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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Determinism_and_predeterminism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Determinism and predeterminism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Determinism_and_predeterminism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Idle_argument" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Idle_argument"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Idle argument</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Idle_argument-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Logical_fatalism_and_the_argument_from_bivalence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logical_fatalism_and_the_argument_from_bivalence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Logical fatalism and the argument from bivalence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logical_fatalism_and_the_argument_from_bivalence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criticism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Semantic_equivocation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semantic_equivocation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Semantic equivocation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semantic_equivocation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fatalism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A9)" title="جبرية (فلسفة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جبرية (فلسفة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatalizm" title="Fatalizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fatalizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Фатализм – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Фатализм" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Фатализъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фатализъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatalizam" title="Fatalizam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Fatalizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonkelouriezh" title="Tonkelouriezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tonkelouriezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatalisme" title="Fatalisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fatalisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatalismus" title="Fatalismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fatalismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tynghediaeth" title="Tynghediaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tynghediaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatalisme" title="Fatalisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fatalisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatalismus" title="Fatalismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fatalismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatalism" title="Fatalism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Fatalism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Φαταλισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φαταλισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatalismo" title="Fatalismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fatalismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatalismo" title="Fatalismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fatalismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatalismo" title="Fatalismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fatalismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="سرنوشت‌باوری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرنوشت‌باوری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatalisme" title="Fatalisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fatalisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B4%EB%AA%85%EB%A1%A0" title="운명론 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="운명론" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%83%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ճակատագրապաշտություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ճակատագրապաշտություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="दैववाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दैववाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatalisme" title="Fatalisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fatalisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatalismo" title="Fatalismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fatalismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="פטליזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פטליזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ფატალიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფატალიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Фатализм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Фатализм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Фатализм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Фатализм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat%C4%81lisms" title="Fatālisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fatālisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatalizmus" title="Fatalizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fatalizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82" title="വിധിവിശ്വാസം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിധിവിശ്വാസം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatalisme" title="Fatalisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Fatalisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatalisme" title="Fatalisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fatalisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatalisme" title="Fatalisme – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Fatalisme" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%BF%E5%91%BD%E8%AB%96" title="宿命論 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="宿命論" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatalisme" title="Fatalisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fatalisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatalisme" title="Fatalisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fatalisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatalizm" title="Fatalizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fatalizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatalizm" title="Fatalizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fatalizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatalismo" title="Fatalismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fatalismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatalizm" title="Fatalizm – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Fatalizm" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatalism" title="Fatalism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fatalism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Фатализм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фатализм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatalism" title="Fatalism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fatalism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatalizmus" title="Fatalizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fatalizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%95%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95%DA%95%DB%8C" title="چارەنووسباوەڕی – Central Kurdish" 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href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatalismi" title="Fatalismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fatalismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatalism" title="Fatalism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fatalism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasatadhana" title="Pagsasatadhana – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pagsasatadhana" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatalizm" 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0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_language plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice skin-invert-image" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help <b>expand this article with text translated from <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatalismus" class="extiw" title="de:Fatalismus">the corresponding article</a> in German</b>.  <i><small>(July 2021)</small></i> <small>Click [show] for important translation instructions.</small></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fde.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFatalismus&sl=de&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en">View</a> a machine-translated version of the German article.</li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Consider <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Expand_German#Topics_and_categorization" title="Template:Expand German">adding a topic</a></b> to this template: there are already 2,401 articles in the <a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_translation_from_German_Wikipedia" title="Category:Articles needing translation from German Wikipedia">main category</a>, and specifying<code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|topic=</code> will aid in categorization.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You <b>must</b> provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is <code>Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at [[:de:Fatalismus]]; see its history for attribution.</code></li> <li>You may also add the template <code>{{Translated|de|Fatalismus}}</code> to the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Fatalism" title="Talk:Fatalism">talk page</a>.</li> <li>For more guidance, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a>.</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Predeterminism" title="Predeterminism">Predeterminism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Predictability" title="Predictability">Predictability</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Theological_determinism" title="Theological determinism">Theological determinism</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_C._Gotch_-_Destiny_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Thomas_C._Gotch_-_Destiny_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Thomas_C._Gotch_-_Destiny_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Thomas_C._Gotch_-_Destiny_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Thomas_C._Gotch_-_Destiny_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Thomas_C._Gotch_-_Destiny_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Thomas_C._Gotch_-_Destiny_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2622" data-file-height="3317" /></a><figcaption><i>Destiny</i>, painting by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cooper_Gotch" title="Thomas Cooper Gotch">T. C. Gotch</a> (1885–1886), <a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art_Gallery_of_South_Australia" title="Art Gallery of South Australia">Art Gallery of South Australia</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Fatalism</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">belief</a><sup id="cite_ref-Iran._J._Public_Health_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iran._J._Public_Health-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophical doctrine</a><sup id="cite_ref-SEP_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEP-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Solomon_2003_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solomon_2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which considers the entire universe as a <a href="/wiki/Deterministic_system_(philosophy)" title="Deterministic system (philosophy)">deterministic system</a> and stresses the subjugation of all events, actions, and behaviors to <a href="/wiki/Fate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fate">fate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Destiny" title="Destiny">destiny</a>, which is commonly associated with the consequent attitude of resignation in the face of future events which are thought to be inevitable and outside of human control.<sup id="cite_ref-Iran._J._Public_Health_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iran._J._Public_Health-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SEP_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEP-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Solomon_2003_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solomon_2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stambaugh_1994_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stambaugh_1994-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatalism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "fatalism" can refer to any of the following ideas: </p> <ul><li>Broadly, any view according to which <a href="/wiki/Human_being" class="mw-redirect" title="Human being">human beings</a> are powerless to do anything other than what they actually do.<sup id="cite_ref-Iran._J._Public_Health_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iran._J._Public_Health-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SEP_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEP-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Solomon_2003_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solomon_2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stambaugh_1994_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stambaugh_1994-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Included in this is the belief that all events are decided by fate and are outside human control, hence humans have no power to influence the future or indeed the outcome of their own thoughts and actions.<sup id="cite_ref-Iran._J._Public_Health_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iran._J._Public_Health-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Solomon_2003_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solomon_2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stambaugh_1994_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stambaugh_1994-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_1962_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor_1962-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>More specifically: </p> <ul><li>Theological fatalism, according to which <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a> is incompatible with the existence of an <a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">omniscient</a> <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> who has foreknowledge of all future events.<sup id="cite_ref-SEP2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEP2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is very similar to <a href="/wiki/Theological_determinism" title="Theological determinism">theological determinism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Logical fatalism, according to which propositions about the future which we take to currently be either <a href="/wiki/True_or_false" class="mw-redirect" title="True or false">true or false</a> can only be true or false if future events are <a href="/wiki/Predeterminism" title="Predeterminism">already determined</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SEP_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEP-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causal_determinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Causal determinism">Causal determinism</a>, which is usually treated as distinct from fatalism, on the grounds that it requires only the determination of each <i>successive</i> state in a system by that system's prior state, rather than the <i>final</i> state of a system being <a href="/wiki/Predeterminism" title="Predeterminism">predetermined</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SEP_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEP-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The view that the appropriate reaction to the inevitability of some future event is acceptance or resignation, rather than resistance. For instance, 19th-century German philosopher <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a> discusses what he calls "Turkish fatalism" (<i>Türkenfatalismus</i>) in his essay <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wanderer_and_His_Shadow" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wanderer and His Shadow">The Wanderer and His Shadow</a></i> (1880),<sup id="cite_ref-Stambaugh_1994_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stambaugh_1994-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he makes no distinction between the terms "fate" and "fatalism".<sup id="cite_ref-Stambaugh_1994_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stambaugh_1994-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view is closer to everyday use of the word "fatalism" and parallels <a href="/wiki/Defeatism" title="Defeatism">defeatism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Iran._J._Public_Health_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iran._J._Public_Health-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stambaugh_1994_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stambaugh_1994-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatalism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout history, the <a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">belief</a> that the entire <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Deterministic_system_(philosophy)" title="Deterministic system (philosophy)">deterministic system</a> subject to the will of <a href="/wiki/Fate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fate">fate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Destiny" title="Destiny">destiny</a> has been articulated in both <a href="/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Western</a> religions, philosophy, music, and literature.<sup id="cite_ref-Iran._J._Public_Health_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iran._J._Public_Health-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SEP_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEP-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Solomon_2003_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solomon_2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stambaugh_1994_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stambaugh_1994-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_1962_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor_1962-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ancient Arabs that inhabited the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> <a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">before the advent of Islam</a> used to profess a widespread belief in fatalism (<i>ḳadar</i>) alongside a fearful consideration for <a href="/wiki/Astral_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Astral religion">the sky and the stars as divine beings</a>, which they held to be ultimately responsible for every phenomenon that occurs on Earth and for the destiny of humankind.<sup id="cite_ref-Al-Abbasi_2020_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Abbasi_2020-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, they shaped their entire lives in accordance with their <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">interpretations of astral configurations and phenomena</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Al-Abbasi_2020_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Abbasi_2020-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">I Ching</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Taoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical Taoism">philosophical Taoism</a>, the ebb and flow of favorable and unfavorable conditions suggests the path of least resistance is effortless (<i>see</i>: <a href="/wiki/Wu_wei" title="Wu wei">Wu wei</a>). In the <a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">philosophical schools of the Indian Subcontinent</a>, the concept of <i><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a></i> deals with similar philosophical issues to the Western concept of determinism. Karma is understood as a spiritual mechanism which causes the <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">eternal cycle of birth, death, and rebirth</a> (<i>saṃsāra</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Bodewitz_2019_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bodewitz_2019-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karma, either positive or negative, accumulates according to an individual's actions throughout their life, and at their death determines the nature of their next life in the cycle of Saṃsāra.<sup id="cite_ref-Bodewitz_2019_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bodewitz_2019-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">major religions originating in India</a> hold this belief to some degree, most notably <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bodewitz_2019_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bodewitz_2019-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. </p><p>The views on the interaction of karma and free will are numerous, and diverge from each other greatly. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Sikhism#Liberation" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, god's grace, gained through worship, can erase one's karmic debts, a belief which reconciles the principle of karma with a monotheistic god one must freely choose to worship.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Jainism#Material_theory" title="Karma in Jainism">Jainists</a> believe in a sort of <a href="/wiki/Compatibilism" title="Compatibilism">compatibilism</a>, in which the cycle of Saṃsara is a completely mechanistic process, occurring without any divine intervention. The Jains hold an atomic view of reality, in which particles of karma form the fundamental microscopic building material of the universe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ājīvika"><span id=".C4.80j.C4.ABvika"></span>Ājīvika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatalism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ājīvika"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">ancient India</a>, the <a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a> school of philosophy founded by <a href="/wiki/Makkhali_Gosala" title="Makkhali Gosala">Makkhali Gosāla</a> (around 500 BCE), otherwise referred to as "Ājīvikism" in <a href="/wiki/Indology" title="Indology">Western scholarship</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Balcerowicz_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balcerowicz-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> upheld the <i>Niyati</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Fate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fate">Fate</a>") doctrine of absolute fatalism or <a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">determinism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Balcerowicz_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balcerowicz-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leaman_1999_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leaman_1999-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Basham_1981_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basham_1981-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which negates the existence of <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a></i>, and is therefore considered one of the <a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika"><i>nāstika</i></a> or "heterodox" schools of <a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Balcerowicz_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balcerowicz-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leaman_1999_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leaman_1999-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Basham_1981_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basham_1981-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest descriptions of the Ājīvika fatalists and their founder Gosāla can be found both in the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jain_literature" title="Jain literature">Jaina</a> scriptures of ancient India.<sup id="cite_ref-Balcerowicz_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balcerowicz-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Basham_1981_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basham_1981-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The predetermined fate of all sentient beings and the impossibility to achieve <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">liberation</a> (<i>mokṣa</i>) from the <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">eternal cycle of birth, death, and rebirth</a> (<i>saṃsāra</i>) was the major distinctive philosophical and <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysical doctrine</a> of this heterodox school of Indian philosophy,<sup id="cite_ref-Balcerowicz_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balcerowicz-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leaman_1999_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leaman_1999-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Basham_1981_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basham_1981-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> annoverated among the other <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇa</a></i> movements that emerged in India during the <a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Second_urbanisation_(c._600_–_200_BCE)" title="History of India">Second urbanization</a> (600–200 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-Balcerowicz_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balcerowicz-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatalism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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solid #DAA520"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/40px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/60px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_philosophy" title="Category:Buddhist philosophy">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist philosophy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SeatedBuddha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/SeatedBuddha.jpg/120px-SeatedBuddha.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/SeatedBuddha.jpg/250px-SeatedBuddha.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="979" data-file-height="1430" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Traditions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vibhajyav%C4%81da" title="Vibhajyavāda">Vibhajyavāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therav%C4%81da_Abhidhamma_Tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravāda Abhidhamma Tradition">Theravāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaibh%C4%81%E1%B9%A3ika" title="Vaibhāṣika">Vaibhāṣika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sautr%C4%81ntika" title="Sautrāntika">Sautrāntika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pudgalavada" title="Pudgalavada">Pudgalavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1aptiv%C4%81da" title="Prajñaptivāda">Prajñaptivāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokottarav%C4%81da" title="Lokottaravāda">Lokottaravāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology#The_Dignāga-Dharmakīrti_tradition" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Pramāṇavāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana#Philosophical_background" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiāntāi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen/Chán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Themes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Buddhist logico-epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Buddhist ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Buddhism and psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Buddhist vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahimsa in Buddhism">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Not-self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Interdependent origination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Emptiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma#The_dharma_theory" title="Abhidharma">Dharma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svabhava" title="Svabhava">Svabhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Buddhist atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Pre-modern philosophers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moggaliputta-Tissa" title="Moggaliputta-Tissa">Moggaliputta-Tissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma_Mah%C4%81vibh%C4%81%E1%B9%A3a_%C5%9A%C4%81stra#Abhidharma_Mahāvibhāṣa_Śāstra,_by_Katyāyāniputra" title="Abhidharma Mahāvibhāṣa Śāstra">Katyāyāniputra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryadeva" title="Aryadeva">Aryadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattvasiddhi" title="Tattvasiddhi">Harivarman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83ghabhadra" title="Saṃghabhadra">Saṃghabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhadatta" title="Buddhadatta">Buddhadatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammap%C4%81la" title="Dhammapāla">Dhammapāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmakirti" title="Dharmakirti">Dharmakirti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81viveka" title="Bhāviveka">Bhāviveka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmapala_of_Nalanda" title="Dharmapala of Nalanda">Dharmapala of Nalanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrakirti" title="Chandrakirti">Chandrakirti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantideva" title="Shantideva">Shantideva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sengzhao" title="Sengzhao">Sengzhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jizang" title="Jizang">Jizang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazang" title="Fazang">Fazang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guifeng_Zongmi" title="Guifeng Zongmi">Guifeng Zongmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonhyo" title="Wonhyo">Wonhyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinul" title="Jinul">Jinul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABkai" title="Kūkai">Kūkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81nagarbha" title="Jñānagarbha">Jñānagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81ntarak%E1%B9%A3ita" title="Śāntarakṣita">Śāntarakṣita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haribhadra_(Buddhist_philosopher)" title="Haribhadra (Buddhist philosopher)">Haribhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1anasrimitra" title="Jñanasrimitra">Jñanasrimitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratnak%C4%ABrti" title="Ratnakīrti">Ratnakīrti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratn%C4%81kara%C5%9B%C4%81nti" title="Ratnākaraśānti">Ratnākaraśānti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhayakaragupta" title="Abhayakaragupta">Abhayakaragupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Pandita" title="Sakya Pandita">Sakya Pandita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rongzom_Ch%C3%B6kyi_Zangpo" title="Rongzom Chökyi Zangpo">Rongzom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidhammattha-sangaha" title="Abhidhammattha-sangaha">Acariya Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolpopa_Sherab_Gyaltsen" title="Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen">Dolpopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Je_Tsongkhapa" title="Je Tsongkhapa">Je Tsongkhapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longchenpa" title="Longchenpa">Longchenpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorampa" title="Gorampa">Gorampa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Chokden" title="Sakya Chokden">Sakya Chokden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miky%C3%B6_Dorje,_8th_Karmapa_Lama" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikyö Dorje, 8th Karmapa Lama">Mikyö Dorje</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Modern philosophers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anagarika_Dharmapala" title="Anagarika Dharmapala">Anagarika Dharmapala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ledi_Sayadaw" title="Ledi Sayadaw">Ledi Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taixu" title="Taixu">Taixu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yin_Shun" title="Yin Shun">Yin Shun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitaro_Nishida" title="Kitaro Nishida">Kitaro Nishida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keiji_Nishitani" title="Keiji Nishitani">Keiji Nishitani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajime_Tanabe" title="Hajime Tanabe">Hajime Tanabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masao_Abe" title="Masao Abe">Masao Abe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._T._Suzuki" title="D. T. Suzuki">D. T. Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasi_Sayadaw" title="Mahasi Sayadaw">Mahasi Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._N._Jayatilleke" title="K. N. Jayatilleke">K. N. Jayatilleke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Kalupahana" title="David Kalupahana">David Kalupahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katukurunde_Nyanananda_Thera" class="mw-redirect" title="Katukurunde Nyanananda Thera">Ñāṇananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhadasa" title="Buddhadasa">Buddhadasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._A._Payutto" title="P. A. Payutto">P. A. Payutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamyang_Khyentse_Wangpo" title="Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo">Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamgon_Kongtrul" title="Jamgon Kongtrul">Jamgon Kongtrul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamg%C3%B6n_Ju_Mipham_Gyatso" title="Jamgön Ju Mipham Gyatso">Ju Mipham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gend%C3%BCn_Ch%C3%B6phel" title="Gendün Chöphel">Gendün Chöphel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <p><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/20px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/40px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a> </p> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/10px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/15px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/19px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhist_Philosophy_sidebar" title="Template:Buddhist Philosophy sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Buddhist_Philosophy_sidebar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Buddhist Philosophy sidebar (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhist_Philosophy_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhist Philosophy sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment in Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_enlightenment" class="mw-redirect" title="Four stages of enlightenment">Four stages of enlightenment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist philosophy</a> contains several concepts which some scholars describe as deterministic to various levels. However, the direct analysis of Buddhist metaphysics through the lens of determinism is difficult, due to the differences between European and Buddhist traditions of thought.<sup id="cite_ref-Garfield_2014_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garfield_2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One concept which is argued to support a hard determinism is the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">dependent origination</a> (<i>pratītyasamutpāda</i>) in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">early Buddhist texts</a>, which states that all <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">phenomena</a> (<i>dharma</i>) are necessarily caused by some other phenomenon, which it can be said to be <i>dependent</i> on, like links in a massive, never-ending chain; the basic principle is that all things (dharmas, phenomena, principles) arise in dependence upon other things, which means that they are <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">fundamentally "empty" or devoid of any intrinsic, eternal essence</a> and therefore <a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">are impermanent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Garfield_2014_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garfield_2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stanford_2022_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanford_2022-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In traditional Buddhist philosophy, this concept is used to explain the functioning of the <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">eternal cycle of birth, death, and rebirth</a> (<i>saṃsāra</i>); all thoughts and actions exert a <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karmic force</a> that attaches to the individual's <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a>, which will manifest through <a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">reincarnation</a> and results in future lives.<sup id="cite_ref-Garfield_2014_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garfield_2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other words, righteous or unrighteous actions in one life will necessarily cause good or bad responses in another future life or more lives.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early Buddhist texts and later <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist scriptures</a> associate dependent arising with the fundamental Buddhist doctrines of <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">emptiness</a> (<i>śūnyatā</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">non-self</a> (<i>anattā</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Garfield_2014_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garfield_2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stanford_2022_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanford_2022-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another Buddhist concept which many scholars perceive to be deterministic is the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">non-self</a> (<i>anattā</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Garfield_2014_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garfield_2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Buddhism, <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">attaining enlightenment</a> involves one realizing that neither in <a href="/wiki/Humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Humans">humans</a> nor any other <a href="/wiki/Sentient_beings_(Buddhism)" title="Sentient beings (Buddhism)">sentient beings</a> there is a fundamental core of permanent being, identity, or personality which can be called the "soul", and that all sentient beings (including humans) are instead made of <a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">several, constantly changing factors</a> which bind them to the <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">eternal cycle of birth, death, and rebirth</a> (<i>saṃsāra</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Garfield_2014_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garfield_2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stanford_2022_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanford_2022-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sentient beings are composed of the <a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">five aggregates of existence</a> (<i>skandha</i>): matter, sensation, perception, <a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">mental formations</a>, and consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-Garfield_2014_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garfield_2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83yutta_Nik%C4%81ya" title="Saṃyutta Nikāya">Saṃyutta Nikāya</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pāli Canon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">historical Buddha</a> is recorded as saying that "just as the word 'chariot' exists on the basis of the aggregation of parts, even so the concept of 'being' exists when the five aggregates are available."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early Buddhist texts outline different ways in which dependent origination is a middle way between different sets of "extreme" views (such as "<a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monist</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(philosophy)" title="Pluralism (philosophy)">pluralist</a>" ontologies or <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">dualist</a> views of mind-body relation).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i><a href="/wiki/Kacc%C4%81nagotta_Sutta" title="Kaccānagotta Sutta">Kaccānagotta Sutta</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pāli Canon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83yutta_Nik%C4%81ya" title="Saṃyutta Nikāya">SN</a> 12.15, parallel at <a href="/wiki/%C4%80gama_(Buddhism)#Saṃyukta_Āgama" title="Āgama (Buddhism)">SA</a> 301), the <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">historical Buddha</a> stated that "this world mostly relies on the dual notions of existence and non-existence" and then explains the right view as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-:34_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:34-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>But when you truly see the origin of the world with right understanding, you won't have the notion of non-existence regarding the world. And when you truly see the cessation of the world with right understanding, you won't have the notion of existence regarding the world.<sup id="cite_ref-:35_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:35-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Some Western scholars argue that the concept of non-self necessarily disproves the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moral_responsibility" title="Moral responsibility">moral responsibility</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Garfield_2014_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garfield_2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Repetti_2012_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Repetti_2012-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If there is no autonomous self, in this view, and all events are necessarily and unchangeably caused by others, then no type of autonomy can be said to exist, moral or otherwise.<sup id="cite_ref-Repetti_2012_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Repetti_2012-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, other scholars disagree, claiming that the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Buddhist conception of the universe</a> allows for a form of <a href="/wiki/Compatibilism" title="Compatibilism">compatibilism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Garfield_2014_14-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garfield_2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buddhism perceives reality occurring on <a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">two different levels</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">ultimate reality</a>, which can only be truly understood by the <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">enlightened ones</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)#Buddhism" title="Maya (religion)">illusory or false reality of the material world</a>, which is considered to be "real" or "true" by those who are <a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">ignorant about the nature of metaphysical reality</a>; i.e., those who still haven't achieved enlightenment.<sup id="cite_ref-Garfield_2014_14-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garfield_2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stanford_2022_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanford_2022-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, Buddhism perceives free will as a notion belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">illusory belief in the unchanging self or personhood</a> that pertains to the false reality of the material world, while concepts like non-self and dependent origination belong to the ultimate reality; the transition between the two can be truly understood, Buddhists claim, by one who has attained enlightenment.<sup id="cite_ref-Garfield_2014_14-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garfield_2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stanford_2022_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanford_2022-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Repetti_2012_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Repetti_2012-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Determinism_and_predeterminism">Determinism and predeterminism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatalism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Determinism and predeterminism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, fatalism, <a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">determinism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Predeterminism" title="Predeterminism">predeterminism</a> are distinct, as each emphasizes a different aspect of the futility of human will or the foreordination of destiny. However, all these doctrines share common ground. </p><p><i>Determinists</i> generally agree that human actions affect the future but that human action is itself determined by a causal chain of prior events. Their view does not accentuate a "submission" to fate or destiny, whereas <i>fatalists</i> stress an acceptance of future events as inevitable. Determinists believe the future is fixed specifically due to <a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">causality</a>; fatalists and predeterminists believe that some or all aspects of the future are inescapable but, for fatalists, not necessarily due to causality.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fatalism is a looser term than determinism. The presence of historical "indeterminisms" or chances, i.e. events that could not be predicted by sole knowledge of other events, is an idea still compatible with fatalism. Necessity (such as a law of nature) will happen just as inevitably as a chance—both can be imagined as sovereign.<sup id="cite_ref-SEP_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEP-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This idea has roots in Aristotle's work, "De interpretatione".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Theological fatalism is the thesis that infallible foreknowledge of a human act makes the act necessary and hence unfree. If there is a being who knows the entire future infallibly, then no human act is free.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Islamic philosopher">early Islamic philosopher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Farabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Farabi">Al Farabi</a>, makes the case that if God does in fact know all human actions and choices, then Aristotle's original solution to this dilemma stands.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Idle_argument">Idle argument</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatalism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Idle argument"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One famous ancient argument regarding fatalism was the so-called <a href="/wiki/Lazy_argument" title="Lazy argument"><i>Idle Argument</i></a>. It argues that if something is fated, then it would be pointless or futile to make any effort to bring it about. The Idle Argument was described by <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> and it went like this: </p> <ul><li>If it is <a href="/wiki/Destiny" title="Destiny">fated</a> for you to recover from this illness, then you will recover whether you call a doctor or not.</li> <li>Likewise, if you are fated not to recover, you will not do so whether you call a doctor or not.</li> <li>But either it is fated that you will recover from this illness, or it is fated that you will not recover.</li> <li>Therefore, it is futile to consult a doctor.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The Idle Argument was anticipated by <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/De_Interpretatione" class="mw-redirect" title="De Interpretatione">De Interpretatione</a></i> chapter 9. The <a href="/wiki/Stoics" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoics">Stoics</a> considered it to be a <a href="/wiki/Sophism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophism">sophism</a> and the Stoic <a href="/wiki/Chrysippus" title="Chrysippus">Chrysippus</a> attempted to refute it by pointing out that consulting the doctor would be as much fated as recovering. He seems to have introduced the idea that in cases like that at issue two events can be <i>co-fated</i>, so that one cannot occur without the other.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Logical_fatalism_and_the_argument_from_bivalence">Logical fatalism and the argument from bivalence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatalism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Logical fatalism and the argument from bivalence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main argument for logical fatalism goes back to antiquity. This is an argument that depends not on causation or physical circumstances but rather is based on presumed <a href="/wiki/Logical_truth" title="Logical truth">logical truths</a>. There are numerous versions of this argument, including those by <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Richard Taylor (philosopher)">Richard Taylor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_1962_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor_1962-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These arguments have been objected to and elaborated on with some effect.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The key idea of logical fatalism is that there is a body of true propositions (statements) about what is going to happen, and these are true regardless of when they are made. So, for example, if it is true today that tomorrow there will be a sea battle, then there cannot fail to be a sea battle tomorrow, since otherwise it would not be true today that such a battle will take place tomorrow. </p><p>The argument relies on applying <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_bivalence" title="Principle of bivalence">principle of bivalence</a> to future contingents, regarding that a statement about the future is either true or false. However, this does not apply if the future is considered to be undetermined meaning that the truth value of a statement can only be determined once the event occurs.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatalism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Semantic_equivocation">Semantic equivocation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatalism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Semantic equivocation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One criticism comes from the novelist <a href="/wiki/David_Foster_Wallace" title="David Foster Wallace">David Foster Wallace</a>, who in a 1985 paper "Richard Taylor's <i>Fatalism</i> and the Semantics of Physical Modality" suggests that Taylor reached his conclusion of fatalism only because his argument involved two different and inconsistent notions of impossibility.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wallace did not reject fatalism <i>per se</i>, as he wrote in his closing passage, "if Taylor and the fatalists want to force upon us a metaphysical conclusion, they must do metaphysics, not semantics. And this seems entirely appropriate."<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Willem deVries and Jay Garfield, both of whom were advisers on Wallace's thesis, expressed regret that Wallace never published his argument.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, the thesis was, however, published posthumously as <i>Time, Fate, and Language: An Essay on Free Will</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatalism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/27px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/36px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 26em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accidental_necessity" title="Accidental necessity">Accidental necessity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acquiescence" title="Acquiescence">Acquiescence</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amor_fati" title="Amor fati">Amor fati</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_providence" title="Divine providence">Divine providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inshallah" title="Inshallah">Inshallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)" title="Libertarianism (metaphysics)">Libertarianism (metaphysics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_future_contingents" title="Problem of future contingents">Problem of future contingents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probability_theory" title="Probability theory">Probability theory</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shikata_ga_nai" title="Shikata ga nai">Shikata ga nai</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">Superstition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_determinism" title="Theological determinism">Theological determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_fatalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theological fatalism">Theological fatalism</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatalism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For further informations, see the article on <a href="/wiki/Predeterminism" title="Predeterminism">predeterminism</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatalism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Iran._J._Public_Health-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iran._J._Public_Health_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iran._J._Public_Health_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iran._J._Public_Health_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iran._J._Public_Health_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iran._J._Public_Health_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iran._J._Public_Health_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDurmazÇapik2023" class="citation journal cs1">Durmaz, H.; Çapik, C. (March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10135518">"Are Health Fatalism and Styles of Coping with Stress Affected by Poverty? A Field Study"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Journal_of_Public_Health" title="Iranian Journal of Public Health">Iranian Journal of Public Health</a></i>. <b>52</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Tehran_University_of_Medical_Sciences" title="Tehran University of Medical Sciences">Tehran University of Medical Sciences</a>: <span class="nowrap">575–</span>583. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18502%2Fijph.v52i3.12140">10.18502/ijph.v52i3.12140</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2251-6093">2251-6093</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10135518">10135518</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37124894">37124894</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:257501917">257501917</a>. <q>Fatalism is the belief that everything an individual may encounter in his life is determined against his will and that this destiny cannot be changed by effort. In a fatalistic attitude, individuals believe that they cannot control their lives and that there is no point in making choices. Fatalism is a response to overwhelming threats that seem uncontrollable.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iranian+Journal+of+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Are+Health+Fatalism+and+Styles+of+Coping+with+Stress+Affected+by+Poverty%3F+A+Field+Study&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E575-%3C%2Fspan%3E583&rft.date=2023-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10135518%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A257501917%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18502%2Fijph.v52i3.12140&rft.issn=2251-6093&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37124894&rft.aulast=Durmaz&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=%C3%87apik%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10135518&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SEP-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SEP_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEP_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEP_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEP_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEP_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEP_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEP_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRice2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rice, Hugh (Winter 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2018/entries/fatalism/">"Fatalism"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>: <a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_Study_of_Language_and_Information" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for the Study of Language and Information">Center for the Study of Language and Information</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fatalism&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.place=Stanford+University&rft.pub=Center+for+the+Study+of+Language+and+Information&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fwin2018%2Fentries%2Ffatalism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Solomon_2003-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Solomon_2003_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Solomon_2003_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Solomon_2003_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Solomon_2003_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Solomon_2003_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSolomon2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Solomon" title="Robert C. Solomon">Solomon, Robert C.</a> (October 2003). "On Fate and Fatalism". <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_East_and_West" title="Philosophy East and West">Philosophy East and West</a></i>. <b>53</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii Press">University of Hawaii Press</a>: <span class="nowrap">435–</span>454. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fpew.2003.0047">10.1353/pew.2003.0047</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1399977">1399977</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170753493">170753493</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+East+and+West&rft.atitle=On+Fate+and+Fatalism&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E435-%3C%2Fspan%3E454&rft.date=2003-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170753493%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1399977%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fpew.2003.0047&rft.aulast=Solomon&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stambaugh_1994-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stambaugh_1994_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stambaugh_1994_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stambaugh_1994_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stambaugh_1994_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stambaugh_1994_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stambaugh_1994_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stambaugh_1994_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStambaugh1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joan_Stambaugh" title="Joan Stambaugh">Stambaugh, Joan</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qytXzUMTEfQC&pg=PA79">"<i>Amor dei</i> and <i>Amor fati</i>: Spinoza and Nietzsche"</a>. <i>The Other Nietzsche</i>. <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">79–</span>81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438420929" title="Special:BookSources/9781438420929"><bdi>9781438420929</bdi></a>. <q>Turkish fatalism contains the fundamental error of placing man and fate opposite each other like two separate things: Man, it says, can strive against fate, can try to defeat it, but in the end it always remains the winner, for which reason the smartest thing to do is to give up or live just any way at all. The truth is that every man himself is a piece of fate; when he thinks he is striving against fate in the way described, fate is being realized here, too; the struggle is imaginary, but so is resignation to fate; all these imaginary ideas are included in fate. The fear that most people have of the doctrine of determinism of the will is precisely the fear of this Turkish fatalism. They think man will give up weakly and stand before the future with folded hands because he cannot change anything about it; or else he will give free rein to his total caprice because even this cannot make what is once determined still worse. The follies of man are just as much a part of fate as his cleverness: this fear of the belief in fate is also fate. You yourself, poor frightened man, are the invincible Moira reigning far above the gods; for everything that comes, you are blessing or curse and in any case the bonds in which the strongest man lies. In you the whole future of the human world is predetermined; it will not help you if you are terrified of yourself.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Amor+dei+and+Amor+fati%3A+Spinoza+and+Nietzsche&rft.btitle=The+Other+Nietzsche&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E79-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9781438420929&rft.aulast=Stambaugh&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqytXzUMTEfQC%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor_1962-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_1962_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_1962_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_1962_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1962" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Richard Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor, Richard</a> (January 1962). "Fatalism". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Philosophical_Review" title="The Philosophical Review">The Philosophical Review</a></i>. <b>71</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a> on behalf of the Sage School of Philosophy at <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>: <span class="nowrap">56–</span>66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2183681">10.2307/2183681</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1558-1470">1558-1470</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2183681">2183681</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philosophical+Review&rft.atitle=Fatalism&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E56-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.date=1962-01&rft.issn=1558-1470&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2183681%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2183681&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SEP2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SEP2_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZagzebski" class="citation web cs1">Zagzebski, Linda. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/free-will-foreknowledge/">"Foreknowledge and Free Will"</a>. <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Foreknowledge+and+Free+Will&rft.aulast=Zagzebski&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Ffree-will-foreknowledge%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Al-Abbasi_2020-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Al-Abbasi_2020_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Al-Abbasi_2020_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFal-Abbasi2020" class="citation journal cs1">al-Abbasi, Abeer Abdullah (August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archiv.ub.uni-marburg.de/ep/0004/article/view/8301/8105">"The Arabsʾ Visions of the Upper Realm"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Marburg_Journal_of_Religion" title="Marburg Journal of Religion">Marburg Journal of Religion</a></i>. <b>22</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Marburg" title="University of Marburg">University of Marburg</a>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17192%2Fmjr.2020.22.8301">10.17192/mjr.2020.22.8301</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1612-2941">1612-2941</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marburg+Journal+of+Religion&rft.atitle=The+Arabs%CA%BE+Visions+of+the+Upper+Realm&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.date=2020-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17192%2Fmjr.2020.22.8301&rft.issn=1612-2941&rft.aulast=al-Abbasi&rft.aufirst=Abeer+Abdullah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchiv.ub.uni-marburg.de%2Fep%2F0004%2Farticle%2Fview%2F8301%2F8105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bodewitz_2019-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bodewitz_2019_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bodewitz_2019_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bodewitz_2019_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBodewitz2019" class="citation book cs1">Bodewitz, Henk (2019). "Chapter 1 – The Hindu Doctrine of Transmigration: Its Origin and Background". In Heilijgers, Dory H.; Houben, Jan E. M.; van Kooij, Karel (eds.). <i>Vedic Cosmology and Ethics: Selected Studies</i>. Gonda Indological Studies. Vol. 19. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">3–</span>19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004400139_002">10.1163/9789004400139_002</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-40013-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-40013-9"><bdi>978-90-04-40013-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1382-3442">1382-3442</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1+%E2%80%93+The+Hindu+Doctrine+of+Transmigration%3A+Its+Origin+and+Background&rft.btitle=Vedic+Cosmology+and+Ethics%3A+Selected+Studies&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.series=Gonda+Indological+Studies&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2019&rft.issn=1382-3442&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004400139_002&rft.isbn=978-90-04-40013-9&rft.aulast=Bodewitz&rft.aufirst=Henk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">House, H. Wayne. 1991. "Resurrection, Reincarnation, and Humanness." <i><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Sacra" title="Bibliotheca Sacra">Bibliotheca Sacra</a></i> 148(590). Retrieved 29 November 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Balcerowicz-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Balcerowicz_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balcerowicz_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balcerowicz_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balcerowicz_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balcerowicz_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balcerowicz_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBalcerowicz2016" class="citation book cs1">Balcerowicz, Piotr (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nfOPCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA136">"Determinism, Ājīvikas, and Jainism"</a>. <i>Early Asceticism in India: Ājīvikism and Jainism</i>. Routledge Advances in Jaina Studies (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">136–</span>174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317538530" title="Special:BookSources/9781317538530"><bdi>9781317538530</bdi></a>. <q>The Ājīvikas' doctrinal signature was indubitably the idea of <a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">determinism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fate">fate</a>, which traditionally incorporated four elements: the doctrine of destiny (<i>niyati-vāda</i>), the doctrine of predetermined concurrence of factors (<i>saṅgati-vāda</i>), the doctrine of intrinsic nature (<i>svabhāva-vāda</i>), occasionally also linked to <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">materialists</a>, and the doctrine of fate (<i>daiva-vāda</i>), or simply fatalism. The Ājīvikas' emphasis on fate and determinism was so profound that later sources would consistently refer to them as <i>niyati-vādins</i>, or 'the propounders of the doctrine of destiny'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Determinism%2C+%C4%80j%C4%ABvikas%2C+and+Jainism&rft.btitle=Early+Asceticism+in+India%3A+%C4%80j%C4%ABvikism+and+Jainism&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.series=Routledge+Advances+in+Jaina+Studies&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E136-%3C%2Fspan%3E174&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781317538530&rft.aulast=Balcerowicz&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnfOPCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leaman_1999-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leaman_1999_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leaman_1999_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leaman_1999_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeaman1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Leaman" title="Oliver Leaman">Leaman, Oliver</a>, ed. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_4crBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA80">"Fatalism"</a>. <i>Key Concepts in Eastern Philosophy</i>. Routledge Key Guides (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">80–</span>81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415173636" title="Special:BookSources/9780415173636"><bdi>9780415173636</bdi></a>. <q><b>Fatalism.</b> Some of the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a> are fatalistic. For example, the Ajivika school argued that fate (<i>nyati</i>) governs both the <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">cycle of birth and rebirth</a>, and also individual lives. Suffering is not attributed to past actions, but just takes place without any cause or rationale, as does relief from suffering. There is nothing we can do to achieve <i><b><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a></b></i>, we just have to hope that all will go well with us. [...] But the Ajivikas were committed to <b><a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">asceticism</a></b>, and they justified this in terms of its practice being just as determined by fate as anything else.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fatalism&rft.btitle=Key+Concepts+in+Eastern+Philosophy&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.series=Routledge+Key+Guides&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E80-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780415173636&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_4crBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Basham_1981-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Basham_1981_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Basham_1981_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Basham_1981_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Basham_1981_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBasham1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Llewellyn_Basham" title="Arthur Llewellyn Basham">Basham, Arthur L.</a> (1981) [1951]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BiGQzc5lRGYC&pg=PA224">"Chapter XII: Niyati"</a>. <i>History and Doctrines of the Ājīvikas, a Vanished Indian Religion</i>. Lala L. S. Jain Series (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>: <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">224–</span>238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120812048" title="Special:BookSources/9788120812048"><bdi>9788120812048</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/633493794">633493794</a>. <q>The fundamental principle of Ājīvika philosophy was Fate, usually called <i>Niyati</i>. <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jain_literature" title="Jain literature">Jaina</a> sources agree that <a href="/wiki/Makkhali_Gosala" title="Makkhali Gosala">Gosāla</a> was a rigid determinist, who exalted <i>Niyati</i> to the status of the motive factor of the universe and the sole agent of all phenomenal change. This is quite clear in our <i>locus classicus</i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Sama%C3%B1%C3%B1aphala_Sutta" title="Samaññaphala Sutta">Samaññaphala Sutta</a></i>. Sin and suffering, attributed by <a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">other sects</a> to the laws of <i><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a></i>, the result of evil committed in the previous lives or in the present one, were declared by Gosāla to be without cause or basis, other, presumably, than the force of destiny. Similarly, the escape from evil, the working off of accumulated evil <i>karma</i>, was likewise without cause or basis.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+XII%3A+Niyati&rft.btitle=History+and+Doctrines+of+the+%C4%80j%C4%ABvikas%2C+a+Vanished+Indian+Religion&rft.place=Delhi&rft.series=Lala+L.+S.+Jain+Series&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E224-%3C%2Fspan%3E238&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F633493794&rft.isbn=9788120812048&rft.aulast=Basham&rft.aufirst=Arthur+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBiGQzc5lRGYC%26pg%3DPA224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garfield_2014-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garfield_2014_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garfield_2014_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garfield_2014_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garfield_2014_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garfield_2014_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garfield_2014_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garfield_2014_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garfield_2014_14-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garfield_2014_14-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garfield_2014_14-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garfield_2014_14-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGarfield2014" class="citation book cs1">Garfield, Jay L. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ru0VDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA172">"Just Another Word for Nothing Left to Lose: Freedom, Agency, and Ethics for Mādhyamikas"</a>. In Dasti, Matthew R.; Bryant, Edwin F. (eds.). <i>Free Will, Agency, and Selfhood in Indian Philosophy</i>. Oxford and New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">172–</span>185. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199922734.003.0008">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199922734.003.0008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199395675" title="Special:BookSources/9780199395675"><bdi>9780199395675</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2013017925">2013017925</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Just+Another+Word+for+Nothing+Left+to+Lose%3A+Freedom%2C+Agency%2C+and+Ethics+for+M%C4%81dhyamikas&rft.btitle=Free+Will%2C+Agency%2C+and+Selfhood+in+Indian+Philosophy&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E172-%3C%2Fspan%3E185&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2013017925&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199922734.003.0008&rft.isbn=9780199395675&rft.aulast=Garfield&rft.aufirst=Jay+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRu0VDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanford_2022-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stanford_2022_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanford_2022_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanford_2022_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanford_2022_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanford_2022_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThakchoe2022" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Thakchoe, Sonam (Summer 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/twotruths-tibet/">"The Theory of Two Truths in Tibet"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>. The Metaphysics Research Lab, <a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_Study_of_Language_and_Information" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for the Study of Language and Information">Center for the Study of Language and Information</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1095-5054">1095-5054</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/643092515">643092515</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220528014845/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/twotruths-tibet/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Theory+of+Two+Truths+in+Tibet&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=The+Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Center+for+the+Study+of+Language+and+Information%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F643092515&rft.issn=1095-5054&rft.aulast=Thakchoe&rft.aufirst=Sonam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Ftwotruths-tibet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein" class="citation web cs1">Goldstein, Joseph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tricycle.org/magazine/dependent-origination/">"Dependent Origination: The Twelve Links Explained"</a>. <i>Tricycle: The Buddhist Review</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tricycle%3A+The+Buddhist+Review&rft.atitle=Dependent+Origination%3A+The+Twelve+Links+Explained&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftricycle.org%2Fmagazine%2Fdependent-origination%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Kalupahana, <i>Causality: The Central Philosophy of Buddhism.</i> The University Press of Hawaii, 1975, page 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Choong, Mun-keat (2000). <i>The Fundamental Teachings of Early Buddhism: A Comparative Study Based on the Sutranga Portion of the Pali Samyutta-Nikaya and the Chinese Samyuktagama</i>, pp. 192-197. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:34-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:34_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Choong, Mun-keat (2000). <i>The Fundamental Teachings of Early Buddhism: A Comparative Study Based on the Sutranga Portion of the Pali Samyutta-Nikaya and the Chinese Samyuktagama,</i> p. 192. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:35-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:35_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaccānagottasutta SN 12.15 SN ii 16, translated by Bhikkhu Sujato <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://suttacentral.net/sn12.15/en/sujato">https://suttacentral.net/sn12.15/en/sujato</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Repetti_2012-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Repetti_2012_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Repetti_2012_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Repetti_2012_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRepetti2012" class="citation journal cs1">Repetti, Ricardo (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://enlight.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-MAG/mag388415.pdf">"Buddhist Hard Determinism: No Self, No Free Will, No Responsibility"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Buddhist Ethics</i>. <b>19</b>: <span class="nowrap">136–</span>137, <span class="nowrap">143–</span>145.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Buddhist+Ethics&rft.atitle=Buddhist+Hard+Determinism%3A+No+Self%2C+No+Free+Will%2C+No+Responsibility&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E136-%3C%2Fspan%3E137%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E143-%3C%2Fspan%3E145&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Repetti&rft.aufirst=Ricardo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenlight.lib.ntu.edu.tw%2FFULLTEXT%2FJR-MAG%2Fmag388415.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoefer, Carl, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2016/entries/determinism-causal">Causal Determinism</a>", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2016 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnes, E. J. (1984). The complete works of Aristotle, de interpretatione IX. princeton: Princeton University press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zagzebski, Linda, "Foreknowledge and Free Will", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2017 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2017/entries/free-will-foreknowledge/">https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2017/entries/free-will-foreknowledge/</a>>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Al-Farabi. (1981). Commentary on Aristotle's De Interpretatione. Translated by F.W.Zimmerman,. Oxford: Oxford university press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Origen <i>Contra Celsum</i> II 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cicero <i>De Fato</i> 28-9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Susanne_Bobzien" title="Susanne Bobzien">Susanne Bobzien</a>, <i>Determinism and Freedom in Stoic Philosophy</i>, Oxford 1998, chapter 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070331024000/http://users.ox.ac.uk/~ball0888/salamis/interpretatione.html">"Aristotle, De Interpretatione, 9"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.ox.ac.uk/~ball0888/salamis/interpretatione.html">the original</a> on 31 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aristotle%2C+De+Interpretatione%2C+9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.ox.ac.uk%2F~ball0888%2Fsalamis%2Finterpretatione.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mackie, Penelope. “Fatalism, Incompatibilism, and the Power To Do Otherwise” Noûs, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 672-689, December 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFØhrstrømHasle2020" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Øhrstrøm, Peter; Hasle, Per (2 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/future-contingents/">"Future Contingents"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Future+Contingents&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2020-06-02&rft.aulast=%C3%98hrstr%C3%B8m&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Hasle%2C+Per&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Ffuture-contingents%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRyerson2008" class="citation news cs1">Ryerson, James (12 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/14/magazine/14wwln-Wallace-t.html">"Consider the Philosopher"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Consider+the+Philosopher&rft.date=2008-12-12&rft.aulast=Ryerson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F12%2F14%2Fmagazine%2F14wwln-Wallace-t.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatalism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_time_travel_works_of_fiction" title="List of time travel works of fiction">Time travel in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_time_loops" title="List of films featuring time loops">Time loops in film</a></li> <li><i>Major works:</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Time_Machine" title="The Time Machine">The Time Machine</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parallel timelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel_in_fiction#Alternative_future,_history,_timelines,_and_dimensions" title="Time travel in fiction">Alternative future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Many-worlds_interpretation" title="Many-worlds interpretation">Many-worlds interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiverse" title="Multiverse">Multiverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">Parallel universes in fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Circular <a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">spacetime</a> in <br /> <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcubierre_drive" title="Alcubierre drive">Alcubierre metric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BTZ_black_hole" title="BTZ black hole">BTZ black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_timelike_curve" title="Closed timelike curve">Closed timelike curves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6del_metric" title="Gödel metric">Gödel metric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerr_metric" title="Kerr metric">Kerr metric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnikov_tube" title="Krasnikov tube">Krasnikov tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misner_space" title="Misner space">Misner space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipler_cylinder" title="Tipler cylinder">Tipler cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Stockum_dust" title="Van Stockum dust">van Stockum dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wormhole#Traversable_wormholes" title="Wormhole">Traversable wormholes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">Theoretical physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wormhole" title="Wormhole">Wormhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientability" title="Orientability">Orientability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauchy_horizon" title="Cauchy horizon">Cauchy horizon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics_of_time_travel" title="Quantum mechanics of time travel">Quantum mechanics of time travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_gravity" title="Quantum gravity">Quantum gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_protection_conjecture" title="Chronology protection conjecture">Chronology protection conjecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrocausality" title="Retrocausality">Retrocausality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_reversal_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Time reversal symmetry">Time reversal symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheeler%E2%80%93Feynman_time-symmetric_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheeler–Feynman time-symmetric theory">Wheeler–Feynman time-symmetric theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minkowski_spacetime" class="mw-redirect" title="Minkowski spacetime">Minkowski spacetime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_physics" title="Time in physics">Time in physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-dimensionalism" title="Four-dimensionalism">Four-dimensionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipler_time_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tipler time machine">Tipler time machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_machine" title="Time machine">Time machine</a></li> <li><i>Games:</i> <a href="/wiki/List_of_four-dimensional_games" title="List of four-dimensional games">List of four-dimensional games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5D_Chess_with_Multiverse_Time_Travel" title="5D Chess with Multiverse Time Travel">5D Chess with Multiverse Time Travel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philosophy269" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_topics" title="Template:Philosophy topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_topics" title="Template talk:Philosophy topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philosophy269" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Branches269" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Branches</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_philosophy#Branches" title="Outline of philosophy">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_philosophy" title="Applied philosophy">Applied philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphilosophy" title="Metaphilosophy">Metaphilosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy of education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_information" title="Philosophy of information">Philosophy of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mathematics" title="Philosophy of mathematics">Philosophy of mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Philosophy of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_philosophy" title="Practical philosophy">Practical philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_philosophy" title="Theoretical philosophy">Theoretical philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Aesthetic response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formalism_(art)" title="Formalism (art)">Formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_theory_of_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutional theory of art">Institutionalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalized_epistemology" title="Naturalized epistemology">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemological_particularism" title="Epistemological particularism">Particularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism" title="Philosophical skepticism">Skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solipsism" title="Solipsism">Solipsism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deontology" title="Deontology">Deontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compatibilism" title="Compatibilism">Compatibilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_determinism" title="Hard determinism">Hard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incompatibilism" title="Incompatibilism">Incompatibilism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_incompatibilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard incompatibilism">Hard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)" title="Libertarianism (metaphysics)">Libertarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Mind</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">Behaviorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminative_materialism" title="Eliminative materialism">Eliminativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergentism" title="Emergentism">Emergentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphenomenalism" title="Epiphenomenalism">Epiphenomenalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Functionalism (philosophy of mind)">Functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjectivism" title="Subjectivism">Subjectivism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Norm_(philosophy)" title="Norm (philosophy)">Normativity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_particularism" title="Moral particularism">Particularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_nihilism" title="Moral nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_skepticism" title="Moral skepticism">Skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_universalism" title="Moral universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_theory_(philosophy)" title="Action theory (philosophy)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_(philosophy)" title="Event (philosophy)">Event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_philosophy" title="Process philosophy">Process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">Reality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-realism" title="Anti-realism">Anti-realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">Conceptualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_era269" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By era</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophy" title="History of philosophy">By era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_philosophy" title="Renaissance philosophy">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_philosophy" title="Early modern philosophy">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_philosophy" title="Contemporary philosophy">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturalism" title="Agriculturalism">Agriculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Names" title="School of Names">Logicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohism" title="Mohism">Mohism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Naturalists" title="School of Naturalists">Chinese naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangism" title="Yangism">Yangism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Greco-</a><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_philosophy" title="Ancient Roman philosophy">Roman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy">Presocratic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_School_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionian School (philosophy)">Ionians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleatics" title="Eleatics">Eleatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophist" title="Sophist">Sophists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaics" title="Cyrenaics">Cyrenaics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretrian_school" title="Eretrian school">Eretrian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megarian_school" title="Megarian school">Megarian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripatetic school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhonism" title="Pyrrhonism">Pyrrhonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Skepticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic Skepticism">Academic Skepticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Platonism" title="Middle Platonism">Middle Platonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_the_Sextii" title="School of the Sextii">School of the Sextii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopythagoreanism" title="Neopythagoreanism">Neopythagoreanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sophistic" title="Second Sophistic">Second Sophistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aj%C3%B1ana" title="Ajñana">Ajñana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Cārvāka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Jain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekantavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sy%C4%81dv%C4%81da" class="mw-redirect" title="Syādvāda">Syādvāda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvastivada" title="Sarvastivada">Sarvāstivadā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pudgalavada" title="Pudgalavada">Pudgalavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sautr%C4%81ntika" title="Sautrāntika">Sautrāntika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrika%E2%80%93Prasa%E1%B9%85gika_distinction" title="Svatantrika–Prasaṅgika distinction">Svatantrika and Prasangika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogacara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">Persian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdakism" title="Mazdakism">Mazdakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">East Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xuanxue" title="Xuanxue">Neotaoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Confucianism" title="Korean Confucianism">Korean Confucianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occamism" title="Occamism">Occamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">Indian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Acintya bheda abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhedabheda" title="Bhedabheda">Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navya-Ny%C4%81ya" title="Navya-Nyāya">Navya-Nyāya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroism" title="Averroism">Averroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicennism" title="Avicennism">Avicennism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminationism" title="Illuminationism">Illuminationism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">ʿIlm al-Kalām</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">Sufi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Islamic_philosophies_(800%E2%80%931400)" title="Judeo-Islamic philosophies (800–1400)">Judeo-Islamic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Realism" title="Classical Realism">Classical Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivism_and_individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivism and individualism">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edo_neo-Confucianism" title="Edo neo-Confucianism">Edo neo-Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">Holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antihumanism" title="Antihumanism">Anti-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_idealism" title="Absolute idealism">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_idealism" title="British idealism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objective_idealism" title="Objective idealism">Objective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjective_idealism" title="Subjective idealism">Subjective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_idealism" title="Transcendental idealism">Transcendental</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokugaku" title="Kokugaku">Kokugaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_pessimism" title="Philosophical pessimism">Pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantianism" title="Kantianism">Kantianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantianism" title="Neo-Kantianism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaardianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krausism" title="Krausism">Krausism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegelianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelianism">Hegelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtonianism" title="Newtonianism">Newtonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzscheanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinozism" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinozism">Spinozism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_philosophy" title="Contemporary philosophy">Contemporary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_ethics" title="Applied ethics">Applied ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">Analytic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Marxism" title="Analytical Marxism">Analytical Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_rationalism" title="Critical rationalism">Critical rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_philosophy" title="Experimental philosophy">Experimental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsificationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Coherentism" title="Coherentism">Coherentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalism_and_externalism" title="Internalism and externalism">Internalism and externalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_positivism" title="Legal positivism">Legal positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Meta-ethics">Meta-ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_realism" title="Moral realism">Moral realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalized_epistemology" title="Naturalized epistemology">Quinean naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normative_ethics" title="Normative ethics">Normative ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_language_philosophy" title="Ordinary language philosophy">Ordinary language philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postanalytic_philosophy" title="Postanalytic philosophy">Postanalytic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quietism_(philosophy)" title="Quietism (philosophy)">Quietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawlsian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemics" title="Systemics">Systemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">Scientism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_realism" title="Scientific realism">Scientific realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Scientific skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transactionalism" title="Transactionalism">Transactionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism#Developments_in_the_20th_century" title="Utilitarianism">Contemporary utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Circle" title="Vienna Circle">Vienna Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Wittgensteinian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Marxism" title="Neo-Marxism">Neo-Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_historicism" title="New historicism">New Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posthumanism" title="Posthumanism">Posthumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_philosophy" title="Postmodern philosophy">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">Social constructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western Marxism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_School" title="Kyoto School">Kyoto School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcritique" title="Postcritique">Postcritique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cosmism" title="Russian cosmism">Russian cosmism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophies" title="List of philosophies">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_region269" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>By region</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_philosophy#Philosophic_traditions_by_region" title="Outline of philosophy">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/African_philosophy" title="African philosophy">African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_philosophy" title="Ubuntu philosophy">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_philosophy" title="Ancient Egyptian philosophy">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_philosophy" title="Ethiopian philosophy">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africana_philosophy" title="Africana philosophy">Africana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_philosophy" title="Eastern philosophy">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_philosophy" title="Indonesian philosophy">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_philosophy" title="Japanese philosophy">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_philosophy" title="Korean philosophy">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_in_Taiwan" title="Philosophy in Taiwan">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_philosophy" title="Vietnamese philosophy">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_philosophy" title="Middle Eastern philosophy">Middle Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_philosophy" title="Pakistani philosophy">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Turkish philosophers">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_philosophy" title="Australian philosophy">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_philosophy" title="British philosophy">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_philosophy" title="Scottish philosophy">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_in_Canada" title="Philosophy in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_philosophy" title="Czech philosophy">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_philosophy" title="Danish philosophy">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_philosophy" title="Dutch philosophy">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophy_in_Finland" title="History of philosophy in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_philosophy" title="French philosophy">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_philosophy" title="German philosophy">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_philosophy" title="Italian philosophy">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_in_Malta" title="Philosophy in Malta">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophy_in_Poland" title="History of philosophy in Poland">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Slovene_philosophers" title="List of Slovene philosophers">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_philosophy" title="Spanish philosophy">Spanish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_American_philosophy" title="Indigenous American philosophy">Amerindian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_philosophy" title="Aztec philosophy">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_philosophy" title="Romanian philosophy">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_philosophy" title="Russian philosophy">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_philosophy" title="Yugoslav philosophy">Yugoslav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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