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class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_no.wikipedia.org&uselang=nb" class=""><span>Doner</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Opprett_konto&returnto=Nefridium&returntoquery=veaction%3Dedit" title="Du oppfordres til å opprette en konto og logge inn, men det er ikke obligatorisk" class=""><span>Opprett konto</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Logg_inn&returnto=Nefridium&returntoquery=veaction%3Dedit" title="Du 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class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innhold</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Til toppen)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Bygning_og_virkemåte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bygning_og_virkemåte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Bygning og virkemåte</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bygning_og_virkemåte-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Bygning og virkemåte</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bygning_og_virkemåte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Protonefridier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protonefridier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Protonefridier</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protonefridier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metanefridier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metanefridier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Metanefridier</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metanefridier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-referanser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#referanser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>referanser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-referanser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_også" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_også"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Se også</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_også-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nefridium</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikkel på et annet språk. Tilgjengelig på 23 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="كلية جنينية – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كلية جنينية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefridi" title="Nefridi – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nefridi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefridium" title="Nefridium – tsjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nefridium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tsjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephridium" title="Nephridium – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nephridium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephridium" title="Nephridium – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Nephridium" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefridio" title="Nefridio – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nefridio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefridio" title="Nefridio – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nefridio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%86%D9%87" title="گرده‌چه – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گرده‌چه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9phridie" title="Néphridie – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Néphridie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefridio" title="Nefridio – galisisk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nefridio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%B0%EC%84%A4%EA%B4%80" title="배설관 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="배설관" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefridium" title="Nefridium – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nefridium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefridio" title="Nefridio – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nefridio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefr%C4%ABdijs" title="Nefrīdijs – latvisk" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nefrīdijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefridium" title="Nefridium – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nefridium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefridiylar" title="Nefridiylar – usbekisk" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nefridiylar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbekisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefrydium" title="Nefrydium – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nefrydium" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefr%C3%ADdeo" title="Nefrídeo – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nefrídeo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Нефридии – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нефридии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefridijum" title="Nefridijum – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Nefridijum" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefridyum" title="Nefridyum – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nefridyum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%97" title="Нефридії – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нефридії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E8%82%BE%E7%AE%A1" title="原肾管 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="原肾管" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1425297#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Rediger lenker til artikkelen på andre språk" class="wbc-editpage">Rediger lenker</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Navnerom"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nefridium" title="Vis innholdssiden [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikkel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diskusjon:Nefridium&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Diskusjon om innholdssiden (ikke skrevet ennå) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskusjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Bytt språkvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">norsk bokmål</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Visninger"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nefridium"><span>Les</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nefridium&veaction=edit" title="Rediger siden [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Rediger</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nefridium&action=edit" title="Rediger kildekoden for denne siden [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Rediger kilde</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nefridium&action=history" title="Tidligere sideversjoner av denne siden [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Vis historikk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideverktøy"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verktøy" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Verktøy</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Verktøy</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Flere alternativer" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Handlinger </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nefridium"><span>Les</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nefridium&veaction=edit" title="Rediger siden [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Rediger</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nefridium&action=edit" title="Rediger kildekoden for denne siden [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Rediger kilde</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nefridium&action=history"><span>Vis historikk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Generelt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Lenker_hit/Nefridium" title="Liste over alle wikisider som lenker hit [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Lenker hit</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Relaterte_endringer/Nefridium" rel="nofollow" title="Siste endringer i sider som blir lenket fra denne siden [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Relaterte endringer</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=no" title="Last opp filer [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Last opp fil</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Spesialsider" title="Liste over alle spesialsider [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Spesialsider</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nefridium&oldid=24630586" title="Permanent lenke til denne versjonen av siden"><span>Permanent lenke</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nefridium&action=info" title="Mer informasjon om denne siden"><span>Sideinformasjon</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Siteringshjelp&page=Nefridium&id=24630586&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasjon om hvordan denne siden kan siteres"><span>Siter denne siden</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fno.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DNefridium%26veaction%3Dedit"><span>Hent forkortet URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fno.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DNefridium%26veaction%3Dedit"><span>Last ned QR-kode</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Skriv ut / eksporter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Nefridium&action=show-download-screen"><span>Last ned som PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nefridium&printable=yes" title="Utskriftsvennlig versjon av denne siden [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Utskriftsvennlig versjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> På andre prosjekter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1425297" title="Lenke til koblet dataregisterelement [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-element</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideverktøy"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Utseende</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skjul</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Fra Wikipedia, den frie encyklopedi</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nb" dir="ltr"><p>Et <b>nephridium</b> er en primitiv type av <a href="/wiki/Ekskresjonssystem" title="Ekskresjonssystem">ekskresjonssystem</a> som finnes i par langs kroppen hos de fleste <a href="/wiki/Invertebrater" class="mw-redirect" title="Invertebrater">invertebrater</a>. De likner enkelt<a href="/wiki/Nefron" class="mw-redirect" title="Nefron">nefroner</a> i en <a href="/wiki/Nyre" title="Nyre">nyre</a>, men er enklere bygget og ikke med samme evne til å samle opp nyttige stoffer fra <a href="/wiki/Urin" title="Urin">urinen</a> som det nefroner kan.<sup id="cite_ref-Pocock_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pocock-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det fines to grunnleggende typer, <b>protonefridier</b> og <b>metanefridier</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dyr som har nefridier eller virkelige nyrer utgjør en samlet gruppe av <a href="/wiki/Dyreriket" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyreriket">dyreriket</a> kalt <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephrozoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nephrozoa (ikke skrevet ennå)">Nephrozoa</a>, som omfatter alle dyr med mer avansert bygning enn <a href="/wiki/Nesledyr" title="Nesledyr">nesledyr</a> og de aller enkleste flatormene. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bygning_og_virkemåte"><span id="Bygning_og_virkem.C3.A5te"></span>Bygning og virkemåte</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nefridium&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Rediger avsnitt: Bygning og virkemåte" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nefridium&action=edit&section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Bygning og virkemåte"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protonefridier">Protonefridier</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nefridium&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Rediger avsnitt: Protonefridier" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nefridium&action=edit&section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Protonefridier"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Selv om protonephridier er enklere enn metanefridier, virker begge på samme grunnleggende måte. Et protonephridium består av bare to <a href="/wiki/Celle" title="Celle">celler</a>. Den første er en <i>flammecelle</i>, som har en liten dusk av <a href="/wiki/Flimmerh%C3%A5r" title="Flimmerhår">flimmerhår</a> som ser ut som en liten flamme når hårene slår i takt, derav navnet. Flammecellen skaper en strøm i kroppsvæsken og sender væsken nedover et rør som består av én enkelt rørcelle. Røret ender ut mot omgivelsene utenfor dyret i en <i>nephropore</i>. Slike protophrepidier utviklet seg først hos flatormer som en måte å kvitte seg med overskudd av vann som ble trukket inn i kroppen gjennom <a href="/wiki/Osmose" title="Osmose">osmose</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selve røret er så lite at store molekyler blir igjen i kroppen, men små molekyler som nedbrytningsprodukter, <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urinstoffer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt">salter</a> og <a href="/wiki/Hormon" title="Hormon">hormoner</a> føller væskestrømmen. </p><p>Protonefridier finnes bare hos flatormer, <a href="/wiki/Slimormer" title="Slimormer">slimormer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hjuldyr" title="Hjuldyr">hjuldyr</a> og hos <a href="/wiki/Lansettfisker" title="Lansettfisker">lansettfisker</a>, grupper med enkel bygning som alle lever i vann.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metanefridier">Metanefridier</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nefridium&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Rediger avsnitt: Metanefridier" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nefridium&action=edit&section=3" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Metanefridier"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Metanefridiene fungerer på sammem måte, men består av flere celler og kan også absorbere stoffer kroppen trenger fra urinstrømmen. Åpningen til metanefridiet ligger i dyrets <a href="/wiki/Kroppshule" class="mw-redirect" title="Kroppshule">kroppshule</a> og former en sil som hindrer større molekyler og celler å ble med ned i røret. Det er ingen flammecelle som skaper strømninger i vøsken, men selve røret er deket av flimmerhår på innsiden. Hos landlevende dyr har røret også en del av som tar opp vann og andre stoffer dyret møtet ha gjennom aktiv absorbsjon. Særlig for dyr som lever på land og kan tørke ut, slik som <a href="/wiki/Insekter" title="Insekter">insekter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meitemarker" title="Meitemarker">meitemarker</a> og mange <a href="/wiki/Snegler" title="Snegler">snegler</a> er absorbsjon av vann viktig. Den siste delen av røret før nephropren er omgitt av muskler, og kan presse ut avfallstoffene.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="referanser">referanser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nefridium&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Rediger avsnitt: referanser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nefridium&action=edit&section=4" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen referanser"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Pocock-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pocock_1-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/humanphysiologyb0000poco_e8v5"><i>Human physiology : the basis of medicine</i></a> (3rd utg.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2006. s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/humanphysiologyb0000poco_e8v5/page/349">349</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/978-0-19-856878-0" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/978-0-19-856878-0">978-0-19-856878-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3ANefridium&rft.btitle=Human+physiology+%3A+the+basis+of+medicine&rft.date=2006&rft.edition=3rd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-19-856878-0&rft.pages=349&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhumanphysiologyb0000poco_e8v5&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Issigonis, Melanie (22. juli 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4510279/">«Planarian ‘kidneys’ go with the flow»</a>. <i>eLife</i>. 4. <a href="/wiki/Digital_objektidentifikator" title="Digital objektidentifikator">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7554%2FeLife.09353">10.7554/eLife.09353</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 28. februar 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3ANefridium&rft.atitle=Planarian+%E2%80%98kidneys%E2%80%99+go+with+the+flow&rft.aufirst=Melanie&rft.aulast=Issigonis&rft.date=2015-07-22&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=eLife&rft.volume=4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4510279%2F&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7554%2FeLife.09353&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Rohde, K. (1991). «The evolution of protonephridia of the Platyhelminthes». <i>Hydrobiologia</i>. 227: 315–321.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3ANefridium&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+protonephridia+of+the+Platyhelminthes&rft.au=Rohde%2C+K.&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hydrobiologia&rft.pages=315-321&rft.volume=227&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bartolomaeus, Th. (27. april 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227898978_Protonephridia_and_Metanephridia-Their_relation_within_the_Bilateria">«Protonephridia and Metanephridia - their relation within the Bilateria»</a>. <i>Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research</i>. 30 (1): 21–45. <a href="/wiki/Digital_objektidentifikator" title="Digital objektidentifikator">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1439-0469.1992.tb00388.x">10.1111/j.1439-0469.1992.tb00388.x</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 17. februar 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3ANefridium&rft.atitle=Protonephridia+and+Metanephridia+-+their+relation+within+the+Bilateria&rft.aufirst=Th.&rft.aulast=Bartolomaeus&rft.date=2009-04-27&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Zoological+Systematics+and+Evolutionary+Research&rft.pages=21-45&rft.volume=30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F227898978_Protonephridia_and_Metanephridia-Their_relation_within_the_Bilateria&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1439-0469.1992.tb00388.x&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Baeumler, Natalie (2012). «Development of the excretory system in a polyplacophoran mollusc: stages in metanephridial system development». <i>Frontiers in Zoology</i>. 9 (1). <a href="/wiki/Digital_objektidentifikator" title="Digital objektidentifikator">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1742-9994-9-23">10.1186/1742-9994-9-23</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3ANefridium&rft.atitle=Development+of+the+excretory+system+in+a+polyplacophoran+mollusc%3A+stages+in+metanephridial+system+development&rft.aufirst=Natalie&rft.aulast=Baeumler&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Zoology&rft.volume=9&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1742-9994-9-23&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_også"><span id="Se_ogs.C3.A5"></span>Se også</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nefridium&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Rediger avsnitt: Se også" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nefridium&action=edit&section=5" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Se også"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urin" title="Urin">Urin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uremi" title="Uremi">Uremi</a> (urinforgiftning)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefron" class="mw-redirect" title="Nefron">Nefron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyresvikt" title="Nyresvikt">Nyresvikt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urologi" title="Urologi">Urologi</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23230704">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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