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href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Previous_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Previous_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Previous uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Previous_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chalk</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 81 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">81 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryt" title="Kryt – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kryt" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="चूना – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="चूना" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1" title="طبشور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طبشور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%99ba%C5%9Fir" title="Təbaşir – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Təbaşir" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%A1%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80" title="Аҡбур – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Аҡбур" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Крэйда – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Крэйда" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Крэйда – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Крэйда" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB)" title="Креда (минерал) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Креда (минерал)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleiz_(karregad)" title="Kleiz (karregad) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kleiz (karregad)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creta_(geologia)" title="Creta (geologia) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Creta (geologia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%80%C4%83" title="Пурă – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пурă" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%99%C3%ADda_(hornina)" title="Křída (hornina) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Křída (hornina)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kridt" title="Kridt – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kridt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreide_(Gestein)" title="Kreide (Gestein) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kreide (Gestein)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriit" title="Kriit – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kriit" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%89%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1_(%CF%80%CE%AD%CF%84%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1)" title="Κιμωλία (πέτρωμα) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κιμωλία (πέτρωμα)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creta_(roca)" title="Creta (roca) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Creta (roca)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreto_(%C5%9Dtono)" title="Kreto (ŝtono) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kreto (ŝtono)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klera" title="Klera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Klera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DA%86_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="گچ فرنگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گچ فرنگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craie" title="Craie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Craie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cailc" title="Cailc – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cailc" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creta_(xeolox%C3%ADa)" title="Creta (xeoloxía) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Creta (xeoloxía)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%B1%EC%95%85" title="백악 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="백악" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%B3" title="Կավիճ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կավիճ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="खड़िया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="खड़िया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreto" title="Kreto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kreto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%ADt_(efni)" title="Krít (efni) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Krít (efni)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chalk" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F" title="קירטון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קירטון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapur" title="Kapur – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kapur" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98" title="ცარცი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცარცი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B)" title="Бор (тау жынысы) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бор (тау жынысы)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krey" title="Krey – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Krey" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creta_(minerale)" title="Creta (minerale) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Creta (minerale)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C4%ABts" title="Krīts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Krīts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreida_(uoliena)" title="Kreida (uoliena) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kreida (uoliena)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%A9ta_(k%C5%91zet)" title="Kréta (kőzet) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kréta (kőzet)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Креда – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Креда" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsaoka" title="Tsaoka – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tsaoka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapur" title="Kapur – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kapur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83" title="Шохойн чулуу – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Шохойн чулуу" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%96%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B0" title="မြေဖြူ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မြေဖြူ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%ABzatl" title="Tīzatl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tīzatl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krijtgesteente" title="Krijtgesteente – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Krijtgesteente" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B" title="कमेरो – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कमेरो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF_(%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3)" title="チョーク (岩石) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チョーク (岩石)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritt_(bergart)" title="Kritt (bergart) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kritt (bergart)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krit" title="Krit – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Krit" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greda" title="Greda – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Greda" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%CA%BBr" title="Boʻr – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Boʻr" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cran" title="Cran – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Cran" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreda_(ska%C5%82a)" title="Kreda (skała) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kreda (skała)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giz" title="Giz – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Giz" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cret%C4%83_(roc%C4%83)" title="Cretă (rocă) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cretă (rocă)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Мел – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мел" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkum%C3%ABsi" title="Shkumësi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shkumësi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chalk" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="طباشير – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="طباشير" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krieda_(hornina)" title="Krieda (hornina) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Krieda (hornina)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreda_(mineral)" title="Kreda (mineral) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kreda (mineral)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamaashiir" title="Tamaashiir – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Tamaashiir" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Креда – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Креда" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreda_(tvar)" title="Kreda (tvar) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kreda (tvar)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liitukivi" title="Liitukivi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Liitukivi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krita_(bergart)" title="Krita (bergart) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Krita (bergart)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80" title="Акбур – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Акбур" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81" title="ชอล์ก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชอล์ก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B3ets%C3%A9na%27%C3%A9v%C3%B4xe%27%C3%AAst%C3%B3nest%C3%B4tse" title="Vóetséna'évôxe'êstónestôtse – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Vóetséna'évôxe'êstónestôtse" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tebe%C5%9Fir_ta%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Tebeşir taşı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tebeşir taşı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Крейда – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Крейда" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A1_ph%E1%BA%A5n" title="Đá phấn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đá phấn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriit" title="Kriit – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kriit" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croye_(djeyolodjeye)" title="Croye (djeyolodjeye) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Croye (djeyolodjeye)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashajia" title="Ashajia – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Ashajia" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%A0%8A%E5%B2%A9" title="白堊岩 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="白堊岩" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%9E%A9%E5%B2%A9" title="白垩岩 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="白垩岩" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%A0%8A" title="白堊 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="白堊" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miels" title="Miels – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Miels" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%A0%8A%E5%B2%A9" title="白堊岩 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="白堊岩" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B3%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%99" title="ⴰⵏⴳⵎⵉⵔⵙ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵏⴳⵎⵉⵔⵙ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the sedimentary rock. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Chalk_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Chalk (disambiguation)">Chalk (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Chalk</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color: #cddeff"><b><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedimentary">Sedimentary rock</a></b></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Seven_Sisters_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Seven_Sisters_3.jpg/250px-Seven_Sisters_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Seven_Sisters_3.jpg/330px-Seven_Sisters_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Seven_Sisters_3.jpg/500px-Seven_Sisters_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5030" data-file-height="4700" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Beachy_Head" title="Beachy Head">Beachy Head</a> is a part of the extensive <a href="/wiki/Southern_England_Chalk_Formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern England Chalk Formation">Southern England Chalk Formation</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Composition</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">Calcite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Chalk</b> is a soft, white, <a href="/wiki/Permeability_(Earth_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permeability (Earth sciences)">porous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbonate_rock" title="Carbonate rock">carbonate rock</a>. It is a form of <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> composed of the mineral <a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">calcite</a> and originally formed deep under the sea by the compression of microscopic <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a> that had settled to the <a href="/wiki/Sea_floor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea floor">sea floor</a>. Chalk is common throughout <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, where deposits underlie parts of France, and steep cliffs are often seen where they meet the sea in places such as the <a href="/wiki/Dover_cliffs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dover cliffs">Dover cliffs</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a> coast of the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>. </p><p>Chalk is mined for use in industry, such as for <a href="/wiki/Quicklime" class="mw-redirect" title="Quicklime">quicklime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">bricks</a> and builder's <a href="/wiki/Putty" title="Putty">putty</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, for raising <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> in soils with high <a href="/wiki/Acidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Acidity">acidity</a>. It is also used for "<a href="/wiki/Blackboard" title="Blackboard">blackboard chalk</a>" for writing and drawing on various types of surfaces, although these can also be manufactured from other carbonate-based minerals, or <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chalk&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nitzana_chalk_curves_(2),_Western_Negev,_Israel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Nitzana_chalk_curves_%282%29%2C_Western_Negev%2C_Israel.jpg/250px-Nitzana_chalk_curves_%282%29%2C_Western_Negev%2C_Israel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Nitzana_chalk_curves_%282%29%2C_Western_Negev%2C_Israel.jpg/330px-Nitzana_chalk_curves_%282%29%2C_Western_Negev%2C_Israel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Nitzana_chalk_curves_%282%29%2C_Western_Negev%2C_Israel.jpg/500px-Nitzana_chalk_curves_%282%29%2C_Western_Negev%2C_Israel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1064" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption>"Nitzana Chalk curves" situated at Western <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, are chalk deposits formed in the <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a> era's <a href="/wiki/Tethys_Ocean" title="Tethys Ocean">Tethys Ocean</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seale_Chalk_Pit_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Seale_Chalk_Pit_02.JPG/220px-Seale_Chalk_Pit_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Seale_Chalk_Pit_02.JPG/330px-Seale_Chalk_Pit_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Seale_Chalk_Pit_02.JPG/440px-Seale_Chalk_Pit_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3324" /></a><figcaption>Open chalk pit, Seale, Surrey, UK</figcaption></figure> <p>Chalk is a fine-textured, earthy type of <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> distinguished by its light colour, softness, and high porosity.<sup id="cite_ref-jackson-1997_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jackson-1997-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is composed mostly of tiny fragments of the <a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">calcite</a> shells or skeletons of <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Foraminifera">foraminifera</a> or <a href="/wiki/Coccolithophore" title="Coccolithophore">coccolithophores</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jackson-1997_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jackson-1997-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These fragments mostly take the form of calcite plates ranging from 0.5 to 4 microns in size, though about 10% to 25% of a typical chalk is composed of fragments that are 10 to 100 microns in size. The larger fragments include intact plankton skeletons and skeletal fragments of larger organisms, such as <a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">molluscs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">echinoderms</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Bryozoans" class="mw-redirect" title="Bryozoans">bryozoans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hancock-1975_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hancock-1975-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-craven_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-craven-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-geology_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geology-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chalk is typically almost pure calcite, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">CaCO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span>, with just 2% to 4% of other minerals. These are usually <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clay_mineral" title="Clay mineral">clay minerals</a>, though collophane (cryptocrystalline <a href="/wiki/Apatite" title="Apatite">apatite</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a> mineral) is also sometimes present, as nodules or as small pellets interpreted as fecal pellets. In some chalk beds, the calcite has been converted to <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(mineral)" title="Dolomite (mineral)">dolomite</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><span class="chemf nowrap">CaMg(CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>, and in a few cases the dolomitized chalk has been dedolomitized back to calcite.<sup id="cite_ref-hancock-1975_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hancock-1975-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chalk is highly porous, with typical values of porosity ranging from 35 to 47 per cent.<sup id="cite_ref-hancock-1975_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hancock-1975-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While it is similar in appearance to both <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diatomite" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatomite">diatomite</a>, chalk is identifiable by its hardness, <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> content, and its reaction to <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acid</a> (it produces <a href="/wiki/Effervescence" title="Effervescence">effervescence</a> on contact).<sup id="cite_ref-geology_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geology-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chalk&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Western Europe, chalk was formed in the Late <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> Epoch and the early <a href="/wiki/Palaeocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeocene">Palaeocene</a> Epoch (between 100 and 61 million years ago).<sup id="cite_ref-chalkeast_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chalkeast-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VanDerVoert_etal_2018_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VanDerVoert_etal_2018-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was deposited on extensive <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelves" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental shelves">continental shelves</a> at depths between 100 and 600 metres (330 and 1,970 ft), during a time of nonseasonal (likely arid) climate that reduced the amount of erosion from nearby exposed rock. The lack of nearby erosion explains the high purity of chalk. The coccolithophores, foraminifera, and other microscopic organisms from which the chalk came mostly form low-magnesium calcite skeletons, so the sediments were already in the form of highly stable low-magnesium calcite when deposited. This is in contrast with most other limestones, which formed from high-magnesium calcite or aragonite that rapidly converted to the more stable low-magnesium calcite after deposition, resulting in the early <a href="/wiki/Cementation_(geology)" title="Cementation (geology)">cementation</a> of such limestones. In chalk, the absence of calcium carbonate conversion process prevented early cementation, and it accounts for chalk's high porosity.<sup id="cite_ref-hancock-1975_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hancock-1975-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, chalk is the only form of limestone that commonly shows signs of compaction.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">Flint</a> (a type of <a href="/wiki/Chert" title="Chert">chert</a>) is very common as bands parallel to the <a href="/wiki/Bed_(geology)" title="Bed (geology)">bedding</a> or as <a href="/wiki/Nodule_(geology)" title="Nodule (geology)">nodules</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seam_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seam (geology)">seams</a>, or linings to <a href="/wiki/Fracture_(geology)" title="Fracture (geology)">fractures</a>, embedded in chalk. It is probably derived from <a href="/wiki/Spicule_(sponge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spicule (sponge)">sponge spicules</a><sup id="cite_ref-craven_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-craven-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or other <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">siliceous</a> organisms as water is expelled upwards during compaction. Flint is often deposited around larger <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossils</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Echinoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinoidea">Echinoidea</a> which may be <a href="/wiki/Silicification" title="Silicification">silicified</a> (i.e. replaced molecule by molecule by flint).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlattMiddletonMurray1980576_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattMiddletonMurray1980576-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology_and_geographic_distribution">Geology and geographic distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chalk&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geology and geographic distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chalk_(%22Upper_Chalk%22_Formation,_Upper_Cretaceous;_White_Cliffs_of_Dover,_England,_southern_Britain).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Chalk_%28%22Upper_Chalk%22_Formation%2C_Upper_Cretaceous%3B_White_Cliffs_of_Dover%2C_England%2C_southern_Britain%29.jpg/220px-Chalk_%28%22Upper_Chalk%22_Formation%2C_Upper_Cretaceous%3B_White_Cliffs_of_Dover%2C_England%2C_southern_Britain%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Chalk_%28%22Upper_Chalk%22_Formation%2C_Upper_Cretaceous%3B_White_Cliffs_of_Dover%2C_England%2C_southern_Britain%29.jpg/330px-Chalk_%28%22Upper_Chalk%22_Formation%2C_Upper_Cretaceous%3B_White_Cliffs_of_Dover%2C_England%2C_southern_Britain%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Chalk_%28%22Upper_Chalk%22_Formation%2C_Upper_Cretaceous%3B_White_Cliffs_of_Dover%2C_England%2C_southern_Britain%29.jpg/440px-Chalk_%28%22Upper_Chalk%22_Formation%2C_Upper_Cretaceous%3B_White_Cliffs_of_Dover%2C_England%2C_southern_Britain%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="715" /></a><figcaption>Chalk from the White Cliffs of Dover, England</figcaption></figure> <p>Chalk is so common in Cretaceous marine beds that the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> <a href="/wiki/Period_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Period (geology)">Period</a> was named for these deposits. The name Cretaceous was derived from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>creta</i>, meaning <i>chalk</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some deposits of chalk were formed after the Cretaceous.<sup id="cite_ref-Mesaoria2018_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mesaoria2018-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Chalk_Group" title="Chalk Group">Chalk Group</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> stratigraphic unit deposited during the late <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> Period. It forms the famous <a href="/wiki/White_Cliffs_of_Dover" title="White Cliffs of Dover">White Cliffs of Dover</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>, England, as well as their counterparts of the <a href="/wiki/Cap_Blanc_Nez" class="mw-redirect" title="Cap Blanc Nez">Cap Blanc Nez</a> on the other side of the <a href="/wiki/Dover_Strait" class="mw-redirect" title="Dover Strait">Dover Strait</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Champagne_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Champagne region">Champagne region</a> of France is mostly underlain by chalk deposits, which contain artificial caves used for <a href="/wiki/Wine_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine storage">wine storage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hancock-1975_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hancock-1975-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the highest chalk cliffs in the world occur at <a href="/wiki/Jasmund_National_Park" title="Jasmund National Park">Jasmund National Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and at <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B8ns_Klint" title="Møns Klint">Møns Klint</a> in <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chalk deposits are also found in Cretaceous beds on other continents, such as the <a href="/wiki/Austin_Chalk" title="Austin Chalk">Austin Chalk</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-austin-chalk_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-austin-chalk-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Selma_Group" title="Selma Group">Selma Group</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Niobrara_Formation" title="Niobrara Formation">Niobrara Formations</a> of the North American interior.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chalk is also found in western Egypt (Khoman Formation)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and western Australia (<a href="/wiki/Miria_Formation" title="Miria Formation">Miria Formation</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chalk of <a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a> to <a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">Neogene</a> age has been found in <a href="/wiki/Core_sample" title="Core sample">drill cores</a> of rock under the Pacific Ocean at Stewart Arch in the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODP2001_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODP2001-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are layers of chalk, containing <i><a href="/wiki/Globorotalia" title="Globorotalia">Globorotalia</a></i>, in the Nicosia Formation of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, which formed during the <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mesaoria2018_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mesaoria2018-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mining">Mining</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chalk&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chalk_mining" title="Chalk mining">Chalk mining</a></div> <p>Chalk is <a href="/wiki/Chalk_mining" title="Chalk mining">mined</a> from chalk deposits both above ground and <a href="/wiki/Underground_mining_(hard_rock)" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground mining (hard rock)">underground</a>. Chalk mining boomed during the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, due to the need for chalk products such as <a href="/wiki/Quicklime" class="mw-redirect" title="Quicklime">quicklime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">bricks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mines_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mines-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chalk&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colored_chalks_(3391214973).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Colored_chalks_%283391214973%29.jpg/220px-Colored_chalks_%283391214973%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Colored_chalks_%283391214973%29.jpg/330px-Colored_chalks_%283391214973%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Colored_chalks_%283391214973%29.jpg/440px-Colored_chalks_%283391214973%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Chalk in different colors</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chalk-Sidewalk-Art-0092.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Chalk-Sidewalk-Art-0092.jpg/250px-Chalk-Sidewalk-Art-0092.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Chalk-Sidewalk-Art-0092.jpg/330px-Chalk-Sidewalk-Art-0092.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Chalk-Sidewalk-Art-0092.jpg/500px-Chalk-Sidewalk-Art-0092.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1872" /></a><figcaption>Child drawing with <a href="/wiki/Sidewalk_chalk" title="Sidewalk chalk">sidewalk chalk</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Most people first encounter chalk in school where it refers to <a href="/wiki/Blackboard" title="Blackboard">blackboard chalk</a>, which was originally made of mineral chalk, since it readily crumbles and leaves particles that stick loosely to rough surfaces, allowing it to make writing that can be readily erased. Blackboard chalk manufacturers now may use mineral chalk, other <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">mineral sources</a> of calcium carbonate, or the mineral <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Calcium_sulfate" title="Calcium sulfate">calcium sulfate</a>). While gypsum-based blackboard chalk is the lowest cost to produce, and thus widely used in the <a href="/wiki/Developing_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing world">developing world</a>, use of carbonate-based chalk produces larger particles and thus less dust, and it is marketed as "dustless chalk".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-geology_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geology-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coloured chalks, pastel chalks, and <a href="/wiki/Sidewalk_chalk" title="Sidewalk chalk">sidewalk chalk</a> (shaped into larger sticks and often coloured), used to draw on <a href="/wiki/Sidewalk" title="Sidewalk">sidewalks</a>, streets, and <a href="/wiki/Driveway" title="Driveway">driveways</a>, are primarily made of gypsum rather than calcium carbonate chalk.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hojer_jan_0429.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hojer_jan_0429.JPG/250px-Hojer_jan_0429.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hojer_jan_0429.JPG/330px-Hojer_jan_0429.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hojer_jan_0429.JPG/500px-Hojer_jan_0429.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Climber <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hojer" title="Jan Hojer">Jan Hojer</a> blows surplus chalk from his hand.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_carbonate" title="Magnesium carbonate">Magnesium carbonate</a> chalk is commonly used as a drying agent to obtain better grip by gymnasts and rock climbers. </p><p>Glazing <a href="/wiki/Putty" title="Putty">putty</a> mainly contains chalk as a filler in <a href="/wiki/Linseed_oil" title="Linseed oil">linseed oil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chalk and other forms of limestone may be used for their properties as a <a href="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">base</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlattMiddletonMurray1980445_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattMiddletonMurray1980445-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chalk is a source of <a href="/wiki/Quicklime" class="mw-redirect" title="Quicklime">quicklime</a> by <a href="/wiki/Thermal_decomposition" title="Thermal decomposition">thermal decomposition</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Slaked_lime" class="mw-redirect" title="Slaked lime">slaked lime</a> following <a href="/wiki/Quenching" title="Quenching">quenching</a> of quicklime with water.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, chalk is used for raising <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> in soils with high <a href="/wiki/Acidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Acidity">acidity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oates2008_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oates2008-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Small doses of chalk can also be used as an <a href="/wiki/Antacid" title="Antacid">antacid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the small particles of chalk make it a substance ideal for cleaning and polishing. For example, toothpaste commonly contains small amounts of chalk, which serves as a mild <a href="/wiki/Abrasive" title="Abrasive">abrasive</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polishing chalk is chalk prepared with a carefully controlled grain size, for very fine polishing of metals.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>French chalk (also known as tailor's chalk) is traditionally a hard chalk used to make temporary markings on cloth, mainly by <a href="/wiki/Tailor" title="Tailor">tailors</a>. It is now usually made of <a href="/wiki/Talc" title="Talc">talc</a> (magnesium silicate).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chalk beds form important <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_reservoir" title="Petroleum reservoir">petroleum reservoirs</a> in the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and along the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf Coast">Gulf Coast</a> of North America.<sup id="cite_ref-austin-chalk_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-austin-chalk-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Previous_uses">Previous uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chalk&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Previous uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In southeast England, <a href="/wiki/Denehole" title="Denehole">deneholes</a> are a notable example of ancient chalk pits. Such <a href="/wiki/Bell_pit" title="Bell pit">bell pits</a> may also mark the sites of ancient <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a> mines, where the prime object was to remove flint <a href="/wiki/Nodule_(geology)" title="Nodule (geology)">nodules</a> for <a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">stone tool</a> manufacture. The surface remains at <a href="/wiki/Cissbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Cissbury">Cissbury</a> are one such example, but perhaps the most famous is the extensive complex at <a href="/wiki/Grimes_Graves" class="mw-redirect" title="Grimes Graves">Grimes Graves</a> in <a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chalk was traditionally used in recreation. In field sports, such as tennis played on grass, powdered chalk was used to mark the boundary lines of the playing field or court. If a ball hits the line, a cloud of chalk or pigment dust will be visible. In recent years, powdered chalk has been replaced with <a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">titanium dioxide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In gymnastics, rock-climbing, weightlifting and <a href="/wiki/Tug_of_war" title="Tug of war">tug of war</a>, chalk — now usually <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_carbonate" title="Magnesium carbonate">magnesium carbonate</a> — is applied to the hands and feet to remove perspiration and reduce slipping.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chalk may also be used as a house construction material instead of <a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">brick</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wattle_and_daub" title="Wattle and daub">wattle and daub</a>: quarried chalk was cut into blocks and used as <a href="/wiki/Ashlar" title="Ashlar">ashlar</a>, or loose chalk was rammed into blocks and laid in mortar.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are still houses standing which have been constructed using chalk as the main building material. Most are pre-<a href="/wiki/Victorian_architecture" title="Victorian architecture">Victorian</a> though a few are more recent.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A mixture of chalk and <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> can be used as <a href="/wiki/Fingerprint_powder" title="Fingerprint powder">fingerprint powder</a>. However, because of the toxicity of the mercury, the use of such mixtures for fingerprinting was abandoned in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chalk&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackboard" title="Blackboard">Blackboard</a> – Reusable writing surface</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalk_carving" title="Chalk carving">Chalk carving</a> – Method of shaping chalk</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalk_line" title="Chalk line">Chalk line</a> – Tool for marking straight lines</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalk_stream" title="Chalk stream">Chalk stream</a> – Rivers rising from chalk bedrock</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalking_the_door" title="Chalking the door">Chalking the door</a> – Christian tradition of blessing one's home</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalking_the_door_(eviction)" title="Chalking the door (eviction)">Chalking the door (eviction)</a> – Scottish legal practice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalk_(military)" title="Chalk (military)">Chalk (military)</a> – Military term for a group of paratroopers that deploys from a single aircraft</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_chalk" class="mw-redirect" title="Climbing chalk">Climbing chalk</a> – Powder used to improve grip of the hands</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clunch" title="Clunch">Clunch</a> – Traditional building material of chalky limestone rock</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_figure" title="Hill figure">Hill figure</a> – Type of landscape design</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastel" title="Pastel">Pastel</a> – Powdered-pigment-based art medium</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanguine" title="Sanguine">Sanguine</a> – Colored chalk variant</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_limestone" title="List of types of limestone">List of types of limestone</a> – Limestone deposits listed by location</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warchalking" title="Warchalking">Warchalking</a> – Graffiti indicating open Wi-Fi</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chalk&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-jackson-1997-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jackson-1997_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jackson-1997_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJackson1997" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Julia A., ed. 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"Prehistoric flint mines and their identification as sources of raw material". <i>Archaeometry</i>. <b>14</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">151–</span>176. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-4754.1972.tb00061.x">10.1111/j.1475-4754.1972.tb00061.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeometry&rft.atitle=Prehistoric+flint+mines+and+their+identification+as+sources+of+raw+material&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E151-%3C%2Fspan%3E176&rft.date=1972-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1475-4754.1972.tb00061.x&rft.aulast=Sieveking&rft.aufirst=G.+De+G.&rft.au=Bush%2C+P.&rft.au=Ferguson%2C+J.&rft.au=Craddock%2C+P.+T.&rft.au=Hughes%2C+M.+J.&rft.au=Cowell%2C+M.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsc.org/learn-chemistry/content/filerepository/CMP/00/001/020/TeacherResource%20Weightlifting.pdf?v=1356513839795">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192539/http://www.rsc.org/learn-chemistry/content/filerepository/CMP/00/001/020/TeacherResource%20Weightlifting.pdf?v=1356513839795">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 29 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsc.org%2Flearn-chemistry%2Fcontent%2Ffilerepository%2FCMP%2F00%2F001%2F020%2FTeacherResource%2520Weightlifting.pdf%3Fv%3D1356513839795&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalk" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaconRyanWingoRichardson2018" class="citation journal cs1">Bacon, N. T.; Ryan, G. A.; Wingo, J. E.; Richardson, M. T.; Pangallo, T.; Bishop, P. A. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5841679">"Effect of Magnesium Carbonate Use on Repeated Open-Handed and Pinch Grip Weight-Assisted Pull-Ups"</a>. <i>International Journal of Exercise Science</i>. <b>11</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">479–</span>492. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5841679">5841679</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29541333">29541333</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Exercise+Science&rft.atitle=Effect+of+Magnesium+Carbonate+Use+on+Repeated+Open-Handed+and+Pinch+Grip+Weight-Assisted+Pull-Ups&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E479-%3C%2Fspan%3E492&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5841679%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29541333&rft.aulast=Bacon&rft.aufirst=N.+T.&rft.au=Ryan%2C+G.+A.&rft.au=Wingo%2C+J.+E.&rft.au=Richardson%2C+M.+T.&rft.au=Pangallo%2C+T.&rft.au=Bishop%2C+P.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5841679&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalker2005" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Peter; et al. (2005). <i>Rammed earth: design and construction guidelines</i>. Bracknell, England: <a href="/wiki/Building_Research_Establishment" title="Building Research Establishment">Building Research Establishment</a>. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781860817342" title="Special:BookSources/9781860817342"><bdi>9781860817342</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rammed+earth%3A+design+and+construction+guidelines&rft.place=Bracknell%2C+England&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Building+Research+Establishment&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781860817342&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhitaker1872" class="citation book cs1">Whitaker, William (1872). <i>Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain</i>. Vol. 4. London: Longmans, Green. p. 389. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2531996">2531996</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+the+Geological+Survey+of+Great+Britain&rft.place=London&rft.pages=389&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green&rft.date=1872&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2531996&rft.aulast=Whitaker&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEaston1996" class="citation book cs1">Easton, David (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rammedearthhouse0000east/page/15"><i>The Rammed Earth House</i></a></span>. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rammedearthhouse0000east/page/15">15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780930031794" title="Special:BookSources/9780930031794"><bdi>9780930031794</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rammed+Earth+House&rft.place=White+River+Junction%2C+VT&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Chelsea+Green+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780930031794&rft.aulast=Easton&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frammedearthhouse0000east%2Fpage%2F15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSodhiKaur2001" class="citation journal cs1">Sodhi, G.S.; Kaur, J. (September 2001). "Powder method for detecting latent fingerprints: a review". <i>Forensic Science International</i>. <b>120</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">172–</span>176. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0379-0738%2800%2900465-5">10.1016/S0379-0738(00)00465-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11473799">11473799</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forensic+Science+International&rft.atitle=Powder+method+for+detecting+latent+fingerprints%3A+a+review&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E172-%3C%2Fspan%3E176&rft.date=2001-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0379-0738%2800%2900465-5&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11473799&rft.aulast=Sodhi&rft.aufirst=G.S.&rft.au=Kaur%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chalk&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chalk" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chalk">Chalk</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGordon2021" class="citation web cs1">Gordon, Helen (23 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2021/feb/23/rock-of-ages-how-chalk-made-england-geology-white-cliffs">"Rock of ages: How chalk made England"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. Adapted from <i>Notes From Deep Time: A Journey Through Our Past and Future Worlds</i> by Helen Gordon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Rock+of+ages%3A+How+chalk+made+England&rft.date=2021-02-23&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F2021%2Ffeb%2F23%2Frock-of-ages-how-chalk-made-england-geology-white-cliffs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalk" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090607085758/http://www.geographyinaction.co.uk/Landscapes/Landscapes_WhiteRocks.html">"Landscapes"</a>. <i>White Rocks</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geographyinaction.co.uk/Landscapes/Landscapes_WhiteRocks.html">the original</a> on 7 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=White+Rocks&rft.atitle=Landscapes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geographyinaction.co.uk%2FLandscapes%2FLandscapes_WhiteRocks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalk" class="Z3988"></span> The "White Rocks" is the name given to cliffs to the east of Portrush in County Antrim, Northern Ireland.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rock_type" title="Template:Rock type"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rock_type" title="Template talk:Rock type"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rock_type" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rock type"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_rocks88" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of rocks</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">Igneous rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adakite" title="Adakite">Adakite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_feldspar_granite" title="Alkali feldspar granite">Alkali feldspar granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">Andesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anorthosite" title="Anorthosite">Anorthosite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aplite" title="Aplite">Aplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">Basalt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_basalt" title="Alkali basalt">Alkali basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picrite_basalt" title="Picrite basalt">Picrite basalt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basaltic_trachyandesite" class="mw-redirect" title="Basaltic trachyandesite">Basaltic trachyandesite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mugearite" title="Mugearite">Mugearite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshonite" title="Shoshonite">Shoshonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basanite" title="Basanite">Basanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blairmorite" title="Blairmorite">Blairmorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boninite" title="Boninite">Boninite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonatite" title="Carbonatite">Carbonatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charnockite" title="Charnockite">Charnockite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enderbite" title="Enderbite">Enderbite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacite" title="Dacite">Dacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabase" title="Diabase">Diabase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diorite" title="Diorite">Diorite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonite" title="Napoleonite">Napoleonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunite" title="Dunite">Dunite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essexite" title="Essexite">Essexite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foidolite" title="Foidolite">Foidolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabbro" title="Gabbro">Gabbro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granodiorite" title="Granodiorite">Granodiorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granophyre" title="Granophyre">Granophyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harzburgite" title="Harzburgite">Harzburgite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornblendite" title="Hornblendite">Hornblendite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaloclastite" title="Hyaloclastite">Hyaloclastite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandite" title="Icelandite">Icelandite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignimbrite" title="Ignimbrite">Ignimbrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijolite" title="Ijolite">Ijolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberlite" title="Kimberlite">Kimberlite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komatiite" title="Komatiite">Komatiite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamproite" title="Lamproite">Lamproite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamprophyre" title="Lamprophyre">Lamprophyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latite" title="Latite">Latite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lherzolite" title="Lherzolite">Lherzolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monzogranite" title="Monzogranite">Monzogranite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monzonite" title="Monzonite">Monzonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepheline_syenite" title="Nepheline syenite">Nepheline syenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephelinite" title="Nephelinite">Nephelinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norite" title="Norite">Norite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegmatite" title="Pegmatite">Pegmatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peridotite" title="Peridotite">Peridotite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonolite" title="Phonolite">Phonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonotephrite" title="Phonotephrite">Phonotephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(geology)" title="Porphyry (geology)">Porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">Pumice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroxenite" title="Pyroxenite">Pyroxenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_diorite" title="Quartz diorite">Quartz diorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_monzonite" title="Quartz monzonite">Quartz monzonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartzolite" title="Quartzolite">Quartzolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyodacite" title="Rhyodacite">Rhyodacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">Rhyolite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comendite" title="Comendite">Comendite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantellerite" title="Pantellerite">Pantellerite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoria" title="Scoria">Scoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shonkinite" title="Shonkinite">Shonkinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovite" title="Sovite">Sovite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syenite" title="Syenite">Syenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachylyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Tachylyte">Tachylyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephriphonolite" title="Tephriphonolite">Tephriphonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephrite" title="Tephrite">Tephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonalite" title="Tonalite">Tonalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyandesite" title="Trachyandesite">Trachyandesite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benmoreite" title="Benmoreite">Benmoreite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachybasalt" title="Trachybasalt">Trachybasalt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiite" title="Hawaiite">Hawaiite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyte" title="Trachyte">Trachyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troctolite" title="Troctolite">Troctolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trondhjemite" title="Trondhjemite">Trondhjemite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">Tuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Websterite" title="Websterite">Websterite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wehrlite" title="Wehrlite">Wehrlite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">Sedimentary rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argillite" title="Argillite">Argillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkose" title="Arkose">Arkose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banded_iron_formation" title="Banded iron formation">Banded iron formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breccia" title="Breccia">Breccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcarenite" title="Calcarenite">Calcarenite</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chert" title="Chert">Chert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claystone" class="mw-redirect" title="Claystone">Claystone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(geology)" title="Conglomerate (geology)">Conglomerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coquina" title="Coquina">Coquina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamictite" title="Diamictite">Diamictite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomite" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatomite">Diatomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">Dolomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">Evaporite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geyserite" title="Geyserite">Geyserite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greywacke" title="Greywacke">Greywacke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gritstone" title="Gritstone">Gritstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itacolumite" title="Itacolumite">Itacolumite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaspillite" title="Jaspillite">Jaspillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laterite" title="Laterite">Laterite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">Lignite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">Limestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumachelle" title="Lumachelle">Lumachelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marl" title="Marl">Marl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudstone" title="Mudstone">Mudstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">Oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oolite" title="Oolite">Oolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorite" title="Phosphorite">Phosphorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">Sandstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">Shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siltstone" title="Siltstone">Siltstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvinite" title="Sylvinite">Sylvinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tillite" class="mw-redirect" title="Tillite">Tillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travertine" title="Travertine">Travertine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufa" title="Tufa">Tufa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidite" title="Turbidite">Turbidite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varve" title="Varve">Varve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wackestone" title="Wackestone">Wackestone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">Metamorphic rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthracite" title="Anthracite">Anthracite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibolite" title="Amphibolite">Amphibolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueschist" title="Blueschist">Blueschist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclasite" title="Cataclasite">Cataclasite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclogite" title="Eclogite">Eclogite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">Gneiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granulite" title="Granulite">Granulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenschist" title="Greenschist">Greenschist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornfels" title="Hornfels">Hornfels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcflinta" title="Calcflinta">Calcflinta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itabirite" title="Itabirite">Itabirite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litchfieldite" title="Litchfieldite">Litchfieldite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">Marble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migmatite" title="Migmatite">Migmatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylonite" title="Mylonite">Mylonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Metapelite">Metapelite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metapsammite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metapsammite (page does not exist)">Metapsammite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllite" title="Phyllite">Phyllite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudotachylite" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudotachylite">Pseudotachylite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">Quartzite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">Schist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpentinite" title="Serpentinite">Serpentinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skarn" title="Skarn">Skarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">Slate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suevite" title="Suevite">Suevite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talc_carbonate" title="Talc carbonate">Talc carbonate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soapstone" title="Soapstone">Soapstone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonite" title="Tectonite">Tectonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteschist" title="Whiteschist">Whiteschist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Adamellite">Adamellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appinite" title="Appinite">Appinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphanite" title="Aphanite">Aphanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borolanite" title="Borolanite">Borolanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larvikite" title="Larvikite">Blue Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidosite" title="Epidosite">Epidosite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felsite" title="Felsite">Felsite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganister" title="Ganister">Ganister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gossan" title="Gossan">Gossan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaloclastite" title="Hyaloclastite">Hyaloclastite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijolite" title="Ijolite">Ijolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadeitite" title="Jadeitite">Jadeitite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasperoid" title="Jasperoid">Jasperoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyte" title="Kenyte">Kenyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">Lapis lazuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larvikite" title="Larvikite">Larvikite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litchfieldite" title="Litchfieldite">Litchfieldite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llanite" title="Llanite">Llanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxullianite" title="Luxullianite">Luxullianite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangerite" title="Mangerite">Mangerite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novaculite" title="Novaculite">Novaculite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietersite" title="Pietersite">Pietersite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrolite" title="Pyrolite">Pyrolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapakivi_granite" title="Rapakivi granite">Rapakivi granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhomb_porphyry" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhomb porphyry">Rhomb porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodingite" title="Rodingite">Rodingite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shonkinite" title="Shonkinite">Shonkinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taconite" title="Taconite">Taconite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachylite" title="Tachylite">Tachylite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teschenite" title="Teschenite">Teschenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theralite" title="Theralite">Theralite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unakite" title="Unakite">Unakite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variolite" title="Variolite">Variolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wad_(mineral)" title="Wad (mineral)">Wad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox698" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183670#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="křída (hornina)"><a rel="nofollow" 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