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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Developmental_psychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Childhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Childhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Childhood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Childhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adolescence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adolescence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Adolescence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adolescence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adulthood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adulthood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Adulthood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adulthood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Older_adults" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Older_adults"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Older adults</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Older_adults-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forming_and_maintaining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forming_and_maintaining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Forming and maintaining</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Forming_and_maintaining-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Forming and maintaining subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Forming_and_maintaining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Developmental_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developmental_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Developmental issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Developmental_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Health</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Health subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mental_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mental_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Mental health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mental_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dissolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dissolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Dissolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dissolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gender_differences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_differences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Gender differences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_differences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolutionary_approach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutionary_approach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Evolutionary approach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolutionary_approach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Friendship_jealousy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Friendship_jealousy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Friendship jealousy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Friendship_jealousy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-human_friendship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-human_friendship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Non-human friendship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-human_friendship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Friendship</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 104 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-104" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">104 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vriendskap" title="Vriendskap – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vriendskap" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9" title="صداقة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صداقة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B8%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ընկերութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ընկերութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amist%C3%A1" title="Amistá – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Amistá" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joayhu" title="Joayhu – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Joayhu" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dostluq" title="Dostluq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dostluq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%82" title="یولداشلیق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یولداشلیق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="বন্ধুত্ব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বন্ধুত্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D2%AB%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1" title="Дуҫлыҡ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Дуҫлыҡ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Сяброўства – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сяброўства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Сяброўства – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сяброўства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagkakatood" title="Pagkakatood – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pagkakatood" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Приятелство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Приятелство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%9B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%85%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="མཛའ་བཅུགས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མཛའ་བཅུགས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amistat" title="Amistat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Amistat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99%C3%A1telstv%C3%AD" title="Přátelství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Přátelství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamwari" title="Shamwari – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Shamwari" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venskab" title="Venskab – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Venskab" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freundschaft" title="Freundschaft – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Freundschaft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B5prus" title="Sõprus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sõprus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Φιλία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φιλία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amistad" title="Amistad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Amistad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amikeco" title="Amikeco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Amikeco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiskidetasun" title="Adiskidetasun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Adiskidetasun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="دوستی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دوستی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiti%C3%A9" title="Amitié – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Amitié" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freonskip" title="Freonskip – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Freonskip" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amizade" title="Amizade – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Amizade" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EC%A0%95" title="우정 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우정" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zumunci" title="Zumunci – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Zumunci" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B8%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ընկերություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ընկերություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="मित्रता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मित्रता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prijateljstvo" title="Prijateljstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Prijateljstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amikeso" title="Amikeso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Amikeso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persahabatan" title="Persahabatan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Persahabatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amicitate" title="Amicitate – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Amicitate" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuhlobo" title="Ubuhlobo – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ubuhlobo" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amicizia" title="Amicizia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Amicizia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA" title="ידידות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ידידות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekancan" title="Kekancan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kekancan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B9" title="ಸ್ನೇಹ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸ್ನೇಹ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="მეგობრობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მეგობრობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Достық – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Достық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafiki" title="Rafiki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Rafiki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanmi" title="Zanmi – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Zanmi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hevalt%C3%AE" title="Hevaltî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hevaltî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amicitia" title="Amicitia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Amicitia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draudz%C4%ABba" title="Draudzība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Draudzība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draugyst%C4%97" title="Draugystė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Draugystė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahuwusa_ba_Dan%C3%B6_Niha" title="Fahuwusa ba Danö Niha – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Fahuwusa ba Danö Niha" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesizzia" title="Mesizzia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mesizzia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar%C3%A1ts%C3%A1g" title="Barátság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Barátság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%82" title="സൗഹൃദം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സൗഹൃദം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="मैत्री – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मैत्री" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%B8%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="მაჸალობა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მაჸალობა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persahabatan" title="Persahabatan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Persahabatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1h-di%C3%A8u-b%C5%8Fng" title="Káh-dièu-bŏng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Káh-dièu-bŏng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B7" title="Найз – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Найз" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vriendschap" title="Vriendschap – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vriendschap" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="मित्रता – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मित्रता" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="पासा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पासा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8B%E6%83%85" title="友情 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="友情" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vennskap" title="Vennskap – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vennskap" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amistat" title="Amistat – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Amistat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A7%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BE" title="ବନ୍ଧୁତା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବନ୍ଧୁତା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%CA%BBstlik" title="Doʻstlik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Doʻstlik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80" title="ਦੋਸਤੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦੋਸਤੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%DA%AB%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ملګرتيا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ملګرتيا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przyja%C5%BA%C5%84" title="Przyjaźń – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przyjaźń" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amizade" title="Amizade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Amizade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prietenie" title="Prietenie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Prietenie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Дружба – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дружба" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%AE" title="ᱜᱟᱛᱮ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱜᱟᱛᱮ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miq%C3%ABsia" title="Miqësia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Miqësia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amicu_(amicizzia)" title="Amicu (amicizzia) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Amicu (amicizzia)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BA" title="මිත්‍රත්වය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මිත්‍රත්වය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendship" title="Friendship – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Friendship" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="دوستي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="دوستي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priate%C4%BE" title="Priateľ – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Priateľ" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prijateljstvo" title="Prijateljstvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Prijateljstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weheshi" title="Weheshi – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Weheshi" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%95%DB%8E%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="ھاوڕێیەتی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھاوڕێیەتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%99%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Пријатељство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пријатељство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prijateljstvo" title="Prijateljstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Prijateljstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yst%C3%A4vyys" title="Ystävyys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ystävyys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4nskap" title="Vänskap – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vänskap" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaibigan" title="Kaibigan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kaibigan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="நட்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நட்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Дуслык – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Дуслык" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%82" title="స్నేహం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="స్నేహం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E" title="มิตรภาพ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มิตรภาพ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D3%AF%D1%81%D1%82" title="Дӯст – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Дӯст" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mutual affection between people</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Friend" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Friend_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Friend (disambiguation)">Friend (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friends_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Friends (disambiguation)">Friends (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Friendship_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Friendship (disambiguation)">Friendship (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Friendliness" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Friendliness_(album)" title="Friendliness (album)">Friendliness (album)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2018_IMG_8253_Helsinki,_Finland_(40249531641)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/2018_IMG_8253_Helsinki%2C_Finland_%2840249531641%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/249px-2018_IMG_8253_Helsinki%2C_Finland_%2840249531641%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="249" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/2018_IMG_8253_Helsinki%2C_Finland_%2840249531641%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/373px-2018_IMG_8253_Helsinki%2C_Finland_%2840249531641%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/2018_IMG_8253_Helsinki%2C_Finland_%2840249531641%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/497px-2018_IMG_8253_Helsinki%2C_Finland_%2840249531641%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1820" data-file-height="2211" /></a><figcaption>A group of Germans at <a href="/wiki/Allas_Sea_Pool" title="Allas Sea Pool">Allas Sea Pool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, Finland. Traveling abroad together is a strong indicator of friendship.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Love" title="Category:Love">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;padding:0 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0 0 1.0em;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heart_icon_red_hollow.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Red-outline heart icon"><img alt="Red-outline heart icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Heart_icon_red_hollow.svg/45px-Heart_icon_red_hollow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Heart_icon_red_hollow.svg/68px-Heart_icon_red_hollow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Heart_icon_red_hollow.svg/90px-Heart_icon_red_hollow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption>Red-outline heart icon</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cee0f2;background:none;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Types of love</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affection" title="Affection">Affection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_bonding" title="Human bonding">Bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken_heart" title="Broken heart">Broken heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_love" title="Compassionate love">Compassionate love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjugal_love" title="Conjugal love">Conjugal love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtly_love" title="Courtly love">Courtly love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Courtship" title="Courtship">courtship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadours</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falling_in_love" title="Falling in love">Falling in love</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Friendship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-sex_friendship" title="Cross-sex friendship">cross-sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_friendship" title="Romantic friendship">romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friend_zone" title="Friend zone">zone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_attraction" title="Interpersonal attraction">Interpersonal attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">Interpersonal relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Intimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerence" title="Limerence">Limerence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_addiction" title="Love addiction">Love addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_at_first_sight" title="Love at first sight">Love at first sight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_triangle" title="Love triangle">Love triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovesickness" title="Lovesickness">Lovesickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovestruck" title="Lovestruck">Lovestruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_(emotion)" title="Passion (emotion)">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passionate_and_companionate_love" title="Passionate and companionate love">Passionate and companionate love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_love" title="Platonic love">Platonic love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppy_love" title="Puppy love">Puppy love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queerplatonic_relationship" title="Queerplatonic relationship">Queerplatonic relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-love" title="Self-love">Self-love</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amour_de_soi" title="Amour de soi">Amour de soi</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconditional_love" title="Unconditional love">Unconditional love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unrequited_love" title="Unrequited love">Unrequited love</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cee0f2;background:none;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Social views</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Anarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li>Chinese <ul><li><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh"><a href="/wiki/Ren_(Confucianism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ren (Confucianism)">Ren</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh"><a href="/wiki/Yuanfen" title="Yuanfen">Yuanfen</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li>French <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Amour-propre" title="Amour-propre">Amour-propre</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_love" title="Greek love">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_words_for_love" title="Greek words for love">words for love</a></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Agape" title="Agape">Agape</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Eros_(concept)" title="Eros (concept)">Eros</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel_theory_of_love#Ludus" class="mw-redirect" title="Color wheel theory of love">Ludus</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel_theory_of_love#Mania" class="mw-redirect" title="Color wheel theory of love">Mania</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Self-love" title="Self-love">Philautia</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Philia" title="Philia">Philia</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Pistis</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel_theory_of_love#Pragma" class="mw-redirect" title="Color wheel theory of love">Pragma</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Storge" title="Storge">Storgḗ</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Xenia_(Greek)" title="Xenia (Greek)">Xenia</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li>Indian <ul><li><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa"><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa"><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa"><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Maitrī</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li>Islamic <ul><li><span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Ishq" title="Ishq">Ishq</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_love" title="Jewish views on love">Jewish</a> <ul><li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he"><a href="/wiki/Chesed" title="Chesed">Chesed</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li>Latin <ul><li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Cupid" title="Cupid">Amor</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Charity_(virtue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charity (virtue)">Caritas</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li>Portuguese <ul><li><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Saudade" title="Saudade">Saudade</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li>Yaghan <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mamihlapinatapai" title="Mamihlapinatapai">Mamihlapinatapai</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cee0f2;background:none;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel_theory_of_love" class="mw-redirect" title="Color wheel theory of love">Color wheel theory of love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_of_romantic_love" title="Biology of romantic love">Biology of romantic love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_letter" title="Love letter">Love letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_Christ" title="Love of Christ">Love of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God" title="Love of God">Love of God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Love of God in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_magic" title="Love magic">Love magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day" title="Valentine's Day">Valentine's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_love" title="Philosophy of love">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_love" title="Religious views on love">Religious views</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_love_and_lust_deities" title="List of love and lust deities">love deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere-exposure_effect" title="Mere-exposure effect">Mere-exposure effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart" title="Sacred Heart">Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Similarity_(psychology)" title="Similarity (psychology)">Similarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_attractiveness" title="Physical attractiveness">Physical attractiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangular_theory_of_love" title="Triangular theory of love">Triangular theory of love</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Love_sidebar" title="Template:Love sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Love_sidebar" title="Template talk:Love sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Love_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Love sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Friendship</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">relationship</a> of mutual <a href="/wiki/Affection" title="Affection">affection</a> between people.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a stronger form of interpersonal bond than an "acquaintance" or an "association", such as a classmate, neighbor, coworker, or colleague. </p><p>In some cultures,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (November 2023)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> the concept of friendship is restricted to a small number of very deep relationships; in others, such as the U.S. and Canada, a person could have many friends, and perhaps a more intense relationship with one or two people, who may be called <i>good friends</i> or <i>best friends</i>. Other colloquial terms include <i>besties</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Best_friends_forever" title="Best friends forever">Best Friends Forever</a></i> (<i>BFF</i>s). Although there are many forms of friendship, certain features are common to many such bonds, such as choosing to be with one another, enjoying time spent together, and being able to engage in a positive and supportive role to one another.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sometimes friends are distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">family</a>, as in the saying "friends and family", and sometimes from <a href="/wiki/Sexual_partner" title="Sexual partner">lovers</a> (e.g., "lovers and friends"), although the line is blurred with <a href="/wiki/Friends_with_benefits_relationships" class="mw-redirect" title="Friends with benefits relationships">friends with benefits</a>. Similarly, being in the <i><a href="/wiki/Friend_zone" title="Friend zone">friend zone</a></i> describes someone who is restricted from rising from the status of friend to that of lover (see also <a href="/wiki/Unrequited_love" title="Unrequited love">unrequited love</a>). </p><p>Friendship has been studied in academic fields, such as <a href="/wiki/Communication_studies" title="Communication studies">communication</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">social psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>. Various academic theories of friendship have been proposed, including <a href="/wiki/Social_exchange_theory" title="Social exchange theory">social exchange theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equity_theory" title="Equity theory">equity theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Relational_dialectics" title="Relational dialectics">relational dialectics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Attachment_styles" class="mw-redirect" title="Attachment styles">attachment styles</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Developmental_psychology">Developmental psychology</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood">Childhood</h3></div> <div class="noresize thumb tright" style=";"> <div class="thumbinner" style="overflow:hidden;width:202px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="height:282px; overflow:hidden; position:relative; background-color:white;"> <div style=";left:-75px; top:-10px; width:430px; position:absolute;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Childhood_friends_at_a_carnival.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Building friendships in childhood can help develop social skills like empathy and openness."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Childhood_friends_at_a_carnival.jpg/430px-Childhood_friends_at_a_carnival.jpg" decoding="async" width="430" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Childhood_friends_at_a_carnival.jpg/645px-Childhood_friends_at_a_carnival.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Childhood_friends_at_a_carnival.jpg/860px-Childhood_friends_at_a_carnival.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1064" /></a></span></div> <div style="text-align:left; background-color:transparent; line-height:110%;"> <p>{{{annotations}}} </p> </div> <div style="visibility:hidden"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Childhood_friends_at_a_carnival.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Childhood_friends_at_a_carnival.jpg/430px-Childhood_friends_at_a_carnival.jpg" decoding="async" width="430" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Childhood_friends_at_a_carnival.jpg/645px-Childhood_friends_at_a_carnival.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Childhood_friends_at_a_carnival.jpg/860px-Childhood_friends_at_a_carnival.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1064" /></a></span></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Childhood_friends_at_a_carnival.jpg" title="File:Childhood friends at a carnival.jpg"> </a></div>Building friendships in childhood can help develop social skills like empathy and openness.</div> </div></div> <p>The understanding of friendship by children tends to be focused on areas such as common activities, physical proximity, and shared expectations.<sup id="cite_ref-bremner_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bremner-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 498">: 498 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such friendships provide an opportunity for <a href="/wiki/Play_(activity)" title="Play (activity)">playing</a> and practicing <a href="/wiki/Emotional_self-regulation" title="Emotional self-regulation">self-regulation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-oxford_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 246">: 246 </span></sup> Most children tend to describe friendship in terms of things like <a href="/wiki/Sharing" title="Sharing">sharing</a>, and children are more likely to share with someone they consider to be a friend.<sup id="cite_ref-oxford_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 246">: 246 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Newman,_B._M._2012_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman,_B._M._2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recent work on friendship in young children investigated the cues they use to infer friendship. Young children use cues such as sharing resources, like snacks,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sharing secrets,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially in older adolescents, to determine friendship status. When comparing cues of similarity in food preference or gender, <a href="/wiki/Propinquity" title="Propinquity">propinquity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">loyalty</a> in adolescent children, younger children rely on similarity in gender/food preferences but more so propinquity to infer friendship while older adolescents rely heavily on propinquity to infer friendship.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As children mature, they become more reliant on others, as awareness grows. They gain the ability to empathize with their friends, and enjoy playing in groups. They also experience peer rejection as they move through the middle childhood years. Establishing good friendships at a young age helps a child to be better acclimated in society later on in their life.<sup id="cite_ref-Newman,_B._M._2012_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman,_B._M._2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on the reports of teachers and mothers, 75% of preschool children had at least one friend. This figure rose to 78% through the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_grade" title="Fifth grade">fifth grade</a>, as measured by co-nomination as friends, and 55% had a mutual best friend.<sup id="cite_ref-oxford_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 247">: 247 </span></sup> About 15% of children were found to be chronically friendless, reporting periods of at least six months without mutual friends.<sup id="cite_ref-oxford_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 250">: 250 </span></sup> </p><p>Friendships in childhood can assist in the development of certain skills, such as building empathy and learning different problem-solving techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coaching from parents can help children make friends. <a href="/wiki/Eileen_Kennedy-Moore" title="Eileen Kennedy-Moore">Eileen Kennedy-Moore</a> describes three key ingredients of children's friendship formation: (1) openness, (2) similarity, and (3) shared fun.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parents can also help children understand social guidelines they have not learned on their own.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drawing from research by <a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Selman" title="Robert L. Selman">Robert Selman</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others, Kennedy-Moore outlines developmental stages in children's friendship, reflecting an increasing capacity to understand others' perspectives: "I Want It My Way", "What's In It For Me?", "By the Rules", "Caring and Sharing", and "Friends Through Thick and Thin."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adolescence">Adolescence</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_Friends_are_together_in_Daman_Nepal_during_snowfall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Two_Friends_are_together_in_Daman_Nepal_during_snowfall.jpg/220px-Two_Friends_are_together_in_Daman_Nepal_during_snowfall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Two_Friends_are_together_in_Daman_Nepal_during_snowfall.jpg/330px-Two_Friends_are_together_in_Daman_Nepal_during_snowfall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Two_Friends_are_together_in_Daman_Nepal_during_snowfall.jpg/440px-Two_Friends_are_together_in_Daman_Nepal_during_snowfall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="930" /></a><figcaption>Two Friends are together at <a href="/wiki/Daman,_Nepal" title="Daman, Nepal">Daman, Nepal</a> during snowfall in January 2022</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhutan,_Friends_-_Flickr_-_babasteve.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Bhutan%2C_Friends_-_Flickr_-_babasteve.jpg/220px-Bhutan%2C_Friends_-_Flickr_-_babasteve.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Bhutan%2C_Friends_-_Flickr_-_babasteve.jpg/330px-Bhutan%2C_Friends_-_Flickr_-_babasteve.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Bhutan%2C_Friends_-_Flickr_-_babasteve.jpg/440px-Bhutan%2C_Friends_-_Flickr_-_babasteve.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1085" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Two friends sitting together in <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In adolescence, friendships become "more giving, sharing, frank, supportive, and spontaneous."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adolescents tend to seek out peers who can provide such qualities in a <a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(social_and_political_philosophy)" title="Reciprocity (social and political philosophy)">reciprocal relationship</a>, and to avoid peers whose problematic behavior suggests they may not be able to satisfy these needs.<sup id="cite_ref-reisman_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reisman-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Particular personal characteristics and <a href="/wiki/Disposition" title="Disposition">dispositions</a> are also features sought by adolescents, when choosing whom to begin a friendship with.<sup id="cite_ref-Verkuyten-1996_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verkuyten-1996-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During adolescence, friendship relationships are more based on similar morals and values, loyalty, and shared interests than those of children, whose friendships stem from being in the same vicinity and access to playthings.<sup id="cite_ref-oxford_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 246">: 246 </span></sup> </p><p>A large study of American adolescents determined how their engagement in problematic behavior (such as stealing, fighting, and truancy) was related to their friendships. Findings indicated that adolescents who were less likely to engage in problematic behavior had friends who did well in school, participated in school activities, avoided drinking, and had good <a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">mental health</a>. The opposite was true of adolescents who did engage in problematic behavior. Whether adolescents were influenced by their friends to engage in problem behavior depended on how much they were exposed to those friends, and whether they and their friendship groups "fit in" at school.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Friendships formed during <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">post-secondary education</a> last longer than friendships formed earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late adolescence, cross-racial friendships tend to be uncommon, likely due to prejudice and cultural differences.<sup id="cite_ref-Verkuyten-1996_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verkuyten-1996-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adulthood">Adulthood</h3></div> <p>Friendship in adulthood provides companionship, affection, and emotional support, and contributes positively to mental well-being and improved physical health.<sup id="cite_ref-enc_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enc-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 426">: 426 </span></sup> </p><p>Adults may find it particularly difficult to maintain meaningful friendships in the workplace. "The workplace can crackle with competition, so people learn to hide vulnerabilities and quirks from colleagues. Work friendships often take on a transactional feel; it is difficult to say where networking ends and real friendship begins."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many adults value the financial well-being and security that their job provides more than developing friendships with coworkers.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2023 <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> survey report that of the people who responded, 8% report having no close friends, with an additional 7% reporting only 1 close friend.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jonathan_Lovingly_Taketh_His_Leave_of_David_by_Julius_Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Jonathan_Lovingly_Taketh_His_Leave_of_David_by_Julius_Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld.jpg/220px-Jonathan_Lovingly_Taketh_His_Leave_of_David_by_Julius_Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Jonathan_Lovingly_Taketh_His_Leave_of_David_by_Julius_Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld.jpg/330px-Jonathan_Lovingly_Taketh_His_Leave_of_David_by_Julius_Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Jonathan_Lovingly_Taketh_His_Leave_of_David_by_Julius_Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld.jpg 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="348" /></a><figcaption><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Freundschaft zwischen Jonathan und David</i></span> by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Schnorr_von_Karolsfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld">Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld</a> (1860), which translates in English as <i>Friendship between Jonathan and David</i></figcaption></figure> <p>2,000 American adults surveyed had an average of two close friends, defined as "people they had 'discussed important matters' with in the past six months".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous studies with adults suggest that friendships and other supportive relationships enhance self-esteem.<sup id="cite_ref-www2.psych.purdue.edu_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www2.psych.purdue.edu-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Older_adults">Older adults</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Old_age" title="Old age">Older adults</a> report high levels of personal satisfaction in their friendships as they age, even as the overall number of friends tends to decline. This satisfaction is associated<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="in what way? (July 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> with an increased ability to accomplish <a href="/wiki/Activities_of_daily_living" title="Activities of daily living">activities of daily living</a>, as well as a reduced decline in <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognitive abilities</a>, decreased instances of hospitalization, and better outcomes related to <a href="/wiki/Physical_medicine_and_rehabilitation" title="Physical medicine and rehabilitation">rehabilitation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-enc_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enc-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 427">: 427 </span></sup> The overall number of reported friends in later life may be <span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">mediated by</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="in which direction; does this mean correlated with or is some causality implied one way or the other? (July 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> increased lucidity, better speech and vision, and marital status<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (July 2023)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 53">: 53 </span></sup> A decline in the number of friends an individual has as they become older has been explained by Carstensen's Socioemotional Selectivity Theory, which describes a change in motivation that adults experience when socializing. The theory states that an increase in age is characterized by a shift from information-gathering to emotional regulation; in order to maintain positive emotions, older adults restrict their social groups to those with whom they share an emotional bond.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As one review phrased it: </p> <blockquote><p>Research within the past four decades has now consistently found that older adults reporting the highest levels of happiness and general well being also report strong, close ties to numerous friends.<sup id="cite_ref-brain_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brain-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>As family responsibilities and vocational pressures lessen, friendships become more important. Among the elderly, friendships can provide links to the larger community, serve as a protective factor against depression and loneliness, and compensate for potential losses in social support previously given by family members.<sup id="cite_ref-yearbook_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yearbook-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 32–33">: 32–33 </span></sup> Especially for people who cannot go out as often, interactions with friends allow for continued societal interaction. Additionally, older adults in declining health who remain in contact with friends show improved psychological well-being.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forming_and_maintaining">Forming and maintaining</h2></div> <p>Forming and maintaining friendships often requires time and effort. </p><p>Friendships are foremost formed by choice, typically on the basis that the parties involved admire each other on an intimate level, and enjoy commonality and socializing.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Given that friendships provide people with many mental, social, and health benefits,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> people should want to associate with and form lasting relationships with people who can provide the benefits they need. Thus, people have specific friendship preferences for the types of behaviors and traits that are associated with these benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-Tooby-1996_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tooby-1996-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent work on friendship preferences shows that while there is much overlap between men and women for the traits they prefer in close same-gender friends (e.g., being prioritized over other friends, friends with varied knowledge/skills), there are some differences: women compared to men had greater preference for emotional support, emotional disclosure, and emotional reassurance, while men compared to women had greater preference for friends that offer opportunities for accruing status, boosting their reputation, and will provide physical aid.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most people underestimate how much other people like them.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Liking_gap" title="Liking gap">liking gap</a> can make it difficult to form friendships.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to communications professor Jeffery Hall, most friendships involve tacitly agreed-upon expectations in six different areas:<sup id="cite_ref-Khazan-2023_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khazan-2023-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Positive regard</dt> <dd>The friends genuinely like each other, and are not merely pretending to like each other for the purpose of <a href="/wiki/Social_climbing" class="mw-redirect" title="Social climbing">social climbing</a> or some other desired benefit.<sup id="cite_ref-Khazan-2023_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khazan-2023-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Self-disclosure" title="Self-disclosure">Self-disclosure</a></dt> <dd>The friends feel that they can discuss topics of deep personal significance.<sup id="cite_ref-Khazan-2023_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khazan-2023-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Instrumental aid</dt> <dd>The friends help each other in practical ways.<sup id="cite_ref-Khazan-2023_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khazan-2023-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, a friend might drive another friend to the airport.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Similarity_(psychology)" title="Similarity (psychology)">Similarity</a></dt> <dd>The friends have similar worldviews.<sup id="cite_ref-Khazan-2023_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khazan-2023-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, they might have the same culture, class, religion, or life experiences.</dd> <dt>Enjoyment</dt> <dd>The friends believe that it is fun and easy to spend time together.<sup id="cite_ref-Khazan-2023_38-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khazan-2023-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Agency_(sociology)" title="Agency (sociology)">Agency</a></dt> <dd>The friends have valuable information, skills, or resources that they can share with each other.<sup id="cite_ref-Khazan-2023_38-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khazan-2023-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, a friend with business connections might know when a desirable job will be available, or a wealthy friend might pay for an expensive experience.</dd></dl> <p>Not all relationships have the same balance of each area. For example, women may prefer friendships that emphasize genuine positive regard and deeper self-disclosure, and men may prefer friendships with a little more agency.<sup id="cite_ref-Khazan-2023_38-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khazan-2023-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Developmental_issues">Developmental issues</h3></div> <p>People with certain types of <a href="/wiki/Developmental_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Developmental disorders">developmental disorders</a> may struggle to make and maintain friendships. This is especially true of children with <a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a> (ADHD),<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Autism_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism spectrum">autism spectrum</a> disorders,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or children with <a href="/wiki/Down_syndrome" title="Down syndrome">Down syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health">Health</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mithra_(4684713252).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Mithra_%284684713252%29.jpg/170px-Mithra_%284684713252%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Mithra_%284684713252%29.jpg/255px-Mithra_%284684713252%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Mithra_%284684713252%29.jpg/340px-Mithra_%284684713252%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>The Persian god <a href="/wiki/Mithra" title="Mithra">Mithra</a>, of covenants, light, oaths, justice, the sun, contracts, and friendship</figcaption></figure> <p>Studies found that strong social supports improve a person's prospects for good health and longevity. Conversely, loneliness and a lack of social supports are linked to an increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">heart disease</a>, viral <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infections</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>, as well as higher mortality rates overall. Researchers termed friendship networks a "behavioral <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccine</a>" that boosts both physical and mental health.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A large body of research links friendship and health, but the precise reasons for the connection remain unclear. Most studies in this area are large <a href="/wiki/Prospective_cohort_study" title="Prospective cohort study">prospective studies</a> that follow people over time, and while there may be a <a href="/wiki/Correlation_does_not_imply_causation" title="Correlation does not imply causation">correlation</a> between the two variables (friendship and health status), researchers still do not know if there is a cause and effect relationship (such as: good friendships improve health). Theories that attempt to explain this link include that good friends encourage their friends to lead more healthy lifestyles; that good friends encourage their friends to seek help and access services when needed; that good friends enhance their friends' coping skills in dealing with illness and other health problems; and that good friends actually affect physiological pathways that are protective of health.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mental_health">Mental health</h3></div> <p>Having few or no friends is a common experience among those who are diagnosed with a range of <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental disorders">mental disorders</a>, and can be used as a telling factor.<sup id="cite_ref-reisman_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reisman-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2004 study from the <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Public_Health" title="American Journal of Public Health">American Journal of Public Health</a> observed that lack of friendship plays a role in increasing risk of <a href="/wiki/Suicidal_ideation" title="Suicidal ideation">suicidal ideation</a> among female adolescents, while also true for having more friends who are not themselves friends with one another. However, it is also suggested that no similar effect is observed for males.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Higher friendship quality directly contributes to self-esteem, self-confidence, and social development.<sup id="cite_ref-www2.psych.purdue.edu_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www2.psych.purdue.edu-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/World_Database_of_Happiness" title="World Database of Happiness">World Happiness Database</a> study found that people with close friendships are happier, although the absolute number of friends did not increase happiness.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other studies suggested that children who have friendships of a high quality may be protected against the development of certain disorders, such as anxiety and depression.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, having few friends is associated with <a href="/wiki/High_school_dropouts" class="mw-redirect" title="High school dropouts">dropping out of school</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">aggression</a>, adult <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">crime</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Loneliness" title="Loneliness">loneliness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bremner_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bremner-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 500">: 500 </span></sup> Peer <span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">rejection</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="who is doing the rejecting: the person with lower later aspiration or their peer(s)? (July 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> is also associated with lower later aspiration in the <a href="/wiki/Workforce" title="Workforce">workforce</a> and participation in social activities, while higher levels of friendship were associated with higher adult <a href="/wiki/Self-esteem" title="Self-esteem">self-esteem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bremner_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bremner-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 500–01">: 500–01 </span></sup> </p><p>Having more close friends is correlated with improved mental health and <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_skill" title="Cognitive skill">cognitive ability</a>. However, this association stops once around five friends is reached, after which having more friends is no longer linked to better mental health and is correlated with lower <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognition</a>. Additionally, people with few or many<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material in the vicinity of this tag implies a comparison ("better", "advantages", "improvement") but does not specify what the comparison is with. (July 2023)">compared to?</span></a></i>]</sup> friends had more symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a> (ADHD) and were less able to learn from their experiences.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dissolution">Dissolution</h2></div> <p>Friendships may end. This is often the result of natural changes over time, as friends grow more distant both physically and emotionally, but it can also be the result of a sudden shock, such as learning that a friend holds incompatible values.<sup id="cite_ref-Khazan-2023_38-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khazan-2023-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some social media influencers provide suggestions using <a href="/wiki/Therapy_speak" title="Therapy speak">therapy speak</a> to <a href="/wiki/Break_up" class="mw-redirect" title="Break up">break up</a> with a friend.<sup id="cite_ref-Mehta-2023_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mehta-2023-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Walters_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walters-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These have been criticized for being impersonal and upsetting, partially because they often reduce a conversation to a 30-second soundbite-sized announcement.<sup id="cite_ref-Mehta-2023_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mehta-2023-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Walters_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walters-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social media posts may also encourage confrontations akin to a workplace <a href="/wiki/Performance_appraisal" title="Performance appraisal">performance appraisal</a>, in which one person tells a friend that they are dissatisfied and threatens to break off the relationship if the friend does not conform to their expectations.<sup id="cite_ref-Khazan-2023_38-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khazan-2023-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The end of a friendship is often due to inappropriate expectations on the part of the dissatisfied person, and demanding that a friend meet those expectations is incompatible with friendship's voluntary qualities.<sup id="cite_ref-Khazan-2023_38-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khazan-2023-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another option would be for the dissatisfied person to look for another friend who can meet the unmet need.<sup id="cite_ref-Khazan-2023_38-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khazan-2023-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, if someone is dissatisfied because a friend does not plan events, then that person could find a second friend, someone who enjoys planning events, instead of rejecting the first friend for not being able to single-handedly meet all of their needs.<sup id="cite_ref-Khazan-2023_38-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khazan-2023-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dissolution of a friendship may be taken personally as a <a href="/wiki/Social_rejection" title="Social rejection">rejection</a>. Disruptions of friendships are associated with increased <a href="/wiki/Guilt_(emotion)" title="Guilt (emotion)">guilt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">anger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>, and may be highly stressful events, especially in <a href="/wiki/Child" title="Child">childhood</a>. However, potential negative effects can be mitigated if the dissolution of a friendship is replaced with another close relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-oxford_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 248">: 248 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <p>Friends tend to be similar to one another in terms of age, gender, behavior, <a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">substance abuse</a>, personal disposition, and academic performance.<sup id="cite_ref-oxford_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 248">: 248 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-enc_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enc-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 426">: 426 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brain_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brain-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 55–56">: 55–56 </span></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">ethnically diverse</a> countries, children and adolescents tend to form friendships with others of the same race or ethnicity, beginning in <a href="/wiki/Preschool" title="Preschool">preschool</a>, and peaking in middle or late childhood.<sup id="cite_ref-oxford_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 264">: 264 </span></sup> As a result of social separation and <span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">confinement</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of the sexes, friendships between men and women have little presence in recorded history, having only become a widely accepted practice in the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_differences">Gender differences</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Friendship" title="Talk:Friendship">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In general, girl-girl friendship interactions among children tend to focus on interpersonal connections and <a href="/wiki/Social_support" title="Social support">mutual support</a>. In contrast, boy-boy interaction tends to be more focused on <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">social status</a>, and may discourage the expression of emotional needs.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Girls report more anxiety, jealousy, and relational victimization and less stability related to their friendships. Boys, on the other hand, report higher levels of physical victimization. Nevertheless, boys and girls tend to report relative<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material in the vicinity of this tag implies a comparison ("better", "advantages", "improvement") but does not specify what the comparison is with. (July 2023)">compared to?</span></a></i>]</sup> satisfaction levels with their friendships.<sup id="cite_ref-oxford_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 249–50">: 249–50 </span></sup> </p><p>Women tend to be more expressive and intimate in their same-sex friendships and have fewer friends.<sup id="cite_ref-Verkuyten-1996_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verkuyten-1996-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Men are more likely to define intimacy in terms of shared physical experiences. In contrast, women are more likely to define it in terms of shared emotional ones. Men are less likely to make emotional or personal disclosures to other men because the other man could use this information against them. However, they will disclose this information to women (as they are not in competition with them), and men tend to regard friendships with women as more meaningful, intimate, and pleasant. <a href="/wiki/Male-male_friendship" class="mw-redirect" title="Male-male friendship">Male-male friendships</a> are generally more like <a href="/wiki/Alliance" title="Alliance">alliances</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Female-female_friendship" class="mw-redirect" title="Female-female friendship">female-female friendships</a> are much more attachment-based. This also means that the end of male-male friendships tends to be less emotionally upsetting than that of female-female friendships.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Women tend to be more socially adept than their male peers, among older adults. As a result, many older men may rely upon a female companion, such as a spouse, to compensate for their comparative lack of social skills.<sup id="cite_ref-brain_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brain-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 55">: 55 </span></sup> One study found that women in Europe and North America were slightly more likely than men to self-report having a best friend.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture">Culture</h3></div> <p>Which relationships count as a true friend, rather than as an acquaintance or a co-worker, vary by culture. In English-speaking cultures, it is not unusual for people to include weaker relationships as being friends.<sup id="cite_ref-Doucerain-2021_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doucerain-2021-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other cultures, such as the Russian and Polish cultures, only the most significant relationships are considered friends. A Russian might have one or two friends plus a large number of "pals" or acquaintances; a Canadian in similar circumstances might count all of these relationships as being friends.<sup id="cite_ref-Doucerain-2021_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doucerain-2021-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western cultures</a>, friendships are often seen as lesser to familial or romantic relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friendships in Ancient Greece were more utilitarian than affectionate, being based upon obligation and reliance, though different Classical communities understood friendship in different ways, and the Greeks held a much broader conception of friendship than modern English-speaking cultures do.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cooper-1977_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cooper-1977-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> wrote of there being three kinds of friendships: those in recognition of pleasure, those in recognition of advantage, and those in recognition of virtue.<sup id="cite_ref-Cooper-1977_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cooper-1977-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When discussing taboos of friendship<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that an example be provided. (July 2023)">example needed</span></a></i>]</sup> it was found that Chinese respondents found more than their British counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-Verkuyten-1996_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verkuyten-1996-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag is ambiguous, and needs clarification. (November 2021)">ambiguous</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolutionary_approach">Evolutionary approach</h2></div> <p>Evolutionary approaches to understanding friendship focus primarily on its function. In other words, what does friendship do for individuals, how does it work psychologically, and how do these processes affect people's actual behavior. Within this field, there are multiple proposed theories or perspectives about the function of forming friendships and making friends. One is the theory of <a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_altruism_in_humans" title="Reciprocal altruism in humans">Reciprocal Altruism</a> which provides an explanation as to why individuals make friends with un-related others. It argues that friendship allows people to exchange benefits with each other and keep track of these exchanges in order to avoid exchanging benefits with a poor cooperator, or someone who will take benefits without giving any in return.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another perspective likens friendships to insurance investments and argues when deciding to invest into forming a new friendship with another person an individual should be able to discern: whether the potential friend will be willing to help them back in the future, if the potential friend is in the position to help them in the future, and if the friendship is worth continuing or not, especially when many other potential friendships can be made.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These factors will determine whether forming a friendship with someone will be beneficial or injurious. Another explanation for the function of friendships is called the Alliance Hypothesis<sup id="cite_ref-DeScioli-2009_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeScioli-2009-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which argues that the function of friendships is to acquire <a href="/wiki/Alliance" title="Alliance">alliances</a> for future conflicts or disputes. The Alliance Hypothesis states that conflicts typically can be won if and only if one side is able to acquire more allies than the competing side, all else equal, so individuals should be able to increase their odds of winning the conflict if they are able to recruit more alliances to their side.<sup id="cite_ref-DeScioli-2009_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeScioli-2009-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Choosing your allies can be very important and there exists a variety of methods in deciding allies such as <a href="/wiki/Bandwagoning" title="Bandwagoning">bandwagoning</a> or choosing an ally that is loyal and will come to your aid in the future conflicts.<sup id="cite_ref-DeScioli-2011_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeScioli-2011-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, individuals should form alliances (i.e., friendships) with people that ranks themselves higher than other allies/friends. It is relative rank (i.e., where the self ranks among all other individuals) that is the most important contributing factor when deciding who is a loyal ally and friend.<sup id="cite_ref-DeScioli-2011_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeScioli-2011-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Friendship_jealousy">Friendship jealousy</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jealousy" title="Jealousy">Jealousy</a> is an emotion that is often studied in the context of romantic and sexual relationships. However, individuals also feel jealous when it comes to potentially losing valued friendships. <a href="/wiki/Friendship_jealousy" title="Friendship jealousy">Friendship jealousy</a> acts as an alert to the self that a close friends' other friends may be a threat to the self's relationship with that close friend<sup id="cite_ref-DeScioli-2011_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeScioli-2011-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which motivates the self to enact behaviors that prevent the close friend from further developing better relationships with their other friends.<sup id="cite_ref-Tooby-1996_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tooby-1996-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A recent multi-study paper found that friendship jealousy is activated by the potential loss of a friend by another person, is highly attuned to the feeling or thoughts of being replaced, and that the closer or more valued that friendship is, the more friendship jealousy someone will feel.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Men and women also tend to express different levels of friendship jealousy depending on the person who is attempting to replace them in the friendship, such that women compared to men expressed more jealousy over the potential loss of a best-friend to another woman.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-human_friendship">Non-human friendship</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">Ethology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Altruism_in_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Altruism in animals">Altruism in animals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sociobiology" title="Sociobiology">Sociobiology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CUTE_FRIENDSHIP.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/CUTE_FRIENDSHIP.JPG/220px-CUTE_FRIENDSHIP.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/CUTE_FRIENDSHIP.JPG/330px-CUTE_FRIENDSHIP.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/CUTE_FRIENDSHIP.JPG/440px-CUTE_FRIENDSHIP.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2432" /></a><figcaption>A man with an <a href="/wiki/Indian_palm_squirrel" title="Indian palm squirrel">Indian palm squirrel</a> (<i>Funambulus palmarum</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Friendship is found among animals of higher intelligence, such as higher <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>. There is ample comparative animal research on the existence of friendships, or the existence of similar forms of relationships, in animals. The function of these relationships in non-human animals appears to primarily be for forming and solidifying <a href="/wiki/Alliance" title="Alliance">alliances</a> for a wide range of fitness and survival reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-Hemelrijk-2007_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hemelrijk-2007-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Across a range of non-human animal species, alliances are formed for protection,<sup id="cite_ref-Hemelrijk-2007_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hemelrijk-2007-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> competition over reproductive access to receptive mates,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as means to seek social comfort,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> solidify social bonds,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to thwart diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An expansive <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a> examining grooming behaviors in 14 different <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primate</a> species found that grooming behaviors elicit different types of benefit exchanges, such as support and aid for future intra-species conflicts.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Male <a href="/wiki/Bottlenose_dolphin" title="Bottlenose dolphin">bottlenose dolphins</a> use synchronous surfacing to determine membership of other potential male allies<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while female bottlenose dolphins use gentle contact behaviors (i.e., touching behaviors) with other females in response to harassment from males.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Female <a href="/wiki/Spotted_hyena" title="Spotted hyena">spotted hyenas</a>, whose groups follow a very strict <a href="/wiki/Dominance_hierarchy" title="Dominance hierarchy">dominance hierarchy</a>, form <a href="/wiki/Alliance" title="Alliance">alliances</a> (i.e., coalitionary bonds) to move up the <a href="/wiki/Dominance_hierarchy" title="Dominance hierarchy">dominance hierarchy</a> by usurping a hyena of higher dominance rank.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Feral female horses develop alliances with other female horses to avoid harassment from male horses and these alliances aid in increasing their offspring's chances of survival.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_brother" title="Blood brother">Blood brother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_marriage" title="Boston marriage">Boston marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromance" title="Bromance">Bromance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casual_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Casual relationship">Casual relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-sex_friendships" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-sex friendships">Cross-sex friendships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_bonding" title="Female bonding">Female bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraternization" title="Fraternization">Fraternization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenemy" title="Frenemy">Frenemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friend_of_a_friend" title="Friend of a friend">Friend of a friend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship_Day" title="Friendship Day">Friendship Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaginary_friend" title="Imaginary friend">Imaginary friend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Intimate relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaly%C4%81%E1%B9%87a-mittat%C4%81" title="Kalyāṇa-mittatā">Kalyāṇa-mittatā</a> (spiritual friendship)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_bonding" title="Male bonding">Male bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics#Books_VIII_and_IX:_Friendship_and_partnership" title="Nicomachean Ethics">Nicomachean Ethics, Books VIII and IX: Friendship and partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_love" title="Platonic love">Platonic love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosocial_behavior" title="Prosocial behavior">Prosocial behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_friendship" title="Romantic friendship">Romantic friendship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharing" title="Sharing">Sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_connection" title="Social connection">Social connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theorem_on_friends_and_strangers" title="Theorem on friends and strangers">Theorem on friends and strangers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womance" title="Womance">Womance</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In comparison to older respondents, who tend to describe friendship in terms of psychological rather than mostly physical aspects.<sup id="cite_ref-bremner_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bremner-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 498">: 498 </span></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110126115911/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/friend">"Definition for friend"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionaries</i>. Oxford Dictionary Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/friend">the original</a> on January 26, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Definition+for+friend&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft.pub=Oxford+Dictionary+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Ffriend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriendship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowes1983" class="citation journal cs1">Howes, Carollee (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1129908">"Patterns of Friendship"</a>. <i>Child Development</i>. <b>54</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">1041–</span>1053. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1129908">10.2307/1129908</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-3920">0009-3920</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1129908">1129908</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Child+Development&rft.atitle=Patterns+of+Friendship&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1041-%3C%2Fspan%3E1053&rft.date=1983&rft.issn=0009-3920&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1129908%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1129908&rft.aulast=Howes&rft.aufirst=Carollee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1129908&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriendship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bremner-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bremner_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bremner_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bremner_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bremner_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBremner2017" class="citation book cs1">Bremner, J. 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id="CITEREFShuttMacLarnonHeistermannSemple2007" class="citation journal cs1">Shutt, Kathryn; MacLarnon, Ann; Heistermann, Michael; Semple, Stuart (2007-02-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2007.0052">"Grooming in Barbary macaques: better to give than to receive?"</a>. <i>Biology Letters</i>. <b>3</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">231–</span>233. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2007.0052">10.1098/rsbl.2007.0052</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1744-9561">1744-9561</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2464693">2464693</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17327200">17327200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biology+Letters&rft.atitle=Grooming+in+Barbary+macaques%3A+better+to+give+than+to+receive%3F&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E231-%3C%2Fspan%3E233&rft.date=2007-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2464693%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1744-9561&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17327200&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbl.2007.0052&rft.aulast=Shutt&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rft.au=MacLarnon%2C+Ann&rft.au=Heistermann%2C+Michael&rft.au=Semple%2C+Stuart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1098%2Frsbl.2007.0052&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriendship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilk2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joan_Silk" title="Joan Silk">Silk, Joan B.</a> (October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.31.032902.101743">"The Form and Function of Reconciliation in Primates"</a>. <i>Annual Review of Anthropology</i>. <b>31</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">21–</span>44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.anthro.31.032902.101743">10.1146/annurev.anthro.31.032902.101743</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0084-6570">0084-6570</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Anthropology&rft.atitle=The+Form+and+Function+of+Reconciliation+in+Primates&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.date=2002-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.anthro.31.032902.101743&rft.issn=0084-6570&rft.aulast=Silk&rft.aufirst=Joan+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.anthro.31.032902.101743&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriendship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZamma2002" class="citation journal cs1">Zamma, Koichiro (March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02629575">"Grooming site preferences determined by lice infection among Japanese macaques in Arashiyama"</a>. <i>Primates</i>. <b>43</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">41–</span>49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf02629575">10.1007/bf02629575</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0032-8332">0032-8332</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12091746">12091746</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42457072">42457072</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Primates&rft.atitle=Grooming+site+preferences+determined+by+lice+infection+among+Japanese+macaques+in+Arashiyama&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.date=2002-03&rft.issn=0032-8332&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A42457072%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12091746&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf02629575&rft.aulast=Zamma&rft.aufirst=Koichiro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1007%2Fbf02629575&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriendship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchino2006" 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Animal+Behaviour&rft.atitle=Synchrony%2C+social+behaviour+and+alliance+affiliation+in+Indian+Ocean+bottlenose+dolphins%2C+Tursiops+aduncus&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1371-%3C%2Fspan%3E1378&rft.date=2006-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4513557%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0003-3472&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.anbehav.2006.03.014&rft.aulast=Connor&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rft.au=Smolker%2C+Rachel&rft.au=Bejder%2C+Lars&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.anbehav.2006.03.014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriendship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnorMannWatson-Capps2006" class="citation journal cs1">Connor, Richard; Mann, Janet; Watson-Capps, Jana (2006-06-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.2006.01203.x">"A Sex-Specific Affiliative Contact Behavior in Indian Ocean Bottlenose Dolphins, <i>Tursiops</i> sp"</a>. <i>Ethology</i>. <b>112</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">631–</span>638. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Ethol.112..631C">2006Ethol.112..631C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1439-0310.2006.01203.x">10.1111/j.1439-0310.2006.01203.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0179-1613">0179-1613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethology&rft.atitle=A+Sex-Specific+Affiliative+Contact+Behavior+in+Indian+Ocean+Bottlenose+Dolphins%2C+Tursiops+sp.&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E631-%3C%2Fspan%3E638&rft.date=2006-06-09&rft.issn=0179-1613&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1439-0310.2006.01203.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Ethol.112..631C&rft.aulast=Connor&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Mann%2C+Janet&rft.au=Watson-Capps%2C+Jana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%2Fj.1439-0310.2006.01203.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriendship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite 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(2009-08-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2728983">"Social bonds between unrelated females increase reproductive success in feral horses"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>106</b> (33): <span class="nowrap">13850–</span>13853. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PNAS..10613850C">2009PNAS..10613850C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0900639106">10.1073/pnas.0900639106</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2728983">2728983</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19667179">19667179</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Social+bonds+between+unrelated+females+increase+reproductive+success+in+feral+horses&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=33&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13850-%3C%2Fspan%3E13853&rft.date=2009-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2728983%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009PNAS..10613850C&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19667179&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0900639106&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Elissa+Z.&rft.au=Setsaas%2C+Trine+H.&rft.au=Linklater%2C+Wayne+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2728983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriendship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAristotle" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics" title="Nicomachean Ethics"><i>The Nicomachean Ethics</i></a>. VIII & IX.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nicomachean+Ethics&rft.pages=VIII+%26+IX&rft.au=Aristotle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriendship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBray,_Alan2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Bray" title="Alan Bray">Bray, Alan</a> (2003). <i>The Friend</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-07181-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-07181-7"><bdi>978-0-226-07181-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Friend&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-226-07181-7&rft.au=Bray%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriendship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCicero" class="citation book cs1">Cicero, Marcus Tullius. <a href="/wiki/Laelius_de_Amicitia" title="Laelius de Amicitia"><i>Laelius de Amicitia</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Laelius+de+Amicitia&rft.aulast=Cicero&rft.aufirst=Marcus+Tullius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriendship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmerson1841" class="citation book cs1">Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1841). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Essays:_First_Series/Friendship">"Friendship"</a>. <i>Essays: First Series</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Friendship&rft.btitle=Essays%3A+First+Series&rft.date=1841&rft.aulast=Emerson&rft.aufirst=Ralph+Waldo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FEssays%3A_First_Series%2FFriendship&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriendship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHareWoods2020" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Hare" title="Brian Hare">Hare, Brian</a>; <a href="/wiki/Vanessa_Woods" title="Vanessa Woods">Woods, Vanessa</a> (August 2020). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Survival_of_the_Friendliest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Survival of the Friendliest (page does not exist)">"Survival of the Friendliest: Natural selection for hypersocial traits enabled Earth's apex species to best Neandertals and other competitors"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i>. <b>323</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">58–</span>63.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Survival+of+the+Friendliest%3A+Natural+selection+for+hypersocial+traits+enabled+Earth%27s+apex+species+to+best+Neandertals+and+other+competitors&rft.volume=323&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E58-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.date=2020-08&rft.aulast=Hare&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Woods%2C+Vanessa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriendship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLepp,_Ignace1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ignace_Lepp" title="Ignace Lepp">Lepp, Ignace</a> (1966). <i>The Ways of Friendship</i>. New York: The Macmillan Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ways+of+Friendship&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Company&rft.date=1966&rft.au=Lepp%2C+Ignace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriendship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaid,_Edward1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Said, Edward</a> (1979). <i>Orientalism</i>. US: Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-74067-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-74067-6"><bdi>978-0-394-74067-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orientalism&rft.place=US&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-394-74067-6&rft.au=Said%2C+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriendship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerrell2014" class="citation book cs1">Terrell, John Edward (2014). <i>A Talent for Friendship: Rediscovery of a Remarkable Trait</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199386451" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199386451"><bdi>978-0199386451</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Talent+for+Friendship%3A+Rediscovery+of+a+Remarkable+Trait&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0199386451&rft.aulast=Terrell&rft.aufirst=John+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriendship" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Friendship" class="extiw" 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data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/friendship" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/friendship">friendship</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p003hyd3">BBC Radio 4 series "In Our Time", on <i>Friendship</i>, 2 March 2006</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/friendship/">Friendship</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-left plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Friends" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Friends">Friends</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boyfriend" title="Boyfriend">Boyfriend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girlfriend" title="Girlfriend">Girlfriend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohabitation" title="Cohabitation">Cohabitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Significant_other" title="Significant other">Significant other</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_partnership" title="Domestic partnership">Domestic partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_relationship" title="Same-sex relationship">Same-sex relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">Monogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_union" title="Civil union">Civil union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_marriage" title="Civil marriage">Civil marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husband" title="Husband">Husband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife" title="Wife">Wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soulmate" title="Soulmate">Soulmate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widow" title="Widow">Widowhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-monogamy" title="Non-monogamy">Non-monogamy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_relationship" title="Open relationship">Open relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_marriage" title="Open marriage">Open marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">Polyamory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyfidelity" title="Polyfidelity">Polyfidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">Concubinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistress_(lover)" title="Mistress (lover)">Mistress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Casual_sex" title="Casual sex">Casual sex</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casual_dating" title="Casual dating">Casual dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_with_benefits_relationships" class="mw-redirect" title="Friends with benefits relationships">Friends with benefits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enjo_k%C5%8Dsai" title="Enjo kōsai">Enjo kōsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_partner" title="Sexual partner">Sexual partner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One-night_stand" title="One-night stand">One-night stand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtesan" title="Courtesan">Courtesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigolo" title="Gigolo">Gigolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_dating" title="Sugar dating">Sugar dating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-romantic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acquaintance" class="mw-redirect" title="Acquaintance">Acquaintance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy" title="Enemy">Enemy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Friendship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">Kinship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibling" title="Sibling">Siblings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_love" title="Platonic love">Platonic love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queerplatonic_relationship" title="Queerplatonic relationship">Queerplatonic relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stranger" title="Stranger">Stranger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Familiar_stranger" title="Familiar stranger">Familiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequential_stranger" class="mw-redirect" title="Consequential stranger">Consequential</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sycophancy" title="Sycophancy">Sycophancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cicisbeo" title="Cicisbeo">Cicisbeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seraglio_(harem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seraglio (harem)">Seraglio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pla%C3%A7age" title="Plaçage">Plaçage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_%C3%A0_la_fa%C3%A7on_du_pays" title="Marriage à la façon du pays">Marriage <i>à la façon du pays</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_mistress" title="Royal mistress">Royal mistress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favourite" title="Favourite">Royal favorite</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%AEtresse-en-titre" title="Maîtresse-en-titre">Maîtresse-en-titre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_friendship" title="Romantic friendship">Romantic friendship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Initiation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flirting" title="Flirting">Flirting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_date" title="First date">First date</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matchmaking" title="Matchmaking">Matchmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meet_market" title="Meet market">Meet market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singles_event" title="Singles event">Singles event</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_bonding" title="Human bonding">Bonding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Courtship" title="Courtship">Courtship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating" title="Dating">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mating_strategies" title="Human mating strategies">Mating</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding" title="Wedding">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup" title="Breakup">Breakup</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annulment" title="Annulment">Annulment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">Divorce</a></li> <li>Separation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_separation" title="Legal separation">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marital_separation" title="Marital separation">Marital</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emotions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(sociology)" title="Affinity (sociology)">Affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_in_adults" title="Attachment in adults">Attachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compersion" class="mw-redirect" title="Compersion">Compersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Intimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jealousy" title="Jealousy">Jealousy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerence" title="Limerence">Limerence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_(emotion)" title="Passion (emotion)">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconditional_love" title="Unconditional love">Unconditional love</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">Bride price</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dower" title="Dower">Dower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">Dowry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_digger" title="Gold digger">Gold digging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infidelity" title="Infidelity">Infidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_anarchy" title="Relationship anarchy">Relationship anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_repression" title="Sexual repression">Repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Sexual activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_transgression" title="Relational transgression">Transgression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abuse" title="Abuse">Abuse</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_violence" title="Dating violence">Dating violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_abuse" title="Elder abuse">Elder abuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agape" title="Agape">Agape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken_heart" title="Broken heart">Broken heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovesickness" title="Lovesickness">Lovesickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsessive_love_disorder" title="Obsessive love disorder">Obsessive love disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_person" title="Single person">Single person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singleton_(lifestyle)" title="Singleton (lifestyle)">Singleton (lifestyle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unrequited_love" title="Unrequited love">Unrequited love</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1993" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4018480-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Friendship"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85051992">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Amitié"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119373318">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Amitié"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119373318">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="友情"><a rel="nofollow" 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