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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Signal with discrete values in time and amplitude</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For logic signals, see <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal" title="Digital signal">Digital signal</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Digital.signal.discret.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Digital.signal.discret.svg/220px-Digital.signal.discret.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Digital.signal.discret.svg/330px-Digital.signal.discret.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Digital.signal.discret.svg/440px-Digital.signal.discret.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>The red digital signal is the <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(signal_processing)" title="Sampling (signal processing)">sampled</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quantization_(signal_processing)" title="Quantization (signal processing)">quantized</a> representation of the gray analog signal. A digital signal consists of a sequence of samples, which in this case are integers: 4, 5, 4, 3, 4, 6...</figcaption></figure> <p>In the context of <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processing" title="Digital signal processing">digital signal processing</a> (DSP), a <b>digital signal</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Discrete_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrete time">discrete time</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quantization_(signal_processing)" title="Quantization (signal processing)">quantized amplitude</a> <a href="/wiki/Signal" title="Signal">signal</a>. In other words, it is a sampled signal consisting of samples that take on values from a <a href="/wiki/Discrete_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrete set">discrete set</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Countable" class="mw-redirect" title="Countable">countable</a> set that can be <a href="/wiki/Injective_function" title="Injective function">mapped one-to-one</a> to a subset of <a href="/wiki/Integer" title="Integer">integers</a>). If that discrete set is finite, the discrete values can be represented with <a href="/wiki/Word_(computer_architecture)" title="Word (computer architecture)">digital words</a> of a finite <a href="/wiki/Word_(computer_architecture)#Word_size_choice" title="Word (computer architecture)">width</a>. Most commonly, these discrete values are represented as <a href="/wiki/Fixed-point_arithmetic" title="Fixed-point arithmetic">fixed-point</a> words (either <a href="/wiki/Linear_function" title="Linear function">proportional</a> to the waveform values or <a href="/wiki/Companded" class="mw-redirect" title="Companded">companded</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Floating-point" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating-point">floating-point</a> words.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Discrete_cosine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Discrete_cosine.svg/350px-Discrete_cosine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Discrete_cosine.svg/525px-Discrete_cosine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Discrete_cosine.svg/700px-Discrete_cosine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="304" /></a><figcaption>Discrete cosine waveform with a frequency of 50 Hz and a sampling rate of 1000 samples/sec, efficiently satisfying the <a href="/wiki/Sampling_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Sampling theorem">sampling theorem</a> for the reconstruction of the original cosine function from samples. (The effects of quantization are too subtle to be seen in this graph.)</figcaption></figure> <p>The process of <a href="/wiki/Analog-to-digital_conversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog-to-digital conversion">analog-to-digital conversion</a> produces a digital signal.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conversion process can be thought of as occurring in two steps: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_(signal_processing)" title="Sampling (signal processing)">sampling</a>, which produces a continuous-valued discrete-time signal, and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantization_(signal_processing)" title="Quantization (signal processing)">quantization</a>, which replaces each sample value with an approximation selected from a given discrete set (for example, by truncating or rounding).</li></ol> <p>An analog signal can be reconstructed after conversion to digital (down to the precision afforded by the quantization used), provided that the signal has negligible power in frequencies above the <a href="/wiki/Nyquist_limit" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyquist limit">Nyquist limit</a> and does not <a href="/wiki/Saturation_arithmetic" title="Saturation arithmetic">saturate</a> the quantizer. </p><p>Common practical digital signals are represented as <a href="/wiki/8-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="8-bit">8-bit</a> (256 levels), <a href="/wiki/16-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="16-bit">16-bit</a> (65,536 levels), <a href="/wiki/24-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="24-bit">24-bit</a> (16.8 million levels), and <a href="/wiki/32-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="32-bit">32-bit</a> (4.3 billion levels) using <a href="/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation" title="Pulse-code modulation">pulse-code modulation</a> where the number of quantization levels is not necessarily limited to <a href="/wiki/Powers_of_two" class="mw-redirect" title="Powers of two">powers of two</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Floating_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating point">floating point</a> representation is used in many DSP applications. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_signal_(signal_processing)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSmith2002" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Steven W. (2002-11-06). "3". <i>Digital Signal Processing: A Practical Guide for Engineers and Scientists</i>. Demystifying Technology. Vol. 1 (1 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Newnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Newnes">Newnes</a>. pp. 35–39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/075067444X" title="Special:BookSources/075067444X"><bdi>075067444X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3&rft.btitle=Digital+Signal+Processing%3A+A+Practical+Guide+for+Engineers+and+Scientists&rft.series=Demystifying+Technology&rft.pages=35-39&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Newnes&rft.date=2002-11-06&rft.isbn=075067444X&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Steven+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+signal+%28signal+processing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2004" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Frederic J. (2004-05-24). "1.1". <i>Multirate Signal Processing for Communication Systems</i>. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall PTR. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0131465112" title="Special:BookSources/0131465112"><bdi>0131465112</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.1&rft.btitle=Multirate+Signal+Processing+for+Communication+Systems&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+NJ&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall+PTR&rft.date=2004-05-24&rft.isbn=0131465112&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Frederic+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+signal+%28signal+processing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaseghi2009" class="citation book cs1">Vaseghi, Saeed V. (2009-03-02). "1.4". <i>Advanced Digital Signal Processing and Noise Reduction</i> (4 ed.). Chichester, West Suffix, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0470754061" title="Special:BookSources/978-0470754061"><bdi>978-0470754061</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.4&rft.btitle=Advanced+Digital+Signal+Processing+and+Noise+Reduction&rft.place=Chichester%2C+West+Suffix%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=23&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009-03-02&rft.isbn=978-0470754061&rft.aulast=Vaseghi&rft.aufirst=Saeed+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+signal+%28signal+processing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDinizEduardo_A._B._da_SilvaSergio_L._Netto2010" class="citation book cs1">Diniz, Paulo S. R.; Eduardo A. B. da Silva; Sergio L. Netto (2010-09-13). "1.1". <i>Digital Signal Processing: System Analysis and Design</i> (2 ed.). New York & UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521887755" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521887755"><bdi>978-0521887755</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.1&rft.btitle=Digital+Signal+Processing%3A+System+Analysis+and+Design&rft.place=New+York+%26+UK&rft.pages=5&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010-09-13&rft.isbn=978-0521887755&rft.aulast=Diniz&rft.aufirst=Paulo+S.+R.&rft.au=Eduardo+A.+B.+da+Silva&rft.au=Sergio+L.+Netto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+signal+%28signal+processing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManolakisVinay_K._Ingle2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dimitris_Manolakis" title="Dimitris Manolakis">Manolakis, Dimitris G.</a>; Vinay K. Ingle (2011-11-21). "1.1.1". <i>Applied Digital Signal Processing: Theory and Practice</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521110020" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521110020"><bdi>978-0521110020</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.1.1&rft.btitle=Applied+Digital+Signal+Processing%3A+Theory+and+Practice&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011-11-21&rft.isbn=978-0521110020&rft.aulast=Manolakis&rft.aufirst=Dimitris+G.&rft.au=Vinay+K.+Ingle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+signal+%28signal+processing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngleJohn_G._Proakis2011" class="citation book cs1">Ingle, Vinay K.; John G. Proakis (2011-01-01). "1.1". <i>Digital Signal Processing Using MATLAB</i> (3 ed.). Stamford, CT: CL Engineering. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1111427375" title="Special:BookSources/978-1111427375"><bdi>978-1111427375</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.1&rft.btitle=Digital+Signal+Processing+Using+MATLAB&rft.place=Stamford%2C+CT&rft.pages=3&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=CL+Engineering&rft.date=2011-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1111427375&rft.aulast=Ingle&rft.aufirst=Vinay+K.&rft.au=John+G.+Proakis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+signal+%28signal+processing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Digital_electronics" title="Template:Digital electronics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Digital_electronics" title="Template talk:Digital electronics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Digital_electronics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Digital electronics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Digital_electronics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Digital_electronics" title="Digital electronics">Digital electronics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_component" title="Electronic component">Components</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">Transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistor" title="Resistor">Resistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductor" title="Inductor">Inductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">Capacitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printed_electronics" title="Printed electronics">Printed electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">Printed circuit board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_circuit" title="Electronic circuit">Electronic circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flip-flop_(electronics)" title="Flip-flop (electronics)">Flip-flop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_cell_(computing)" title="Memory cell (computing)">Memory cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combinational_logic" title="Combinational logic">Combinational logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequential_logic" title="Sequential logic">Sequential logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_gate" title="Logic gate">Logic gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boolean_circuit" title="Boolean circuit">Boolean circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a> (IC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_integrated_circuit" title="Hybrid integrated circuit">Hybrid integrated circuit</a> (HIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-signal_integrated_circuit" title="Mixed-signal integrated circuit">Mixed-signal integrated circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_integrated_circuit" title="Three-dimensional integrated circuit">Three-dimensional integrated circuit</a> (3D IC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emitter-coupled_logic" title="Emitter-coupled logic">Emitter-coupled logic</a> (ECL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasable_programmable_logic_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Erasable programmable logic device">Erasable programmable logic device</a> (EPLD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrocell_array" title="Macrocell array">Macrocell array</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_logic_array" title="Programmable logic array">Programmable logic array</a> (PLA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_logic_device" title="Programmable logic device">Programmable logic device</a> (PLD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_Array_Logic" title="Programmable Array Logic">Programmable Array Logic</a> (PAL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generic_Array_Logic" title="Generic Array Logic">Generic Array Logic</a> (GAL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_programmable_logic_device" title="Complex programmable logic device">Complex programmable logic device</a> (CPLD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field-programmable_gate_array" title="Field-programmable gate array">Field-programmable gate array</a> (FPGA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field-programmable_object_array" title="Field-programmable object array">Field-programmable object array</a> (FPOA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit" title="Application-specific integrated circuit">Application-specific integrated circuit</a> (ASIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensor_Processing_Unit" title="Tensor Processing Unit">Tensor Processing Unit</a> (TPU)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_signal" title="Digital signal">Digital signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boolean_algebra" title="Boolean algebra">Boolean algebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_synthesis" title="Logic synthesis">Logic synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_computer_science" title="Logic in computer science">Logic in computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Computer architecture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Digital signal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processing" title="Digital signal processing">Digital signal processing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_minimization_for_Boolean_functions" class="mw-redirect" title="Circuit minimization for Boolean functions">Circuit minimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switching_circuit_theory" title="Switching circuit theory">Switching circuit theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_equivalent" title="Gate equivalent">Gate equivalent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Electronics_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronics design">Design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logic_synthesis" title="Logic synthesis">Logic synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_and_route" title="Place and route">Place and route</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Placement_(electronic_design_automation)" title="Placement (electronic design automation)">Placement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Routing_(electronic_design_automation)" title="Routing (electronic design automation)">Routing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transaction-level_modeling" title="Transaction-level modeling">Transaction-level modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register-transfer_level" title="Register-transfer level">Register-transfer level</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_description_language" title="Hardware description language">Hardware description language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-level_synthesis" title="High-level synthesis">High-level synthesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_equivalence_checking" title="Formal equivalence checking">Formal equivalence checking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronous_circuit" title="Synchronous circuit">Synchronous logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_circuit" title="Asynchronous circuit">Asynchronous logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finite-state_machine" title="Finite-state machine">Finite-state machine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_state_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchical state machine">Hierarchical state machine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">Computer hardware</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">Hardware acceleration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">Digital audio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_radio" title="Digital radio">radio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">Digital photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephony#Digital_telephony" title="Telephony">Digital telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_video" title="Digital video">Digital video</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_cinematography" title="Digital cinematography">cinematography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_literature" title="Electronic literature">Electronic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Design issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metastability_(electronics)" title="Metastability (electronics)">Metastability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runt_pulse" title="Runt pulse">Runt pulse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" 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