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vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Glavni meni" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Glavni meni</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Glavni meni</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">prestavi v stransko letvico</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">skrij</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigacija </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Glavna_stran" title="Obiščite glavno stran [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Glavna stran</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pomo%C4%8D:Uvod"><span>Naučite se urejati</span></a></li><li id="n-Izbrani-članki" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Izbrani_%C4%8Dlanki"><span>Izbrani članki</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Naklju%C4%8Dno" title="Naložite naključno stran [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Naključna stran</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:ZadnjeSpremembe" title="Seznam zadnjih sprememb Wikipedije [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Zadnje spremembe</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-obcestvo" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-obcestvo" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Skupnost </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pomo%C4%8D:Vsebina" title="Kraj, kjer lahko prejmete pomoč"><span>Pomoč</span></a></li><li id="n-Pod-lipo" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Pod_lipo"><span>Pod lipo</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Portal_skupnosti" title="O projektu, kaj lahko storite, kje lahko kaj najdete"><span>Portal skupnosti</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Stik_z_nami"><span>Stik z nami</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Glavna_stran" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedija" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-sl.svg" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1.375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="prosta enciklopedija" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-sl.svg" width="118" height="13" style="width: 7.375em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div 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name="search" placeholder="Iskanje v Wikipediji" aria-label="Iskanje v Wikipediji" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Preiščite viki [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Posebno:Iskanje"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Išči</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Osebna orodja"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Videz"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Videz" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Videz</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_sl.wikipedia.org&uselang=sl" class=""><span>Denarni prispevki</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Registracija&returnto=Pre%C5%BEvekovalec" title="Predlagamo vam, da si ustvarite račun in se prijavite, vendar to ni obvezno." class=""><span>Ustvari račun</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Prijava&returnto=Pre%C5%BEvekovalec" title="Prijava je zaželena, vendar ni obvezna [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Prijava</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Več možnosti" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Osebna orodja" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Osebna orodja</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Uporabniški meni" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_sl.wikipedia.org&uselang=sl"><span>Denarni prispevki</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Registracija&returnto=Pre%C5%BEvekovalec" title="Predlagamo vam, da si ustvarite račun in se prijavite, vendar to ni obvezno."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Ustvari račun</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Prijava&returnto=Pre%C5%BEvekovalec" title="Prijava je zaželena, vendar ni obvezna [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Prijava</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Strani za neprijavljene urejevalce <a href="/wiki/Pomo%C4%8D:Uvod" aria-label="Več o urejanju"><span>več o tem</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:MojiPrispevki" title="Seznam urejanj s tega IP-naslova [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Prispevki</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:MojPogovor" title="Pogovor o urejanjih s tega IP-naslova [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pogovorna stran</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Projekt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Vsebina" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Vsebina</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">prestavi v stransko letvico</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Uvod</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Opis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Opis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Opis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vklopi podrazdelek Opis</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Opis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Klasifikacija_in_taksonomija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klasifikacija_in_taksonomija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Klasifikacija in taksonomija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klasifikacija_in_taksonomija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prebavni_sistem_prežvekovalcev" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prebavni_sistem_prežvekovalcev"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Prebavni sistem prežvekovalcev</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prebavni_sistem_prežvekovalcev-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vklopi podrazdelek Prebavni sistem prežvekovalcev</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prebavni_sistem_prežvekovalcev-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Povzetek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Povzetek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Povzetek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Povzetek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pogostost,_razširjenost_in_udomačitev" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pogostost,_razširjenost_in_udomačitev"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pogostost, razširjenost in udomačitev</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pogostost,_razširjenost_in_udomačitev-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiziologija_prežvekovalcev" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiziologija_prežvekovalcev"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Fiziologija prežvekovalcev</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiziologija_prežvekovalcev-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mikrobiologija_vampa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mikrobiologija_vampa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Mikrobiologija vampa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mikrobiologija_vampa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tanini_in_prežvekovalci" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tanini_in_prežvekovalci"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Tanini in prežvekovalci</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tanini_in_prežvekovalci-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verska_pomembnost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verska_pomembnost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Verska pomembnost</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verska_pomembnost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prežvekovalci_in_podnebne_spremembe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prežvekovalci_in_podnebne_spremembe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Prežvekovalci in podnebne spremembe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prežvekovalci_in_podnebne_spremembe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glej_tudi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glej_tudi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Glej tudi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glej_tudi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sklici" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sklici"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sklici</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sklici-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Vsebina" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vklopi kazalo vsebine" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vklopi kazalo vsebine</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Prežvekovalec</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="P9jdi na članek v drugem jeziku. Na voljo v 28 jezikih." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 jezikov</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="حيوان مجتر – arabščina" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حيوان مجتر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daskirier" title="Daskirier – bretonščina" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Daskirier" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre%C5%BEivar" title="Preživar – bosanščina" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Preživar" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remugant_(digesti%C3%B3)" title="Remugant (digestió) – katalonščina" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Remugant (digestió)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8E%DA%98%DA%A9%DB%95%D8%B1" title="کاوێژکەر – osrednja kurdščina" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کاوێژکەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="osrednja kurdščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99e%C5%BEv%C3%BDkavec" title="Přežvýkavec – češčina" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Přežvýkavec" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="češčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%B8vtygger" title="Drøvtygger – danščina" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Drøvtygger" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumiante" title="Rumiante – španščina" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rumiante" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausnarketa_(fisiologia)" title="Hausnarketa (fisiologia) – baskovščina" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hausnarketa (fisiologia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskovščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87" title="نشخوارکننده – perzijščina" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نشخوارکننده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4rehtiminen" title="Märehtiminen – finščina" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Märehtiminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athchogantaigh" title="Athchogantaigh – irščina" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Athchogantaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%AA_%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94" title="העלאת גירה – hebrejščina" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="העלאת גירה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%95" title="रोमंथक – hindijščina" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रोमंथक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruminero" title="Ruminero – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ruminero" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E8%8A%BB" title="反芻 – japonščina" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="反芻" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asluffe%E1%BA%93" title="Asluffeẓ – kabilščina" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Asluffeẓ" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabilščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%95" title="ರೋಮಂಥಕ – kanareščina" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರೋಮಂಥಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kanareščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%98%EC%B6%94%EB%8F%99%EB%AC%BC" title="반추동물 – korejščina" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="반추동물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BD" title="അയവെട്ടൽ – malajalamščina" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അയവെട്ടൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalamščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%B7%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%8A%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9B%E1%80%85%E1%80%B9%E1%80%86%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="စားမြုံ့ပြန်တတ်သည့် တိရစ္ဆာန်များ – burmanščina" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စားမြုံ့ပြန်တတ်သည့် တိရစ္ဆာန်များ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romiaire" title="Romiaire – okcitanščina" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Romiaire" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okcitanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ruminant" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idissla" title="Idissla – švedščina" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Idissla" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švedščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="నెమరువేయు జంతువులు – telugijščina" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నెమరువేయు జంతువులు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="สัตว์เคี้ยวเอื้อง – tajščina" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สัตว์เคี้ยวเอื้อง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99ng_v%E1%BA%ADt_nhai_l%E1%BA%A1i" title="Động vật nhai lại – vietnamščina" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Động vật nhai lại" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E8%8A%BB" title="反芻 – kitajščina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="反芻" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kitajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q842175#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Abomasum_%28PSF%29.png/375px-Abomasum_%28PSF%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Abomasum_%28PSF%29.png/500px-Abomasum_%28PSF%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3017" data-file-height="2138" /></a><figcaption>Stilizirana ilustracija prebavnega sistema prežvekovalcev. Small intestine = tanko črevo, esophagus = požiralnik, rumen = vamp, reticulum = kapica, omasum = devetogub (prebiralnik), abomasum = siriščnik</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Prežvekovalci</b> ali <b>ruminanti</b> so <a href="/wiki/Rastlinojedec" title="Rastlinojedec">rastlinojedi</a> (herbivorni) sesalci <a href="/wiki/Podred_(biologija)" class="mw-redirect" title="Podred (biologija)">podreda</a> <a href="/wiki/Ruminantia" title="Ruminantia">Ruminantia</a>. Zanje je značilno, da so sposobni pridobivanja hranil iz rastlinskega materiala, ki ga s pomočjo <a href="/wiki/So%C5%BEitje" title="Sožitje">simbiotskih</a> <a href="/wiki/Mikroorganizem" title="Mikroorganizem">mikroorganizmov</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%8Crevesna_fermentacija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Črevesna fermentacija (stran ne obstaja)">fermentirajo</a> v specializiranem in prilagojenem <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDelodec" title="Želodec">želodcu</a>. Proces poteka v prednjem delu <a href="/wiki/Prebavni_sistem" class="mw-redirect" title="Prebavni sistem">prebavnega sistema</a> in navadno zahteva <a href="/w/index.php?title=Regurgitacija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regurgitacija (stran ne obstaja)">regurgitacijo</a> (vračanje želodčne vsebine v ustno votlino) in vnovično žvečenje deloma fermentirane paše. Postopek vnovičnega žvečenja rastlinske materije z namenom razgradnje hrane na manjše gradnike in vzpodbujanje <a href="/wiki/Prebava" title="Prebava">prebave</a> se imenuje <b>prežvekovanje</b> ali <b>ruminacija</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tujka ruminant (po slovensko prežvekovalec) izvira iz latinskega jezika, kjer <i>ruminare</i> pomeni "žvečiti ali prežvekovati pašo".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Med prežvekovalce sodi več kot 200 <a href="/wiki/Vrsta_(biologija)" title="Vrsta (biologija)">vrst</a>, ki so bodisi <a href="/wiki/Udoma%C4%8Ditev" title="Udomačitev">udomačene</a> bodisi prostoživeče divje vrste.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ruminanti so denimo številni <a href="/wiki/Votlorogi" title="Votlorogi">votlorogi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Govedo" title="Govedo">govedo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doma%C4%8Da_koza" title="Domača koza">koze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ovca" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovca">ovce</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antilopa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antilopa (stran ne obstaja)">antilope</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gazela_(%C5%BEival)" title="Gazela (žival)">gazele</a>), <a href="/wiki/Jeleni" title="Jeleni">jeleni</a> in <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDirafa" title="Žirafa">žirafe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fowler,_M.E._2010_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fowler,_M.E._2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Taksonomsko podred Ruminantia združuje linije rastlinojedih <a href="/wiki/Sodoprsti_kopitarji" title="Sodoprsti kopitarji">sodoprstih kopitarjev</a>, ki veljajo za najbolj napredne in zelo razširjene <a href="/wiki/Kopitarji" title="Kopitarji">kopitarje</a> sveta.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Podred Ruminantia vključuje šest različnih družin: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tragulidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tragulidae (stran ne obstaja)">Tragulidae</a> (pritlikavi pižmarji), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giraffidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giraffidae (stran ne obstaja)">Giraffidae</a> (žirafe), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antilocapridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antilocapridae (stran ne obstaja)">Antilocapridae</a> (vilorogi), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moschidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moschidae (stran ne obstaja)">Moschidae</a> (pižmarji), <a href="/wiki/Cervidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervidae">Cervidae</a> (jeleni) in <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a> (votlorogi).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opis">Opis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre%C5%BEvekovalec&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi razdelek: Opis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre%C5%BEvekovalec&action=edit&section=1" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Opis"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Klasifikacija_in_taksonomija">Klasifikacija in taksonomija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre%C5%BEvekovalec&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi razdelek: Klasifikacija in taksonomija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre%C5%BEvekovalec&action=edit&section=2" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Klasifikacija in taksonomija"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hofmann in Stewart sta prežvekovalce razdelila na tri glavne kategorije, ki temeljijo na njihovem načinu prehranjevanja in tipu hrane: koncentrirani selektorji (z razmeroma majhnima vampom in kapico, prehranjujejo se z grmičevjem in drevesi, sem sodijo jeleni in žirafe<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), vmesni tipi (koze<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) in jedci trave/krme (govedo in ovce<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Strokovnjaka sta bila mnenja, da prehranjevalne navade pustijo morfološke posledice na prebavnem sistemu prežvekovalcev (vključujoč <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDleza_slinavka" title="Žleza slinavka">ustne žleze slinavke</a>, velikost vampa itd.).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kasneje je Woodall ugotovil, da je le malo povezave med vsebnostjo <a href="/wiki/Vlaknina" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlaknina">vlaknin</a> (balastnih snovi) v prehrani prežvekovalca in morfološkimi lastnostmi njegovega prebavnega sistema.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Obstaja delež sesalcev, ki jih uvrščamo med neprave prežvekovalce (psevdoruminante), katerih želodec ni štiridelen (kot je značilno za tipične prave prežvekovalce), ampak ima le tri kompartimente. Takšni so denimo povodni konji (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hippopotamidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hippopotamidae (stran ne obstaja)">Hippopotamidae</a>).Tudi nepravi prežvekovalci se tako kot tradicionalni prežvekovalci poslužujejo bakterijske fermentacije v prednjem črevesu, veliko jih tudi prežvekuje pašo. Kljub temu obstajajo določene razlike v anatomiji in načinu prebave, ki jih ločijo od pravih prežvekovalcev.<sup id="cite_ref-Fowler,_M.E._2010_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fowler,_M.E._2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Neprežvekovalci</b> so monogastrični rastlinojedi (<a href="/wiki/Nosorogi" title="Nosorogi">nosorogi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konji" title="Konji">konji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lagomorfi" title="Lagomorfi">lagomorfi</a>), ki imajo le enostaven in enodelen želodec. Pri tovrstnih živalih bakterijska fermentacija poteka v zadnjem črevesu, v povečanem <a href="/wiki/Cekum" class="mw-redirect" title="Cekum">cekumu</a> ali slepem črevesu (začetnem predelu <a href="/wiki/Debelo_%C4%8Drevo" title="Debelo črevo">debelega črevesa</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pri lagomorfih (zajcih, kuncih in žvižgačih) v slepem črevesu nastajajo tako imenovani cecotropi, ki preidejo debelo črevo, se izločijo, nakar jih živali znova zaužijejo, da s tem pridobijo dodatne uporabne snovi (so <a href="/wiki/Koprofagija" title="Koprofagija">koprofagi</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prebavni_sistem_prežvekovalcev"><span id="Prebavni_sistem_pre.C5.BEvekovalcev"></span>Prebavni sistem prežvekovalcev</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre%C5%BEvekovalec&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi razdelek: Prebavni sistem prežvekovalcev" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre%C5%BEvekovalec&action=edit&section=3" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Prebavni sistem prežvekovalcev"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Gazelle_rumination_-_zoom.webm/266px--Gazelle_rumination_-_zoom.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="266" height="399" data-durationhint="13" data-mwtitle="Gazelle_rumination_-_zoom.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Slika:Gazelle_rumination_-_zoom.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cc/Gazelle_rumination_-_zoom.webm/Gazelle_rumination_-_zoom.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Gazelle_rumination_-_zoom.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="400" data-height="600" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cc/Gazelle_rumination_-_zoom.webm/Gazelle_rumination_-_zoom.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="96" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cc/Gazelle_rumination_-_zoom.webm/Gazelle_rumination_-_zoom.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="160" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cc/Gazelle_rumination_-_zoom.webm/Gazelle_rumination_-_zoom.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="240" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cc/Gazelle_rumination_-_zoom.webm/Gazelle_rumination_-_zoom.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="240" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Impala, ki prežvekuje</figcaption></figure><p>Glavna razlika med prežvekovalci in neprežvekovalci je štiridelen želodec prežvekovalcev<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, sestavljen iz treh predželodcev (nepravih želodcev) in enega pravega želodca<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: </p><ol><li><b>vamp</b> (<i>rumen</i>)—primarno mesto bakterijske fermentacije</li> <li><b>kapica</b> (<i>reticulum</i>)—tesno povezan z vampom, omogoča prehod hrane nazaj v ustno votlino</li> <li><b>devetogub</b> ali <b>prebiralnik</b> (<i>omasum</i>)—prejme prežvečeno pašo in absorbira <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hlapljiva_ma%C5%A1%C4%8Dobna_kislina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hlapljiva maščobna kislina (stran ne obstaja)">hlapljive maščobne kisline</a> (VFA)</li> <li><b>siriščnik</b> (<i>abomasum</i>)—pravi želodec, namenjen encimatski in kislinski prebavi</li></ol> <p>Prežvekovalci na paši hrano navadno le malo prežvečijo in zatem hitro pogoltnejo. Ko zaključijo s pašo, se umaknejo v zavetje, kjer je nevarnost plenilcev manjša, živali pa lahko v miru prežvekujejo (regurgitirajo hrano iz želodca v ustno votlino in jo tam znova žvečijo na manjše delce ter zatem požirajo).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kar eno tretjino časa lahko prežvekovalci porabijo za prežvekovanje.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prvi dve kamrici štiridelnega želodca sta vamp in kapica, ki sta si zelo podobna (tako po izgledu kot po funkciji). Ta dva predela sta odgovorna za fermentacijo in delovanje mikroorganizmov. Fermentacija, ki jo izvajajo mikrobi, je ključna za proces prebave, saj se na tak način sestavljeni <a href="/wiki/Ogljikov_hidrat" title="Ogljikov hidrat">ogljikohidrati</a> (na primer <a href="/wiki/Celuloza" title="Celuloza">celuloza</a>) cepijo na manjše gradnike. Mikrobi najbolje uspevajo v toplih, vlažnih in anaerobnih pogojih, kjer je temperatura od 37.7 do 42.2 °C in <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> vrednost med 6,0 in 6,4 (blizu nevtralnega). Prežvekovalci brez svojih simbiotskih mikrobov ne bi mogli sprostiti energijsko bogatih hranil iz rastlinske materije.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hrana se pomeša s slino in razporedi v več plasti trdega ter tekočega materiala. Oblikuje se <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bolus (stran ne obstaja)">bolus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zatem pride do regurgitacije bolusa (prehod iz kapice preko požiralnika v ustno votlino) in vnovičnega žvečenja; hrana se znova meša s slino in cepi na še manjše kosce. Vlaknine, predvsem celulozo in <a href="/wiki/Hemiceluloza" title="Hemiceluloza">hemicelulozo</a>, v teh dveh kamricah mikrobi (v glavnem <a href="/wiki/Bakterije" title="Bakterije">bakterije</a>, pa tudi nekatere <a href="/wiki/Pra%C5%BEivali" title="Praživali">praživali</a> in <a href="/wiki/Glive" title="Glive">glive</a>) razgrajujejo na tri hlapljive maščobne kisline (VFA): <a href="/wiki/Etanojska_kislina" title="Etanojska kislina">etanojsko kislino</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Propanojska_kislina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propanojska kislina (stran ne obstaja)">propanojsko kislino</a> in <a href="/wiki/Butanojska_kislina" title="Butanojska kislina">butanojsko kislino</a>. Fermentirajo se tudi <a href="/wiki/Beljakovina" title="Beljakovina">beljakovine</a> in ogljikovi hidrati, ki sicer ne služijo kot gradniki (na primer <a href="/wiki/Pektin" title="Pektin">pektini</a>, sladkorji in <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0krob" title="Škrob">škrob</a> ter njegovi derivati). Slina je zelo pomembna, ker zagotavlja tekočino za transport mikrobov, prenaša <a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1ik" title="Dušik">dušik</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerale</a> ter deluje kot <a href="/wiki/Pufer" title="Pufer">pufer</a> in s tem ohranja stalen pH vampa.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Pansreye_bedot_panse_bounete_limeros.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Pansreye_bedot_panse_bounete_limeros.jpg/220px-Pansreye_bedot_panse_bounete_limeros.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Pansreye_bedot_panse_bounete_limeros.jpg/330px-Pansreye_bedot_panse_bounete_limeros.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Pansreye_bedot_panse_bounete_limeros.jpg/440px-Pansreye_bedot_panse_bounete_limeros.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Prikaz prebavnega sistema: 1. požiralnik; 2. kapica; 3. vamp; 4. črevesje</figcaption></figure> <p>Med pomembnejše funkcije kapice spada tudi zbiranje dovolj majhnega rastlinskega materiala in potiskanje dalje v sledeče dele štiridelnega želodca, medtem ko preveliki kosci ostajajo v sistemu vampa in kapice ter nadaljujejo svojo razgradnjo. Kapica hkrati predstavlja pregrado za velike in težke predmete, ki jih žival občasno zaužije (žice, žeblji ipd.).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fermentirana in deloma razgrajena hrana potuje v naslednjo kamrico, devetogub ali prebiralnik,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ki je s kapico povezan z ozkim tunelom.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ta nadzoruje prehod snovi v sledeči siriščnik (prehajajo lahko le dovolj majhni delci), hkrati skrbi za absorpcijo hlapljivih maščobnih kislin (VFA) in <a href="/wiki/Amonijak" title="Amonijak">amonijaka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poteče tudi absorpcija vode.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zatem se hrana premakne v pravi želodec, siriščnik, ki je nekakšen ekvivalent želodca neprežvekovalcev (tudi prebava poteka na podoben način). Siriščnik sprosti kisline (<a href="/wiki/Klorovodikova_kislina" title="Klorovodikova kislina">klorovodikova kislina</a>) in želodčne <a href="/wiki/Encim" title="Encim">encime</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pepsin" title="Pepsin">pepsin</a>), ki nadaljujejo prebavo rastlinskega materiala. Hkrati se tukaj izvaja prebava mikrobov iz vampa.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sledi prenos hrane v <a href="/wiki/Tanko_%C4%8Drevo" title="Tanko črevo">tanko črevo</a>, kjer potekata tako razgradnja kot tudi absorpcija (privzem) hranil. Zadnjo fazo procesa prebave predstavlja <a href="/wiki/Debelo_%C4%8Drevo" title="Debelo črevo">debelo črevo</a>, kjer se vrši mikrobna fermentacija vlaknin, absorpcija vode in ionov ter mineralnih snovi.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Povzetek">Povzetek</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre%C5%BEvekovalec&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi razdelek: Povzetek" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre%C5%BEvekovalec&action=edit&section=4" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Povzetek"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prežvekovalci so rastlinojede živali, ki na paši hrane ne žvečijo veliko, ampak jo hitro pogoltnejo, nakar material potuje v vamp (prvi del štiridelnega želodca), kjer poteka bakterijska fermentacija. Po zaključku paše se kopitarji umaknejo v zaklon, kjer v miru nadaljujejo proces prebave. Deloma fermentirana hrana se preko z vampom tesno povezane kapice pomakne v požiralnik, ki omogoča dvosmerni prehod. Sledi regurgitacija (prehod hrane nazaj v ustno votlino) in prežvekovanje, ki je lahko dolgotrajno. Zatem hrana prehaja nazaj v sistem vampa in kapice, kjer bodisi poteka nadaljnja razgradnja bodisi dovolj majhni kosci preko kapice preidejo v devetogub ali prebiralnik in zatem v pravi želodec, siriščnik, kjer poteka encimatska in kislinska razgradnja. Zadnjo stopnjo prebave predstavljajo tanko, slepo in debelo črevo.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pogostost,_razširjenost_in_udomačitev"><span id="Pogostost.2C_raz.C5.A1irjenost_in_udoma.C4.8Ditev"></span>Pogostost, razširjenost in udomačitev</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre%C5%BEvekovalec&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi razdelek: Pogostost, razširjenost in udomačitev" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre%C5%BEvekovalec&action=edit&section=5" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Pogostost, razširjenost in udomačitev"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Divjih prežvekovalcev naj bi bilo vsaj 75 milijonov,<sup id="cite_ref-hackmann_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hackmann-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Avtohtona_vrsta" title="Avtohtona vrsta">avtohtoni</a> so na vseh kontinentih z izjemo <a href="/wiki/Antarktika" title="Antarktika">Antarktike</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Skoraj 90 odstotkov vseh vrst prebiva v Evraziji in Afriki.<sup id="cite_ref-hackmann_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hackmann-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Živali poseljujejo raznolike življenjske prostore (od odprtih planjav do gozdov), najti jih je mogoče v variabilnih podnebnih tipih (od <a href="/wiki/Tropi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropi">tropov</a> do arktičnega podnebja).<sup id="cite_ref-hackmann_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hackmann-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:The_Cetartiodactyla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/The_Cetartiodactyla.jpg/300px-The_Cetartiodactyla.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/The_Cetartiodactyla.jpg/450px-The_Cetartiodactyla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/The_Cetartiodactyla.jpg/600px-The_Cetartiodactyla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Med prežvekovalce sodi veliko <a href="/wiki/Sodoprsti_kopitarji" title="Sodoprsti kopitarji">sodoprstih kopitarjev</a> (na sliki niso zgolj prežvekovalci).</figcaption></figure> <p>Udomačenih prežvekovalcev je več kot 3,5 bilijonov, pri čemer govedo, ovce in koze (torej votlorogi), predstavljajo kar 95 odstotkov celotnega števila. Koze so udomačili nekje 8000 pr. n. št. na <a href="/wiki/Bli%C5%BEnji_vzhod" title="Bližnji vzhod">Bližnjem vzhodu</a>, medtem ko se je proces udomačitve ostalih vrst zgodil 2500 pr. n. št. (na Bližnjem vzhodu ali južni Aziji).<sup id="cite_ref-hackmann_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hackmann-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fiziologija_prežvekovalcev"><span id="Fiziologija_pre.C5.BEvekovalcev"></span>Fiziologija prežvekovalcev</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre%C5%BEvekovalec&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi razdelek: Fiziologija prežvekovalcev" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre%C5%BEvekovalec&action=edit&section=6" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Fiziologija prežvekovalcev"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Za prežvekovalce je značilna vrsta fizioloških prilagoditev, ki jim omogoča preživetje v naravi. Med eno takšnih lastnosti spadajo neprestano rastoči zobje. Med muljenjem rastlinja <a href="/wiki/Silicij" title="Silicij">silicij</a>, ki ga vsebuje rastlinski material, povzroča abrazijo zob. Temu se prežvekovalci zoperstavijo z neprestano rastočimi zobje. Večina prežvekovalcev nima gornjih <a href="/wiki/Sekalec" title="Sekalec">sekalcev</a>, na njihovem mestu pa se nahaja tako imenovana dentalna ploščica, ki omogoča zadovoljivo žvečenje rastlinske hrane.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Še ena značilnost prežvekovalcev je obsežen vamp, ki jim omogoča zaužitje večje količine hrane, samo prežvekovanje pa se vrši kasneje.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mikrobiologija_vampa">Mikrobiologija vampa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre%C5%BEvekovalec&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi razdelek: Mikrobiologija vampa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre%C5%BEvekovalec&action=edit&section=7" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Mikrobiologija vampa"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vretenčarji nimajo encima <a href="/w/index.php?title=Celulaza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Celulaza (stran ne obstaja)">celulaze</a> in zato sposobnosti <a href="/wiki/Hidroliza" title="Hidroliza">hidrolize</a> β-1,4 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glikozidna_vez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glikozidna vez (stran ne obstaja)">glikozidne vezi</a>, ki veže <a href="/wiki/Glukoza" title="Glukoza">glukozne</a> monomere celuloze. Posledično se prežvekovalci za presnavljanje celuloze v celoti zanašajo na svoje simbiotske mikroorganizme vampa in zadnjega črevesa. Prebavo hrane v vampu večinsko izvaja <a href="/wiki/Mikroflora" title="Mikroflora">mikroflora</a>, ki jo sestavljajo gosto poseljene populacije različnih vrst bakterij, <a href="/wiki/Pra%C5%BEivali" title="Praživali">praživali</a> in občasno <a href="/wiki/Kvasovka" title="Kvasovka">kvasovk</a> ter drugih gliv. 1 mililiter vampa naj bi vseboval 10–50 bilijonov bakterij in 1 milijon praživali, pa tudi precej kvasovk in drugih gliv.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Rumen-sheep2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Rumen-sheep2.jpg/180px-Rumen-sheep2.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Rumen-sheep2.jpg/270px-Rumen-sheep2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Rumen-sheep2.jpg/360px-Rumen-sheep2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2443" data-file-height="1697" /></a><figcaption>Ovčji vamp z označenimi sestavnimi deli.</figcaption></figure> <p>Okolje vampa prežvekovalcev je anaerobno, kar pomeni, da je večji delež mikrobnih vrst obveznih (obligatnih) ali fakultativnih <a href="/wiki/Anaerob" title="Anaerob">anaerobov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ko bakterije v vampu vršijo fermentacijo, porabijo okoli 10% ogljika, 60% fosforja in 80% dušika, ki jih zaužije prežvekovalec.<sup id="cite_ref-Callewaert_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Callewaert-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Da lahko privzame tudi te elemente, mora prežvekovalec v siriščniku prebaviti simbiotske bakterije. Encim <a href="/wiki/Lizocim" title="Lizocim">lizocim</a> je namenjen tovrstni razgradnji.<sup id="cite_ref-Irwin_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irwin-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pankreas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pankreas">Pankreatične</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ribonukleaza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ribonukleaza (stran ne obstaja)">ribonukleaze</a> tankega črevesa razgrajujejo bakterijsko <a href="/wiki/RNK" class="mw-redirect" title="RNK">RNK</a>, da lahko prežvekovalec privzema dušik.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Med pašo prežvekovalci proizvedejo velike količine <a href="/wiki/Slina" title="Slina">sline</a> – ocene predvidevajo, da naj bi krava proizvedla od 100 do 150 litrov sline na dan.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slina prežvekovalcem predstavlja tekočino, potrebno za fermentacijo v vampu, deluje pa tudi kot <a href="/wiki/Pufer" title="Pufer">pufer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fermentacija v vampa proizvede velike količine organskih kislin, zato je zelo važno, da se s pomočjo pufrov ohranja stalni pH vampa. Ko deloma prebavljena hrana preide vamp, devetogub absorbira odvečno tekočino, da se encimi in kisline siriščnika ne razredčijo preveč.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tanini_in_prežvekovalci"><span id="Tanini_in_pre.C5.BEvekovalci"></span>Tanini in prežvekovalci</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre%C5%BEvekovalec&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi razdelek: Tanini in prežvekovalci" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre%C5%BEvekovalec&action=edit&section=8" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Tanini in prežvekovalci"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Tannic_acid.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Tannic_acid.svg/200px-Tannic_acid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Tannic_acid.svg/300px-Tannic_acid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Tannic_acid.svg/400px-Tannic_acid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Tanini ali čreslovine so za prežvekovalci lahko strupeni. Na sliki je taninska kislina.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Tanini" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanini">Tanini</a> (čreslovine) so <a href="/wiki/Fenol" title="Fenol">fenolne</a> spojine, ki jih pogosto najdemo v <a href="/wiki/Rastline" title="Rastline">rastlinah</a>. Ločimo dva glavna razreda; hidrolizi podvrženi (hidrolizabilni) tanini in kondenzirani tanini. Tanini so lahko koristni (pomagali naj bi pri rasti <a href="/wiki/Volna" title="Volna">volne</a>, zvišanju produkcije <a href="/wiki/Mleko" title="Mleko">mleka</a> in ravni <a href="/wiki/Ovulacija" title="Ovulacija">ovulacije</a> ipd.).<sup id="cite_ref-Barry_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barry-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Čreslovine pa so lahko za prežvekovalce tudi strupene, ker povzročajo <a href="/wiki/Obarjanje" title="Obarjanje">obarjanje</a> beljakovin, ki posledično niso prebavljive. Poleg tega zavirajo absorpcijo hranil z zmanjšanjem populacije <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteoliza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proteoliza (stran ne obstaja)">proteolitičnih</a> bakterij vampa.<sup id="cite_ref-Barry_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barry-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bate-Smith_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bate-Smith-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Visoke ravni taninov lahko vodijo v zastrupitev in smrt.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Živali, ki pogosto zauživajo hrano, bogato s čreslovinami, občasno razvijejo obrambne mehanizme (na primer sproščanje <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipidov</a> in zunajceličnih <a href="/wiki/Polisaharid" title="Polisaharid">polisaharidov</a>, ki imajo visok privlak za vezavo čreslovin).<sup id="cite_ref-Barry_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barry-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nekateri prežvekovalci (koze, jeleni in losi) se brez težav prehranjujejo s hrano, bogato s tanini, ker imajo v svoji slini beljakovine, ki vežejo čreslovine.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verska_pomembnost">Verska pomembnost</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre%C5%BEvekovalec&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Uredi razdelek: Verska pomembnost" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre%C5%BEvekovalec&action=edit&section=9" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Verska pomembnost"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mojzes" title="Mojzes">Mojzesovi</a> zakoni, zapisani v <a href="/wiki/Sveto_pismo" title="Sveto pismo">Svetem Pismu</a>, vernikom dovoljujejo jedačo zgolj tistih sesalcev, ki imajo preklane <a href="/wiki/Parkljarji" class="mw-redirect" title="Parkljarji">parklje</a> (so torej sodoprsti kopitarji) in prežvekujejo. Teh zapovedi se <a href="/wiki/Judje" title="Judje">Judi</a> držijo še danes.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prežvekovalci_in_podnebne_spremembe"><span id="Pre.C5.BEvekovalci_in_podnebne_spremembe"></span>Prežvekovalci in podnebne spremembe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre%C5%BEvekovalec&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Uredi razdelek: Prežvekovalci in podnebne spremembe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre%C5%BEvekovalec&action=edit&section=10" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Prežvekovalci in podnebne spremembe"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>V vampu prežvekovalcev se med simbiotskimi prokarionti nahajajo tudi <a href="/wiki/Arheje" title="Arheje">arheje</a>, ki so metanogene, kar pomeni, da v presnovnih procesih proizvajajo plin <a href="/wiki/Metan" title="Metan">metan</a>. Metan velja za močan <a href="/wiki/Toplogredni_plin" title="Toplogredni plin">toplogredni plin</a>, njegov potencial za <a href="/wiki/Globalno_segrevanje" class="mw-redirect" title="Globalno segrevanje">globalno segrevanje</a> je kar 86 v primerjavi z ogljikovim dioksidom (gledano v dvajsetletnem obdobju).<sup id="cite_ref-AR5WG1_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AR5WG1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leta 2010 je bakterijska črevesna fermentacija prispevala kar 43% emisij toplogrednih plinov izmed vseh kmetijskih aktivnosti na svetu<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 22% emisij metana v Združenih državah.<sup id="cite_ref-Inventory_of_U.S._Greenhouse_Gas_Emissions_and_Sinks:_1990-2014_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inventory_of_U.S._Greenhouse_Gas_Emissions_and_Sinks:_1990-2014-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meso udomačenih prežvekovalcev naj bi imelo višji <a href="/wiki/Oglji%C4%8Dni_odtis" title="Ogljični odtis">ogljični odtis</a> kot drugi tipi mesa in rastlinski viri beljakovin.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metan, ki ga pridelajo za meso gojene živali (predvsem prežvekovalci), zajema 15–20% globalne proizvodnje metana (razen, če so bile živali ulovljene v divjini).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Glej_tudi">Glej tudi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre%C5%BEvekovalec&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Uredi razdelek: Glej tudi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre%C5%BEvekovalec&action=edit&section=11" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Glej tudi"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaerob" title="Anaerob">anaerob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodoprsti_kopitarji" title="Sodoprsti kopitarji">sodoprsti kopitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruminantia" title="Ruminantia">Ruminantia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sklici">Sklici</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre%C5%BEvekovalec&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Uredi razdelek: Sklici" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre%C5%BEvekovalec&action=edit&section=12" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Sklici"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:4-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:4_1-0">1,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:4_1-1">1,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5980307">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"»""«""›""‹"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ultimateungulate.com/cetartiodactyla/Rumination.html">»Rumination: The process of foregut fermentation«</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=neznano&rft.btitle=Rumination%3A+The+process+of+foregut+fermentation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ultimateungulate.com%2Fcetartiodactyla%2FRumination.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APre%C5%BEvekovalec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/ruminant">»ruminant | Origin and meaning of ruminant by Online Etymology Dictionary«</a>. <i>www.etymonline.com</i> (v angleščini)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 14. junija 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=neznano&rft.jtitle=www.etymonline.com&rft.atitle=ruminant+%7C+Origin+and+meaning+of+ruminant+by+Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fruminant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APre%C5%BEvekovalec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0">3,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1">3,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2">3,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFFernándezVrba2005" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fernández, Manuel Hernández; Vrba, Elisabeth S. (1. maj 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_biological-reviews_2005-05_80_2/page/269">»A complete estimate of the phylogenetic relationships in Ruminantia: a dated species-level supertree of the extant ruminants«</a>. <i>Biological Reviews</i> (v angleščini). <b>80</b> (2): 269–302. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs1464793104006670">10.1017/s1464793104006670</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifikator)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1469-185X">1469-185X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15921052">15921052</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifikator)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29939520">29939520</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Biological+Reviews&rft.atitle=A+complete+estimate+of+the+phylogenetic+relationships+in+Ruminantia%3A+a+dated+species-level+supertree+of+the+extant+ruminants&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=269-302&rft.date=2005-05-01&rft.issn=1469-185X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29939520%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15921052&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs1464793104006670&rft.aulast=Fern%C3%A1ndez&rft.aufirst=Manuel+Hern%C3%A1ndez&rft.au=Vrba%2C+Elisabeth+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_biological-reviews_2005-05_80_2%2Fpage%2F269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APre%C5%BEvekovalec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fowler,_M.E._2010-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Fowler,_M.E._2010_4-0">4,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Fowler,_M.E._2010_4-1">4,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Fowler, M.E. (2010). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2XBSPBZU3EC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false">Medicine and Surgery of Camelids</a>", Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell. Chapter 1 General Biology and Evolution addresses the fact that camelids (including camels and llamas) are not ruminants, pseudo-ruminants, or modified ruminants.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ultimateungulate.com/cetartiodactyla/Ruminantia.html">»Suborder Ruminatia, the Ultimate Ungulate«</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=neznano&rft.btitle=Suborder+Ruminatia%2C+the+Ultimate+Ungulate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ultimateungulate.com%2Fcetartiodactyla%2FRuminantia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APre%C5%BEvekovalec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-0">6,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-1">6,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-2">6,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-3">6,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-4">6,4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-5">6,5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-6">6,6</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-7">6,7</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-8">6,8</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecattlesite.com/articles/2095/understanding-the-ruminant-animals-digestive-system/">»Understanding the Ruminant Animal's Digestive System«</a>. <i>The Cattle Site</i> (v angleščini)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 14. junija 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=neznano&rft.jtitle=The+Cattle+Site&rft.atitle=Understanding+the+Ruminant+Animal%27s+Digestive+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecattlesite.com%2Farticles%2F2095%2Funderstanding-the-ruminant-animals-digestive-system%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APre%C5%BEvekovalec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFDitchkoff2000" class="citation journal cs1">Ditchkoff, S. S. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716073320/https://fp.auburn.edu/sfws/ditchkoff/PDF%20publications/2000%20-%20Oecologia.pdf">»A decade since "diversification of ruminants": has our knowledge improved?«</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Oecologia</i>. <b>125</b> (1): 82–84. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifikator)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Oecol.125...82D">2000Oecol.125...82D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FPL00008894">10.1007/PL00008894</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28308225">28308225</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifikator)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23923707">23923707</a>. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fp.auburn.edu/sfws/ditchkoff/PDF%20publications/2000%20-%20Oecologia.pdf">prvotnega spletišča</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> dne 16. julija 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Oecologia&rft.atitle=A+decade+since+%22diversification+of+ruminants%22%3A+has+our+knowledge+improved%3F&rft.volume=125&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=82-84&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FPL00008894&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23923707%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28308225&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000Oecol.125...82D&rft.aulast=Ditchkoff&rft.aufirst=S.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffp.auburn.edu%2Fsfws%2Fditchkoff%2FPDF%2520publications%2F2000%2520-%2520Oecologia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APre%C5%BEvekovalec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Reinhold R Hofmann, 1989.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190520174832/https://www.over-reeen.nl/Portals/0/artikelen/het_ree/engels/evolutionary_steps_of_ecophysiological_adaptation_and_diversification_of_ruminants_oecologia1989.pdf">"Evolutionary steps of ecophysiological and diversification of ruminants: a comparative view of their digestive system"</a>. <i>Oecologia</i>, 78:443–457</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFWoodall1992" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Woodall, P. F. (1. junij 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_african-journal-of-ecology_1992-06_30_2/page/181">»An evaluation of a rapid method for estimating digestibility«</a>. <i>African Journal of Ecology</i> (v angleščini). <b>30</b> (2): 181–185. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2028.1992.tb00492.x">10.1111/j.1365-2028.1992.tb00492.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifikator)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1365-2028">1365-2028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=African+Journal+of+Ecology&rft.atitle=An+evaluation+of+a+rapid+method+for+estimating+digestibility&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=181-185&rft.date=1992-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2028.1992.tb00492.x&rft.issn=1365-2028&rft.aulast=Woodall&rft.aufirst=P.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_african-journal-of-ecology_1992-06_30_2%2Fpage%2F181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APre%C5%BEvekovalec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.termania.net/slovarji/slovenski-medicinski-slovar/5509404/cekum?query=cekum&SearchIn=My">»Termania - Slovenski medicinski slovar - cékum«</a>. <i>www.termania.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 14. junija 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=neznano&rft.jtitle=www.termania.net&rft.atitle=Termania+-+Slovenski+medicinski+slovar+-+c%C3%A9kum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.termania.net%2Fslovarji%2Fslovenski-medicinski-slovar%2F5509404%2Fcekum%3Fquery%3Dcekum%26SearchIn%3DMy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APre%C5%BEvekovalec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-0">11,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-1">11,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-2">11,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-3">11,3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120502102601/http://sci.waikato.ac.nz/farm/content/animalstructure.html">»Animal Structure & Function«</a>. <i>web.archive.org</i>. 2. maj 2012. Arhivirano iz prvotnega dne 2. maja 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 14. junija 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=neznano&rft.jtitle=web.archive.org&rft.atitle=Animal+Structure+%26+Function&rft.date=2012-05-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsci.waikato.ac.nz%2Ffarm%2Fcontent%2Fanimalstructure.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APre%C5%BEvekovalec" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Predloga:Navedi_splet" title="Predloga:Navedi splet">navedi splet</a>}}</code>: Vzdrževanje CS1: bot: neznano stanje prvotnega URL-ja (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Vzdr%C5%BEevanje_CS1:_bot:_neznano_stanje_prvotnega_URL-ja" title="Kategorija:Vzdrževanje CS1: bot: neznano stanje prvotnega URL-ja">povezava</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bio.miami.edu/hare/poop.html">»Rabbits: The Mystery of Poop«</a>. <i>www.bio.miami.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 14. junija 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=neznano&rft.jtitle=www.bio.miami.edu&rft.atitle=Rabbits%3A+The+Mystery+of+Poop&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bio.miami.edu%2Fhare%2Fpoop.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APre%C5%BEvekovalec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFMANKOČ2007" class="citation magazine cs1">MANKOČ, Jana (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalna-knjiznica.bf.uni-lj.si/dn_mankoc_jana.pdf">»Vpliv izvlečka cimeta na vampne bakterije goveda«</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Diplomsko delo, BF, Oddelek za zootehniko</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Diplomsko+delo%2C+BF%2C+Oddelek+za+zootehniko&rft.atitle=Vpliv+izvle%C4%8Dka+cimeta+na+vampne+bakterije+goveda&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=MANKO%C4%8C&rft.aufirst=Jana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalna-knjiznica.bf.uni-lj.si%2Fdn_mankoc_jana.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APre%C5%BEvekovalec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:5_14-0">14,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:5_14-1">14,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/plants-and-animals/zoology-and-veterinary-medicine/zoology-general/rumination">»Rumination | Encyclopedia.com«</a>. <i>www.encyclopedia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 14. junija 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=neznano&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Rumination+%7C+Encyclopedia.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fplants-and-animals%2Fzoology-and-veterinary-medicine%2Fzoology-general%2Frumination&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APre%C5%BEvekovalec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-0">15,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-1">15,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-2">15,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-3">15,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-4">15,4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-5">15,5</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFRickard2002" class="citation book cs1">Rickard, Tony (2002). <i>Dairy Grazing Manual</i>. MU Extension, University of Missouri-Columbia. str. 7–8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=knjiga&rft.btitle=Dairy+Grazing+Manual&rft.pages=7-8&rft.pub=MU+Extension%2C+University+of+Missouri-Columbia&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Rickard&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APre%C5%BEvekovalec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/science/biology/how-do-ruminants-digest">»How do ruminants digest?«</a>. <i>OpenLearn</i>. The Open University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 14. julija 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=neznano&rft.jtitle=OpenLearn&rft.atitle=How+do+ruminants+digest%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.open.edu%2Fopenlearn%2Fscience-maths-technology%2Fscience%2Fbiology%2Fhow-do-ruminants-digest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APre%C5%BEvekovalec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Meyer. Class Lecture. Animal Nutrition. University of Missouri-Columbia, MO. 16 September 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hackmann-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hackmann_18-0">18,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hackmann_18-1">18,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hackmann_18-2">18,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hackmann_18-3">18,3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Hackmann. T. J., and Spain, J. N. 2010.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S0022-0302%2810%2900105-0/abstract">"Ruminant ecology and evolution: Perspectives useful to livestock research and production"</a>. <i>Journal of Dairy Science</i>, 93:1320–1334</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928131653/http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/pregastric/cowpage.html">»Dental Anatomy of Ruminants«</a>. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/pregastric/cowpage.html">prvotnega spletišča</a> dne 28. septembra 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 15. junija 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=neznano&rft.btitle=Dental+Anatomy+of+Ruminants&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vivo.colostate.edu%2Fhbooks%2Fpathphys%2Fdigestion%2Fpregastric%2Fcowpage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APre%C5%BEvekovalec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110926050349/http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/herbivores/microbes.html">»Fermentation Microbiology and Ecology«</a>. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/herbivores/microbes.html">prvotnega spletišča</a> dne 26. septembra 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 15. junija 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=neznano&rft.btitle=Fermentation+Microbiology+and+Ecology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu%2Fhbooks%2Fpathphys%2Fdigestion%2Fherbivores%2Fmicrobes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APre%C5%BEvekovalec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFFlint1994" class="citation magazine cs1">Flint, H. J. (1. september 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7926679/">»Molecular genetics of obligate anaerobes from the rumen«</a>. <i>FEMS microbiology letters</i>. Zv. 121, št. 3. str. 259–267. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1574-6968.1994.tb07110.x">10.1111/j.1574-6968.1994.tb07110.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifikator)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0378-1097">0378-1097</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7926679">7926679</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=FEMS+microbiology+letters&rft.atitle=Molecular+genetics+of+obligate+anaerobes+from+the+rumen&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=259-267&rft.date=1994-09-01&rft.issn=0378-1097&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7926679&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1574-6968.1994.tb07110.x&rft.aulast=Flint&rft.aufirst=H.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F7926679%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APre%C5%BEvekovalec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Callewaert-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Callewaert_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFCallewaertMichiels2010" class="citation journal cs1">Callewaert, L.; Michiels, C. W. (2010). »Lysozymes in the animal kingdom«. <i>Journal of Biosciences</i>. <b>35</b> (1): 127–160. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FS12038-010-0015-5">10.1007/S12038-010-0015-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20413917">20413917</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifikator)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21198203">21198203</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biosciences&rft.atitle=Lysozymes+in+the+animal+kingdom&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=127-160&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21198203%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20413917&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FS12038-010-0015-5&rft.aulast=Callewaert&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Michiels%2C+C.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APre%C5%BEvekovalec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Irwin-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Irwin_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFIrwinPragerWilson1992" class="citation journal cs1">Irwin, D. M.; Prager, E. M.; Wilson, A. C. (1992). »Evolutionary genetics of ruminant lysozymes«. <i>Animal Genetics</i>. <b>23</b> (3): 193–202. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2052.1992.tb00131.x">10.1111/j.1365-2052.1992.tb00131.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1503255">1503255</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Animal+Genetics&rft.atitle=Evolutionary+genetics+of+ruminant+lysozymes&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=193-202&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2052.1992.tb00131.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1503255&rft.aulast=Irwin&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rft.au=Prager%2C+E.+M.&rft.au=Wilson%2C+A.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APre%C5%BEvekovalec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFJermannOpitzStackhouseBenner1995" class="citation journal cs1">Jermann, T. M.; Opitz, J. G.; Stackhouse, J.; Benner, S. A. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190521104301/http://64.238.189.139/pubs/Reconstructing%20the%20evolutionary%20history%20of%20the%20artiodactyl%20ribonuclease%20superfamily.pdf">»Reconstructing the evolutionary history of the artiodactyl ribonuclease superfamily«</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>374</b> (6517): 57–59. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifikator)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Natur.374...57J">1995Natur.374...57J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F374057a0">10.1038/374057a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7532788">7532788</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifikator)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4315312">4315312</a>. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://64.238.189.139/pubs/Reconstructing%20the%20evolutionary%20history%20of%20the%20artiodactyl%20ribonuclease%20superfamily.pdf">prvotnega spletišča</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> dne 21. maja 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Reconstructing+the+evolutionary+history+of+the+artiodactyl+ribonuclease+superfamily&rft.volume=374&rft.issue=6517&rft.pages=57-59&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F374057a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4315312%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7532788&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995Natur.374...57J&rft.aulast=Jermann&rft.aufirst=T.+M.&rft.au=Opitz%2C+J.+G.&rft.au=Stackhouse%2C+J.&rft.au=Benner%2C+S.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F64.238.189.139%2Fpubs%2FReconstructing%2520the%2520evolutionary%2520history%2520of%2520the%2520artiodactyl%2520ribonuclease%2520superfamily.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APre%C5%BEvekovalec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFReidHuffman1949" class="citation journal cs1">Reid, J.T.; Huffman, C.F. (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S0022-0302%2849%2992019-6/abstract">»Some physical and chemical properties of Bovine saliva which may affect rumen digestion and synthesis«</a>. <i>Journal of Dairy Science</i>. <b>32</b> (2): 123–132. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Prosto dostopno"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.s0022-0302%2849%2992019-6">10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(49)92019-6</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Dairy+Science&rft.atitle=Some+physical+and+chemical+properties+of+Bovine+saliva+which+may+affect+rumen+digestion+and+synthesis&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=123-132&rft.date=1949&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3168%2Fjds.s0022-0302%2849%2992019-6&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=J.T.&rft.au=Huffman%2C+C.F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journalofdairyscience.org%2Farticle%2FS0022-0302%252849%252992019-6%2Fabstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APre%C5%BEvekovalec" class="Z3988"></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Prosti_dostop" title="prostodostopna publikacija"><img alt="prostodostopna publikacija" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/8px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/12px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/16px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19980129111027/http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu:80/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/herbivores/rumination.html">»Rumen Physiology and Rumination«</a>. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu:80/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/herbivores/rumination.html">prvotnega spletišča</a> dne 29. januarja 1998.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=neznano&rft.btitle=Rumen+Physiology+and+Rumination&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu%3A80%2Fhbooks%2Fpathphys%2Fdigestion%2Fherbivores%2Frumination.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APre%C5%BEvekovalec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFClaussRossner2014" class="citation journal cs1">Clauss, M.; Rossner, G. E. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/94203/1/AnnZoolFenn_omasum_2014.pdf">»Old world ruminant morphophysiology, life history, and fossil record: exploring key innovations of a diversification sequence«</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Annales Zoologici Fennici</i>. <b>51</b> (1–2): 80–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5735%2F086.051.0210">10.5735/086.051.0210</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifikator)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85347098">85347098</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Annales+Zoologici+Fennici&rft.atitle=Old+world+ruminant+morphophysiology%2C+life+history%2C+and+fossil+record%3A+exploring+key+innovations+of+a+diversification+sequence&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=80-94&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5735%2F086.051.0210&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85347098%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Clauss&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Rossner%2C+G.+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zora.uzh.ch%2Fid%2Feprint%2F94203%2F1%2FAnnZoolFenn_omasum_2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APre%C5%BEvekovalec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barry-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Barry_28-0">28,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Barry_28-1">28,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Barry_28-2">28,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">B.R Min, et al (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/12736001/The_effect_of_condensed_tannins_on_the_nutrition_and_health_of_ruminants_fed_fresh_temperate_forages_a_review">The effect of condensed tannins on the nutrition and health of ruminants fed fresh temperate forages: a review</a> Animal Feed Science and Technology 106(1):3–19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bate-Smith-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Bate-Smith_29-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFBate-Smith_and_Swain1962" class="citation book cs1">Bate-Smith and Swain (1962). »Flavonoid compounds«. V Florkin M., Mason H.S. (ur.). <i>Comparative biochemistry</i>. Zv. III. New York: Academic Press. str. 75–809.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=knji%C5%BEni+predmet&rft.atitle=Flavonoid+compounds&rft.btitle=Comparative+biochemistry&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=75-809&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.au=Bate-Smith+and+Swain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APre%C5%BEvekovalec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/toxicagents/tannin.html">»Cornell University Department of Animal Science«</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=neznano&rft.btitle=Cornell+University+Department+of+Animal+Science&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ansci.cornell.edu%2Fplants%2Ftoxicagents%2Ftannin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APre%C5%BEvekovalec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFAustin1989" class="citation journal cs1">Austin, PJ; in sod. (1989). »Tannin-binding proteins in saliva of deer and their absence in saliva of sheep and cattle«. <i>J Chem Ecol</i>. <b>15</b> (4): 1335–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01014834">10.1007/BF01014834</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24272016">24272016</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifikator)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32846214">32846214</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=J+Chem+Ecol.&rft.atitle=Tannin-binding+proteins+in+saliva+of+deer+and+their+absence+in+saliva+of+sheep+and+cattle&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1335-47&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32846214%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24272016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01014834&rft.aulast=Austin&rft.aufirst=PJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APre%C5%BEvekovalec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/leviticus/11-3.htm">»Leviticus 11:3 You may eat any animal that has a split hoof completely divided and that chews the cud«</a>. <i>biblehub.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 14. junija 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=neznano&rft.jtitle=biblehub.com&rft.atitle=Leviticus+11%3A3+You+may+eat+any+animal+that+has+a+split+hoof+completely+divided+and+that+chews+the+cud.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Fleviticus%2F11-3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APre%C5%BEvekovalec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFOFMCap" class="citation web cs1">OFMCap, br Matej Nastran. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblija.net/biblija.cgi?m=3+Mz+11&id13=1&pos=1&set=2&l=sl">»BIBLIJA.net - Sveto pismo za vsakogar«</a>. <i>BIBLIJA.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 14. junija 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=neznano&rft.jtitle=BIBLIJA.net&rft.atitle=BIBLIJA.net+-+Sveto+pismo+za+vsakogar&rft.aulast=OFMCap&rft.aufirst=br+Matej+Nastran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblija.net%2Fbiblija.cgi%3Fm%3D3%2BMz%2B11%26id13%3D1%26pos%3D1%26set%3D2%26l%3Dsl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APre%C5%BEvekovalec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AR5WG1-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-AR5WG1_34-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (stran ne obstaja)">IPCC</a> Fifth Assessment Report, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.climatechange2013.org/images/uploads/WGIAR5_WGI-12Doc2b_FinalDraft_Chapter08.pdf">Table 8.7, Chap. 8, pp. 8–58</a> (PDF)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFShindellFaluvegiKochSchmidt2009" class="citation journal cs1">Shindell, D. T.; Faluvegi, G.; Koch, D. M.; Schmidt, G. A.; Unger, N.; Bauer, S. E. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1230902">»Improved Attribution of Climate Forcing to Emissions«</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>326</b> (5953): 716–718. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifikator)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...326..716S">2009Sci...326..716S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1174760">10.1126/science.1174760</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19900930">19900930</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifikator)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30881469">30881469</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Improved+Attribution+of+Climate+Forcing+to+Emissions&rft.volume=326&rft.issue=5953&rft.pages=716-718&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1174760&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A30881469%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19900930&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Sci...326..716S&rft.aulast=Shindell&rft.aufirst=D.+T.&rft.au=Faluvegi%2C+G.&rft.au=Koch%2C+D.+M.&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+G.+A.&rft.au=Unger%2C+N.&rft.au=Bauer%2C+S.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1230902&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APre%C5%BEvekovalec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFShindellFaluvegiKochSchmidt2009" class="citation journal cs1">Shindell, D. T.; Faluvegi, G.; Koch, D. M.; Schmidt, G. A.; Unger, N.; Bauer, S. E. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1230902">»Improved Attribution of Climate Forcing to Emissions«</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>326</b> (5953): 716–728. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifikator)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...326..716S">2009Sci...326..716S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1174760">10.1126/science.1174760</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19900930">19900930</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifikator)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30881469">30881469</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Improved+Attribution+of+Climate+Forcing+to+Emissions&rft.volume=326&rft.issue=5953&rft.pages=716-728&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1174760&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A30881469%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19900930&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Sci...326..716S&rft.aulast=Shindell&rft.aufirst=D.+T.&rft.au=Faluvegi%2C+G.&rft.au=Koch%2C+D.+M.&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+G.+A.&rft.au=Unger%2C+N.&rft.au=Bauer%2C+S.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1230902&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APre%C5%BEvekovalec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2013) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190521225304/http://www.fao.org/3/i3107e/i3107e04.pdf#page=54">"FAO Statistical Yearbook 2013 World Food and Agriculture"</a>. See data in Table 49 on p. 254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Inventory_of_U.S._Greenhouse_Gas_Emissions_and_Sinks:_1990-2014-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Inventory_of_U.S._Greenhouse_Gas_Emissions_and_Sinks:_1990-2014_38-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks-1990-2014">»Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2014«</a>. 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.atitle=Inventory+of+U.S.+Greenhouse+Gas+Emissions+and+Sinks%3A+1990%E2%80%932014&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fghgemissions%2Finventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks-1990-2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APre%C5%BEvekovalec" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Predloga:Navedi_%C4%8Dasopis" title="Predloga:Navedi časopis">navedi časopis</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment">Sklic journal potrebuje<code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Pomo%C4%8D:Napake_CS1#missing_periodical" title="Pomoč:Napake CS1">pomoč</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ripple, William J.; Pete Smith; Helmut Haberl; Stephen A. Montzka; Clive McAlpine & Douglas H. Boucher. 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170809043449/https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2015/comments/uploads/CID230_Ripple__2014_NatureClimateChange-Ruminants.pdf">"Ruminants, climate change and climate policy"</a>. Nature Climate Change. Volume 4 No. 1. pp. 2–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cicerone, R. J., and R. S. Oremland. 1988 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190521231210/https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt3xq3t703/qt3xq3t703.pdf">"Biogeochemical Aspects of Atmospheric Methane"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yavitt, J. B. 1992. Methane, biogeochemical cycle. pp. 197–207 in Encyclopedia of Earth System Science, Vol. 3. 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