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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Communities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Conservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul 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Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%9E_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Заліў Кука – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Заліў Кука" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BA_(%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2)" title="Кук (залив) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кук (залив)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badia_de_Cook" title="Badia de Cook – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Badia de Cook" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Inlet" title="Cook Inlet – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Cook Inlet" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook%C5%AFv_z%C3%A1liv" title="Cookův záliv – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Cookův záliv" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Inlet" title="Cook Inlet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cook Inlet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Inlet" title="Cook Inlet – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cook Inlet" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensenada_de_Cook" title="Ensenada de Cook – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ensenada de Cook" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Inlet" title="Cook Inlet – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Cook Inlet" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_senadia" title="Cook senadia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Cook senadia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golfe_de_Cook" title="Golfe de Cook – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Golfe de Cook" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Inlet" title="Cook Inlet – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Cook Inlet" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enseada_de_Cook" title="Enseada de Cook – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Enseada de Cook" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF%D5%AB_%D5%AE%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%81" title="Կուկի ծովածոց – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կուկի ծովածոց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceruk_Cook" title="Ceruk Cook – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ceruk Cook" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baia_di_Cook" title="Baia di Cook – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Baia di Cook" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuko_%C4%AFlanka" title="Kuko įlanka – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kuko įlanka" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Inlet" title="Cook Inlet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cook Inlet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E6%B9%BE" title="クック湾 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クック湾" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuk_qo%CA%BBltig%CA%BBi" title="Kuk qoʻltigʻi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kuk qoʻltigʻi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zatoka_Cooka" title="Zatoka Cooka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zatoka Cooka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enseada_de_Cook" title="Enseada de Cook – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Enseada de Cook" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Залив Кука – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Залив Кука" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookov_zaljev" title="Cookov zaljev – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Cookov zaljev" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Inlet" title="Cook Inlet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Cook Inlet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Inlet" title="Cook Inlet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cook Inlet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Затока Кука – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Затока Кука" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook-Golve" title="Cook-Golve – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Cook-Golve" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cook_Inlet&params=60_20_16_N_151_52_30_W_region:US_type:waterbody_scale:2000000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">60°20′16″N</span> <span class="longitude">151°52′30″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">60.33778°N 151.87500°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">60.33778; -151.87500</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Inlet from the Gulf of Alaska</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the body of water. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Cook_Inlet_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cook Inlet (disambiguation)">Cook Inlet (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Tikahtnu" redirects here. For the shopping center, see <a href="/wiki/Tikahtnu_Commons" title="Tikahtnu Commons">Tikahtnu Commons</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #cedeff; font-size: 125%;">Cook Inlet</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader nickname" style="font-size:100%; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;">Tikahtnu, Cungaaciq</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader nickname" style="font-size:100%; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="Tanaina-language text"><i lang="tfn">Tikahtnu</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Tanaina_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanaina language">Tanaina</a>)</span></li><li><span title="Alutiiq-language text"><i lang="ems">Cungaaciq</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Alutiiq_language" title="Alutiiq language">Alutiiq</a>)</span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Line5068_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Line5068_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg/264px-Line5068_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg" decoding="async" width="264" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Line5068_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg/396px-Line5068_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Line5068_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg/528px-Line5068_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The navigational light at the southwestern tip of Elizabeth Island demarcates the boundary between Cook Inlet and the Gulf of Alaska</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wpdms_shdrlfi020l_cook_inlet_with_arms.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Wpdms_shdrlfi020l_cook_inlet_with_arms.jpg/256px-Wpdms_shdrlfi020l_cook_inlet_with_arms.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Wpdms_shdrlfi020l_cook_inlet_with_arms.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="226" /></a></span></td></tr><tr class="adr"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data region">South-central <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span title="Geographical coordinates">Coordinates</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cook_Inlet&params=60_20_16_N_151_52_30_W_region:US_type:waterbody_scale:2000000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">60°20′16″N</span> <span class="longitude">151°52′30″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">60.33778°N 151.87500°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">60.33778; -151.87500</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">River sources</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Knik_River" title="Knik River">Knik River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Little_Susitna_River" title="Little Susitna River">Little Susitna River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Susitna_River" title="Susitna River">Susitna River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matanuska_River" title="Matanuska River">Matanuska River</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid"></th></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. length</th><td class="infobox-data">180 miles (290 km)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Surface area</th><td class="infobox-data">100,000 km<sup>2</sup> (39,000 sq mi)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Cook Inlet</b> (<a href="/wiki/Tanaina_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanaina language">Tanaina</a>: <i lang="tfn">Tikahtnu</i>; <a href="/wiki/Sugpiaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugpiaq language">Sugpiaq</a>: <i>Cungaaciq</i>) stretches 180 miles (290 km) from the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Alaska" title="Gulf of Alaska">Gulf of Alaska</a> to <a href="/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska" title="Anchorage, Alaska">Anchorage</a> in south-central <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cook Inlet branches into the <a href="/wiki/Knik_Arm" title="Knik Arm">Knik Arm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turnagain_Arm" title="Turnagain Arm">Turnagain Arm</a> at its northern end, almost surrounding Anchorage. On its southern end, it merges with <a href="/wiki/Shelikof_Strait" title="Shelikof Strait">Shelikof Strait</a>, Stevenson Entrance, Kennedy Entrance and Chugach Passage.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Cook Inlet and both its arms are bodies of <a href="/wiki/Brackish_water" title="Brackish water">brackish water</a>, containing a <a href="/wiki/Turbid" class="mw-redirect" title="Turbid">turbid</a> mix of ocean salt-water and freshwater runoff from the various rivers and streams. The narrow channel of the inlet funnels the tides creating very fast-moving currents, <a href="/wiki/Rip_tide" title="Rip tide">rip tides</a>, and occasional <a href="/wiki/Bore_tide" class="mw-redirect" title="Bore tide">bore tides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cook Inlet watershed is the most populated watershed in Alaska. The <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">watershed</a> covers about 100,000 km<sup>2</sup> (39,000 sq mi) of southern Alaska, east of the <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Range" title="Aleutian Range">Aleutian Range</a>, south and east of the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Range" title="Alaska Range">Alaska Range</a>, receiving water from its <a href="/wiki/Tributaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Tributaries">tributaries</a>, which include the <a href="/wiki/Knik_River" title="Knik River">Knik River</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Little_Susitna_River" title="Little Susitna River">Little Susitna River</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Susitna_River" title="Susitna River">Susitna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matanuska_River" title="Matanuska River">Matanuska</a> <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eagle_River_(Cook_Inlet)" title="Eagle River (Cook Inlet)">Eagle River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ship_Creek" class="mw-redirect" title="Ship Creek">Ship Creek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_Creek" title="Resurrection Creek">Resurrection Creek</a>, Portage Creek, <a href="/wiki/Kenai_River" title="Kenai River">Kenai River</a>, and many others. The watershed includes the drainage areas of <a href="/wiki/Denali" title="Denali">Denali</a> (formerly named Mount McKinley) and is the collection point for the runoff from many surrounding glaciers, leading to the high turbidity and large silt deposits. Within the watershed there are several <a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">national parks</a> and the active volcano <a href="/wiki/Mount_Redoubt_(Alaska)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Redoubt (Alaska)">Mount Redoubt</a>, along with three other historically active <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanoes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cook Inlet provides navigable access to the <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">port</a> of <a href="/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska" title="Anchorage, Alaska">Anchorage</a> at the northern end, and to the smaller <a href="/wiki/Homer,_Alaska" title="Homer, Alaska">Homer</a> port further south. Before the growth of Anchorage, <a href="/wiki/Knik_Site" title="Knik Site">Knik</a> was the destination for most marine traffic in upper Cook Inlet. Approximately 400,000 people live within the Cook Inlet watershed. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cook_Inlet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wavesclamgulch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Wavesclamgulch.jpg/220px-Wavesclamgulch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Wavesclamgulch.jpg/330px-Wavesclamgulch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Wavesclamgulch.jpg/440px-Wavesclamgulch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="848" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>Cook Inlet seen from <a href="/wiki/Clam_Gulch" class="mw-redirect" title="Clam Gulch">Clam Gulch</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Cook inlet, along with the Kenai Peninsula, the Kenai Mountains, the Chugach Mountains, and <a href="/wiki/Kodiak_Island" title="Kodiak Island">Kodiak Island</a>, formed approximately 65 million years ago, just after the extinction of the dinosaurs. Like most of Alaska's mountains, they consist mainly of <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">metamorphic rock</a> that were deposited on the ocean floor during the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretaceous period">Cretaceous period</a>. This area, where a corner of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Plate">Pacific Plate</a> subducts under the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Plate">North American Plate</a>, uplifted the ocean floor and compressed it, causing the crust to thicken and <a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">scrunch</a>. Tectonic forces lifted the mountains and peninsula out of the water, forming a valley that was cut off from the ocean to the north and the west. The rest of Alaska's mountains were formed in the same manner, in cyclic events, and the mountain ranges become progressively older the further north they lie. Thus, the Cook Inlet and its surrounding land masses are rather young compared to those of the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Range" title="Alaska Range">Alaska Range</a>, which formed around 126 million years ago, or the <a href="/wiki/Brooks_Range" title="Brooks Range">Brooks Range</a> which formed around 256 million years ago. The valley left by this continental compaction remains open to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Alaska" title="Gulf of Alaska">Gulf of Alaska</a> to the south, forming the inlet as it exists today. The surrounding mountains were host the large ice sheets and glaciers during the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene_epoch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleistocene epoch">Pleistocene epoch</a> (the Ice Ages, around 2 million to 11,000 years ago) which scoured the land and formed vast plains and <a href="/wiki/Moraine" title="Moraine">moraines</a> surrounding much of the upper inlet from <a href="/wiki/Glacial_till" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacial till">glacial till</a> that was deposited.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cook Inlet exists in a <a href="/wiki/Subsidence" title="Subsidence">subsidence</a> zone which contains many <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">faults</a>, and is frequently prone to <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquake</a> activity. The primary fault, the Aleutian Fault, is found in the nearby <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Trench" title="Aleutian Trench">Aleutian Trench</a> in the Gulf of Alaska, where a corner of the Pacific Plate is forced underneath Alaska at a 45-degree angle. Thus, most of the uplift force occurs along a line from Kodiak Island and up the Kenai Mountains to the Chugach mountains. The inlet lies in a region where the crust is wrinkled under this force and the tectonic forces push the ground downward. In 1964, a <a href="/wiki/Megathrust_earthquake" title="Megathrust earthquake">megathrust earthquake</a> occurred when over 600 miles of the Aleutian fault ruptured, uplifting the Kenai Mountains 60 feet (20 meters) in under 5 minutes. With a magnitude of 9.2, the earthquake was the fourth largest ever recorded. It devastated Anchorage where much of downtown dropped several stories, and the mountains surrounding the Turnagain Arm subsided 8 feet (2.4 meters), submerging the towns of Portage and Girdwood, as well as long stretches of the Seward Highway.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Alaska_Volcanoes_1.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Map_of_Alaska_Volcanoes_1.gif/220px-Map_of_Alaska_Volcanoes_1.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Map_of_Alaska_Volcanoes_1.gif/330px-Map_of_Alaska_Volcanoes_1.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Map_of_Alaska_Volcanoes_1.gif 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>Locations of volcanoes near Cook Inlet</figcaption></figure> <p>Because it lies along a <a href="/wiki/Subduction_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Subduction zone">subduction zone</a>, the Cook Inlet region contains active volcanoes, including <a href="/wiki/Augustine_Volcano" title="Augustine Volcano">Augustine Volcano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Redoubt" title="Mount Redoubt">Mount Redoubt</a>, and is part of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ring_of_Fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Ring of Fire">Pacific Ring of Fire</a>. Hot magma and steam from the subducting ocean floor build up within these volcanoes, which tend to erupt in fairly regular cycles with very explosive force, often spewing volcanic ash tens of thousands of feet (several kilometers) high. Volcanic <a href="/wiki/Eruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Eruption">eruptions</a> in the region have been associated with <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquakes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunamis</a>, and debris <a href="/wiki/Avalanche" title="Avalanche">avalanches</a> have resulted in tsunamis also.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was an earthquake of the magnitude of 7.1 on December 31, 1901 generated by an eruption that caused several tsunamis.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009 a <a href="/wiki/Lahar" title="Lahar">lahar</a> from Mt. Redoubt threatened the <a href="/wiki/Drift_River_oil_terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Drift River oil terminal">Drift River oil terminal</a>. </p><p>Cook Inlet has the fourth largest tidal range in the world. The shape of the inlet and its orientation with respect to the lunar orbit causes the tide to come in and go out very rapidly. As the inlet narrows, the speed of the water increases, creating very powerful currents with speeds of up to 6 knots (7 miles per hour). While lined with large areas of silt and <a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">mudflats</a>, the central and upper inlet is filled with narrow troughs that may be 150 to 300 feet (50 to 100 meters) deep. These, along with the tides, provide a challenge to ships navigating through the waters.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strong tides create powerful rip tides and bore tides which are sometimes among the largest in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tidal_bores" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidal bores">Tidal bores</a> occur within the inlet, and especially Turnagain Arm, almost daily, but are usually too small to notice. Large bores tend to occur after extreme tidal lows, appearing as a wall of water sometimes over 10 feet high as the tide comes in all at once. Large bores are less frequent, and are typically formed during a new or full moon, especially when the moon is at <a href="/wiki/Perigee" class="mw-redirect" title="Perigee">perigee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike areas around the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Sea" title="Bering Sea">Bering Sea</a> where weather is largely affected by sea ice, the waters of the inlet are warmed by the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Current" title="Alaska Current">Alaska Current</a> in the Gulf of Alaska, part of the North-Pacific Subpolar <a href="/wiki/Gyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyre">Gyre</a>, which affects the climate and keeps the temperatures in the Cook Inlet region fairly moderate compared to the extremes found in other parts of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cook_Inlet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TurnagainArm_from_GirdwoodAK.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/TurnagainArm_from_GirdwoodAK.jpg/220px-TurnagainArm_from_GirdwoodAK.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/TurnagainArm_from_GirdwoodAK.jpg/330px-TurnagainArm_from_GirdwoodAK.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/TurnagainArm_from_GirdwoodAK.jpg/440px-TurnagainArm_from_GirdwoodAK.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Turnagain_Arm" title="Turnagain Arm">Turnagain Arm</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The inlet was first explored and settled by <a href="/wiki/Alutiiq" title="Alutiiq">Alutiiq</a> people, tribes of coastal-dwelling Pacific <a href="/wiki/Eskimo" title="Eskimo">Eskimos</a>, beginning around 6000 years ago. The <a href="/wiki/Chugach" title="Chugach">Chugach</a> arrived around the first century and were the last of the Alutiiq people to settle in the area, but abandoned it after tribes of <a href="/wiki/Dena%27ina_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Dena'ina people">Dena'ina people</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Athabaskan" class="mw-redirect" title="Athabaskan">Athabaskan</a> people from the interior of the state, arrived sometime between 500 and 1600 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 18th century, Russian fur hunters <i>(<a href="/wiki/Promyshlenniki" title="Promyshlenniki">promyshlenniki</a>)</i> were among the first European visitors. The Lebedev Lastochkin Company leader Stepan Zaikov established a post at the mouth of the Kenai River, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Nikolaevskaia" title="Fort Nikolaevskaia">Fort Nikolaevskaia</a>, in 1786. These fur trappers used Siberian Native and Alaska Native people, particularly <a href="/wiki/Aleut_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleut people">Aleuts</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands" title="Aleutian Islands">Aleutian Islands</a> and Koniag natives from <a href="/wiki/Kodiak,_Alaska" title="Kodiak, Alaska">Kodiak</a>, to hunt for <a href="/wiki/Sea_otter" title="Sea otter">sea otters</a> and other marine mammal species for trade with <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> via Russia's then-exclusive inland port of trade at <a href="/wiki/Kiakhta" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiakhta">Kiakhta</a>. </p><p>Other Europeans to visit Cook Inlet include the 1778 expedition of <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a>, its namesake, who sailed into it while searching for the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a>. Cook received maps of Alaska, the Aleutians, and Kamchatka during a visit with Russian fur trader <a href="/wiki/Gerasim_Izmailov" title="Gerasim Izmailov">Gerasim Izmailov</a> in <a href="/wiki/Unalaska,_Alaska" title="Unalaska, Alaska">Unalaska</a>, and combined these maps with those of his expedition to create the first <a href="/wiki/Mercator_projection" title="Mercator projection">Mercator projection</a> of the North Pacific. The inlet was named after Cook in 1794 by <a href="/wiki/George_Vancouver" title="George Vancouver">George Vancouver</a>, who had served under Cook in 1778. <a href="/wiki/Turnagain_Arm" title="Turnagain Arm">Turnagain Arm</a> was named by Cook, "turnagain" being a moniker he had used before, at his annoyance at having to turn around after exploring another dead end. </p><p>Upon reaching the head of Cook Inlet, Cook was of the opinion that both Knik Arm and Turnagain Arm were the mouths of rivers and not the opening to the Northwest Passage. Under orders by the <a href="/wiki/British_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="British Crown">British Crown</a> to ignore any such rivers and inlets, he had initially planned to pass it by, but at the insistence of <a href="/wiki/John_Gore_(Royal_Navy_officer,_died_1790)" title="John Gore (Royal Navy officer, died 1790)">John Gore</a> and many others of his crew, he reluctantly agreed to explore the area. Cook anchored at <a href="/wiki/Ship_Creek" class="mw-redirect" title="Ship Creek">Ship Creek</a> and encountered the local Natives for the first time when two men approached in kayaks, invited them to come ashore. Under Cook's orders, <a href="/wiki/William_Bligh" title="William Bligh">William Bligh</a>, of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Bounty" title="HMS Bounty">HMS <i>Bounty</i></a> fame, organized a party to travel up Knik Arm. Bligh served as Cook's Sailing Master on this, his 3rd and final voyage, the aim of which was discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a>. After meeting with some local Dena'ina, Bligh returned to report Knik Arm indeed led only to a couple of rivers. </p><p>Cook sailed up Turnagain Arm in his ship, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS <i>Resolution</i></a>, finding it impossible to navigate against the strong currents and mudflats, and got stuck on a sandbar when he tried to get back out, having to wait for the tide to come in and free his ship. He never actually confirmed it led to a river, which led to a decade of massive speculation until George Vancouver returned to finish the map. Having been in a bad mood since first agreeing to explore the area, and as a result of this frustration, the second body of water was given the disingenuous name "Turn Again". Early maps label Turnagain Arm as the "Turnagain River".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Line5066_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Line5066_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg/220px-Line5066_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Line5066_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg/330px-Line5066_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Line5066_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg/440px-Line5066_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fox_River_(Alaska)" title="Fox River (Alaska)">Fox River</a> delta at low tide in <a href="/wiki/Kachemak_Bay" title="Kachemak Bay">Kachemak Bay</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The SS <i>Farallon</i> was a wooden Alaskan Steamship Company liner that <a href="/wiki/Farallon_Steamship_Disaster" title="Farallon Steamship Disaster">struck</a> Black Reef in the Cook Inlet on January 5, 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All thirty-eight men on board survived, and were rescued twenty-nine days later. Few white people visited upper Cook Inlet until construction of the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Railroad" title="Alaska Railroad">Alaska Railroad</a> along the eastern shores of Turnagain Arm and Knik Arm of Cook Inlet around 1915. The natives of the <a href="/wiki/Eklutna,_Alaska" class="mw-redirect" title="Eklutna, Alaska">Eklutna</a> village are the descendants of the residents of eight native villages around upper Cook Inlet. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/1964_Alaska_earthquake" title="1964 Alaska earthquake">1964 Alaska earthquake</a>, areas around the head of Turnagain Arm near <a href="/wiki/Girdwood,_Anchorage" class="mw-redirect" title="Girdwood, Anchorage">Girdwood</a> and Portage dropped as much as 8 feet (2.4 m) by subsidence and subsequent tidal action. Both hamlets were destroyed. Girdwood was later relocated inland and Portage was abandoned. About 20 miles (32 km) of the <a href="/wiki/Seward_Highway" title="Seward Highway">Seward Highway</a> sank below the high-water mark of Turnagain Arm; the highway and its bridges were raised and rebuilt in 1964–66. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Communities">Communities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cook_Inlet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of Alaska's population is in the Cook Inlet area, with highest concentration in <a href="/wiki/Anchorage" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchorage">Anchorage</a>. Along the East side of the Cook Inlet, the <a href="/wiki/Kenai_Peninsula" title="Kenai Peninsula">Kenai Peninsula</a> is host to many smaller fishing communities, such as <a href="/wiki/Kenai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenai">Kenai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soldotna" class="mw-redirect" title="Soldotna">Soldotna</a>, Ninilchick, Anchor Point and <a href="/wiki/Homer,_Alaska" title="Homer, Alaska">Homer</a>. Many residents of the Kenai rely on income generated from fisheries in the Cook Inlet. The west side of the Inlet is not connected to any major road systems and is typically accessed by boat or plane, including the village of <a href="/wiki/Tyonek" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyonek">Tyonek, Alaska</a>, some oil camps, and many seasonal fishing camps. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resources">Resources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cook_Inlet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OilRig.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/OilRig.jpg/220px-OilRig.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/OilRig.jpg/330px-OilRig.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/OilRig.jpg/440px-OilRig.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="296" /></a><figcaption>Oil Rig and Packraft on Cook Inlet</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/The_Cook_Inlet_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="The Cook Inlet Basin">The Cook Inlet Basin</a> contains large oil and gas deposits including several offshore fields.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2005 there were 16 platforms in Cook Inlet, the oldest of which is the <i>XTO A</i> platform first installed by <a href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Dutch Shell">Shell</a> in 1964, and newest of which is the <i>Osprey</i> platform installed by Forest Oil in 2000. Most of the platforms are operated by Union Oil, which was acquired by Chevron in 2005. There are also numerous oil and gas pipelines running around and under the Cook Inlet. The main destinations of the gas pipelines are to Kenai where the gas is primarily used to fuel commercial fertilizer production and a liquified natural gas (LNG) plant and to Anchorage where the gas is consumed largely for domestic uses.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alaska has approximately half the known coal reserves in the U.S. For decades, there has been a proposal to build a large coal mine (the <a href="/wiki/Chuitna_Coal_Project" title="Chuitna Coal Project">Chuitna Coal Mine</a>) on the west side of Cook Inlet near the <a href="/wiki/Chuitna_River_(Alaska)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chuitna River (Alaska)">Chuitna River</a>, and the native village of <a href="/wiki/Tyonek" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyonek">Tyonek, Alaska</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Rivers" title="American Rivers">American Rivers</a> placed the <a href="/wiki/Chuitna_River_(Alaska)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chuitna River (Alaska)">Chuitna River</a> on its list of <a href="/wiki/America%27s_Ten_Most_Endangered_Rivers" class="mw-redirect" title="America's Ten Most Endangered Rivers">America's Ten Most Endangered Rivers</a> of 2007, based on the threat of this mine.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turnagain-bore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Turnagain-bore.jpg/220px-Turnagain-bore.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Turnagain-bore.jpg/330px-Turnagain-bore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Turnagain-bore.jpg/440px-Turnagain-bore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1768" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tidal_bore" title="Tidal bore">bore</a> appears as a wall of turbulent water</figcaption></figure> <p>Turnagain Arm is one of only about 60 bodies of water worldwide to exhibit a <a href="/wiki/Tidal_bore" title="Tidal bore">tidal bore</a>. The bore may be more than six feet (1.8 m) high and travel at 15 miles per hour (24 km/h) on high <a href="/wiki/Spring_tide" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring tide">spring tides</a> and opposing winds. Turnagain Arm sees the largest <a href="/wiki/Tidal_range" title="Tidal range">tidal range</a> in United States, with a mean of 30 feet (9.1 m), and the fourth highest in the world, behind <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy" title="Bay of Fundy">Bay of Fundy</a> (38 ft, 11.7 m), <a href="/wiki/Ungava_Bay" title="Ungava Bay">Ungava Bay</a> (32 ft 0 in, 9.75 m), and <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Channel" title="Bristol Channel">Bristol Channel</a> (31 ft, 9.6 m).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ocean's natural 12-hour 25-minute tidal cycle is close to Turnagain Arm's natural resonance frequency, which then reinforces the tide similar to water sloshing in a bathtub. Tidal fluctuations in the main body of Cook Inlet, while not as extreme as the shallow and narrow Turnagain Arm, regularly reach 25 feet (7.6 m) or more and exhibit currents in excess of 5 <a href="/wiki/Knot_(unit)" title="Knot (unit)">knots</a> (9.3 km/h; 5.8 mph) at full tidal flow. The inlet and its arms have been proposed as a potentially attractive site for the generation of <a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">tidal power</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cook_Inlet,_near_Anchorage,_Alaska.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Cook_Inlet%2C_near_Anchorage%2C_Alaska.JPG/220px-Cook_Inlet%2C_near_Anchorage%2C_Alaska.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Cook_Inlet%2C_near_Anchorage%2C_Alaska.JPG/330px-Cook_Inlet%2C_near_Anchorage%2C_Alaska.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Cook_Inlet%2C_near_Anchorage%2C_Alaska.JPG/440px-Cook_Inlet%2C_near_Anchorage%2C_Alaska.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>The mouth of Turnagain Arm at low tide in winter; thousands of icebergs lie stranded on vast plains of glacial silt</figcaption></figure> <p>Turnagain Arm and Knik Arm are known for large areas of <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a>. At low tide, much of this is exposed, making marine navigation difficult. Historically, ships and boats designed for the area had a relatively flat bottom with a modest centerboard and absence of a large keel because the boats would occasionally become beached at low tide either on purpose or by accident. This design allowed the craft to support its weight on land without sustaining any serious damage to its structure. An example of this design is the Nomad, a much photographed fishing boat once owned by Joe Reddington which has sat on a mudflat near Knik for several decades. </p><p>These <a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">mudflats</a> can also be dangerous to walk on, exhibiting <a href="/wiki/Quicksand" title="Quicksand">quicksand</a>-like characteristics, and have claimed the life of at least four people who have wandered out on them, usually tourists, with many more being rescued every year.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cruise_ship" title="Cruise ship">Cruise ships</a> dock at <a href="/wiki/Seward,_Alaska" title="Seward, Alaska">Seward</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Alaska" title="Gulf of Alaska">Gulf of Alaska</a> or <a href="/wiki/Whittier,_Alaska" title="Whittier, Alaska">Whittier</a> in <a href="/wiki/Prince_William_Sound" title="Prince William Sound">Prince William Sound</a> and transport passengers via bus or train to Anchorage. However, over 95% of freight entering Alaska comes through the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Anchorage" class="mw-redirect" title="Port of Anchorage">Port of Anchorage</a>, which is served by major <a href="/wiki/Container_ship" title="Container ship">container ship</a> companies and other carriers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation">Conservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cook_Inlet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CookInlet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/CookInlet.jpg/220px-CookInlet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/CookInlet.jpg/330px-CookInlet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/CookInlet.jpg/440px-CookInlet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>View across Cook Inlet at low tide from downtown <a href="/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska" title="Anchorage, Alaska">Anchorage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> (September 2005)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Cook Inlet <a href="/wiki/Beluga_whale" title="Beluga whale">beluga whale</a> is a genetically distinct and geographically isolated stock.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population fell to 278 in 2005 and it is listed as <a href="/wiki/Critically_endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Critically endangered">critically endangered</a> in the <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a> of Threatened Species.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was perhaps due to local hunt, although an article in the <i><a href="/wiki/Anchorage_Daily_News" title="Anchorage Daily News">Anchorage Daily News</a></i> questioned this conclusion.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Killer_whale" class="mw-redirect" title="Killer whale">Killer whales</a> commonly feed on belugas in the Cook Inlet, driving them to the upper part of the inlet where they often seek refuge in the shallower waters of the arms.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2000, the US <a href="/wiki/National_Marine_Fisheries_Service" title="National Marine Fisheries Service">National Marine Fisheries Service</a> listed the Cook Inlet beluga whale population as depleted and began development of a conservation plan. On October 22, 2008 the Cook Inlet beluga whale was put onto the endangered species list.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cook Inlet activities include commercial fishing, oil and gas development, <a href="/wiki/Effluent" title="Effluent">release of treated sewage</a>, noise from aircraft and ships, shipping traffic, and tourism. However, it is not known what impact these activities had on the beluga whale population. </p><p>The Coastal Marine Institute at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alaska_Fairbanks" title="University of Alaska Fairbanks">University of Alaska Fairbanks</a>'s School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences working with the U.S. Department of the Interior's Minerals Management Service (MMS), began a three-year project in 2003 focusing on the water circulation in Cook Inlet.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cook_Inletkeeper" title="Cook Inletkeeper">Cook Inletkeeper</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Waterkeeper_Alliance" title="Waterkeeper Alliance">Waterkeeper Alliance</a>, began in 1994 when a group of Alaskans became concerned about the rapid ecological changes in the inlet. The group formally incorporated the following year using settlement proceeds from a Clean Water Act lawsuit against Cook Inlet oil and gas producers.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their stated mission is to "protect Alaska's Cook Inlet watershed and the life it sustains," with a focus on clean water, healthy habitat, local economies, and energy. They are based in <a href="/wiki/Homer,_Alaska" title="Homer, Alaska">Homer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cook_Inlet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K_Bay_Cook_Inlet_Iliamna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/K_Bay_Cook_Inlet_Iliamna.jpg/220px-K_Bay_Cook_Inlet_Iliamna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/K_Bay_Cook_Inlet_Iliamna.jpg/330px-K_Bay_Cook_Inlet_Iliamna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/K_Bay_Cook_Inlet_Iliamna.jpg/440px-K_Bay_Cook_Inlet_Iliamna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Cook Inlet seen from the mouth of Kachemak Bay, with <a href="/wiki/Mount_Iliamna" title="Mount Iliamna">Mount Iliamna</a> in the background</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Wildlife_Conservation_Center" title="Alaska Wildlife Conservation Center">Alaska Wildlife Conservation Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Volcano" title="Augustine Volcano">Augustine Volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalgin_Island" title="Kalgin Island">Kalgin Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knik_Arm_Bridge" title="Knik Arm Bridge">Knik Arm Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Clark_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Clark National Park">Lake Clark National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Cook_State_Recreation_Area" title="Captain Cook State Recreation Area">Captain Cook State Recreation Area</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cook_Inlet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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Cook Inletkeeper. 24 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cook+Inletkeeper+-+History&rft.pub=Cook+Inletkeeper&rft.date=2017-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finletkeeper.org%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACook+Inlet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inletkeeper.org/our-work/">"Cook Inletkeeper - Our Work"</a>. Cook Inletkeeper. 22 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cook+Inletkeeper+-+Our+Work&rft.pub=Cook+Inletkeeper&rft.date=2017-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finletkeeper.org%2Four-work%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACook+Inlet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cook_Inlet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo46634">United States, Alaska South Coast, Barren Islands</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Ocean_Service" title="National Ocean Service">National Ocean Service</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo45568">United States, Alaska South Coast, Cook Inlet, Anchor Point to Kalgin Island</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Ocean_Service" title="National Ocean Service">National Ocean Service</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dog.dnr.alaska.gov/Documents/Maps/ActivityMaps/CookInlet/CookInletOilAndGasActivityMap-201511.pdf">Map of Cook Inlet oil and gas activity</a> <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Department_of_Natural_Resources" title="Alaska Department of Natural Resources">Alaska Department of Natural Resources</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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