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data-has-card-for-ri-list="9641968">View All (7)</a></div><div class="ri-tags-container"><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="9641968" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biblical_Studies"><div id="js-react-on-rails-context" style="display:none" data-rails-context="{"inMailer":false,"i18nLocale":"en","i18nDefaultLocale":"en","href":"https://independent.academia.edu/TomDegenhart","location":"/TomDegenhart","scheme":"https","host":"independent.academia.edu","port":null,"pathname":"/TomDegenhart","search":null,"httpAcceptLanguage":null,"serverSide":false}"></div> <div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Biblical Studies"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-4d29adc0-2f09-4c8b-bba2-cb3049af0cd1"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-4d29adc0-2f09-4c8b-bba2-cb3049af0cd1"></div> </a><a 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data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/6300650/The_Battle_Of_Cannae"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Battle Of Cannae " class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/33142603/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/6300650/The_Battle_Of_Cannae">The Battle Of Cannae </a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="5316fca19c7c71deca78cb7fc1ea334d" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":33142603,"asset_id":6300650,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" 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})(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "5316fca19c7c71deca78cb7fc1ea334d" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=6300650]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":6300650,"title":"The Battle Of Cannae ","translated_title":"","metadata":{"ai_abstract":"The Battle of Cannae, fought on August 2, 216 B.C.E., was a pivotal moment in Roman history, showcasing the tactical brilliance of Hannibal Barca of Carthage against Roman forces. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="6256231"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/6256231/The_Early_Roman_Army"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Early Roman Army" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/33113324/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/6256231/The_Early_Roman_Army">The Early Roman Army</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">After the sack of Rome by the Gauls in 390 B.C., the Romans weighed one thousand pounds of gold i...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">After the sack of Rome by the Gauls in 390 B.C., the Romans weighed one thousand pounds of gold in tribute to their enemy in order that they leave Rome. However, they were angered when observing Brennus, the leader of the Gauls, using heavier scales than what was standard to weigh the gold. In response to their protests, Brennus placed his sword on the scale and replied, "Vea Victis," or "Woe to the vanquished." Despite this disaster in Roman history, the Romans would prove then and continually afterward, that their ability to adapt and learn from their losses would be one of the trademarks to their military success as an empire. 1 From 390 B.C. through the era of Augustus Caesar ending in 14 A.D., Rome would suffer several defeats and adversities that would have often crippled many ancient states, yet Rome flourished. Through it all, the Roman Army would be at the center of Rome"s power and become the standard used by the emperors to establish imperial order. But it was not by mere design and tactic alone that made the Roman legions the dominate force of the Mediterranean, many factors would influence the development of the Roman army into the first professional and versatile power it eventually became under Augustus. In many aspects, Rome"s army developed out of necessity. The following will demonstrate that political, social and military burdens during the late Republic were the central dynamics causing Rome"s military to advance into the first professional army which helped topple the Republic and forge the Empire.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="04afdfeb37e9413647e14c2ccfd024ed" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":33113324,"asset_id":6256231,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33113324/download_file?st=MTczMzk0NTIwMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="6256231"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="6256231"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6256231; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6256231]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6256231]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6256231; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='6256231']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6256231, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "04afdfeb37e9413647e14c2ccfd024ed" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=6256231]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":6256231,"title":"The Early Roman Army","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"After the sack of Rome by the Gauls in 390 B.C., the Romans weighed one thousand pounds of gold in tribute to their enemy in order that they leave Rome. 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However, they were angered when observing Brennus, the leader of the Gauls, using heavier scales than what was standard to weigh the gold. In response to their protests, Brennus placed his sword on the scale and replied, \"Vea Victis,\" or \"Woe to the vanquished.\" Despite this disaster in Roman history, the Romans would prove then and continually afterward, that their ability to adapt and learn from their losses would be one of the trademarks to their military success as an empire. 1 From 390 B.C. through the era of Augustus Caesar ending in 14 A.D., Rome would suffer several defeats and adversities that would have often crippled many ancient states, yet Rome flourished. Through it all, the Roman Army would be at the center of Rome\"s power and become the standard used by the emperors to establish imperial order. But it was not by mere design and tactic alone that made the Roman legions the dominate force of the Mediterranean, many factors would influence the development of the Roman army into the first professional and versatile power it eventually became under Augustus. In many aspects, Rome\"s army developed out of necessity. The following will demonstrate that political, social and military burdens during the late Republic were the central dynamics causing Rome\"s military to advance into the first professional army which helped topple the Republic and forge the Empire.","owner":{"id":9641968,"first_name":"Tom","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Degenhart","page_name":"TomDegenhart","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2014-03-02T00:23:58.366-08:00","display_name":"Tom Degenhart","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/TomDegenhart"},"attachments":[{"id":33113324,"title":"","file_type":"docx","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/33113324/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"The_Early_Roman_Army.docx","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33113324/download_file?st=MTczMzk0NTIwMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"The_Early_Roman_Army.docx","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/33113324/The_Early_Roman_Army.docx?1393748862=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Early_Roman_Army.docx\u0026Expires=1733948800\u0026Signature=C7Va2S6aDLot7GC3Rbvp3AbDd50Np~ZbG6kHDt6f5Ff372YBF4DV3YUwoFh1hb3CQ9b0WKwvuVhcgg2fO~3UAXcRcCaR1~lYt2SH6U68irACS6E8HoJGCLE4daxhYOQqbFKmE9GNNaKWxlhLVi2TMwABM0-7DFMgW5r1C6rNMUWfJPD5ObK4pv6ja92gTTZ3LyKbpJe9F7Y7BY54JF-IfQERtncz3WITKEi9oQ4hWhGswcugiPXM6paeNkMbHLMRqkWAXYtLJMGy-IfIC6NZb50cpRDKNhJWprTn-Kzpr7mGNyJ52JzMqwUiNaOYjZ9ee0ZrN8gvdZQMncXJQDXckw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":829,"name":"Roman History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_History"},{"id":21324,"name":"Roman Army","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_Army"},{"id":168966,"name":"Ancient Weapons and Warfare","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Weapons_and_Warfare"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="6256231"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/6256231/The_Early_Roman_Army"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Early Roman Army" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/33113324/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/6256231/The_Early_Roman_Army">The Early Roman Army</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">After the sack of Rome by the Gauls in 390 B.C., the Romans weighed one thousand pounds of gold i...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">After the sack of Rome by the Gauls in 390 B.C., the Romans weighed one thousand pounds of gold in tribute to their enemy in order that they leave Rome. However, they were angered when observing Brennus, the leader of the Gauls, using heavier scales than what was standard to weigh the gold. In response to their protests, Brennus placed his sword on the scale and replied, "Vea Victis," or "Woe to the vanquished." Despite this disaster in Roman history, the Romans would prove then and continually afterward, that their ability to adapt and learn from their losses would be one of the trademarks to their military success as an empire. 1 From 390 B.C. through the era of Augustus Caesar ending in 14 A.D., Rome would suffer several defeats and adversities that would have often crippled many ancient states, yet Rome flourished. Through it all, the Roman Army would be at the center of Rome"s power and become the standard used by the emperors to establish imperial order. But it was not by mere design and tactic alone that made the Roman legions the dominate force of the Mediterranean, many factors would influence the development of the Roman army into the first professional and versatile power it eventually became under Augustus. In many aspects, Rome"s army developed out of necessity. The following will demonstrate that political, social and military burdens during the late Republic were the central dynamics causing Rome"s military to advance into the first professional army which helped topple the Republic and forge the Empire.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="04afdfeb37e9413647e14c2ccfd024ed" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":33113324,"asset_id":6256231,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33113324/download_file?st=MTczMzk0NTIwMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMzk0NTIwMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="6256231"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="6256231"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6256231; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6256231]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6256231]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6256231; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='6256231']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6256231, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "04afdfeb37e9413647e14c2ccfd024ed" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=6256231]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":6256231,"title":"The Early Roman Army","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"After the sack of Rome by the Gauls in 390 B.C., the Romans weighed one thousand pounds of gold in tribute to their enemy in order that they leave Rome. However, they were angered when observing Brennus, the leader of the Gauls, using heavier scales than what was standard to weigh the gold. In response to their protests, Brennus placed his sword on the scale and replied, \"Vea Victis,\" or \"Woe to the vanquished.\" Despite this disaster in Roman history, the Romans would prove then and continually afterward, that their ability to adapt and learn from their losses would be one of the trademarks to their military success as an empire. 1 From 390 B.C. through the era of Augustus Caesar ending in 14 A.D., Rome would suffer several defeats and adversities that would have often crippled many ancient states, yet Rome flourished. Through it all, the Roman Army would be at the center of Rome\"s power and become the standard used by the emperors to establish imperial order. But it was not by mere design and tactic alone that made the Roman legions the dominate force of the Mediterranean, many factors would influence the development of the Roman army into the first professional and versatile power it eventually became under Augustus. In many aspects, Rome\"s army developed out of necessity. 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