notable effects of the devastating Deluge was the subsequent weakening of Poland's international standing. While Sweden destroyed more, Russia also took part and was second only to Sweden in the level of destruction.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> With the entire Polish nation crippled by the Swedes and Russians, Russia was able to rise, found the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> in the early 18th century and play a major role in the <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">Partitions of Poland</a> in the latter half of the 18th century. As a result of the Deluge, the Commonwealth began a subsequent period of decline.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deluge_(history)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Deluge had a major effect on Poland, and there are several books describing the war. In 1886 <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Sienkiewicz" title="Henryk Sienkiewicz">Henryk Sienkiewicz</a> described the Swedish invasion in his novel <a href="/wiki/The_Deluge_(novel)" title="The Deluge (novel)"><i><span title="Polish-language text"><span lang="pl">Роtор</span></span></i></a>. Based on the novel, <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Hoffman" title="Jerzy Hoffman">Jerzy Hoffman</a> directed the film <a href="/wiki/The_Deluge_(film)" title="The Deluge (film)"><i>The Deluge</i></a> (<i><span title="Polish-language text"><span lang="pl">Роtор</span></span></i>) in 1974, a classic historical work. It starred <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Olbrychski" title="Daniel Olbrychski">Daniel Olbrychski</a> as the character <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Kmicic" title="Andrzej Kmicic">Andrzej Kmicic</a>, a patriot who valiantly fought against the Swedish invasion. The film received a nomination for an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film">Oscar</a> in 1974, but lost to the Italian film <i><a href="/wiki/Amarcord" title="Amarcord">Amarcord</a></i>. </p><p>In 2000, Renata Ocieczek wrote the book <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Czasy potopu szwedzkiego w literaturze polskiej</i></span> (<i>The time of the Swedish deluge in Polish literature</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2006 Jacek Płosiński wrote <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Potop szwedzki na Podlasiu</i></span> (<i>Swedish deluge in <a href="/wiki/Podlasie" class="mw-redirect" title="Podlasie">Podlasie</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other books about this topic include: <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Warszawa 1656</i></span> by Mirosław Nagielski, <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Krwawy sztorm</i></span> ("Bloody storm") by Augustyn Necel (describing the Deluge in the region of <a href="/wiki/Kashubia" title="Kashubia">Kaszuby</a>), <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Znak Jastrzębca</i></span> (<i>The sign of the <a href="/wiki/Jastrz%C4%99biec_coat_of_arms" title="Jastrzębiec coat of arms">Jastrzębiec</a></i>) by Stanisław Maria Jankowski, and <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Pamiętnik oblężenia Częstochowy</i></span> (<i>The memoir of the siege of Częstochowa</i>), by Father <a href="/wiki/Augustyn_Kordecki" title="Augustyn Kordecki">Augustyn Kordecki</a>. Furthermore, <a href="/wiki/James_A._Michener" title="James A. Michener">James Michener</a> describes the Deluge in his novel <a href="/wiki/Poland_(novel)" title="Poland (novel)"><i>Poland</i></a> (1983). The Deluge has also found its way into video games. The video game <i><a href="/wiki/Mount_%26_Blade:_With_Fire_%26_Sword" title="Mount & Blade: With Fire & Sword">Mount & Blade: With Fire & Sword</a></i> (named after the first book of <a href="/wiki/Sienkiewicz" class="mw-redirect" title="Sienkiewicz">Sienkiewicz</a>'s trilogy) contains a quest called "The Deluge" that is based on the events of the actual Deluge. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deluge_(history)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apr%C3%A8s_nous_le_d%C3%A9luge" class="mw-redirect" title="Après nous le déluge">Après nous le déluge</a></i> (expression)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Deluge_(novel)" title="The Deluge (novel)"><i>The Deluge</i> (novel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kostka-Napierski_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Kostka-Napierski Uprising">Kostka-Napierski Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_between_Russia_and_Sweden" title="List of wars between Russia and Sweden">List of wars between Russia and Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Wars" title="Northern Wars">Northern Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Swedish wars">Polish–Swedish wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_and_Tatar_states_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol and Tatar states in Europe">Tatar invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hadiach" title="Treaty of Hadiach">Treaty of Hadiach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Oliva" title="Treaty of Oliva">Treaty of Oliva</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deluge_(history)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ervin_Liptai_1985-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ervin_Liptai_1985_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ervin Liptai: <i>Military history of Hungary</i>, Zrínyi Military Publisher, 1985. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-326-337-9" title="Special:BookSources/963-326-337-9">963-326-337-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">László Markó: <i>Lordships of the Hungarian State</i>, Magyar Könyvklub Publisher, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-547-085-1" title="Special:BookSources/963-547-085-1">963-547-085-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/mobil/Artikel/5575">"Adolf Johan"</a>. <i>sok.riksarkivet.se</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 13,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sok.riksarkivet.se&rft.atitle=Adolf+Johan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsok.riksarkivet.se%2Fsbl%2Fmobil%2FArtikel%2F5575&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeluge+%28history%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Claes-Göran Isacson, <i>Karl X Gustavs Krig</i> (2002) Lund, Historiska Media. p. 96. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-89442-57-1" title="Special:BookSources/91-89442-57-1">91-89442-57-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Polska Akademia Nauk, Polska w okresie drugiej wojny północnej, 1957, 271–280</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubtelny1988" class="citation book cs1">Subtelny, Orest (1988). <i>Ukraine. A history</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 104.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ukraine.+A+history&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Subtelny&rft.aufirst=Orest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeluge+%28history%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.polskieradio.pl/7/5102/Artykul/1980927,Potop-szwedzkorosyjski-czyli-III-wojna-polnocna">"Potop szwedzko-rosyjski, czyli III wojna północna (Swedish–Russian Deluge, or the Third Northern War)"</a>. <i>polskieradio.pl</i>. June 1, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180106170338/https://www.polskieradio.pl/7/5102/Artykul/1980927,Potop-szwedzkorosyjski-czyli-III-wojna-polnocna">Archived</a> from the original on January 6, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 10,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=polskieradio.pl&rft.atitle=Potop+szwedzko-rosyjski%2C+czyli+III+wojna+p%C3%B3%C5%82nocna+%28Swedish%E2%80%93Russian+Deluge%2C+or+the+Third+Northern+War%29&rft.date=2018-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.polskieradio.pl%2F7%2F5102%2FArtykul%2F1980927%2CPotop-szwedzkorosyjski-czyli-III-wojna-polnocna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeluge+%28history%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrost2004" class="citation book cs1">Frost, Robert I (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IfIbP8sfC0wC"><i>After the Deluge. Poland-Lithuania and the Second Northern War, 1655–1660</i></a>. Cambridge Studies in Early Modern History. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521544023" title="Special:BookSources/9780521544023"><bdi>9780521544023</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+the+Deluge.+Poland-Lithuania+and+the+Second+Northern+War%2C+1655%E2%80%931660&rft.series=Cambridge+Studies+in+Early+Modern+History&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780521544023&rft.aulast=Frost&rft.aufirst=Robert+I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIfIbP8sfC0wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeluge+%28history%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZawadzki" class="citation web cs1">Zawadzki, Marcin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070821060613/http://www.dur.ac.uk/polish.society/about_poland.htm">"Durham University Polish Society"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Durham_University" title="Durham University">Durham University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dur.ac.uk/polish.society/about_poland.htm">the original</a> on August 21, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 23,</span> 2009</span>. <q>During 'The Deluge', Commonwealth lost an estimated ⅓ of its population (proportionally higher losses than during World War II), and its status as a great power.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Durham+University+Polish+Society&rft.pub=Durham+University&rft.aulast=Zawadzki&rft.aufirst=Marcin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dur.ac.uk%2Fpolish.society%2Fabout_poland.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeluge+%28history%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-polskieradio.pl-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-polskieradio.pl_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-polskieradio.pl_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-polskieradio.pl_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://polskieradio.pl/art3_664603">"Nikt tak nie ograbił Polski jak Szwedzi"</a>. <i>PolskieRadio.pl</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PolskieRadio.pl&rft.atitle=Nikt+tak+nie+ograbi%C5%82+Polski+jak+Szwedzi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpolskieradio.pl%2Fart3_664603&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeluge+%28history%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200127192502/https://www.wilanow-palac.pl/pierwsze_zniszczenie_warszawy_i_jej_odbudowa_po_potopie_1655_1696.html">"Pierwsze zniszczenie Warszawy i jej odbudowa po potopie 1655–1696"</a>. <i>www.wilanow-palac.pl</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilanow-palac.pl/pierwsze_zniszczenie_warszawy_i_jej_odbudowa_po_potopie_1655_1696.html">the original</a> on January 27, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 25,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wilanow-palac.pl&rft.atitle=Pierwsze+zniszczenie+Warszawy+i+jej+odbudowa+po+potopie+1655%E2%80%931696&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilanow-palac.pl%2Fpierwsze_zniszczenie_warszawy_i_jej_odbudowa_po_potopie_1655_1696.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeluge+%28history%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dzieje.pl/aktualnosci/potop-szwedzki-przyniosl-polsce-straty-o-wartosci-4-mld-zlotych">"Potop szwedzki przyniósł Polsce straty o wartości 4 mld złotych"</a>. <i>dzieje.pl</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180627233246/http://dzieje.pl/aktualnosci/potop-szwedzki-przyniosl-polsce-straty-o-wartosci-4-mld-zlotych">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 25,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dzieje.pl&rft.atitle=Potop+szwedzki+przyni%C3%B3s%C5%82+Polsce+straty+o+warto%C5%9Bci+4+mld+z%C5%82otych&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdzieje.pl%2Faktualnosci%2Fpotop-szwedzki-przyniosl-polsce-straty-o-wartosci-4-mld-zlotych&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeluge+%28history%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060056/http://historiapolski.eu/co-zgubi-o-polsk-podczas-potopu-szwedzkiego-trzej-zdrajcy-t9607.html">"Co zgubiło Polskę podczas Potopu szwedzkiego – trzej zdrajcy, historiapolski.eu"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historiapolski.eu/co-zgubi-o-polsk-podczas-potopu-szwedzkiego-trzej-zdrajcy-t9607.html">the original</a> on September 21, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Co+zgubi%C5%82o+Polsk%C4%99+podczas+Potopu+szwedzkiego+%E2%80%93+trzej+zdrajcy%2C+historiapolski.eu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistoriapolski.eu%2Fco-zgubi-o-polsk-podczas-potopu-szwedzkiego-trzej-zdrajcy-t9607.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeluge+%28history%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-historiapolski.eu-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-historiapolski.eu_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-historiapolski.eu_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060056/http://historiapolski.eu/co-zgubi-o-polsk-podczas-potopu-szwedzkiego-trzej-zdrajcy-t9607.html">"Co zgubiło Polskę podczas Potopu szwedzkiego – trzej zdrajcy"</a>. <i>historiapolski.eu</i> (in Polish). January 8, 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historiapolski.eu/co-zgubi-o-polsk-podczas-potopu-szwedzkiego-trzej-zdrajcy-t9607.html">the original</a> on September 21, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=historiapolski.eu&rft.atitle=Co+zgubi%C5%82o+Polsk%C4%99+podczas+Potopu+szwedzkiego+%E2%80%93+trzej+zdrajcy&rft.date=2013-01-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistoriapolski.eu%2Fco-zgubi-o-polsk-podczas-potopu-szwedzkiego-trzej-zdrajcy-t9607.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeluge+%28history%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201122013938/http://www.zabytki.pl/sources/straty/wstep.html">"Wstęp"</a>. <i>www.zabytki.pl</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zabytki.pl/sources/straty/wstep.html">the original</a> on November 22, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.zabytki.pl&rft.atitle=Wst%C4%99p&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zabytki.pl%2Fsources%2Fstraty%2Fwstep.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeluge+%28history%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrost2004" class="citation book cs1">Frost, Robert I (2004). <i>After the Deluge. Poland-Lithuania and the Second Northern War, 1655–1660</i>. Cambridge Studies in Early Modern History. Cambridge University Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-54402-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-54402-5"><bdi>0-521-54402-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+the+Deluge.+Poland-Lithuania+and+the+Second+Northern+War%2C+1655%E2%80%931660&rft.series=Cambridge+Studies+in+Early+Modern+History&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-521-54402-5&rft.aulast=Frost&rft.aufirst=Robert+I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeluge+%28history%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jan Wimmer, <i>Wojna polsko-szwedzka 1655–1660</i>, Warsaw 1973, s. 156</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagielski1990" class="citation web cs1">Nagielski, Mirosław (December 25, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5O8ukCwS4gcC&dq=jan+kazimierz+Lancut+1656&pg=PA12">"Warszawa 1656"</a>. Bellona. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230502025755/https://books.google.com/books?id=5O8ukCwS4gcC&dq=jan+kazimierz+Lancut+1656&pg=PA12">Archived</a> from the original on May 2, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2021</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Warszawa+1656&rft.pub=Bellona&rft.date=1990-12-25&rft.aulast=Nagielski&rft.aufirst=Miros%C5%82aw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5O8ukCwS4gcC%26dq%3Djan%2Bkazimierz%2BLancut%2B1656%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeluge+%28history%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKármán" class="citation web cs1">Kármán, Gábor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2099389">"II. Rákóczi György 1657. évi lengyelországi hadjáratának diplomáciai háttere [The diplomatic background of György Rákóczi II's 1657 Polish campaign]"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230320031159/https://www.academia.edu/2099389">Archived</a> from the original on March 20, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 5,</span> 2020</span> – via www.academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=II.+R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi+Gy%C3%B6rgy+1657.+%C3%A9vi+lengyelorsz%C3%A1gi+hadj%C3%A1rat%C3%A1nak+diplom%C3%A1ciai+h%C3%A1ttere+%5BThe+diplomatic+background+of+Gy%C3%B6rgy+R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi+II%27s+1657+Polish+campaign%5D&rft.aulast=K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A1bor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2099389&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeluge+%28history%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2009" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer C. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&pg=PA632"><i>A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East [6 volumes]: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1851096725" title="Special:BookSources/978-1851096725"><bdi>978-1851096725</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230502025756/https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&pg=PA632">Archived</a> from the original on May 2, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 13,</span> 2015</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Global+Chronology+of+Conflict%3A+From+the+Ancient+World+to+the+Modern+Middle+East+%5B6+volumes%5D%3A+From+the+Ancient+World+to+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1851096725&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh5_tSnygvbIC%26pg%3DPA632&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeluge+%28history%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._Szabó_János" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">B. Szabó János. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epa.oszk.hu/00000/00018/00017/01szabo.htm">"Tanulmanyok"</a>. <i>epa.oszk.hu/</i> (in Hungarian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221217231939/http://epa.oszk.hu/00000/00018/00017/01szabo.htm">Archived</a> from the original on December 17, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=epa.oszk.hu%2F&rft.atitle=Tanulmanyok&rft.au=B.+Szab%C3%B3+J%C3%A1nos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepa.oszk.hu%2F00000%2F00018%2F00017%2F01szabo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeluge+%28history%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Włodarski (1993), p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYermolenko2010" class="citation book cs1">Yermolenko, Galina I. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iRE-ybv0SLkC&pg=PA111"><i>Roxolana in European Literature, History and Culture</i></a>. Ashgate. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1409403746" title="Special:BookSources/978-1409403746"><bdi>978-1409403746</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331023925/https://books.google.com/books?id=iRE-ybv0SLkC&pg=PA111">Archived</a> from the original on March 31, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 27,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roxolana+in+European+Literature%2C+History+and+Culture&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1409403746&rft.aulast=Yermolenko&rft.aufirst=Galina+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiRE-ybv0SLkC%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeluge+%28history%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Such specifically anti-Jewish violence became known in the modern technical sense as a <i><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogrom</a></i> in the 19th century. For varying estimates of the numbers of Jews killed and for extensive sources, see <a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising#Casualties" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising">the article on the Khmelnytsky Uprising</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com.ua/books/edition/The_Jews_in_a_Polish_Private_Town/KMvHDwAAQBAJ?hl=uk&gbpv=1&dq=jews+massacred+czarniecki&pg=PT50&printsec=frontcover">The Jews in a Polish Private Town: The Case of Opatów in the Eighteenth Century</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com.ua/books/edition/The_Jews_of_Poland/K2DgBdSCQnsC?hl=uk&gbpv=1&dq=jews+massacred+czarniecki&pg=PA191&printsec=frontcover">The Jews of Poland: A Social and Economic History of the Jewish Community in Poland from 1100 to 1800</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.portalnumizmatyczny.pl/2021/05/pokoj-w-oliwie-1660-jan-ii-kazimierz.html">"Pokój w Oliwie 1660 – Jan II Kazimierz – pełnia alegorii i symboliki"</a>. May 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pok%C3%B3j+w+Oliwie+1660+%E2%80%93+Jan+II+Kazimierz+%E2%80%93+pe%C5%82nia+alegorii+i+symboliki&rft.date=2021-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.portalnumizmatyczny.pl%2F2021%2F05%2Fpokoj-w-oliwie-1660-jan-ii-kazimierz.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeluge+%28history%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEssen2023" class="citation book cs1">Essen, Michael (2023). <i>Charles X's Wars, Volume 3: The Danish Wars, 1657–1660</i>. Helion & Company. p. 410. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781915113603" title="Special:BookSources/9781915113603"><bdi>9781915113603</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+X%27s+Wars%2C+Volume+3%3A+The+Danish+Wars%2C+1657%E2%80%931660&rft.pages=410&rft.pub=Helion+%26+Company&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781915113603&rft.aulast=Essen&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeluge+%28history%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRieber2013" class="citation book cs1">Rieber, Alfred J. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wUOMAQAAQBAJ&dq=in+1660+when+victorious+sweden+recognized+the+full+confessional+freedom&pg=PA5"><i>Forced Migration in Central and Eastern Europe, 1939–1950</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-27482-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-27482-5"><bdi>978-1-135-27482-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forced+Migration+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe%2C+1939%E2%80%931950&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-27482-5&rft.aulast=Rieber&rft.aufirst=Alfred+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwUOMAQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Din%2B1660%2Bwhen%2Bvictorious%2Bsweden%2Brecognized%2Bthe%2Bfull%2Bconfessional%2Bfreedom%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeluge+%28history%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurantDurant2011" class="citation book cs1">Durant, Will; Durant, Ariel (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RIQioWcVxnkC&dq=These+treaties+were+a+substantial+victory+for+Sweden%2C+but+she+was+again+verging+on+bankruptcy&pg=PT343"><i>The Age of Louis XIV</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-4765-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-4765-5"><bdi>978-1-4516-4765-5</bdi></a>. <q>These treaties were a substantial victory for Sweden, but she was again verging on bankruptcy</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Louis+XIV&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4516-4765-5&rft.aulast=Durant&rft.aufirst=Will&rft.au=Durant%2C+Ariel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRIQioWcVxnkC%26dq%3DThese%2Btreaties%2Bwere%2Ba%2Bsubstantial%2Bvictory%2Bfor%2BSweden%252C%2Bbut%2Bshe%2Bwas%2Bagain%2Bverging%2Bon%2Bbankruptcy%26pg%3DPT343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeluge+%28history%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiserDrassBrustein1994" class="citation journal cs1">Kiser, Edgar; Drass, Kriss A.; Brustein, William (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45371312">"The Relationship Between Revolt and War in Early Modern Western Europe"</a>. <i>Journal of Political & Military Sociology</i>. <b>22</b> (2): 321. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0047-2697">0047-2697</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45371312">45371312</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+%26+Military+Sociology&rft.atitle=The+Relationship+Between+Revolt+and+War+in+Early+Modern+Western+Europe&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=321&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45371312%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0047-2697&rft.aulast=Kiser&rft.aufirst=Edgar&rft.au=Drass%2C+Kriss+A.&rft.au=Brustein%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45371312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeluge+%28history%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodart1908" class="citation book cs1">Bodart, Gaston (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Eo4DAAAAYAAJ"><i>Militär-historisches Kriegs-Lexikon (1618–1905)</i></a>. Harvard University. Wien und Leipzig, C. W. Stern. p. 769.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Milit%C3%A4r-historisches+Kriegs-Lexikon+%281618%E2%80%931905%29&rft.pages=769&rft.pub=Wien+und+Leipzig%2C+C.+W.+Stern&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Bodart&rft.aufirst=Gaston&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_Eo4DAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeluge+%28history%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wang, Kevin, and James Lee Ray. “Beginners and Winners: The Fate of Initiators of Interstate Wars Involving Great Powers Since 1495.” International Studies Quarterly, vol. 38, no. 1, 1994, pp. 139–154. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2600875">10.2307/2600875</a>. Accessed March 3, 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Podhorecki, Leszek (1985). <i>Rapier i Koncerz</i>. p. 272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/830511452X" title="Special:BookSources/830511452X"><bdi>830511452X</bdi></a>. <i>„Porównując postanowienia trzech traktatów pokojowych z lat 1660–1661 (łącznie z układem z Rosją – L.P.) z planami ekspansji Karola Gustawa wypadałoby stwierdzić, że wojna północna skończyła się porażką Szwecji – pisał Adam Kersten, Historia Szwecji – Rzeczpospolita i Dania zachowały integralność terytorialną i niezależność.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrazmowska2017" class="citation book cs1">Prazmowska, Anita (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JJNKEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA99"><i>A History of Poland</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-34412-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-34412-9"><bdi>978-0-230-34412-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Poland&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-230-34412-9&rft.aulast=Prazmowska&rft.aufirst=Anita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJJNKEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeluge+%28history%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSundberg2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sundberg, Ulf (2010). <i>Sveriges krig 1630–1814</i> [<i>Sweden's wars 1630–1814</i>] (in Swedish). Svenskt militärhistoriskt bibliotek. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789185789634" title="Special:BookSources/9789185789634"><bdi>9789185789634</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sveriges+krig+1630%E2%80%931814&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Svenskt+milit%C3%A4rhistoriskt+bibliotek&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9789185789634&rft.aulast=Sundberg&rft.aufirst=Ulf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeluge+%28history%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSundberg1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sundberg, Ulf (1998). <i>Svenska krig 1521-1814</i> [<i>Swedish wars 1521-1814</i>] (in Swedish) (2nd ed.). Stockholm: Hjalmarson & Högberg. p. 203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789189080140" title="Special:BookSources/9789189080140"><bdi>9789189080140</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Svenska+krig+1521-1814&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pages=203&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Hjalmarson+%26+H%C3%B6gberg&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9789189080140&rft.aulast=Sundberg&rft.aufirst=Ulf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeluge+%28history%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmundson1976" class="citation book cs1">Edmundson, George (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3O08AAAAIAAJ&dq=treaty+of+oliva+1660+favourable&pg=PA231"><i>History of Holland</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 231.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Holland&rft.pages=231&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Edmundson&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3O08AAAAIAAJ%26dq%3Dtreaty%2Bof%2Boliva%2B1660%2Bfavourable%26pg%3DPA231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeluge+%28history%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenzel1862" class="citation book cs1">Menzel, Wolfgang (1862). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y7oRAAAAYAAJ"><i>The History of Germany: From the Earliest Period to the Present Time</i></a>. H. G. Bohn. p. 467.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Germany%3A+From+the+Earliest+Period+to+the+Present+Time&rft.pages=467&rft.pub=H.+G.+Bohn&rft.date=1862&rft.aulast=Menzel&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy7oRAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeluge+%28history%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsacsson2015" class="citation book cs1">Isacsson, Clas-Göran (February 3, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j-Z4BgAAQBAJ&q=Karl+X+gustavs+krig.+F%C3%A4ltt%C3%A5gen+i+Polen,+Tyskland,+Baltikum,+Danmark+och+Sverige+1655+-+1660"><i>Karl X Gustavs krig : fälttågen i Polen, Tyskland, Baltikum, Danmark och Sverige 1655–1660</i></a>. Svenska Historiska Media Förlag AB. p. 267. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-7545-011-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-7545-011-7"><bdi>978-91-7545-011-7</bdi></a>. <q>Fredsförhandlingarna togs med förnyad kraft och den 23 april 1660 slöts freden i Oliva mellan å ena sidan Sverige å andra Polen, Brandenburg och Österrike. Det var en bra fred för Sverige. Hotet från Polen var över och bara det var en god sak.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karl+X+Gustavs+krig+%3A+f%C3%A4ltt%C3%A5gen+i+Polen%2C+Tyskland%2C+Baltikum%2C+Danmark+och+Sverige+1655%E2%80%931660&rft.pages=267&rft.pub=Svenska+Historiska+Media+F%C3%B6rlag+AB&rft.date=2015-02-03&rft.isbn=978-91-7545-011-7&rft.aulast=Isacsson&rft.aufirst=Clas-G%C3%B6ran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj-Z4BgAAQBAJ%26q%3DKarl%2BX%2Bgustavs%2Bkrig.%2BF%25C3%25A4ltt%25C3%25A5gen%2Bi%2BPolen%2C%2BTyskland%2C%2BBaltikum%2C%2BDanmark%2Boch%2BSverige%2B1655%2B-%2B1660&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeluge+%28history%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalewski1870" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Walewski, Antoni (1870). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-XERAAAAYAAJ&dq=Pok%C3%B3j+oliwski+%22korzystny%22&pg=RA2-PA79"><i>Historya wyzwolonéj Rzeczypospolitéj wpadającej pod jarzmo domowe za panowania Jana Kaźmierza, 1655–1660</i></a> (in Polish). <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_University" title="Jagiellonian University">Jagiellonian University</a>. p. 79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historya+wyzwolon%C3%A9j+Rzeczypospolit%C3%A9j+wpadaj%C4%85cej+pod+jarzmo+domowe+za+panowania+Jana+Ka%C5%BAmierza%2C+1655%E2%80%931660&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Jagiellonian+University&rft.date=1870&rft.aulast=Walewski&rft.aufirst=Antoni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-XERAAAAYAAJ%26dq%3DPok%25C3%25B3j%2Boliwski%2B%2522korzystny%2522%26pg%3DRA2-PA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeluge+%28history%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerrieLievenSuny2006" class="citation book cs1">Perrie, Maureen; Lieven, D. C. B.; Suny, Ronald Grigor (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GQcviLmjNm0C"><i>The Cambridge History of Russia: Volume 1, From Early Rus' to 1689</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 503. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81227-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81227-6"><bdi>978-0-521-81227-6</bdi></a>. <q>His sudden death in February 1660 gave his successor, Karl XI, the opportunity to sue for peace <b>while terms were still favourable.</b> The Treaty of Oliva (May 1660) recognised Hohenzollern sovereignty over Prussia in exchange for recognition of Swedish control over Livonia and Jan Kazimierz's abandonment of his claim to the Swedish throne.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Russia%3A+Volume+1%2C+From+Early+Rus%27+to+1689&rft.pages=503&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-81227-6&rft.aulast=Perrie&rft.aufirst=Maureen&rft.au=Lieven%2C+D.+C.+B.&rft.au=Suny%2C+Ronald+Grigor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGQcviLmjNm0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeluge+%28history%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrost2004" class="citation book cs1">Frost, Robert I. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IfIbP8sfC0wC"><i>After the Deluge: Poland–Lithuania and the Second Northern War, 1655–1660</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54402-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54402-3"><bdi>978-0-521-54402-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+the+Deluge%3A+Poland%E2%80%93Lithuania+and+the+Second+Northern+War%2C+1655%E2%80%931660&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-54402-3&rft.aulast=Frost&rft.aufirst=Robert+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIfIbP8sfC0wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeluge+%28history%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWójcik2006" class="citation book cs1">Wójcik, Zbigniew (2006). <i>Historia powszechna. Wiek XVI–XVII</i>. pp. 481–482. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788301146030" title="Special:BookSources/9788301146030"><bdi>9788301146030</bdi></a>. <q>Wbrew pozorom wynik drugiej wojny północnej był niekorzystny dla Szwecji. Pewne nabytki terytorialne kosztem Danii, zachowanie w innych przypadkach status quo ante bellum nie mogły przesłonić faktu, że nie udało się Szwedom dokończyć dzieła tworzenia nadbałtyckiego imperium, sen • Dominium Maris Baltici musiał się rozwiać, a siła ofensywna Szwecji została złamana . Dlatego też wynik wojny północnej w porównaniu z wynikien trzydziestoletniej należy uznać za cofnięcie się Szwecji z po mocarstwowej. Mimo że elektor brandenburski oddawał Pomorze, które miał przecier w ręku, to on właśnie był głównym triumfatorem w Oliwie. Udało mu sie bowiem osiągnąć w wojnie 1655–1660 największy sukces swego panowania zrzucenie zwierzchności polskiej w Prusach, natomiast Szwecji nie udało się usadowić na południowych wybrzeżach Bałtyku.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+powszechna.+Wiek+XVI%E2%80%93XVII&rft.pages=481-482&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9788301146030&rft.aulast=W%C3%B3jcik&rft.aufirst=Zbigniew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeluge+%28history%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://odkrywcy.pl/">"Strona główna"</a>. <i>Odkrywcy.pl</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211225184447/https://odkrywcy.pl/">Archived</a> from the original on December 25, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 25,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Odkrywcy.pl&rft.atitle=Strona+g%C5%82%C3%B3wna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fodkrywcy.pl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeluge+%28history%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiadomosci.onet.pl/">"Wiadomości – Wiadomości w Onet – Najnowsze i Najważniejsze Wiadomości z Kraju i Świata"</a>. <i>Onet Wiadomości</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130416111536/http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/1962298,11,1,1,item.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 16, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 25,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Onet+Wiadomo%C5%9Bci&rft.atitle=Wiadomo%C5%9Bci+%E2%80%93+Wiadomo%C5%9Bci+w+Onet+%E2%80%93+Najnowsze+i+Najwa%C5%BCniejsze+Wiadomo%C5%9Bci+z+Kraju+i+%C5%9Awiata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiadomosci.onet.pl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeluge+%28history%29" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nimoz.pl/pl/wydawnictwa/czasopisma/cenne-bezcenne-utracone-archiwum/2005-1/nr-32005/grabieze-szwedzkie-w-polsce-1-przyczyny-charakterystyka-i-skutki">"Grabieże szwedzkie w Polsce (1). Przyczyny, charakterystyka i skutki"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170920110844/http://nimoz.pl/pl/wydawnictwa/czasopisma/cenne-bezcenne-utracone-archiwum/2005-1/nr-32005/grabieze-szwedzkie-w-polsce-1-przyczyny-charakterystyka-i-skutki">Archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 1,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grabie%C5%BCe+szwedzkie+w+Polsce+%281%29.+Przyczyny%2C+charakterystyka+i+skutki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nimoz.pl%2Fpl%2Fwydawnictwa%2Fczasopisma%2Fcenne-bezcenne-utracone-archiwum%2F2005-1%2Fnr-32005%2Fgrabieze-szwedzkie-w-polsce-1-przyczyny-charakterystyka-i-skutki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeluge+%28history%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">I. Ihnatowicz, Z. Landau, A. Mączak, B. <i>Zientara Dzieje gospodarcze Polski do roku 1939</i>. Wiedza Powszechna, Warszawa 1988, p. 233</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLukowski2014" class="citation book cs1">Lukowski, Jerzy (2014). <i>Liberty's Folly. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 18th Century, 1687–1795</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1138009127" title="Special:BookSources/978-1138009127"><bdi>978-1138009127</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberty%27s+Folly.+The+Polish-Lithuanian+Commonwealth+in+the+18th+Century%2C+1687%E2%80%931795&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1138009127&rft.aulast=Lukowski&rft.aufirst=Jerzy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeluge+%28history%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wprost.pl/kraj/384448/posel-ruchu-palikota-chce-odszkodowania-za-potop.html">"Poseł Ruchu Palikota chce odszkodowania za... Potop"</a>. <i>Wprost</i>. January 16, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211225184446/https://www.wprost.pl/kraj/384448/posel-ruchu-palikota-chce-odszkodowania-za-potop.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 25, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 25,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Avanti24.pl&rft.atitle=Avanti24.pl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Favanti24.pl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeluge+%28history%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzulakowska2018" class="citation book cs1">Szulakowska, Urszula (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.se/books?id=yFmGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA55&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Renaissance and Baroque Art and Culture in the Eastern Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1506-1696)</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Scholars_Publishing" title="Cambridge Scholars Publishing">Cambridge Scholars Publishing</a>. pp. 55–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781527527430" title="Special:BookSources/9781527527430"><bdi>9781527527430</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Renaissance+and+Baroque+Art+and+Culture+in+the+Eastern+Polish-Lithuanian+Commonwealth+%281506-1696%29&rft.pages=55-56&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781527527430&rft.aulast=Szulakowska&rft.aufirst=Urszula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.se%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyFmGDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA55%26dq%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeluge+%28history%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrost1993" class="citation book cs1">Frost, Robert I. (1993). <i>After the Deluge: Poland–Lithuania and the Second Northern War, 1655–1660</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521420082" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521420082"><bdi>978-0521420082</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+the+Deluge%3A+Poland%E2%80%93Lithuania+and+the+Second+Northern+War%2C+1655%E2%80%931660&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0521420082&rft.aulast=Frost&rft.aufirst=Robert+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeluge+%28history%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wydawnictwo.us.edu.pl/?q=node/282">"Publikacje | Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego"</a> (in Polish). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Publikacje+%26%23124%3B+Wydawnictwo+Uniwersytetu+%C5%9Al%C4%85skiego&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo.us.edu.pl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwydawnictwo.us.edu.pl%2F%3Fq%3Dnode%2F282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeluge+%28history%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPłosiński_J." class="citation web cs1">Płosiński J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://odk.pl/potop-szwedzki-na-podlasiu-1655-1657,3323.html">"Potop szwedzki na Podlasiu 1655–1657 – Płosiński J. – Księgarnia Odkrywcy, książki historyczne"</a>. Odk.pl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130602154225/http://odk.pl/potop-szwedzki-na-podlasiu-1655-1657,3323.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 2, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Potop+szwedzki+na+Podlasiu+1655%E2%80%931657+%E2%80%93+P%C5%82osi%C5%84ski+J.+%E2%80%93+Ksi%C4%99garnia+Odkrywcy%2C+ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki+historyczne&rft.pub=Odk.pl&rft.au=P%C5%82osi%C5%84ski+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fodk.pl%2Fpotop-szwedzki-na-podlasiu-1655-1657%2C3323.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeluge+%28history%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deluge_(history)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0072021/"><i>Potop</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q960920#P345" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sibiweb.de/geschi/karten/1657.gif">Map</a> of area occupied by <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> in 1657</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lithuanian_wars_and_conflicts" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lithuanian_wars_and_conflicts" title="Template:Lithuanian wars and conflicts"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lithuanian_wars_and_conflicts" title="Template talk:Lithuanian wars and conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lithuanian_wars_and_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lithuanian wars and conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lithuanian_wars_and_conflicts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Lithuania" title="List of wars involving Lithuania">Lithuanian wars and conflicts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand<br />Duchy of<br />Lithuania</a><br />(to 1795)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania_(1219%E2%80%9395)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lithuania (1219–95)">13th<br />century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Lithuania" title="Mongol invasions of Lithuania">Mongol invasions of Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Crusade" title="Lithuanian Crusade">Lithuanian Crusade</a> (1283–1422)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia_Wars" title="Galicia–Volhynia Wars">Galicia–Volhynia Wars</a> (1340–1392)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian%E2%80%93Muscovite_War_(1368%E2%80%931372)" title="Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1368–1372)">Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1368–1372)</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Lithuanian_Civil_Wars" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lithuanian Civil Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Civil_War_(1381%E2%80%931384)" title="Lithuanian Civil War (1381–1384)">1381–1384</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Civil_War_(1389%E2%80%931392)" title="Lithuanian Civil War (1389–1392)">1389–1392</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Vikhra_River" title="Battle of the Vikhra River">Vikhra River (1386)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Lithuanian_Crusade" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Crusade" title="Lithuanian Crusade">Lithuanian Crusade</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samogitian_uprisings" title="Samogitian uprisings">Samogitian anti-Teutonic uprisings (1401–1409)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian%E2%80%93Teutonic_War" title="Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War">Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War</a> (1409–1411) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grunwald" title="Battle of Grunwald">Grunwald (1410)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_War" title="Hunger War">Hunger War</a> (1414)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gollub_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Gollub War">Gollub War</a> (1422)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Civil_War_(1432%E2%80%931438)" title="Lithuanian Civil War (1432–1438)">Lithuanian Civil War (1432–1438)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ashmyany" title="Battle of Ashmyany">Ašmena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wi%C5%82komierz" title="Battle of Wiłkomierz">Pabaiskas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Teutonic_War_(1431%E2%80%931435)" title="Polish–Teutonic War (1431–1435)">Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War</a> (1431–1435)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Varna" title="Crusade of Varna">Crusade of Varna</a> (1443–1444) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Varna" title="Battle of Varna">Varna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Years%27_War_(1454%E2%80%931466)" title="Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466)">Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466)</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Muscovite–Lithuanian_Wars" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscovite%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Wars#First_border_war_(1492–1494)" title="Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars">1492–1494</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscovite%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Wars#Second_war_(1500–1503)" title="Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars">1500–1503</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscovite%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Wars#Third_war_(1507–1508)" title="Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars">1507–1508</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glinski_rebellion" title="Glinski rebellion">Glinski rebellion</a> (1508)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscovite%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Wars#Fourth_war_(1512–1522)" title="Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars">1512–1522</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscovite%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Wars#Fifth_or_Starodub_war_(1534–1537)" title="Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars">1534–1537</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_War" title="Livonian War">Livonian War</a> (1558–1583) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_campaign_of_Stephen_B%C3%A1thory" title="Livonian campaign of Stephen Báthory">Livonian campaign of Stephen Báthory</a> (1577–1582)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Northern Seven Years' War">Northern Seven Years' War</a> (1563–1570)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession_(1587%E2%80%931588)" title="War of the Polish Succession (1587–1588)">War of the Polish–Lithuanian Succession</a> (1587–1588)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uprisings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosi%C5%84ski_uprising" title="Kosiński uprising">Kosiński (1591–1593)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalyvaiko_Uprising" title="Nalyvaiko Uprising">Nalyvaiko (1594–1596)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Wars_with_Sweden" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Swedish wars">Wars with Sweden</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_against_Sigismund" title="War against Sigismund">War against Sigismund</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St%C3%A5ngebro" title="Battle of Stångebro">Stångebro (1598)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1600%E2%80%931611)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1600–1611)">1600–1611</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kircholm" title="Battle of Kircholm">Kircholm (1605)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1617%E2%80%931618)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1617–1618)">1617–1618</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1621%E2%80%931625)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1621–1625)">1621–1625</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1626%E2%80%931629)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629)">1626–1629</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_War_of_1655%E2%80%931660" title="Northern War of 1655–1660">Swedish Deluge</a> (1655–1660)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rebellions &<br />uprisings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zebrzydowski_rebellion" title="Zebrzydowski rebellion">Zebrzydowski (1606)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhmaylo_uprising" title="Zhmaylo uprising">Zhmaylo (1625)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedorovych_uprising" title="Fedorovych uprising">Fedorovych (1630)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlyuk_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavlyuk uprising"> Pavlyuk (1637)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostryanyn_uprising" title="Ostryanyn uprising">Ostryanyn (1638)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising"> Khmelnytsky (1648–1657)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berestechko" title="Battle of Berestechko">Berestechko</a> (1651)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tsardom of<br />Muscovy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Muscovite_War_(1605%E2%80%931618)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)">1605–1618</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Klushino" title="Battle of Klushino">Klushino (1610)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_War" title="Smolensk War">1632–1634</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Smolensk_(1632%E2%80%931633)" title="Siege of Smolensk (1632–1633)">Smolensk (1632–1633)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Polish_War_(1654%E2%80%931667)" title="Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)">Russian Deluge</a> (1654–1667)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ottomans &<br />Tatars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1620%E2%80%931621)" title="Polish–Ottoman War (1620–1621)">1620–1621</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khotyn_(1621)" title="Battle of Khotyn (1621)">Khotyn (1621)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1633%E2%80%931634)" title="Polish–Ottoman War (1633–1634)">1633–1634</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Cossack%E2%80%93Tatar_War_(1666%E2%80%931671)" title="Polish–Cossack–Tatar War (1666–1671)">1666–1671</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1672%E2%80%931676)" title="Polish–Ottoman War (1672–1676)">1672–1676</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khotyn_(1673)" title="Battle of Khotyn (1673)">Khotyn (1673)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1683%E2%80%931699)" title="Polish–Ottoman War (1683–1699)">1683–1699</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Magnate_Wars" title="Moldavian Magnate Wars">Moldavian Magnate Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> (1618–1648) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Humenn%C3%A9" title="Battle of Humenné">Humenné (1619)</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Early" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Civil_War_(1697%E2%80%931702)" title="Lithuanian Civil War (1697–1702)">Lithuanian Civil War (1697–1702)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a> (1700–1721)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" title="War of the Polish Succession">War of the Polish–Lithuanian Succession</a> (1733–1735)</li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Confederation" title="Bar Confederation">Bar Confederation</a> (1768–1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1792" class="mw-redirect" title="War of 1792">War of 1792</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Uprising" title="Kościuszko Uprising">Kościuszko Uprising</a> (1794)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Armed_Forces_(obverse).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Armed_Forces_%28obverse%29.png/50px-Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Armed_Forces_%28obverse%29.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Armed_Forces_%28obverse%29.png/75px-Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Armed_Forces_%28obverse%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Armed_Forces_%28obverse%29.png/100px-Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Armed_Forces_%28obverse%29.png 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Lithuania<br />partitioned<br />(1795–1918)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> (1803–1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a> (1812)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Uprisings" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uprisings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_1831" class="mw-redirect" title="Uprising of 1831">1831</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_1863" class="mw-redirect" title="Uprising of 1863">1863</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_1905" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolution of 1905">Revolution of 1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> (1914–1918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Interwar_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Interwar Lithuania">Interwar<br />Lithuania</a><br />(1918–1940)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Wars_of_Independence" title="Lithuanian Wars of Independence">Lithuanian Wars of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Lithuanian–Soviet War">Lithuanian–Soviet War</a> (1918–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_War" title="Polish–Lithuanian War">Polish–Lithuanian War</a> (1919–1920)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da_Revolt" title="Klaipėda Revolt">Klaipėda Revolt</a> (1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania#World_War_II_(1939–1945)" title="History of Lithuania">World War II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">June Uprising in Lithuania</a> (1941)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania#Soviet_period_(1944–1990)" title="History of Lithuania">Soviet<br />occupation</a><br />(1944–1990)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_partisans" title="Lithuanian partisans">Lithuanian partisans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania#Independence_restored_(1990–present)" title="History of Lithuania">Restored<br />Lithuania</a><br />(since 1990)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_OMON_assaults_on_Lithuanian_border_posts" title="Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts">Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> (2003–2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Polish_wars_and_conflicts" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Polish_wars_and_conflicts" title="Template:Polish wars and conflicts"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Polish_wars_and_conflicts" title="Template talk:Polish wars and conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Polish_wars_and_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Polish wars and conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Polish_wars_and_conflicts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Poland" title="List of wars involving Poland">Polish wars and conflicts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">General and related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Polish_Army" title="History of the Polish Army">History of the Polish Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Polish_intelligence_services" title="History of Polish intelligence services">History of Polish intelligence services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Poland" title="List of wars involving Poland">List of wars involving Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Military of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Military of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces" title="Polish Armed Forces">Polish Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warfare_in_Medieval_Poland" title="Warfare in Medieval Poland">Warfare in Medieval Poland</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Wojska_L%C4%85dowe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/POL_Wojska_L%C4%85dowe.svg/50px-POL_Wojska_L%C4%85dowe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/POL_Wojska_L%C4%85dowe.svg/75px-POL_Wojska_L%C4%85dowe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/POL_Wojska_L%C4%85dowe.svg/100px-POL_Wojska_L%C4%85dowe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1061" /></a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Marynarka_Wojenna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/POL_Marynarka_Wojenna.svg/50px-POL_Marynarka_Wojenna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/POL_Marynarka_Wojenna.svg/75px-POL_Marynarka_Wojenna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/POL_Marynarka_Wojenna.svg/100px-POL_Marynarka_Wojenna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Wojska_Lotnicze.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/POL_Wojska_Lotnicze.svg/50px-POL_Wojska_Lotnicze.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/POL_Wojska_Lotnicze.svg/75px-POL_Wojska_Lotnicze.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/POL_Wojska_Lotnicze.svg/100px-POL_Wojska_Lotnicze.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="939" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_the_Piast_dynasty" title="History of Poland during the Piast dynasty">Piast Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Veletian_War" title="Polish–Veletian War">Polish–Veletian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cedynia" title="Battle of Cedynia">Battle of Cedynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Polish_War_(1003%E2%80%931018)" title="German–Polish War (1003–1018)">German–Polish War (1003–1018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_I%27s_intervention_in_the_Kievan_succession_crisis" title="Bolesław I's intervention in the Kievan succession crisis">Bolesław I's intervention in the Kievan succession crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Polish_War_(1028%E2%80%931031)" title="German–Polish War (1028–1031)">German–Polish War (1028–1031)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miec%C5%82aw%27s_Rebellion" title="Miecław's Rebellion">Miecław's Rebellion</a></li> <li>1072 war against <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_G%C5%82og%C3%B3w" title="Siege of Głogów">Siege of Głogów</a></li> <li>1146 war against Germany</li> <li>1156 war against Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia_Wars" title="Galicia–Volhynia Wars">Galicia–Volhynia Wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mongol invasions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="First Mongol invasion of Poland">First Mongol invasion of Poland (1240/41)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="Second Mongol invasion of Poland">Second Mongol invasion of Poland (1259/60)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="Third Mongol invasion of Poland">Third Mongol invasion of Poland (1287/88)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Legnica" title="Battle of Legnica">Battle of Legnica</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_the_Jagiellonian_dynasty" title="History of Poland during the Jagiellonian dynasty">Jagiellon Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Teutonic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Teutonic War">Polish–Teutonic wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teutonic_takeover_of_Danzig_(Gda%C5%84sk)" title="Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk)">Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Teutonic_War_(1326%E2%80%931332)" title="Polish–Teutonic War (1326–1332)">Polish–Teutonic War (1326–1332)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_P%C5%82owce" title="Battle of Płowce">Battle of Płowce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian%E2%80%93Teutonic_War" title="Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War">Great War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grunwald" title="Battle of Grunwald">Battle of Grunwald</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_War" title="Hunger War">Hunger War (1414)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gollub_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Gollub War">Gollub War (1422)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Teutonic_War_(1431%E2%80%931435)" title="Polish–Teutonic War (1431–1435)">Polish–Teutonic War (1431–1435)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Years%27_War_(1454%E2%80%931466)" title="Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466)">Thirteen Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Priests_(Poland)" title="War of the Priests (Poland)">War of the Priests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Teutonic_War_(1519%E2%80%931521)" title="Polish–Teutonic War (1519–1521)">Polish–Teutonic War (1519–1521)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_the_White%27s_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Władysław the White's rebellion">Władysław the White's rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Civil_War_(1432%E2%80%931438)" title="Lithuanian Civil War (1432–1438)">Lithuanian Civil War (1432–1438)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grotniki" title="Battle of Grotniki">Battle of Grotniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Varna" title="Crusade of Varna">1444 war against the Ottomans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Varna" title="Battle of Varna">Battle of Varna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_campaign_(1497%E2%80%931499)" title="Moldavian campaign (1497–1499)">Moldavian campaign (1497–1499)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscovite%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Wars" title="Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars">Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1512–1522)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Orsha" title="Battle of Orsha">Battle of Orsha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian%E2%80%93Muscovite_War_(1534%E2%80%931537)" title="Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1534–1537)">Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1534–1537)</a></li> <li>Ottoman–Tatar Invasion of Lithuania and Poland</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Swedish wars">Polish–Swedish wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_War" title="Livonian War">Livonian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_campaign_of_Stephen_B%C3%A1thory" title="Livonian campaign of Stephen Báthory">campaign of Stephen Báthory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Northern Seven Years' War">Northern Seven Years' War (1563–1570)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_against_Sigismund" title="War against Sigismund">War against Sigismund</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St%C3%A5ngebro" title="Battle of Stångebro">Battle of Stångebro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1600%E2%80%931629)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1600–1629)">Polish–Swedish War of 1600–1629</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1600%E2%80%931611)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1600–1611)">Polish–Swedish War of 1600–1611</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kircholm" title="Battle of Kircholm">Battle of Kircholm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1617%E2%80%931618)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1617–1618)">Polish–Swedish War of 1617–1618</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1621%E2%80%931625)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1621–1625)">Polish–Swedish War of 1621–1625</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1626%E2%80%931629)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629)">Polish–Swedish War of 1626–1629</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_War_of_1655%E2%80%931660" title="Northern War of 1655–1660">Northern War of 1655–1660</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Deluge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danzig_rebellion" title="Danzig rebellion">Danzig rebellion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lubiesz%C3%B3w" title="Battle of Lubieszów">Battle of Lubieszów</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Danzig_(1577)" title="Siege of Danzig (1577)">Siege of Danzig (1577)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession_(1587%E2%80%931588)" title="War of the Polish Succession (1587–1588)">War of the Polish Succession (1587–1588)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Byczyna" title="Battle of Byczyna">Battle of Byczyna</a></li></ul></li> <li>1589 Tatar Invasion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosi%C5%84ski_uprising" title="Kosiński uprising">Kosiński uprising</a></li> <li>1593 Tatar Invasion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalyvaiko_Uprising" title="Nalyvaiko Uprising">Nalyvaiko Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Magnate_Wars" title="Moldavian Magnate Wars">Moldavian Magnate Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Russian_War_(1609%E2%80%931618)" title="Polish–Russian War (1609–1618)">Polish–Russian War of 1609–1618</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Klushino" title="Battle of Klushino">Battle of Kłuszyn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebrzydowski_rebellion" title="Zebrzydowski rebellion">Zebrzydowski rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Humenn%C3%A9" title="Battle of Humenné">Battle of Humenné</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars" title="Polish–Ottoman Wars">Polish–Ottoman wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_campaign_(1497%E2%80%931499)" title="Moldavian campaign (1497–1499)">Moldavian campaign (1497–1499)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1620%E2%80%931621)" title="Polish–Ottoman War (1620–1621)">Polish–Ottoman War of 1620–1621</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khotyn_(1621)" title="Battle of Khotyn (1621)">Battle of Chocim (1621)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1633%E2%80%931634)" title="Polish–Ottoman War (1633–1634)">Polish–Ottoman War of 1633–1634</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Cossack%E2%80%93Tatar_War_(1666%E2%80%931671)" title="Polish–Cossack–Tatar War (1666–1671)">Polish–Cossack–Tatar War (1666–1671)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1672%E2%80%931676)" title="Polish–Ottoman War (1672–1676)">Polish–Ottoman War of 1672–1676</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khotyn_(1673)" title="Battle of Khotyn (1673)">Battle of Chocim (1673)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Turkish_War" title="Great Turkish War">Great Turkish War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1683%E2%80%931699)" title="Polish–Ottoman War (1683–1699)">War of the Holy League 1683–1699</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vienna" title="Battle of Vienna">Battle of Vienna</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1624 Tatar Invasion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhmaylo_uprising" title="Zhmaylo uprising">Zhmaylo uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedorovych_uprising" title="Fedorovych uprising">Fedorovych uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_War" title="Smolensk War">Smolensk War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Smolensk_(1632%E2%80%931633)" title="Siege of Smolensk (1632–1633)">Siege of Smolensk (1632–1633)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlyuk_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavlyuk uprising">Pavlyuk uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostryanyn_uprising" title="Ostryanyn uprising">Ostryanyn uprising</a></li> <li>1644 Tatar Invasion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising">Khmelnytsky Uprising</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berestechko" title="Battle of Berestechko">Battle of Berestechko</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Polish_War_(1654%E2%80%931667)" title="Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)">Russo–Polish War of 1654–1667</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" title="War of the Polish Succession">War of the Polish Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Confederation" title="Bar Confederation">War of the Bar Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Russian_War_of_1792" title="Polish–Russian War of 1792">Polish–Russian War of 1792</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Uprising" title="Kościuszko Uprising">Kościuszko Uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1795%E2%80%931918)" title="History of Poland (1795–1918)">Poland partitioned</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denisko_uprising" title="Denisko uprising">Denisko uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">War of the Fourth Coalition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">Prussian campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">War of the Fifth Coalition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Polish_War" title="Austro-Polish War">Austro-Polish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">War of the Sixth Coalition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1848)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Poland uprising (1848)">Greater Poland uprising (1848)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">January Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_World_War_I" title="History of Poland during World War I">fighting in Poland</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)">Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Czechoslovak_War" title="Polish–Czechoslovak War">Polish–Czechoslovak War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Silesian_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="First Silesian Uprising">First Silesian Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Warsaw_(1920)" title="Battle of Warsaw (1920)">Battle of Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiev_offensive_(1920)" title="Kiev offensive (1920)">Kiev offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Silesian_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Silesian Uprising">Second Silesian Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_War" title="Polish–Lithuanian War">Polish–Lithuanian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Silesian_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Silesian Uprising">Third Silesian Uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">World War II in Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></li> <li>Polish <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II"> resistance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Poland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Poland during World War II">contributions</a> during World War II</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_uprisings" title="Ghetto uprisings">Ghetto uprisings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto_uprising" title="Białystok Ghetto uprising">Białystok Ghetto uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_Ghetto_uprising" title="Częstochowa Ghetto uprising">Częstochowa Ghetto uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italian Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Operation Tempest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ostra_Brama" title="Operation Ostra Brama">Operation Ostra Brama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Lwów uprising">Lwów uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1945%E2%80%931989)" title="History of Poland (1945–1989)">People's Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racib%C3%B3rz_Conflict" title="Racibórz Conflict">Racibórz Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1989%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Poland (1989–present)">Third Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Uphold_Democracy" title="Operation Uphold Democracy">Operation Uphold Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)">Occupation of Iraq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aid_to_Ukraine_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of military aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Military aid to Ukraine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Armed_conflicts_involving_Russia_(including_Tsarist,_Imperial_and_Soviet_times)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_conflicts" title="Template:Russian conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_conflicts" title="Template talk:Russian conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armed_conflicts_involving_Russia_(including_Tsarist,_Imperial_and_Soviet_times)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Armed conflicts involving <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> times)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Russia" title="Military history of Russia">Military history of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Military history of the Russian Empire">Military history of the Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military history of the Soviet Union">Military history of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Military history of the Russian Federation">Military history of the Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet conflicts">Post-Soviet conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Russian Armed Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists by opponent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscovite%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Wars" title="Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars">Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Crimean_Wars" title="Russo-Crimean Wars">Russo-Crimean Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-Finnish_wars" title="Soviet-Finnish wars">Soviet-Finnish wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Kazan_Wars" title="Russo-Kazan Wars">Russo-Kazan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_Wars" title="Russo-Persian Wars">Russo-Persian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_armed_conflicts_involving_Poland_against_Russia" title="List of armed conflicts involving Poland against Russia">Russo-Polish Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_between_Russia_and_Sweden" title="List of wars between Russia and Sweden">Russo-Swedish wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russo-Turkish_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Russo-Turkish wars">Russo-Turkish wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_between_Russia_and_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wars between Russia and Ukraine">Russo-Ukrainian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_border_conflicts" title="Sino-Russian border conflicts">Sino-Russian border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Russia" title="List of wars involving Russia">List of wars involving Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of wars involving the Soviet Union">List of wars involving the Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="List of battles involving the Russian Federation">List of battles involving the Russian Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Bolotnikov" title="Uprising of Bolotnikov">Uprising of Bolotnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razin%27s_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Razin's Rebellion">Razin's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulavin_Rebellion" title="Bulavin Rebellion">Bulavin Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pugachev%27s_Rebellion" title="Pugachev's Rebellion">Pugachev's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decembrist_revolt" title="Decembrist revolt">Decembrist revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Uprising" title="August Uprising">August Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">Coup attempt (1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">1993 Russian constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Dagestan" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Dagestan">War of Dagestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Insurgency in the North Caucasus">Insurgency in the North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group_rebellion" title="Wagner Group rebellion">Wagner Group rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tsardom of<br />Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Crimean_Wars" title="Russo-Crimean Wars">Russo-Crimean Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Kazan_Wars" title="Russo-Kazan Wars">Russo-Kazan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1554%E2%80%931557)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)">Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_War" title="Livonian War">Livonian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Siberia" title="Russian conquest of Siberia">Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1568%E2%80%931570)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)">Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1590%E2%80%931595)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)">Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Muscovite_War_(1605%E2%80%931618)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)">Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Time_of_Troubles" title="Time of Troubles">Time of Troubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_War" title="Ingrian War">Ingrian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_War" title="Smolensk War">Smolensk War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1651%E2%80%931653)" title="Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)">Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_border_conflicts" title="Sino-Russian border conflicts">Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Polish_War_(1654%E2%80%931667)" title="Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)">Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deluge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Northern War">Second Northern War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1676%E2%80%931681)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)">Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1686%E2%80%931700)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)">Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th–19th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1710%E2%80%931711)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)">Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1722%E2%80%931723)" title="Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)">Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" title="War of the Polish Succession">War of the Polish Succession</a> (1733–1738)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Russian%E2%80%93Turkish_War_(1735%E2%80%931739)" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)">Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a> (1740–1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1741%E2%80%931743)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)">Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1768%E2%80%931774)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)">Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Confederation" title="Bar Confederation">Bar Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1787%E2%80%931792)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)">Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1788%E2%80%931790)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)">Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Russian_War_of_1792" title="Polish–Russian War of 1792">Russo-Polish War (1792)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_colonization_of_North_America" title="Russian colonization of North America">Russian colonization of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Uprising" title="Kościuszko Uprising">Kościuszko Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Expedition_of_1796" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Expedition of 1796">Russo-Persian War (1796)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">War of the Second Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">War of the Third Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)">Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">War of the Fourth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%931812)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)">Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_War_(1807%E2%80%931812)" title="Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812)">Anglo-Russian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Finnish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">War of the Fifth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">War of the Sixth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Seventh_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Seventh Coalition">War of the Seventh Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_the_Caucasus" title="Russian conquest of the Caucasus">Russian conquest of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_War" title="Caucasian War">Caucasian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Circassian_War" title="Russo-Circassian War">Russo-Circassian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murid_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Murid War">Murid War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1826%E2%80%931828)" title="Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)">Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1828%E2%80%931829)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)">Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_War" title="Åland War">Åland War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amur_Annexation" title="Amur Annexation">Amur Annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">January Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Central_Asia" title="Russian conquest of Central Asia">Russian conquest of Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Bukhara" title="Russian conquest of Bukhara">Russian conquest of Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khivan_campaign_of_1873" title="Khivan campaign of 1873">Khivan campaign of 1873</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Russian invasion of Manchuria">Russian invasion of Manchuria</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Tabriz" title="Russian occupation of Tabriz">Russian occupation of Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Ukrainian–Soviet War">Ukrainian–Soviet War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1919_Soviet_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine">1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alash_Autonomy" title="Alash Autonomy">Kazakhstan Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sochi_conflict" title="Sochi conflict">Sochi conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimosodat" title="Heimosodat">Heimosodat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_westward_offensive_of_1918%E2%80%931919" title="Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919">Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Lithuanian–Soviet War">Lithuanian–Soviet War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)">Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Azerbaijan" title="Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan">Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Armenia" title="Red Army invasion of Armenia">Red Army invasion of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army invasion of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_intervention_in_Mongolia" title="Soviet intervention in Mongolia">Red Army intervention in Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Karelian_uprising" title="East Karelian uprising">East Karelian uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basmachi_movement" title="Basmachi movement">Central Asian Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Uprising" title="August Uprising">August Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urtatagai_conflict_(1925%E2%80%931926)" title="Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)">Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_conflict_(1929)" title="Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)">Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_intervention_in_Afghanistan_(1929)" title="Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)">Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_intervention_in_Afghanistan_(1930)" title="Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)">Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechen_uprising_of_1932&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chechen uprising of 1932 (page does not exist)">Chechen uprising of 1932</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5_1932_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Восстание в Чечне 1932 года">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">Soviet–Japanese border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Xinjiang" title="Soviet invasion of Xinjiang">Soviet invasion of Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_rebellion_in_Xinjiang_(1937)" title="Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang (1937)">Xinjiang War (1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Soviet invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Latvia_in_1940" title="Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940">Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front (World War II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1944)" title="Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)">Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_Latvia_in_1944" title="Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944">Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Soviet–Japanese War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army#Soviet_Union" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Guerrilla war in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931953)" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)">Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Rebellion" title="Ili Rebellion">Ili Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlora_incident" title="Vlora incident">Vlora incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_OMON_assaults_on_Lithuanian_border_posts" title="Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts">Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)">War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/2022_Kazakh_unrest" title="2022 Kazakh unrest">Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Winter" title="Russian Winter">Russian Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">Sphere of influence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631163#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631163#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631163#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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