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id="toc-Early_life_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life and education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_scientific_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_scientific_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early scientific work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_scientific_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lavoisier_as_a_social_reformer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lavoisier_as_a_social_reformer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Lavoisier as a social reformer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lavoisier_as_a_social_reformer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Research_benefitting_the_public_good" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_benefitting_the_public_good"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Research benefitting the public good</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_benefitting_the_public_good-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sponsorship_of_the_sciences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sponsorship_of_the_sciences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Sponsorship of the sciences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sponsorship_of_the_sciences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ferme_générale_and_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ferme_générale_and_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Ferme générale and marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ferme_générale_and_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adulteration_of_tobacco" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adulteration_of_tobacco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Adulteration of tobacco</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adulteration_of_tobacco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_Commission_on_Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_Commission_on_Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Royal Commission on Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_Commission_on_Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gunpowder_Commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gunpowder_Commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Gunpowder Commission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gunpowder_Commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-During_the_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#During_the_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>During the Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-During_the_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_days_and_execution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_days_and_execution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Final days and execution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_days_and_execution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exoneration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exoneration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1</span> <span>Exoneration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exoneration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blinking_experiment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blinking_experiment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.2</span> <span>Blinking experiment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blinking_experiment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contributions_to_chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contributions_to_chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Contributions to chemistry</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contributions_to_chemistry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contributions to chemistry subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contributions_to_chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oxygen_theory_of_combustion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxygen_theory_of_combustion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Oxygen theory of combustion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxygen_theory_of_combustion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Joseph_Black's_"fixed_air"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joseph_Black's_"fixed_air""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Joseph Black's "fixed air"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joseph_Black's_"fixed_air"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Joseph_Priestley" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joseph_Priestley"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Joseph Priestley</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joseph_Priestley-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pioneer_of_stoichiometry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pioneer_of_stoichiometry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Pioneer of stoichiometry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pioneer_of_stoichiometry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_nomenclature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_nomenclature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Chemical nomenclature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_nomenclature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_revolution_and_opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_revolution_and_opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Chemical revolution and opposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_revolution_and_opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notable works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Easter_memoir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Easter_memoir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Easter memoir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Easter_memoir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dismantling_phlogiston_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dismantling_phlogiston_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Dismantling phlogiston theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dismantling_phlogiston_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elementary_Treatise_of_Chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elementary_Treatise_of_Chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span><i>Elementary Treatise of Chemistry</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elementary_Treatise_of_Chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physiological_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physiological_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Physiological work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physiological_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Awards and honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Selected writings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Selected_writings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Selected writings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Selected_writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_translation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_translation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>In translation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_translation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Available in 106 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-106" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">106 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Antoine Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%87" title="أنطوان لافوازييه – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أنطوان لافوازييه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Antoine Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Antoine Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Antoine Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antuan_Loran_Lavuazye" title="Antuan Loran Lavuazye – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Antuan Loran Lavuazye" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%87" title="آنتوان لاووازیه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آنتوان لاووازیه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87" title="অঁতোয়ান লাভোয়াজিয়ে – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অঁতোয়ান লাভোয়াজিয়ে" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Antoine Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Антуан Ларан Лавуазье – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Антуан Ларан Лавуазье" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%8F%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Антуан Лявуазье – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Антуан Лявуазье" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Antoine Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Антоан Лавоазие – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Антоан Лавоазие" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Antoine Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Antoine Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Antoine Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Antoine Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Antoine Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Antoine Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A4%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%8A" title="أنطوان لاڤوازيي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="أنطوان لاڤوازيي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Laurent_de_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Laurent de Lavoisier – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Antoine Laurent de Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Antoine Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AC%CE%BD_%CE%9B%CF%89%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BD_%CE%9B%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B1%CE%B6%CE%B9%CE%AD" title="Αντουάν Λωράν Λαβουαζιέ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αντουάν Λωράν Λαβουαζιέ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Antoine Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Antoine Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Antoine Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antoine Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%87" title="آنتوان لاووازیه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آنتوان لاووازیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Antoine Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Antoine Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Antoine Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Antoine Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%82%E9%90%B8%E9%A1%8F%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E8%89%BE%E7%AF%80" title="昂鐸顏·拉艾節 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="昂鐸顏·拉艾節" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%99%ED%88%AC%EC%95%88_%EB%9D%BC%EB%B6%80%EC%95%84%EC%A7%80%EC%97%90" title="앙투안 라부아지에 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="앙투안 라부아지에" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%BC%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%A5" title="Անտուան Լորան Լավուազիե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անտուան Լորան Լավուազիե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="एंटोनी लेवोज़ियर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एंटोनी लेवोज़ियर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Laurent_de_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Laurent de Lavoisier – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Antoine Laurent de Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Antoine Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Antoine Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Antoine Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine-Laurent_de_Lavoisier" title="Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%95%D7%90%D7%96%D7%99%D7%94" title="אנטואן לבואזיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנטואן לבואזיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Antoine Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%86" title="ಆಂಟಿನ್ ಲಾರೆಂಟ್ ಲವಾಸಿಯೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಂಟಿನ್ ಲಾರೆಂಟ್ ಲವಾಸಿಯೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%94" title="ანტუან ლავუაზიე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ანტუან ლავუაზიე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Антуан Лавуазье – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Антуан Лавуазье" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Antoine Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Antoine Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonius_Lavoisierius" title="Antonius Lavoisierius – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Antonius Lavoisierius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antu%C4%81ns_Lavuazj%C4%93" title="Antuāns Lavuazjē – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Antuāns Lavuazjē" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Antoine Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Antoine Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Antoine Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Antoine Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Antoine Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Антоан Лавоазје – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Антоан Лавоазје" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Antoine Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%86" title="ആന്റ്വാൻ ലാവോസിയെ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആന്റ്വാൻ ലാവോസിയെ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87" title="आँत्वान लेवॉइझिये – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आँत्वान लेवॉइझिये" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%94" title="ანტუან ლავუაზიე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ანტუან ლავუაზიე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%87" title="انطوان لافوازييه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="انطوان لافوازييه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%87" title="آنتوان لاوازیه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آنتوان لاوازیه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Antoine Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Antoine Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Антуан-Лоран Лавуазье – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Антуан-Лоран Лавуазье" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE_%E1%80%9C%E1%80%97%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC" title="အန်ထော်နီ လဗွိုင်စီယာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အန်ထော်နီ လဗွိုင်စီယာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Antoine Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8C%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A9%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A8" title="アントワーヌ・ラヴォアジエ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アントワーヌ・ラヴォアジエ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Antoine Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Antoine Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine-Laurent_Lavoisier" title="Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Antoine Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Antoine Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%94%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%8F" title="ਔਂਤੁਆਨ ਲੈਵੁਆਜ਼ੀਏ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਔਂਤੁਆਨ ਲੈਵੁਆਜ਼ੀਏ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B2%D8%B1" title="لیوائزر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لیوائزر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Antoine Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Antoine Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Antoine Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Antoine Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%B5,_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Лавуазье, Антуан Лоран – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лавуазье, Антуан Лоран" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antu-wan.lulun.lawaciy" title="Antu-wan.lulun.lawaciy – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Antu-wan.lulun.lawaciy" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Antoine Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Laurent_de_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Laurent de Lavoisier – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Antoine Laurent de Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Antoine Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="انتوائن ليوازئي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="انتوائن ليوازئي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Laurent_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Laurent Lavoisier – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Antoine Laurent Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Antoine Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A4%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%DB%8E" title="ئانتوان لاڤوازیێ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئانتوان لاڤوازیێ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Антоан Лавоазје – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Антоан Лавоазје" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Antoine Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Laurent_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Laurent Lavoisier – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Antoine Laurent Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Antoine Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Antoine Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Antoine Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%87" title="அந்துவான் இலவாசியே – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அந்துவான் இலவாசியே" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="ఆంటోనీ లావోయిజర్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆంటోనీ లావోయిజర్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2" title="อ็องตวน ลาวัวซีเย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อ็องตวน ลาวัวซีเย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Antoine Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8C%D1%94" title="Антуан Лоран Лавуазьє – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Антуан Лоран Лавуазьє" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%B9_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A6%D8%B2%D8%B1" title="انتونی لائرنٹ لاوئزر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انتونی لائرنٹ لاوئزر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Antoine Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Antoine Lavoisier" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%89%98%E4%B8%87-%E6%B4%9B%E6%9C%97%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E7%93%A6%E9%94%A1" title="安托万-洛朗·德·拉瓦锡 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="安托万-洛朗·德·拉瓦锡" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a 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title="Lavoisier">Lavoisier</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French nobleman and chemist (1743–1794)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Lavoisier" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Lavoisier_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Lavoisier (disambiguation)">Lavoisier (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:David_-_Portrait_of_Monsieur_Lavoisier_(cropped)2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/David_-_Portrait_of_Monsieur_Lavoisier_%28cropped%292.jpg/220px-David_-_Portrait_of_Monsieur_Lavoisier_%28cropped%292.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/David_-_Portrait_of_Monsieur_Lavoisier_%28cropped%292.jpg/330px-David_-_Portrait_of_Monsieur_Lavoisier_%28cropped%292.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/David_-_Portrait_of_Monsieur_Lavoisier_%28cropped%292.jpg/440px-David_-_Portrait_of_Monsieur_Lavoisier_%28cropped%292.jpg 2x" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="1140" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Detail from <i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Antoine-Laurent_Lavoisier_and_his_Wife" title="Portrait of Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier and his Wife">Portrait of Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier and his Wife</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David" title="Jacques-Louis David">Jacques-Louis David</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1743-08-26</span>)</span>26 August 1743<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">8 May 1794<span style="display:none">(1794-05-08)</span> (aged 50)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Paris, <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">France</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data">Execution by <a href="/wiki/Guillotine" title="Guillotine">guillotine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Paris" title="Catacombs of Paris">Catacombs of Paris</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_des_Quatre-Nations" title="Collège des Quatre-Nations">Collège des Quatre-Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base_reaction" title="Acid–base reaction">Acids and bases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Calorimetry" title="Calorimetry">Calorimetry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">Carbon cycle</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elemental_analysis" title="Elemental analysis">Elemental analysis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_holder" title="Gas holder">Gasometer</a></li><li>Identified <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a></li><li>Identified <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">Redox reactions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Stoichiometry" title="Stoichiometry">Stoichiometry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_conservation_of_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of conservation of mass">Law of conservation of mass</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Thermochemistry" title="Thermochemistry">Thermochemistry</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Marie-Anne_Paulze_Lavoisier" title="Marie-Anne Paulze Lavoisier">Marie-Anne Paulze Lavoisier</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1771)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category">Biologist, chemist</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89leuth%C3%A8re_Ir%C3%A9n%C3%A9e_du_Pont" title="Éleuthère Irénée du Pont">Éleuthère Irénée du Pont</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antoine_Lavoisier_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Antoine_Lavoisier_Signature.svg/150px-Antoine_Lavoisier_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Antoine_Lavoisier_Signature.svg/225px-Antoine_Lavoisier_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Antoine_Lavoisier_Signature.svg/300px-Antoine_Lavoisier_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="303" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">lə-<span style="font-size:90%">VWAH</span>-zee-ay</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ɑ̃twan<span class="wrap"> </span>lɔʁɑ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>də<span class="wrap"> </span>lavwazje]</a></span>; 26 August 1743 – 8 May 1794),<sup id="cite_ref-cnrs_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnrs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also <b>Antoine Lavoisier</b> after the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, was a <a href="/wiki/French_nobleman" class="mw-redirect" title="French nobleman">French nobleman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemist</a> who was central to the 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Chemical_revolution" title="Chemical revolution">chemical revolution</a> and who had a large influence on both the <a href="/wiki/History_of_chemistry" title="History of chemistry">history of chemistry</a> and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">history of biology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwinger_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwinger-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is generally accepted that Lavoisier's great accomplishments in chemistry stem largely from his changing the science from a <a href="/wiki/Analytical_chemistry#Classical_methods" title="Analytical chemistry">qualitative</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Quantitative_analysis_(chemistry)" title="Quantitative analysis (chemistry)">quantitative</a> one. Lavoisier is most noted for his discovery of the role <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> plays in <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a>. He named oxygen (1778), recognizing it as an element, and also recognized <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> as an element (1783), opposing the <a href="/wiki/Phlogiston_theory" title="Phlogiston theory">phlogiston theory</a>. Lavoisier helped construct the <a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">metric system</a>, wrote the first extensive <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_periodic_table#Antoine-Laurent_de_Lavoisier" title="History of the periodic table">list of elements</a>, and helped to reform <a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">chemical nomenclature</a>. He predicted the existence of <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> (1787)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and discovered that, although <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">matter</a> may change its form or shape, <a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_mass" title="Conservation of mass">its mass always remains the same</a>. His wife and laboratory assistant, <a href="/wiki/Marie-Anne_Paulze_Lavoisier" title="Marie-Anne Paulze Lavoisier">Marie-Anne Paulze Lavoisier</a>, became a renowned chemist in her own right. </p><p>Lavoisier was a powerful member of a number of <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">aristocratic</a> councils, and an administrator of the <i><a href="/wiki/Ferme_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale" title="Ferme générale">Ferme générale</a></i>. The <i>Ferme générale</i> was one of the most hated components of the <i><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></i> because of the profits it took at the expense of the state, the secrecy of the terms of its contracts, and the violence of its armed agents.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of these political and economic activities enabled him to fund his scientific research. At the height of the French Revolution, he was charged with tax fraud and selling adulterated <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>, and was <a href="/wiki/Guillotine" title="Guillotine">guillotined</a> despite appeals to spare his life in recognition of his contributions to science. A year and a half later, he was exonerated by the French government. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Institut_de_France,_Paris_13_June_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Institut_de_France%2C_Paris_13_June_2017.jpg/220px-Institut_de_France%2C_Paris_13_June_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Institut_de_France%2C_Paris_13_June_2017.jpg/330px-Institut_de_France%2C_Paris_13_June_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Institut_de_France%2C_Paris_13_June_2017.jpg/440px-Institut_de_France%2C_Paris_13_June_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4676" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_des_Quatre-Nations" title="Collège des Quatre-Nations">Collège des Quatre-Nations</a></i> in Paris</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h3></div> <p>Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier was born to a wealthy family of the nobility in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> on 26 August 1743. The son of an attorney at the <a href="/wiki/Parlement" title="Parlement">Parlement of Paris</a>, he inherited a large fortune at the age of five upon the death of his mother.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lavoisier began his schooling at the <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_des_Quatre-Nations" title="Collège des Quatre-Nations">Collège des Quatre-Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a> (also known as the Collège Mazarin) in Paris in 1754 at the age of 11. In his last two years (1760–1761) at the school, his scientific interests were aroused, and he studied <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>. In the philosophy class he came under the tutelage of <a href="/wiki/Abb%C3%A9_Nicolas_Louis_de_Lacaille" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbé Nicolas Louis de Lacaille">Abbé Nicolas Louis de Lacaille</a>, a distinguished mathematician and observational astronomer who imbued the young Lavoisier with an interest in meteorological observation, an enthusiasm which never left him. Lavoisier entered the school of law, where he received a bachelor's degree in 1763 and a licentiate in 1764. Lavoisier received a <a href="/wiki/Law_degree" title="Law degree">law degree</a> and was admitted to the <a href="/wiki/Bar_association" title="Bar association">bar</a>, but never practiced as a lawyer. However, he continued his scientific education in his spare time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_scientific_work">Early scientific work</h3></div> <p>Lavoisier's education was filled with the ideals of the French <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> of the time, and he was fascinated by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Macquer" title="Pierre Macquer">Pierre Macquer</a>'s dictionary of chemistry. He attended lectures in the natural sciences. Lavoisier's devotion and passion for chemistry were largely influenced by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Condillac" class="mw-redirect" title="Étienne Condillac">Étienne Condillac</a>, a prominent French scholar of the 18th century. His first chemical publication appeared in 1764. From 1763 to 1767, he studied geology under <a href="/wiki/Jean-%C3%89tienne_Guettard" title="Jean-Étienne Guettard">Jean-Étienne Guettard</a>. In collaboration with Guettard, Lavoisier worked on a geological survey of <a href="/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a> in June 1767. In 1764 he read his first paper to the <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences" title="French Academy of Sciences">French Academy of Sciences</a>, France's most elite scientific society, on the chemical and physical properties of <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a> (hydrated <a href="/wiki/Calcium_sulfate" title="Calcium sulfate">calcium sulfate</a>), and in 1766 he was awarded a gold medal by the King for an essay on the problems of urban <a href="/wiki/Street_lighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Street lighting">street lighting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1768 Lavoisier received a provisional appointment to the Academy of Sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-Yount_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yount-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1769, he worked on the first geological map of France. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lavoisier_as_a_social_reformer">Lavoisier as a social reformer</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lavoisier_humanexp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Lavoisier_humanexp.jpg/220px-Lavoisier_humanexp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Lavoisier_humanexp.jpg/330px-Lavoisier_humanexp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Lavoisier_humanexp.jpg/440px-Lavoisier_humanexp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="547" /></a><figcaption>Lavoisier conducting an experiment on respiration in the 1770s</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Research_benefitting_the_public_good">Research benefitting the public good</h4></div> <p>While Lavoisier is commonly known for his contributions to the sciences, he also dedicated a significant portion of his fortune and work toward benefitting the public.<sup id="cite_ref-Supplement_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Supplement-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bibliographic_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bibliographic-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bibliographic_P_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bibliographic_P-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lavoisier_in_the_year_one_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lavoisier_in_the_year_one-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lavoisier was a humanitarian—he cared deeply about the people in his country and often concerned himself with improving the livelihood of the population by agriculture, industry, and the sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-Bibliographic_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bibliographic-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first instance of this occurred in 1765, when he submitted an essay on improving urban street lighting to the French Academy of Sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-Bibliographic_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bibliographic-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bibliographic_P_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bibliographic_P-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lavoisier_in_the_year_one_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lavoisier_in_the_year_one-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three years later in 1768, he focused on a new project to design an aqueduct. The goal was to bring water from the <a href="/wiki/Yvette_(river)" title="Yvette (river)">river Yvette</a> into Paris so that the citizens could have clean drinking water. But, since the construction never commenced, he instead turned his focus to purifying the water from the Seine. This was the project that interested Lavoisier in the chemistry of water and public sanitation duties.<sup id="cite_ref-Lavoisier_in_the_year_one_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lavoisier_in_the_year_one-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, he was interested in air quality and spent some time studying the health risks associated with gunpowder's effect on the air.<sup id="cite_ref-Bibliographic_P_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bibliographic_P-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1772, he performed a study on how to reconstruct the Hôtel-Dieu hospital, after it had been damaged by fire, in a way that would allow proper ventilation and clean air throughout.<sup id="cite_ref-Lavoisier_in_the_year_one_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lavoisier_in_the_year_one-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time, the prisons in Paris were known to be largely unlivable and the prisoners' treatment inhumane.<sup id="cite_ref-Supplement_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Supplement-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lavoisier took part in investigations in 1780 (and again in 1791) on the hygiene in prisons and had made suggestions to improve living conditions, suggestions which were largely ignored.<sup id="cite_ref-Supplement_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Supplement-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lavoisier_in_the_year_one_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lavoisier_in_the_year_one-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once a part of the academy, Lavoisier also held his own competitions to push the direction of research towards bettering the public and his own work.<sup id="cite_ref-Bibliographic_P_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bibliographic_P-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sponsorship_of_the_sciences">Sponsorship of the sciences</h4></div> <p>Lavoisier had a vision of public education having roots in "scientific sociability" and philanthropy.<sup id="cite_ref-Bibliographic_P_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bibliographic_P-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lavoisier gained a vast majority of his income through buying stock in the <a href="/wiki/Ferme_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale" title="Ferme générale">General Farm</a>, which allowed him to work on science full-time, live comfortably, and allowed him to contribute financially to better the community.<sup id="cite_ref-Lavoisier_in_the_year_one_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lavoisier_in_the_year_one-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (It would also contribute to his demise during the <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a> many years later.<sup id="cite_ref-Antoine_Lavoisier_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antoine_Lavoisier-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>It was very difficult to secure public funding for the sciences at the time, and additionally not very financially profitable for the average scientist, so Lavoisier used his wealth to open a very expensive and sophisticated laboratory in France so that aspiring scientists could study without the barriers of securing funding for their research.<sup id="cite_ref-Supplement_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Supplement-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lavoisier_in_the_year_one_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lavoisier_in_the_year_one-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He also pushed for public education in the sciences. He founded two organizations, <a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycée">Lycée</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Lavoisier" class="extiw" title="fr:Lycée Lavoisier">fr</a>]</sup> and <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_et_M%C3%A9tiers" title="Musée des Arts et Métiers">Musée des Arts et Métiers</a>, which were created to serve as educational tools for the public. Funded by the wealthy and noble, the Lycée regularly taught courses to the public beginning in 1793.<sup id="cite_ref-Bibliographic_P_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bibliographic_P-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ferme_générale_and_marriage"><span id="Ferme_g.C3.A9n.C3.A9rale_and_marriage"></span>Ferme générale and marriage</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lavoisier_explaining_to_his_wife_the_result_of_his_experimen_Wellcome_V0018151.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Lavoisier_explaining_to_his_wife_the_result_of_his_experimen_Wellcome_V0018151.jpg/220px-Lavoisier_explaining_to_his_wife_the_result_of_his_experimen_Wellcome_V0018151.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Lavoisier_explaining_to_his_wife_the_result_of_his_experimen_Wellcome_V0018151.jpg/330px-Lavoisier_explaining_to_his_wife_the_result_of_his_experimen_Wellcome_V0018151.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Lavoisier_explaining_to_his_wife_the_result_of_his_experimen_Wellcome_V0018151.jpg/440px-Lavoisier_explaining_to_his_wife_the_result_of_his_experimen_Wellcome_V0018151.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1514" data-file-height="2371" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Lavoisier explaining to his wife the result of his experiments on air by Ernest Board</figcaption></figure> <p>At the age of 26, around the time he was elected to the Academy of Sciences, Lavoisier bought a share in the <i><a href="/wiki/Ferme_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale" title="Ferme générale">Ferme générale</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Tax_farming_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax farming (France)">tax farming</a> financial company which advanced the estimated tax revenue to the royal government in return for the right to collect the taxes. On behalf of the Ferme générale Lavoisier commissioned the building of a <a href="/wiki/Wall_of_the_Ferme_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale" title="Wall of the Ferme générale">wall</a> around Paris so that customs duties could be collected from those transporting goods into and out of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His participation in the collection of its taxes did not help his reputation when the <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a> began in France, as taxes and poor government reform were the primary motivators during the French Revolution. </p><p>Lavoisier consolidated his social and economic position when, in 1771 at age 28, he married <a href="/wiki/Marie-Anne_Pierrette_Paulze" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie-Anne Pierrette Paulze">Marie-Anne Pierrette Paulze</a>, the 13-year-old daughter of a senior member of the <i>Ferme générale</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-cnrs_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnrs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was to play an important part in Lavoisier's scientific career—notably, she translated English documents for him, including <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kirwan" title="Richard Kirwan">Richard Kirwan</a>'s <i>Essay on Phlogiston</i> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a>'s research. In addition, she assisted him in the laboratory and created many sketches and carved engravings of the laboratory instruments used by Lavoisier and his colleagues for their scientific works. Madame Lavoisier edited and published Antoine's memoirs (whether any English translations of those memoirs have survived is unknown as of today) and hosted parties at which eminent scientists discussed ideas and problems related to chemistry.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Antoine-Laurent_Lavoisier_and_his_wife" class="mw-redirect" title="Portrait of Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier and his wife">portrait of Antoine and Marie-Anne Lavoisier</a> was painted by the famed artist <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David" title="Jacques-Louis David">Jacques-Louis David</a>. Completed in 1788 on the eve of the Revolution, the painting was denied a customary public display at the <a href="/wiki/Salon_(Paris)" title="Salon (Paris)">Paris Salon</a> for fear that it might inflame anti-aristocratic passions.<sup id="cite_ref-Donovan_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donovan-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For three years following his entry into the <i>Ferme générale</i>, Lavoisier's scientific activity diminished somewhat, for much of his time was taken up with official <i>Ferme générale</i> business. He did, however, present one important memoir to the Academy of Sciences during this period, on the supposed conversion of water into earth by evaporation. By a very precise quantitative experiment, Lavoisier showed that the "earthy" sediment produced after long-continued reflux heating of water in a glass vessel was not due to a conversion of the water into earth but rather to the gradual disintegration of the inside of the glass vessel produced by the boiling water. He also attempted to introduce reforms in the French <a href="/wiki/Monetary_system" title="Monetary system">monetary</a> and taxation system to help the peasants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adulteration_of_tobacco">Adulteration of tobacco</h3></div> <p>The Farmers General held a monopoly of the production, import and sale of tobacco in France, and the taxes they levied on tobacco brought revenues of 30 million <a href="/wiki/French_livre" title="French livre">livres</a> a year. This revenue began to fall because of a growing black market in tobacco that was smuggled and adulterated, most commonly with ash and water. Lavoisier devised a method of checking whether ash had been mixed in with tobacco: "When a spirit of <a href="/wiki/Vitriol" title="Vitriol">vitriol</a>, <i>aqua fortis</i> or some other acid solution is poured on ash, there is an immediate very intense effervescent reaction, accompanied by an easily detected noise." </p><p>Lavoisier also noticed that the addition of a small amount of ash improved the flavour of tobacco. Of one vendor selling adulterated goods, he wrote "His tobacco enjoys a very good reputation in the province... the very small proportion of ash that is added gives it a particularly pungent flavour that consumers look for. Perhaps the Farm could gain some advantage by adding a bit of this liquid mixture when the tobacco is fabricated." Lavoisier also found that while adding a lot of water to bulk the tobacco up would cause it to ferment and smell bad, the addition of a very small amount improved the product. </p><p>Thereafter the factories of the Farmers General added, as he recommended, a consistent 6.3% of water by volume to the tobacco they processed.<sup id="cite_ref-Poirier1998_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poirier1998-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To allow for this addition, the Farmers General delivered to retailers seventeen ounces of tobacco while only charging for sixteen.<sup id="cite_ref-Aykroyd2014_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aykroyd2014-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To ensure that only these authorised amounts were added, and to exclude the black market, Lavoisier saw to it that a watertight system of checks, accounts, supervision and testing made it very difficult for retailers to source contraband tobacco or to improve their profits by bulking it up. </p><p>He was energetic and rigorous in implementing this, and the systems he introduced were deeply unpopular with the tobacco retailers across the country. This unpopularity was to have consequences for him during the French Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-Donovan1996_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donovan1996-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal_Commission_on_Agriculture">Royal Commission on Agriculture</h3></div> <p>Lavoisier urged the establishment of a Royal Commission on Agriculture. He then served as its Secretary and spent considerable sums of his own money in order to improve the agricultural yields in the <a href="/wiki/Sologne" title="Sologne">Sologne</a>, an area where farmland was of poor quality. The humidity of the region often led to a blight of the rye harvest, causing outbreaks of <a href="/wiki/Ergotism" title="Ergotism">ergotism</a> among the population. In 1788 Lavoisier presented a report to the Commission detailing ten years of efforts on his experimental farm to introduce new crops and types of livestock. His conclusion was that despite the possibilities of agricultural reforms, the tax system left tenant farmers with so little that it was unrealistic to expect them to change their traditional practices.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gunpowder_Commission">Gunpowder Commission</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lavoisier_und_Nemours.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Lavoisier_und_Nemours.png/220px-Lavoisier_und_Nemours.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Lavoisier_und_Nemours.png/330px-Lavoisier_und_Nemours.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Lavoisier_und_Nemours.png/440px-Lavoisier_und_Nemours.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="658" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C3%89leuth%C3%A8re_Ir%C3%A9n%C3%A9e_du_Pont" title="Éleuthère Irénée du Pont">Éleuthère Irénée du Pont</a> (right) and mentor Antoine Lavoisier</figcaption></figure> <p>Lavoisier's researches on combustion were carried out in the midst of a very busy schedule of public and private duties, especially in connection with the <i>Ferme Générale</i>. There were also innumerable reports for and committees of the Academy of Sciences to investigate specific problems on order of the royal government. Lavoisier, whose organizing skills were outstanding, frequently landed the task of writing up such official reports. In 1775 he was made one of four commissioners of gunpowder appointed to replace a private company, similar to the Ferme Générale, which had proved unsatisfactory in supplying France with its munitions requirements. As a result of his efforts, both the quantity and quality of French <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a> greatly improved, and it became a source of revenue for the government. His appointment to the Gunpowder Commission brought one great benefit to Lavoisier's scientific career as well. As a commissioner, he enjoyed both a house and a laboratory in the Royal Arsenal. Here he lived and worked between 1775 and 1792. </p><p>Lavoisier was a formative influence in the formation of the <a href="/wiki/DuPont" title="DuPont">Du Pont</a> gunpowder business because he trained <a href="/wiki/%C3%89leuth%C3%A8re_Ir%C3%A9n%C3%A9e_du_Pont" title="Éleuthère Irénée du Pont">Éleuthère Irénée du Pont</a>, its founder, on gunpowder-making in France; the latter said that the Du Pont gunpowder mills "would never have been started but for his kindness to me."<sup id="cite_ref-Dutton_1942_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dutton_1942-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 40">: 40 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_the_Revolution">During the Revolution</h3></div> <p>In June 1791, Lavoisier made a loan of 71,000 livres to <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Samuel_du_Pont_de_Nemours" title="Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours">Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours</a> to buy a printing works so that du Pont could publish a newspaper, <i>La Correspondance Patriotique</i>. The plan was for this to include both reports of debates in the <a href="/wiki/National_Constituent_Assembly_(France)" title="National Constituent Assembly (France)">National Constituent Assembly</a> as well as papers from the Academy of Sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The revolution quickly disrupted the elder du Pont's first newspaper, but his son E.I. du Pont soon launched <i>Le Republicain</i> and published Lavoisier's latest chemistry texts.<sup id="cite_ref-Dutton_1942_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dutton_1942-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 15">: 15 </span></sup> </p><p>Lavoisier also chaired the commission set up to establish a uniform system of weights and measures<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-French_Revolution_p.193_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-French_Revolution_p.193-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which in March 1791 recommended the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">metric system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new system of weights and measures was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/National_Convention" title="National Convention">Convention</a> on 1 August 1793.<sup id="cite_ref-French_Revolution_p.356_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-French_Revolution_p.356-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lavoisier was one of the 27 <a href="/wiki/Ferme_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale" title="Ferme générale">Farmers General</a> who, by order of the convention, were all to be detained. Although temporarily going into hiding, on 30 November 1793 he handed himself into the Port Royal convent for questioning. He claimed he had not operated on this commission for many years, having instead devoted himself to science.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lavoisier himself was removed from the commission on weights and measures on 23 December 1793, together with mathematician <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace" title="Pierre-Simon Laplace">Pierre-Simon Laplace</a> and several other members, for political reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-French_Revolution_p.193_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-French_Revolution_p.193-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of his last major works was a proposal to the <a href="/wiki/National_Convention" title="National Convention">National Convention</a> for the reform of French education. He also intervened on behalf of a number of foreign-born scientists including mathematician <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Lagrange" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Louis Lagrange">Joseph Louis Lagrange</a>, helping to exempt them from a mandate stripping all foreigners of possessions and freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_days_and_execution">Final days and execution</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lavoisier_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Lavoisier_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg/220px-Lavoisier_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="489" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Lavoisier_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg/330px-Lavoisier_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Lavoisier_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg/440px-Lavoisier_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="3666" /></a><figcaption><i>Lavoisier</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Jacques-L%C3%A9onard_Maillet" title="Jacques-Léonard Maillet">Jacques-Léonard Maillet</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1853</span>, among culture heroes in the <a href="/wiki/Palais_du_Louvre" class="mw-redirect" title="Palais du Louvre">Louvre's</a> <a href="/wiki/Cour_Napol%C3%A9on" class="mw-redirect" title="Cour Napoléon">Cour Napoléon</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> gained momentum, attacks mounted on the deeply unpopular <i><a href="/wiki/Ferme_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale" title="Ferme générale">Ferme générale</a></i>, and it was eventually abolished in March 1791.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1792 Lavoisier was forced to resign from his post on the Gunpowder Commission and to move from his house and laboratory at the Royal Arsenal. On 8 August 1793, all the learned societies, including the Academy of Sciences, were suppressed at the request of <a href="/wiki/Henri_Gr%C3%A9goire" title="Henri Grégoire">Abbé Grégoire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-French_Revolution_p.356_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-French_Revolution_p.356-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 24 November 1793, the arrest of all the former tax farmers was ordered. Lavoisier and the other Farmers General faced nine accusations of defrauding the state of money owed to it, and of adding water to tobacco before selling it. Lavoisier drafted their defense, refuting the financial accusations, reminding the court of how they had maintained a consistently high quality of tobacco. The court, however, was inclined to believe that by condemning them and seizing the goods of the Farmers General, it would recover huge sums for the state.<sup id="cite_ref-Aykroyd2014_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aykroyd2014-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lavoisier was convicted and guillotined on 8 May 1794 in Paris, at the age of 50, along with his 27 co-defendants.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to popular legend, the appeal to spare his life, in order that he could continue his experiments, was cut short by the judge, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Coffinhal" title="Jean-Baptiste Coffinhal">Coffinhal</a>: <i>"La République n'a pas besoin de savants ni de chimistes; le cours de la justice ne peut être suspendu."</i> ("The Republic needs neither scholars nor chemists; the course of justice cannot be delayed.")<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The judge Coffinhal himself would be executed less than three months later, in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Thermidorian_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermidorian reaction">Thermidorian reaction</a>. </p><p>Lavoisier's importance to science was expressed by Lagrange who lamented the beheading by saying: <i>"Il ne leur a fallu qu'un moment pour faire tomber cette tête, et cent années peut-être ne suffiront pas pour en reproduire une semblable."</i> ("It took them only an instant to cut off this head, and one hundred years might not suffice to reproduce its like.")<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Exoneration">Exoneration</h4></div> <p>A year and a half after his execution, Lavoisier was completely exonerated by the French government. During the <a href="/wiki/First_White_Terror" title="First White Terror">White Terror</a>, his belongings were delivered to his widow. A brief note was included, reading "To the widow of Lavoisier, who was falsely convicted".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Blinking_experiment">Blinking experiment</h4></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Apocrypha" title="Apocrypha">apocryphal</a><sup id="cite_ref-:2_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> story exists regarding Lavoisier's execution in which the scientist blinked his eyes to demonstrate that the head retained some consciousness after being severed.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some variants of the story include <a href="/wiki/Joseph-Louis_Lagrange" title="Joseph-Louis Lagrange">Joseph-Louis Lagrange</a> as being the scientist to observe and record Lavoisier's blinking. This story was not recorded in contemporary accounts of Lavoisier's death, and the execution site was too removed from the public for Lagrange to have viewed Lavoisier's alleged experiment. The story likely originated in a 1990s <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Channel" title="Discovery Channel">Discovery Channel</a> documentary about guillotines and then subsequently spread online, becoming what one source describes as an <a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">urban legend</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contributions_to_chemistry">Contributions to chemistry</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxygen_theory_of_combustion">Oxygen theory of combustion</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lavoisier_decomposition_air.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Lavoisier_decomposition_air.png/220px-Lavoisier_decomposition_air.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Lavoisier_decomposition_air.png/330px-Lavoisier_decomposition_air.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Lavoisier_decomposition_air.png 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="261" /></a><figcaption>Antoine Lavoisier's <a href="/wiki/Phlogiston" class="mw-redirect" title="Phlogiston">phlogiston</a> experiment. Engraving by <a href="/wiki/Marie-Anne_Pierrette_Paulze" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie-Anne Pierrette Paulze">Mme Lavoisier</a> in the 1780s taken from <i><a href="/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_%C3%89l%C3%A9mentaire_de_Chimie" title="Traité Élémentaire de Chimie">Traité Élémentaire de Chimie</a></i> (Elementary treatise on chemistry)</figcaption></figure> <p>Contrary to prevailing thought at the time, Lavoisier theorized that common air, or one of its components, combines with substances when they are burned.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He demonstrated this through experiment.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During late 1772 Lavoisier turned his attention to the phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a>, the topic on which he was to make his most significant contribution to science. He reported the results of his first experiments on combustion in a note to the Academy on 20 October, in which he reported that when <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> burned, it combined with a large quantity of air to produce <a href="/wiki/Phosphoric_acid" title="Phosphoric acid">acid spirit of phosphorus</a>, and that the phosphorus increased in weight on burning. In a second sealed note deposited with the academy a few weeks later (1 November) Lavoisier extended his observations and conclusions to the burning of <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> and went on to add that "what is observed in the combustion of sulfur and phosphorus may well take place in the case of all substances that gain in weight by combustion and calcination: and I am persuaded that the increase in weight of metallic calces is due to the same cause."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Joseph_Black's_"fixed_air""><span id="Joseph_Black.27s_.22fixed_air.22"></span>Joseph Black's "fixed air"</h4></div> <p>During 1773 Lavoisier determined to review thoroughly the literature on air, particularly "fixed air," and to repeat many of the experiments of other workers in the field. He published an account of this review in 1774 in a book entitled <i>Opuscules physiques et chimiques</i> (Physical and Chemical Essays). In the course of this review, he made his first full study of the work of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Black" title="Joseph Black">Joseph Black</a>, the Scottish chemist who had carried out a series of classic quantitative experiments on the mild and caustic alkalies. Black had shown that the difference between a mild alkali, for example, <a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">chalk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">CaCO<sub>3</sub></a>), and the caustic form, for example, <a href="/wiki/Quicklime" class="mw-redirect" title="Quicklime">quicklime</a> (<a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxide" title="Calcium oxide">CaO</a>), lay in the fact that the former contained "fixed air," not common air fixed in the chalk, but a distinct chemical species, now understood to be <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (CO<sub>2</sub>), which was a constituent of the atmosphere. Lavoisier recognized that Black's fixed air was identical with the air evolved when metal calces were reduced with charcoal and even suggested that the air which combined with metals on calcination and increased the weight might be Black's fixed air, that is, CO<sub>2</sub>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Joseph_Priestley">Joseph Priestley</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Priestley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Priestley.jpg/220px-Priestley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Priestley.jpg/330px-Priestley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Priestley.jpg/440px-Priestley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="905" data-file-height="1099" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a>, an English chemist known for isolating <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, which he termed "dephlogisticated air"</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lavoisier-10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Lavoisier-10.jpg/220px-Lavoisier-10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Lavoisier-10.jpg/330px-Lavoisier-10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Lavoisier-10.jpg/440px-Lavoisier-10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4043" data-file-height="3232" /></a><figcaption>Table of contents to volumes 1 of "Traité élémentaire de Chimie" (1789)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the spring of 1774, Lavoisier carried out experiments on the calcination of tin and lead in sealed vessels, the results of which conclusively confirmed that the increase in weight of metals in combustion was due to combination with air. But the question remained about whether it was in combination with common atmospheric air or with only a part of atmospheric air. In October the English chemist Joseph Priestley visited Paris, where he met Lavoisier and told him of the air which he had produced by heating the <a href="/wiki/Red_calx" class="mw-redirect" title="Red calx">red calx</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> with a burning glass and which had supported combustion with extreme vigor. Priestley at this time was unsure of the nature of this gas, but he felt that it was an especially pure form of common air. Lavoisier carried out his own research on this peculiar substance. The result was his memoir <i>On the Nature of the Principle Which Combines with Metals during Their Calcination and Increases Their Weight</i>, read to the Academy on 26 April 1775 (commonly referred to as the Easter Memoir). In the original memoir, Lavoisier showed that the mercury calx was a true metallic calx in that it could be reduced with <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a>, giving off Black's fixed air in the process.<sup id="cite_ref-in_French_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-in_French-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When reduced without charcoal, it gave off an air which supported respiration and combustion in an enhanced way. He concluded that this was just a pure form of common air and that it was the air itself "undivided, without alteration, without decomposition" which combined with metals on calcination.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After returning from Paris, Priestley took up once again his investigation of the air from mercury calx. His results now showed that this air was not just an especially pure form of common air but was "five or six times better than common air, for the purpose of respiration, inflammation, and ... every other use of common air". He called the air dephlogisticated air, as he thought it was common air deprived of its <a href="/wiki/Phlogiston" class="mw-redirect" title="Phlogiston">phlogiston</a>. Since it was therefore in a state to absorb a much greater quantity of phlogiston given off by burning bodies and respiring animals, the greatly enhanced combustion of substances and the greater ease of breathing in this air were explained.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pioneer_of_stoichiometry">Pioneer of stoichiometry</h3></div> <p>Lavoisier's researches included some of the first truly <a href="/wiki/Stoichiometry" title="Stoichiometry">quantitative chemical experiments</a>. He carefully weighed the reactants and products of a chemical reaction in a sealed glass vessel so that no <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gases</a> could escape, which was a crucial step in the advancement of chemistry.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1774, he showed that, although matter can change its state in a chemical reaction, the total mass of matter is the same at the end as at the beginning of every chemical change. Thus, for instance, if a piece of wood is burned to ashes, the total mass remains unchanged if gaseous reactants and products are included. Lavoisier's experiments supported the law of <a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_mass" title="Conservation of mass">conservation of mass</a>. In France it is taught as Lavoisier's Law and is paraphrased from a statement in his <i><a href="/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_%C3%89l%C3%A9mentaire_de_Chimie" title="Traité Élémentaire de Chimie">Traité Élémentaire de Chimie</a></i>: "Nothing is lost, nothing is created, everything is transformed." <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lomonosov" title="Mikhail Lomonosov">Mikhail Lomonosov</a> (1711–1765) had previously expressed similar ideas in 1748 and proved them in experiments; others whose ideas pre-date the work of Lavoisier include <a href="/wiki/Jean_Rey_(physician)" title="Jean Rey (physician)">Jean Rey</a> (1583–1645), <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Black" title="Joseph Black">Joseph Black</a> (1728–1799), and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cavendish" title="Henry Cavendish">Henry Cavendish</a> (1731–1810).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_nomenclature">Chemical nomenclature</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%A9thode_de_Nomenclature_Chimique-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/M%C3%A9thode_de_Nomenclature_Chimique-4.jpg/220px-M%C3%A9thode_de_Nomenclature_Chimique-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/M%C3%A9thode_de_Nomenclature_Chimique-4.jpg/330px-M%C3%A9thode_de_Nomenclature_Chimique-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/M%C3%A9thode_de_Nomenclature_Chimique-4.jpg/440px-M%C3%A9thode_de_Nomenclature_Chimique-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3847" data-file-height="3735" /></a><figcaption>First page of a 1787 copy of "Méthode de Nomenclature Chimique"</figcaption></figure> <p>Lavoisier, together with <a href="/wiki/Louis-Bernard_Guyton_de_Morveau" title="Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau">Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude-Louis_Berthollet" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude-Louis Berthollet">Claude-Louis Berthollet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Fran%C3%A7ois,_comte_de_Fourcroy" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine François, comte de Fourcroy">Antoine François de Fourcroy</a>, submitted a new program for the reforms of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">chemical nomenclature</a> to the academy in 1787, for there was virtually no rational system of chemical nomenclature at this time. This work, titled <i>Méthode de nomenclature chimique</i> (<i>Method of Chemical Nomenclature</i>, 1787), introduced a new system which was tied inextricably to Lavoisier's new oxygen theory of chemistry.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Classical_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical elements">classical elements</a> of earth, air, fire, and water were discarded, and instead some 33 substances which could not be decomposed into simpler substances by any known chemical means were provisionally listed as elements.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HollemanWiberg2001_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HollemanWiberg2001-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The elements included light; <a href="/wiki/Caloric_theory" title="Caloric theory">caloric</a> (matter of heat); the principles of oxygen, hydrogen, and azote (<a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>); carbon; sulfur; phosphorus; the yet unknown "radicals" of muriatic acid (<a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a>), <a href="/wiki/Boric_acid" title="Boric acid">boric acid</a>, and "fluoric" acid; 17 metals; 5 earths (mainly oxides of yet unknown metals such as <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_oxide" title="Magnesium oxide">magnesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barium_oxide" title="Barium oxide">baria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Strontia" class="mw-redirect" title="Strontia">strontia</a>); three alkalies (<a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">potash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_oxide" title="Sodium oxide">soda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>); and the "radicals" of 19 organic acids. </p><p>The acids, regarded in the new system as compounds of various elements with oxygen, were given names which indicated the element involved together with the degree of oxygenation of that element, for example sulfuric and sulfurous acids, phosphoric and phosphorous acids, nitric and nitrous acids, the "ic" termination indicating acids with a higher proportion of oxygen than those with the "ous" ending. </p><p>Similarly, salts of the "ic" acids were given the terminal letters "ate," as in copper sulfate, whereas the salts of the "ous" acids terminated with the suffix "ite," as in copper sulfite. </p><p>The total effect of the new nomenclature can be gauged by comparing the new name "<a href="/wiki/Copper_sulfate" title="Copper sulfate">copper sulfate</a>" with the old term "vitriol of Venus." Lavoisier's new nomenclature spread throughout Europe and to the United States and became common use in the field of chemistry. This marked the beginning of the anti-phlogistic approach to the field.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_revolution_and_opposition">Chemical revolution and opposition</h3></div> <p>Lavoisier is commonly cited as a central contributor to the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_revolution" title="Chemical revolution">chemical revolution</a>. His precise measurements and meticulous keeping of balance sheets throughout his experiment were vital to the widespread acceptance of the law of conservation of mass. His introduction of new terminology, a binomial system modeled after that of <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, also helps to mark the dramatic changes in the field which are referred to generally as the chemical revolution. Lavoisier encountered much opposition in trying to change the field, especially from British phlogistic scientists. Joseph Priestley, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kirwan" title="Richard Kirwan">Richard Kirwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Keir" title="James Keir">James Keir</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Nicholson_(chemist)" title="William Nicholson (chemist)">William Nicholson</a>, among others, argued that quantification of substances did not imply conservation of mass.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather than reporting factual evidence, opposition claimed Lavoisier was misinterpreting the implications of his research. One of Lavoisier's allies, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Biot" title="Jean-Baptiste Biot">Jean Baptiste Biot</a>, wrote of Lavoisier's methodology, "one felt the necessity of linking accuracy in experiments to rigor of reasoning."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His opposition argued that precision in experimentation did not imply precision in inferences and reasoning. Despite opposition, Lavoisier continued to use precise instrumentation to convince other chemists of his conclusions, often results to five to eight decimal places. Nicholson, who estimated that only three of these decimal places were meaningful, stated: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If it be denied that these results are pretended to be true in the last figures, I must beg leave to observe, that these long rows of figures, which in some instances extend to a thousand times the nicety of experiment, serve only to exhibit a parade which true science has no need of: and, more than this, that when the real degree of accuracy in experiments is thus hidden from our contemplation, we are somewhat disposed to doubt whether the <i>exactitude scrupuleuse</i> of the experiments be indeed such as to render the proofs <i>de l'ordre demonstratif</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_works">Notable works</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laboratoire-de-Lavoisier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Laboratoire-de-Lavoisier.jpg/220px-Laboratoire-de-Lavoisier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Laboratoire-de-Lavoisier.jpg/330px-Laboratoire-de-Lavoisier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Laboratoire-de-Lavoisier.jpg/440px-Laboratoire-de-Lavoisier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1860" data-file-height="1123" /></a><figcaption>Lavoisier's laboratory, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_et_M%C3%A9tiers" title="Musée des Arts et Métiers">Musée des Arts et Métiers</a>, Paris</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Easter_memoir">Easter memoir</h3></div> <p>The "official" version of Lavoisier's Easter Memoir appeared in 1778. In the intervening period, Lavoisier had ample time to repeat some of Priestley's latest experiments and perform some new ones of his own. In addition to studying Priestley's dephlogisticated air, he studied more thoroughly the residual air after metals had been calcined. He showed that this residual air supported neither combustion nor respiration and that approximately five volumes of this air added to one volume of the dephlogisticated air gave common atmospheric air. Common air was then a mixture of two distinct chemical species with quite different properties. Thus when the revised version of the Easter Memoir was published in 1778, Lavoisier no longer stated that the principle which combined with metals on calcination was just common air but "nothing else than the healthiest and purest part of the air" or the "eminently respirable part of the air". The same year he coined the name oxygen for this constituent of the air, from the Greek words meaning "acid former".<sup id="cite_ref-in_French_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-in_French-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was struck by the fact that the combustion products of such nonmetals as sulfur, phosphorus, charcoal, and nitrogen were acidic. He held that all acids contained oxygen and that oxygen was therefore the acidifying principle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dismantling_phlogiston_theory">Dismantling phlogiston theory</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Phlogiston_theory" title="Phlogiston theory">Phlogiston theory</a></div> <p>Lavoisier's chemical research between 1772 and 1778 was largely concerned with developing his own new theory of combustion. In 1783 he read to the academy his paper entitled <i>Réflexions sur le phlogistique</i> (Reflections on Phlogiston), a full-scale attack on the current phlogiston theory of combustion. That year Lavoisier also began a series of experiments on the composition of water which were to prove an important capstone to his combustion theory and win many converts to it. Many investigators had been experimenting with the combination of Henry Cavendish's inflammable air, now known as <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>, with "dephlogisticated air" (air in the process of combustion, now known to be oxygen) by electrically sparking mixtures of the gases. All of the researchers noted Cavendish's production of pure water by burning hydrogen in oxygen, but they interpreted the reaction in varying ways within the framework of phlogiston theory. Lavoisier learned of Cavendish's experiment in June 1783 via <a href="/wiki/Charles_Blagden" title="Charles Blagden">Charles Blagden</a> (before the results were published in 1784), and immediately recognized water as the <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxide</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric">hydroelectric</a> gas.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In cooperation with Laplace, Lavoisier synthesized water by burning jets of hydrogen and oxygen in a bell jar over mercury. The quantitative results were good enough to support the contention that water was not an element, as had been thought for over 2,000 years, but a compound of two gases, hydrogen and oxygen. The interpretation of water as a compound explained the inflammable air generated from dissolving metals in acids (hydrogen produced when water decomposes) and the reduction of calces by inflammable air (a combination of gas from calx with oxygen to form water).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite these experiments, Lavoisier's antiphlogistic approach remained unaccepted by many other chemists. Lavoisier labored to provide definitive proof of the composition of water, attempting to use this in support of his theory. Working with <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Meusnier" title="Jean Baptiste Meusnier">Jean-Baptiste Meusnier</a>, Lavoisier passed water through a red-hot iron gun barrel, allowing the oxygen to form an oxide with the iron and the hydrogen to emerge from the end of the pipe. He submitted his findings of the composition of water to the Académie des Sciences in April 1784, reporting his figures to eight decimal places.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opposition responded to this further experimentation by stating that Lavoisier continued to draw the incorrect conclusions and that his experiment demonstrated the displacement of phlogiston from iron by the combination of water with the metal. Lavoisier developed a new apparatus which used a pneumatic trough, a set of balances, a thermometer, and a barometer, all calibrated carefully. Thirty savants were invited to witness the decomposition and synthesis of water using this apparatus, convincing many who attended of the correctness of Lavoisier's theories. This demonstration established water as a compound of oxygen and hydrogen with great certainty for those who viewed it. The dissemination of the experiment, however, proved subpar, as it lacked the details to properly display the amount of precision taken in the measurements. The paper ended with a hasty statement that the experiment was "more than sufficient to lay hold of the certainty of the proposition" of the composition of water and stated that the methods used in the experiment would unite chemistry with the other physical sciences and advance discoveries.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elementary_Treatise_of_Chemistry"><i>Elementary Treatise of Chemistry</i></h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liebig_Company_Trading_Card_Ad_01.12.004_front.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Liebig_Company_Trading_Card_Ad_01.12.004_front.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Liebig_Company_Trading_Card_Ad_01.12.004_front.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Liebig_Company_Trading_Card_Ad_01.12.004_front.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Liebig_Company_Trading_Card_Ad_01.12.004_front.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Liebig_Company_Trading_Card_Ad_01.12.004_front.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Liebig_Company_Trading_Card_Ad_01.12.004_front.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1304" data-file-height="828" /></a><figcaption>Lavoisier and Berthollet, Chimistes Celebres, <a href="/wiki/Liebig%27s_Extract_of_Meat_Company" title="Liebig's Extract of Meat Company">Liebig's Extract of Meat Company</a> Trading Card, 1929</figcaption></figure> <p>Lavoisier employed the new nomenclature in his <i><a href="/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_%C3%A9l%C3%A9mentaire_de_chimie" class="mw-redirect" title="Traité élémentaire de chimie">Traité élémentaire de chimie</a></i> (<i>Elementary Treatise on Chemistry</i>), published in 1789. This work represents the synthesis of Lavoisier's contribution to chemistry and can be considered the first modern <a href="/wiki/Textbook" title="Textbook">textbook</a> on the subject. The core of the work was the oxygen theory, and the work became a most effective vehicle for the transmission of the new doctrines. It presented a unified view of new theories of chemistry, contained a clear statement of the law of conservation of mass, and denied the existence of phlogiston. This text clarified the concept of an element as a substance that could not be broken down by any known method of chemical analysis and presented Lavoisier's theory of the formation of chemical compounds from elements. It remains a classic in the history of science. While many leading chemists of the time refused to accept Lavoisier's new ideas, demand for <i>Traité élémentaire</i> as a textbook in Edinburgh was sufficient to merit translation into English within about a year of its French publication.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In any event, the <i>Traité élémentaire</i> was sufficiently sound to convince the next generation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physiological_work">Physiological work</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C5%92uvres_de_Lavoisier_Paris,_Imprimerie_imp%C3%A9riale,_1862-93_RGNb10341936.22.vol_III.plate_IX.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/%C5%92uvres_de_Lavoisier_Paris%2C_Imprimerie_imp%C3%A9riale%2C_1862-93_RGNb10341936.22.vol_III.plate_IX.tif/lossy-page1-220px-%C5%92uvres_de_Lavoisier_Paris%2C_Imprimerie_imp%C3%A9riale%2C_1862-93_RGNb10341936.22.vol_III.plate_IX.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/%C5%92uvres_de_Lavoisier_Paris%2C_Imprimerie_imp%C3%A9riale%2C_1862-93_RGNb10341936.22.vol_III.plate_IX.tif/lossy-page1-330px-%C5%92uvres_de_Lavoisier_Paris%2C_Imprimerie_imp%C3%A9riale%2C_1862-93_RGNb10341936.22.vol_III.plate_IX.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/%C5%92uvres_de_Lavoisier_Paris%2C_Imprimerie_imp%C3%A9riale%2C_1862-93_RGNb10341936.22.vol_III.plate_IX.tif/lossy-page1-440px-%C5%92uvres_de_Lavoisier_Paris%2C_Imprimerie_imp%C3%A9riale%2C_1862-93_RGNb10341936.22.vol_III.plate_IX.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1950" data-file-height="1394" /></a><figcaption>Lavoisier (wearing goggles) operates his solar furnace to prevent contamination from combustion products.</figcaption></figure> <p>The relationship between combustion and respiration had long been recognized from the essential role which air played in both processes. Lavoisier was almost obliged, therefore, to extend his new theory of combustion to include the area of <a href="/wiki/Respiration_(physiology)" title="Respiration (physiology)">respiration physiology</a>. His first memoirs on this topic were read to the Academy of Sciences in 1777, but his most significant contribution to this field was made in the winter of 1782–1783 in association with Laplace. The result of this work was published in a memoir, "On Heat." Lavoisier and Laplace designed an ice <a href="/wiki/Calorimeter" title="Calorimeter">calorimeter</a> apparatus for measuring the amount of heat given off during combustion or respiration. The outer shell of the calorimeter was packed with snow, which melted to maintain a constant temperature of <span class="nowrap">0 °C</span> around an inner shell filled with ice. By measuring the quantity of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and heat produced by confining a live guinea pig in this apparatus, and by comparing the amount of heat produced when sufficient carbon was burned in the ice calorimeter to produce the same amount of carbon dioxide as that which the guinea pig exhaled, they concluded that respiration was, in fact, a slow combustion process. Lavoisier stated, <i>"la respiration est donc une combustion,"</i> that is, respiratory gas exchange is a combustion, like that of a candle burning.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This continuous slow combustion, which they supposed took place in the lungs, enabled the living animal to maintain its body temperature above that of its surroundings, thus accounting for the puzzling phenomenon of animal heat. Lavoisier continued these respiration experiments in 1789–1790 in cooperation with <a href="/wiki/Armand_Seguin" class="mw-redirect" title="Armand Seguin">Armand Seguin</a>. They designed an ambitious set of experiments to study the whole process of body <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> and respiration using Seguin as a human guinea pig in the experiments. Their work was only partially completed and published because of the Revolution's disruption, but Lavoisier's pioneering work in this field inspired similar research on physiological processes for generations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antoine-Laurent_Lavoisier_by_Jules_Dalou_1866,_NGS.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Antoine-Laurent_Lavoisier_by_Jules_Dalou_1866%2C_NGS.JPG/220px-Antoine-Laurent_Lavoisier_by_Jules_Dalou_1866%2C_NGS.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Antoine-Laurent_Lavoisier_by_Jules_Dalou_1866%2C_NGS.JPG/330px-Antoine-Laurent_Lavoisier_by_Jules_Dalou_1866%2C_NGS.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Antoine-Laurent_Lavoisier_by_Jules_Dalou_1866%2C_NGS.JPG/440px-Antoine-Laurent_Lavoisier_by_Jules_Dalou_1866%2C_NGS.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="3088" /></a><figcaption>Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier by <a href="/wiki/Jules_Dalou" title="Jules Dalou">Jules Dalou</a> 1866</figcaption></figure> <p>Lavoisier's fundamental contributions to chemistry were a result of a conscious effort to fit all experiments into the framework of a single theory. He established the consistent use of the <a href="/wiki/Analytical_balance" title="Analytical balance">chemical balance</a>, used oxygen to overthrow the phlogiston theory, and developed a new system of chemical nomenclature which held that oxygen was an essential constituent of all acids (which later turned out to be erroneous). </p><p>Lavoisier also did early research in physical chemistry and thermodynamics in joint experiments with Laplace. They used a calorimeter to estimate the heat evolved per unit of carbon dioxide produced, eventually finding the same ratio for a flame and animals, indicating that animals produced energy by a type of combustion reaction. </p><p>Lavoisier also contributed to early ideas on composition and chemical changes by stating the radical theory, believing that <a href="/wiki/Radical_(chemistry)" title="Radical (chemistry)">radicals</a>, which function as a single group in a chemical process, combine with oxygen in reactions. He also introduced the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Allotropy" title="Allotropy">allotropy</a> in chemical elements when he discovered that diamond is a <a href="/wiki/Allotropy" title="Allotropy">crystalline form of carbon</a>. </p><p>He was also responsible for the construction of the gasometer, an expensive instrument he used at his demonstrations. While he used his gasometer exclusively for these, he also created smaller, cheaper, more practical gasometers that worked with a sufficient degree of precision that more chemists could recreate.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Overall, his contributions are considered the most important in advancing chemistry to the level reached in physics and mathematics during the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following his death, a collection comprising most of his scientific manuscripts and instruments was established by his relatives at the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_la_Cani%C3%A8re" title="Château de la Canière">Château de la Canière</a> in Puy-de-Dôme.<sup id="cite_ref-gbooks_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gbooks-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mount Lavoisier in New Zealand's <a href="/wiki/Paparoa_Range" title="Paparoa Range">Paparoa Range</a> was named after him in 1970 by the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research_(New_Zealand)" title="Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (New Zealand)">Department of Scientific and Industrial Research</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honours">Awards and honours</h2></div> <p>During his lifetime, Lavoisier was awarded a gold medal by the King of France for his work on urban <a href="/wiki/Street_lighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Street lighting">street lighting</a> (1766), and was appointed to the French Academy of Sciences (1768).<sup id="cite_ref-Yount_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yount-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was elected as a member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 1775.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lavoisier's work was recognized as an <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Chemical_Landmarks" title="National Historic Chemical Landmarks">International Historic Chemical Landmark</a> by the <a href="/wiki/American_Chemical_Society" title="American Chemical Society">American Chemical Society</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences" title="French Academy of Sciences">Académie des sciences de L'institut de France</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Chimique_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Société Chimique de France">Société Chimique de France</a> in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antoine Laurent Lavoisier's Louis 1788 publication entitled <i>Méthode de Nomenclature Chimique</i>, published with colleagues <a href="/wiki/Louis-Bernard_Guyton_de_Morveau" title="Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau">Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Louis_Berthollet" title="Claude Louis Berthollet">Claude Louis Berthollet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Fran%C3%A7ois,_comte_de_Fourcroy" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine François, comte de Fourcroy">Antoine François, comte de Fourcroy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-publication_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-publication-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was honored by a Citation for Chemical Breakthrough Award from the Division of History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society, presented at the Académie des Sciences (Paris) in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-Award_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Award-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Breakthrough_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breakthrough-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2018_Franklin_Lavoisier_Medal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/2018_Franklin_Lavoisier_Medal.png/220px-2018_Franklin_Lavoisier_Medal.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/2018_Franklin_Lavoisier_Medal.png/330px-2018_Franklin_Lavoisier_Medal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/2018_Franklin_Lavoisier_Medal.png/440px-2018_Franklin_Lavoisier_Medal.png 2x" data-file-width="1424" data-file-height="1435" /></a><figcaption>Medal commemorating Franklin and Lavoisier, 2018</figcaption></figure> <p>A number of <a href="/wiki/Lavoisier_Medal" title="Lavoisier Medal">Lavoisier Medals</a> have been named and given in Lavoisier's honour, by organizations including the <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_chimique_de_France" title="Société chimique de France">Société chimique de France</a>, the International Society for Biological Calorimetry, and the <a href="/wiki/DuPont" title="DuPont">DuPont</a> company<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also commemorated by the Franklin-Lavoisier Prize, marking the friendship of Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>. The prize, which includes a medal, is given jointly by the <a href="/wiki/Maison_de_la_Chimie" class="mw-redirect" title="Maison de la Chimie">Fondation de la Maison de la Chimie</a> in Paris, France and the <a href="/wiki/Science_History_Institute" title="Science History Institute">Science History Institute</a> in Philadelphia, PA, USA.<sup id="cite_ref-LABORATOIRE_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LABORATOIRE-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_writings">Selected writings</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SeimiKaisouChemistry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/SeimiKaisouChemistry.jpg/220px-SeimiKaisouChemistry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/SeimiKaisouChemistry.jpg/330px-SeimiKaisouChemistry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/SeimiKaisouChemistry.jpg/440px-SeimiKaisouChemistry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="825" /></a><figcaption>The work of Lavoisier was translated in Japan in the 1840s, through the process of <a href="/wiki/Rangaku" title="Rangaku">Rangaku</a>. Page from <a href="/wiki/Udagawa_Y%C5%8Dan" title="Udagawa Yōan">Udagawa Yōan</a>'s 1840 <i>Seimi Kaisō</i></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lavoisier_-_Opuscules_physiques_et_chimiques.djvu" class="extiw" title="commons:File:Lavoisier - Opuscules physiques et chimiques.djvu">Opuscules physiques et chimiques</a></i> (Paris: Chez Durand, Didot, Esprit, 1774). (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/opusculesphysiq00goog">Second edition, 1801</a>)</li> <li><i>L'art de fabriquer le salin et la potasse, publié par ordre du Roi, par les régisseurs-généraux des Poudres & Salpêtres</i> (Paris, 1779).</li> <li><i>Instruction sur les moyens de suppléer à la disette des fourrages, et d'augmenter la subsistence des bestiaux, Supplément à l'instruction sur les moyens de pourvoir à la disette des fourrages, publiée par ordre du Roi le 31 mai 1785</i> (Instruction on the means of compensating for the food shortage with fodder, and of increasing the subsistence of cattle, Supplement to the instruction on the means of providing for the food shortage with fodder, published by order of King on 31 May 1785).</li> <li>(with Guyton de Morveau, Claude-Louis Berthollet, Antoine Fourcroy) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721021630/http://imgbase-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr/displayimage.php?album=692&pos=3">Méthode de nomenclature chimique</a></i> (Paris: Chez Cuchet, 1787)</li> <li>(with Fourcroy, Morveau, Cadet, Baumé, d'Arcet, and Sage) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-bM5AAAAcAAJ">Nomenclature chimique, ou synonymie ancienne et moderne, pour servir à l'intelligence des auteurs.</a></i> (Paris: Chez Cuchet, 1789)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isnature.org/Files/Lavoisier1789-Traite_elementaire_de_chimie.htm">Traité élémentaire de chimie, présenté dans un ordre nouveau et d'après les découvertes modernes</a></i> (Paris: Chez Cuchet, 1789; Bruxelles: Cultures et Civilisations, 1965) (lit. Elementary Treatise on Chemistry, presented in a new order and alongside modern discoveries) also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100109164241/http://www.lavoisier.cnrs.fr/ice/ice_book_detail-fr-text-lavosier-Lavoisier-89-6.html">here</a></li> <li>(with Pierre-Simon Laplace) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lavoisier.cnrs.fr/ice/ice_page_detail.php?lang=fr&type=text&bdd=lavosier&table=Lavoisier&typeofbookDes=Memoires&bookId=38&pageChapter=M%E9moire%20sur%20la%20chaleur&pageOrder=1&facsimile=off&search=no&num=&nav=1">Mémoire sur la chaleur</a>," <i>Mémoires de l'Académie des sciences</i> (1780), pp. 355–408.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lavoisier.cnrs.fr/ice/ice_page_detail.php?lang=fr&type=text&bdd=lavosier&table=Lavoisier&typeofbookDes=Memoires&bookId=65&pageChapter=Premier%20m%E9moire%20contenant%20les%20exp%E9riences%20faites%20sur%20la%20chaleur,%20pendant%20l%27hiver%20de%201783%20%E0%201784,%20par%20P.S.%20de%20Laplace%20et%20A.L.%20%20Lavoisier&pageOrder=1&facsimile=off&search=no&num=&nav=1">Mémoire contenant les expériences faites sur la chaleur, pendant l'hiver de 1783 à 1784, par P.S. de Laplace & A. K. Lavoisier</a></i> (1792)</li> <li><i>Mémoires de Physique et de Chimie, de la Société d'Arcueil</i> (1805: posthumous)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_translation">In translation</h3></div> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essaysphysicala00lavogoog">Essays Physical and Chemical</a></i> (London: for Joseph Johnson, 1776; London: Frank Cass and Company Ltd., 1970) translation by Thomas Henry of <i>Opuscules physiques et chimiques</i></li> <li><i>The Art of Manufacturing Alkaline Salts and Potashes, Published by Order of His Most Christian Majesty, and approved by the Royal Academy of Sciences</i> (1784) trans. by Charles Williamos<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <i>L'art de fabriquer le salin et la potasse</i></li> <li>(with Pierre-Simon Laplace) <i>Memoir on Heat: Read to the Royal Academy of Sciences, 28 June 1783, by Messrs. Lavoisier & De La Place of the same Academy.</i> (New York: Neale Watson Academic Publications, 1982) trans. by Henry Guerlac of <i>Mémoire sur la chaleur</i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essaysoneffects00henrgoog">Essays, on the Effects Produced by Various Processes On Atmospheric Air; With A Particular View To An Investigation Of The Constitution Of Acids</a></i>, trans. Thomas Henry (London: Warrington, 1783) collects these essays:</li></ul> <ol><li>"Experiments on the Respiration of Animals, and on the Changes effected on the Air in passing through their Lungs." (Read to the Académie des Sciences, 3 May 1777)</li> <li>"On the Combustion of Candles in Atmospheric Air and in Dephlogistated Air." (Communicated to the Académie des Sciences, 1777)</li> <li>"On the Combustion of Kunckel's Phosphorus."</li> <li>"On the Existence of Air in the Nitrous Acid, and on the Means of decomposing and recomposing that Acid."</li> <li>"On the Solution of Mercury in Vitriolic Acid."</li> <li>"Experiments on the Combustion of Alum with Phlogistic Substances, and on the Changes effected on Air in which the Pyrophorus was burned."</li> <li>"On the Vitriolisation of Martial Pyrites."</li> <li>"General Considerations on the Nature of Acids, and on the Principles of which they are composed."</li> <li>"On the Combination of the Matter of Fire with Evaporable Fluids; and on the Formation of Elastic Aëriform Fluids."</li></ol> <ul><li>“Reflections on Phlogiston”, translation by Nicholas W. Best of “Réflexions sur le phlogistique, pour servir de suite à la théorie de la combustion et de la calcination” (read to the Académie Royale des Sciences over two nights, 28 June and 13 July 1783). Published in two parts:</li></ul> <ol><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBest2015" class="citation journal cs1">Best, Nicholas W. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/12373360">"Lavoisier's "Reflections on phlogiston" I: Against phlogiston theory"</a>. <i>Foundations of Chemistry</i>. <b>17</b> (2): 361–378. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10698-015-9220-5">10.1007/s10698-015-9220-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170422925">170422925</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foundations+of+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Lavoisier%27s+%22Reflections+on+phlogiston%22+I%3A+Against+phlogiston+theory&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=361-378&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10698-015-9220-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170422925%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Best&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F12373360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBest2016" class="citation journal cs1">Best, Nicholas W. (2016). "Lavoisier's "Reflections on phlogiston" II: On the nature of heat". <i>Foundations of Chemistry</i>. <b>18</b> (1): 3–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10698-015-9236-x">10.1007/s10698-015-9236-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:94677080">94677080</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foundations+of+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Lavoisier%27s+%22Reflections+on+phlogiston%22+II%3A+On+the+nature+of+heat&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-13&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10698-015-9236-x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A94677080%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Best&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></li></ol> <ul><li><i>Method of chymical nomenclature: proposed by Messrs. De Moreau, Lavoisier, Bertholet, and De Fourcroy</i> (1788) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/nomenclature.html">Dictionary</a></li> <li><i>Elements of Chemistry, in a New Systematic Order, Containing All the Modern Discoveries</i> (Edinburgh: William Creech, 1790; New York: Dover, 1965) translation by Robert Kerr of <i>Traité élémentaire de chimie</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-64624-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-64624-4">978-0-486-64624-4</a> (Dover). <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elementschemist00kerrgoog">1799 edition</a></li> <li>1802 edition: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elementschemist01lavogoog">volume 1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elementschemist00lavogoog">volume 2</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b21000856.r=lavoisier.langEN">Some illustrations</a> from 1793 edition</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://othmerlib.sciencehistory.org/record=b1034183~S2">Some more illustrations</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Science_History_Institute" title="Science History Institute">Science History Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://othmerlib.sciencehistory.org/record=b1034193~S2">More illustrations</a> (from Collected Works) from the <a href="/wiki/Science_History_Institute" title="Science History Institute">Science History Institute</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lavoisier-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1790 copy of "Elements of Chemistry in a Systematic Order Containing All the Modern Discoveries""><img alt="1790 copy of "Elements of Chemistry in a Systematic Order Containing All the Modern Discoveries"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Lavoisier-1.jpg/75px-Lavoisier-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Lavoisier-1.jpg/112px-Lavoisier-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Lavoisier-1.jpg/150px-Lavoisier-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="4951" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1790 copy of "Elements of Chemistry in a Systematic Order Containing All the Modern Discoveries"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lavoisier-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Title page to "Elements of Chemistry in a Systematic Order Containing All the Modern Discoveries" (1790)"><img alt="Title page to "Elements of Chemistry in a Systematic Order Containing All the Modern Discoveries" (1790)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Lavoisier-2.jpg/74px-Lavoisier-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="74" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Lavoisier-2.jpg/111px-Lavoisier-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Lavoisier-2.jpg/148px-Lavoisier-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3174" data-file-height="5148" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Title page to "Elements of Chemistry in a Systematic Order Containing All the Modern Discoveries" (1790)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lavoisier-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Preface to "Elements of Chemistry in a Systematic Order Containing All the Modern Discoveries" (1790)"><img alt="Preface to "Elements of Chemistry in a Systematic Order Containing All the Modern Discoveries" (1790)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Lavoisier-3.jpg/72px-Lavoisier-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="72" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Lavoisier-3.jpg/108px-Lavoisier-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Lavoisier-3.jpg/144px-Lavoisier-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3047" data-file-height="5082" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Preface to "Elements of Chemistry in a Systematic Order Containing All the Modern Discoveries" (1790)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lavoisier-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="First page of "Elements of Chemistry in a Systematic Order Containing All the Modern Discoveries" (1790)"><img alt="First page of "Elements of Chemistry in a Systematic Order Containing All the Modern Discoveries" (1790)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lavoisier-4.jpg/67px-Lavoisier-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="67" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lavoisier-4.jpg/101px-Lavoisier-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lavoisier-4.jpg/135px-Lavoisier-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2282" data-file-height="4046" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">First page of "Elements of Chemistry in a Systematic Order Containing All the Modern Discoveries" (1790)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_Animal_Magnetism" title="Royal Commission on Animal Magnetism">Royal Commission on Animal Magnetism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423180950/https://www.lexico.com/definition/lavoisier,_antoine_laurent?s=t">"Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/Lavoisier,+Antoine+Laurent">the original</a> on 23 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lavoisier%2C+Antoine+Laurent&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2FLavoisier%2C%2BAntoine%2BLaurent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/lavoisier">"Lavoisier"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Lavoisier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Flavoisier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Lavoisier">"Lavoisier"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Lavoisier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FLavoisier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnrs-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cnrs_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cnrs_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnrs.fr/cw/dossiers/doslavoisier/contenu/alternative/alter2_textes.html">Lavoisier, le parcours d'un scientifique révolutionnaire</a> CNRS (<a href="/wiki/Centre_National_de_la_Recherche_Scientifique" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique">Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwinger-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schwinger_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwinger1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger, Julian</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/einsteinslegacyu00schw/page/93"><i>Einstein's Legacy</i></a>. New York: Scientific American Library. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/einsteinslegacyu00schw/page/93">93</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-5011-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-5011-6"><bdi>978-0-7167-5011-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Einstein%27s+Legacy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Scientific+American+Library&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-5011-6&rft.aulast=Schwinger&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feinsteinslegacyu00schw%2Fpage%2F93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In his table of the elements, Lavoisier listed five "salifiable earths" (i.e., ores that could be made to react with acids to produce salts (<i>salis</i> = salt, in Latin)): <i>chaux</i> (calcium oxide), <i>magnésie</i> (magnesia, magnesium oxide), <i>baryte</i> (barium sulfate), <i>alumine</i> (alumina, aluminium oxide), and <i>silice</i> (silica, silicon dioxide). About these "elements", Lavoisier speculates: "We are probably only acquainted as yet with a part of the metallic substances existing in nature, as all those which have a stronger affinity to oxygen than carbon possesses, are incapable, hitherto, of being reduced to a metallic state, and consequently, being only presented to our observation under the form of oxyds, are confounded with earths. It is extremely probable that barytes, which we have just now arranged with earths, is in this situation; for in many experiments it exhibits properties nearly approaching to those of metallic bodies. It is even possible that all the substances we call earths may be only metallic oxyds, irreducible by any hitherto known process." – from <a href="//archive.org/details/elementschemist00kerrgoog/page/n217" class="extiw" title="iarchive:elementschemist00kerrgoog/page/n217">p. 218</a> of: Lavoisier with Robert Kerr, trans., <i>Elements of Chemistry</i>, ..., 4th ed. (Edinburgh, Scotland: William Creech, 1799). (The original passage appears in: Lavoisier, <i>Traité Élémentaire de Chimie</i>, ... (Paris, France: Cuchet, 1789), vol. 1, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hZch3yOrayUC&pg=PA174">p. 174</a>.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchama1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Schama" title="Simon Schama">Schama, Simon</a> (1989). <a href="/wiki/Citizens:_A_Chronicle_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution"><i>Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution</i></a>. Alfred A Knopf. p. 73.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizens%3A+A+Chronicle+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Alfred+A+Knopf&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Schama&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Antoine-Laurent_Lavoisier">"Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antoine-Laurent+Lavoisier&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Lavoisier,_Antoine_Laurent">"Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 295.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lavoisier%2C+Antoine+Laurent&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=295&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yount-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yount_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yount_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYount2008" class="citation book cs1">Yount, Lisa (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/antoinelavoisier0000youn"><i>Antoine Lavoisier : founder of modern chemistry</i></a></span>. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/antoinelavoisier0000youn/page/115">115</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7660-3011-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7660-3011-4"><bdi>978-0-7660-3011-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antoine+Lavoisier+%3A+founder+of+modern+chemistry&rft.place=Berkeley+Heights%2C+NJ&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Enslow+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7660-3011-4&rft.aulast=Yount&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fantoinelavoisier0000youn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Supplement-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Supplement_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Supplement_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Supplement_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Supplement_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuveen1965" class="citation book cs1">Duveen, Dennis I. (1965). <i>Supplement to a bibliography of the works of Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, 1743–1794</i>. London: Dawsons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supplement+to+a+bibliography+of+the+works+of+Antoine+Laurent+Lavoisier%2C+1743%E2%80%931794&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Dawsons&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Duveen&rft.aufirst=Dennis+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bibliographic-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bibliographic_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bibliographic_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bibliographic_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKie1935" class="citation book cs1">McKie, Douglas (1935). <i>Bibliographic Details Antoine Lavoisier, the father of modern chemistry, by Douglas McKie ... With an introduction by F.G. Donnan</i>. London: V. Gollancz ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bibliographic+Details+Antoine+Lavoisier%2C+the+father+of+modern+chemistry%2C+by+Douglas+McKie+...+With+an+introduction+by+F.G.+Donnan&rft.place=London&rft.pub=V.+Gollancz+ltd.&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=McKie&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bibliographic_P-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bibliographic_P_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bibliographic_P_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bibliographic_P_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bibliographic_P_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bibliographic_P_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bibliographic_P_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Bibliographic Details Lavoisier in perspective / edited by Marco Beretta</i>. Munich: Deutsches Museum. 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bibliographic+Details+Lavoisier+in+perspective+%2F+edited+by+Marco+Beretta.&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=Deutsches+Museum&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lavoisier_in_the_year_one-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lavoisier_in_the_year_one_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lavoisier_in_the_year_one_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lavoisier_in_the_year_one_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lavoisier_in_the_year_one_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lavoisier_in_the_year_one_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lavoisier_in_the_year_one_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lavoisier_in_the_year_one_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell2005" class="citation book cs1">Bell, Madison Smart (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lavoisierinyearo00madi"><i>Lavoisier in the year one</i></a></span>. New York: W.W. Norton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lavoisier+in+the+year+one&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Madison+Smart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flavoisierinyearo00madi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Antoine_Lavoisier-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Antoine_Lavoisier_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKie1952" class="citation book cs1">McKie, Douglas (1952). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/antoinelavoisier00mcki"><i>Antoine Lavoisier: scientist, economist, social reformer</i></a></span>. New York: Schuman.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antoine+Lavoisier%3A+scientist%2C+economist%2C+social+reformer.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Schuman&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=McKie&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fantoinelavoisier00mcki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Citizens</i>, Simon Schama. Penguin 1989 p. 236</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEagleJennifer_Sloan1998" class="citation journal cs1">Eagle, Cassandra T.; Jennifer Sloan (1998). "Marie Anne Paulze Lavoisier: The Mother of Modern Chemistry". <i>The Chemical Educator</i>. <b>3</b> (5): 1–18. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.472.7513">10.1.1.472.7513</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00897980249a">10.1007/s00897980249a</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:97557390">97557390</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chemical+Educator&rft.atitle=Marie+Anne+Paulze+Lavoisier%3A+The+Mother+of+Modern+Chemistry&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1-18&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.472.7513%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A97557390%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00897980249a&rft.aulast=Eagle&rft.aufirst=Cassandra+T.&rft.au=Jennifer+Sloan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Donovan-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Donovan_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonovan1996" class="citation book cs1">Donovan, Arthur (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0-fOasz2GUMC&pg=PA273"><i>Antoine Lavoisier: Science, Administration, and Revolution</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 273. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56672-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56672-8"><bdi>978-0-521-56672-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antoine+Lavoisier%3A+Science%2C+Administration%2C+and+Revolution&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=273&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-56672-8&rft.aulast=Donovan&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0-fOasz2GUMC%26pg%3DPA273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Poirier1998-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Poirier1998_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean-Pierre_Poirier1998" class="citation book cs1">Jean-Pierre Poirier (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lavoisierchemist00jean"><i>Lavoisier: Chemist, Biologist, Economist</i></a></span>. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lavoisierchemist00jean/page/24">24</a>–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1649-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1649-3"><bdi>978-0-8122-1649-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lavoisier%3A+Chemist%2C+Biologist%2C+Economist&rft.pages=24-26&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-1649-3&rft.au=Jean-Pierre+Poirier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flavoisierchemist00jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aykroyd2014-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aykroyd2014_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aykroyd2014_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW.R._Aykroyd2014" class="citation book cs1">W.R. Aykroyd (12 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bia0BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA168"><i>Three Philosophers: Lavoisier, Priestley and Cavendish</i></a>. Elsevier Science. pp. 168–170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4831-9445-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4831-9445-5"><bdi>978-1-4831-9445-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three+Philosophers%3A+Lavoisier%2C+Priestley+and+Cavendish&rft.pages=168-170&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science&rft.date=2014-05-12&rft.isbn=978-1-4831-9445-5&rft.au=W.R.+Aykroyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbia0BQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Donovan1996-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Donovan1996_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur_Donovan1996" class="citation book cs1">Arthur Donovan (11 April 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0-fOasz2GUMC&pg=PA123"><i>Antoine Lavoisier: Science, Administration and Revolution</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 123–125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56672-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56672-8"><bdi>978-0-521-56672-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antoine+Lavoisier%3A+Science%2C+Administration+and+Revolution&rft.pages=123-125&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996-04-11&rft.isbn=978-0-521-56672-8&rft.au=Arthur+Donovan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0-fOasz2GUMC%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Citizens</i>, Simon Schama, Penguin 1989 p. 313</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dutton_1942-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dutton_1942_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dutton_1942_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutton1942" class="citation cs2">Dutton, William S. (1942), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WEtZAAAAYAAJ"><i>Du Pont: One Hundred and Forty Years</i></a>, Charles Scribner's Sons, <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/42011897">42011897</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Du+Pont%3A+One+Hundred+and+Forty+Years&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1942&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F42011897&rft.aulast=Dutton&rft.aufirst=William+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWEtZAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Chronicle of the French Revolution</i>, Jacques Legrand, Longman 1989, p. 216 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-05194-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-05194-0">0-582-05194-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Companion to the French Revolution</i>, John Paxton, Facts on File Publications 1988, p. 120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-French_Revolution_p.193-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-French_Revolution_p.193_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-French_Revolution_p.193_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Cultural History of the French Revolution</i>, Emmet Kennedy, Yale University Press 1989, p. 193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Chronicle of the French Revolution</i>, Jacques Legrand, Longman 1989, p. 204 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-05194-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-05194-0">0-582-05194-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-French_Revolution_p.356-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-French_Revolution_p.356_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-French_Revolution_p.356_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Chronicle of the French Revolution</i>, Jacques Legrand, Longman 1989, p. 356 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-05194-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-05194-0">0-582-05194-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Chronicle of the French Revolution</i>, Jacques Legrand, Longman 1989 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-05194-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-05194-0">0-582-05194-0</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson,_E.F.2006" class="citation web cs1">O'Connor, J.J.; Robertson, E.F. (26 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Lagrange.html">"Joseph-Louis Lagrange"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060502072418/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Lagrange.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2006</span>. <q>In September 1793 a law was passed ordering the arrest of all foreigners born in enemy countries and all their property to be confiscated. Lavoisier intervened on behalf of Lagrange, who certainly fell under the terms of the law. On 8 May 1794, after a trial that lasted less than a day, a revolutionary tribunal condemned Lavoisier and 27 others to death. Lagrange said on the death of Lavoisier, who was guillotined on the afternoon of the day of his trial</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joseph-Louis+Lagrange&rft.date=2006-09-26&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=J.J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+E.F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk%2F~history%2FBiographies%2FLagrange.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Chronicle of the French Revolution</i>, Longman 1989 p. 202 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-05194-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-05194-0">0-582-05194-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130615102227/http://www.app.com/viewart/20130508/NJNEWS18/305080042/Today-History">"Today in History: 1794: Antoine Lavoisier, the father of modern chemistry, is executed on the guillotine during France's Reign of Terror"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.app.com/viewart/20130508/NJNEWS18/305080042/Today-History">the original</a> on 15 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Today+in+History%3A+1794%3A+Antoine+Lavoisier%2C+the+father+of+modern+chemistry%2C+is+executed+on+the+guillotine+during+France%27s+Reign+of+Terror&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.app.com%2Fviewart%2F20130508%2FNJNEWS18%2F305080042%2FToday-History&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Commenting on this quotation, Denis Duveen, an English expert on Lavoiser and a collector of his works, wrote that "it is pretty certain that it was never uttered". For Duveen's evidence, see the following: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuveen,_Denis_I.1954" class="citation journal cs1">Duveen, Denis I. (February 1954). "Antoine Laurent Lavoisier and the French Revolution". <i>Journal of Chemical Education</i>. <b>31</b> (2): 60–65. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1954JChEd..31...60D">1954JChEd..31...60D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed031p60">10.1021/ed031p60</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=Antoine+Laurent+Lavoisier+and+the+French+Revolution&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=60-65&rft.date=1954-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed031p60&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1954JChEd..31...60D&rft.au=Duveen%2C+Denis+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelambre1867" class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Joseph_Delambre" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste Joseph Delambre">Delambre, Jean-Baptiste</a> (1867). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:fr:Notice_sur_la_vie_et_les_ouvrages_de_M._le_Comte_J.-L._Lagrange"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/fr:Notice_sur_la_vie_et_les_ouvrages_de_M._le_Comte_J.-L._Lagrange"><i>Œuvres de Lagrange</i> </a></span> (in French). Gauthier-Villars. 15–57 – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C5%92uvres+de+Lagrange&rft.pages=15-57&rft.pub=Gauthier-Villars&rft.date=1867&rft.aulast=Delambre&rft.aufirst=Jean-Baptiste&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuerlac1973" class="citation book cs1">Guerlac, Henry (1973). <i>Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier – Chemist and Revolutionary</i>. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 130.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antoine-Laurent+Lavoisier+%E2%80%93+Chemist+and+Revolutionary&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Guerlac&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/ishm/vesalius/VESx2000x06x02x105x113.pdf">(In French) M.-A. Paulze, épouse et collaboratrice de Lavoisier, Vesalius, VI, 2, 105–113, 2000</a>, p. 110. (PDF)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straightdope.com/21342318/does-the-head-remain-briefly-conscious-after-decapitation-revisited">"Does the head remain briefly conscious after decapitation (revisited)?"</a>. <i>The Straight Dope</i>. 12 June 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Straight+Dope&rft.atitle=Does+the+head+remain+briefly+conscious+after+decapitation+%28revisited%29%3F&rft.date=1998-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.straightdope.com%2F21342318%2Fdoes-the-head-remain-briefly-conscious-after-decapitation-revisited&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen2004" class="citation journal cs1">Jensen, William B. (May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ed081p629">"Did Lavoisier Blink?"</a>. <i>Journal of Chemical Education</i>. <b>81</b> (5): 629. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JChEd..81..629J">2004JChEd..81..629J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed081p629">10.1021/ed081p629</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9584">0021-9584</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=Did+Lavoisier+Blink%3F&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=629&rft.date=2004-05&rft.issn=0021-9584&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed081p629&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004JChEd..81..629J&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=William+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1021%2Fed081p629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuerlac2019" class="citation journal cs1">Guerlac, Henry (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/62166">"Lavoisier—the Crucial Year: The Background and Origin of His First Experiments on Combustion in 1772"</a>. <i>Cornell University Press</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7298%2FGX84-1A09">10.7298/GX84-1A09</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12657%2F62166">20.500.12657/62166</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-4664-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-4664-2"><bdi>978-1-5017-4664-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cornell+University+Press&rft.atitle=Lavoisier%E2%80%94the+Crucial+Year%3A+The+Background+and+Origin+of+His+First+Experiments+on+Combustion+in+1772&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.12657%2F62166&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7298%2FGX84-1A09&rft.isbn=978-1-5017-4664-2&rft.aulast=Guerlac&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.oapen.org%2Fhandle%2F20.500.12657%2F62166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-in_French-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-in_French_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-in_French_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lavoisier, Antoine (1777) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lavoisier.cnrs.fr/ice/ice_page_detail.php?lang=fr&type=text&bdd=lavosier&table=Lavoisier&bookId=26&typeofbookDes=Memoires&pageOrder=1&facsimile=off&search=no">"Mémoire sur la combustion en général"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130617155750/http://www.lavoisier.cnrs.fr/ice/ice_page_detail.php?lang=fr&type=text&bdd=lavosier&table=Lavoisier&bookId=26&typeofbookDes=Memoires&pageOrder=1&facsimile=off&search=no">Archived</a> 17 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ("On Combustion in General"). <i>Mémoires de l’Académie des sciences</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/lavoisier1.html">English translation</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Petrucci R.H., Harwood W.S. and Herring F.G., <i>General Chemistry</i> (8th ed. Prentice-Hall 2002), p. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/recordDetails.jsp?searchtype=keyword&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=EJ128341&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=kw&_pageLabel=RecordDetails&objectId=0900019b8005c793&accno=EJ128341&_nfls=false">"An Historical Note on the Conservation of Mass"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Historical+Note+on+the+Conservation+of+Mass&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eric.ed.gov%2FERICWebPortal%2Fsearch%2FrecordDetails.jsp%3Fsearchtype%3Dkeyword%26ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0%3DEJ128341%26ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0%3Dkw%26_pageLabel%3DRecordDetails%26objectId%3D0900019b8005c793%26accno%3DEJ128341%26_nfls%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuveenKlickstein1954" class="citation journal cs1">Duveen, Denis; Klickstein, Herbert (September 1954). "The Introduction of Lavoisier's Chemical Nomenclature into America". <i>The History of Science Society</i>. <b>45</b> (3).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+History+of+Science+Society&rft.atitle=The+Introduction+of+Lavoisier%27s+Chemical+Nomenclature+into+America&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1954-09&rft.aulast=Duveen&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft.au=Klickstein%2C+Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/traitlmentairede01lavo/page/192/mode/2up">"Traité élémentaire de chimie : Présenté dans un ordre nouveau et d'après les découvertes modernes ; avec figures"</a>. A Paris, Chez Cuchet, libraire, rue et Hôtel Serpente. 1789.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trait%C3%A9+%C3%A9l%C3%A9mentaire+de+chimie+%3A+Pr%C3%A9sent%C3%A9+dans+un+ordre+nouveau+et+d%27apr%C3%A8s+les+d%C3%A9couvertes+modernes+%3B+avec+figures&rft.pub=A+Paris%2C+Chez+Cuchet%2C+libraire%2C+rue+et+H%C3%B4tel+Serpente&rft.date=1789&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftraitlmentairede01lavo%2Fpage%2F192%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HollemanWiberg2001-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HollemanWiberg2001_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollemanWibergWiberg2001" class="citation book cs1">Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mtth5g59dEIC&pg=PA17"><i>Inorganic Chemistry</i></a>. Academic Press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-352651-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-352651-9"><bdi>978-0-12-352651-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-12-352651-9&rft.aulast=Holleman&rft.aufirst=A.+F.&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Egon&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Nils&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMtth5g59dEIC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_46-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolinski,_Jan1994" class="citation journal cs1">Golinski, Jan (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paperzz.com/doc/8733716/precision-instruments-and-the-demonstrative-order-of-proo...">"Precision instruments and the demonstrative order of proof in Lavoisier's chemistry"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Osiris</i>. <b>9</b>: 30–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F368728">10.1086/368728</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/301997">301997</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:95978870">95978870</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Osiris&rft.atitle=Precision+instruments+and+the+demonstrative+order+of+proof+in+Lavoisier%27s+chemistry&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=30-47&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A95978870%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F301997%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F368728&rft.au=Golinski%2C+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpaperzz.com%2Fdoc%2F8733716%2Fprecision-instruments-and-the-demonstrative-order-of-proo...&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirwan, <i>Essay on Phlogiston</i>, viii, xi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lavoisier, Antoine (1778) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lavoisier.cnrs.fr/ice/ice_page_detail.php?lang=fr&type=text&bdd=lavosier&table=Lavoisier&bookId=31&typeofbookDes=&pageOrder=1&facsimile=off&search=no">"Considérations générales sur la nature des acides"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130617161431/http://www.lavoisier.cnrs.fr/ice/ice_page_detail.php?lang=fr&type=text&bdd=lavosier&table=Lavoisier&bookId=31&typeofbookDes=&pageOrder=1&facsimile=off&search=no">Archived</a> 17 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ("General Considerations on the Nature of Acids"). <i>Mémoires de l’Académie des sciences</i>. lavoisier.cnrs.fr</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillispie1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Coulston_Gillispie" title="Charles Coulston Gillispie">Gillispie, Charles Coulston</a> (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/edgeofobjectivit00char/page/228"><i>The Edge of Objectivity: An Essay in the History of Scientific Ideas</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/edgeofobjectivit00char/page/228">228</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-02350-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-02350-6"><bdi>0-691-02350-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Edge+of+Objectivity%3A+An+Essay+in+the+History+of+Scientific+Ideas&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=0-691-02350-6&rft.aulast=Gillispie&rft.aufirst=Charles+Coulston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fedgeofobjectivit00char%2Fpage%2F228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lavoisier and Meusnier, "Développement" (cit. n. 27), pp. 205–209; cf. Holmes, <i>Lavoisier</i> (cn. 8), p. 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the "Advertisement," p. vi of Kerr's translation, and pp. xxvi–xxvii, xxviii of Douglas McKie's introduction to the Dover edition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/79/5/899S">Is a Calorie a Calorie?</a> <i>American Journal of Clinical Nutrition</i>, Vol. 79, No. 5, 899S–906S, May 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevere2001" class="citation book cs1">Levere, Trevor (2001). <i>Transforming Matter</i>. Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 72–73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6610-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6610-4"><bdi>978-0-8018-6610-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transforming+Matter&rft.place=Maryland&rft.pages=72-73&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6610-4&rft.aulast=Levere&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gillespie, Charles C. (1996), Foreword to <i>Lavoisier</i> by Jean-Pierre Poirier, University of Pennsylvania Press, English Edition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gbooks-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gbooks_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeretta2022" class="citation book cs1">Beretta, Marco (8 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g0B0EAAAQBAJ&dq=Ch%C3%A2teau+de+la+Cani%C3%A8re&pg=PA107"><i>The Arsenal of Eighteenth-Century Chemistry:The Laboratories of Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (1743-1794)</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Koninklijke_Brill" class="mw-redirect" title="Koninklijke Brill">Koninklijke Brill</a>. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004511217" title="Special:BookSources/9789004511217"><bdi>9789004511217</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231224175858/https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Arsenal_of_Eighteenth_Century_Chemis/g0B0EAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Ch%C3%A2teau+de+la+Cani%C3%A8re&pg=PA107&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arsenal+of+Eighteenth-Century+Chemistry%3AThe+Laboratories+of+Antoine+Laurent+Lavoisier+%281743-1794%29&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Koninklijke+Brill&rft.date=2022-06-08&rft.isbn=9789004511217&rft.aulast=Beretta&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg0B0EAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DCh%25C3%25A2teau%2Bde%2Bla%2BCani%25C3%25A8re%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gazetteer.linz.govt.nz/place/3751">"Place name detail: Mount Lavoisier"</a>. <i>New Zealand Gazetteer</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Geographic_Board" title="New Zealand Geographic Board">New Zealand Geographic Board</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Gazetteer&rft.atitle=Place+name+detail%3A+Mount+Lavoisier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgazetteer.linz.govt.nz%2Fplace%2F3751&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Antoine+lavoisier&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DAntoine%2Blavoisier%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130223052254/http://portal.acs.org/portal/PublicWebSite/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/lavoisier/index.htm">"Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier: The Chemical Revolution"</a>. <i>National Historic Chemical Landmarks</i>. American Chemical Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.acs.org/portal/PublicWebSite/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/lavoisier/index.htm">the original</a> on 23 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Historic+Chemical+Landmarks&rft.atitle=Antoine-Laurent+Lavoisier%3A+The+Chemical+Revolution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportal.acs.org%2Fportal%2FPublicWebSite%2Feducation%2Fwhatischemistry%2Flandmarks%2Flavoisier%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-publication-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-publication_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuyton_de_MorveauLavoisierBertholletFourcroy1787" class="citation book cs1">Guyton de Morveau, Louis Bernard; Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent; Berthollet, Claude-Louis; Fourcroy, Antoine-François de (1787). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_0MMPAAAAQAAJ_2"><i>Méthode de Nomenclature Chimique</i></a>. Paris, France: Chez Cuchet (Sous le Privilége de l’Académie des Sciences).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9thode+de+Nomenclature+Chimique&rft.place=Paris%2C+France&rft.pub=Chez+Cuchet+%28Sous+le+Privil%C3%A9ge+de+l%E2%80%99Acad%C3%A9mie+des+Sciences%29&rft.date=1787&rft.aulast=Guyton+de+Morveau&rft.aufirst=Louis+Bernard&rft.au=Lavoisier%2C+Antoine+Laurent&rft.au=Berthollet%2C+Claude-Louis&rft.au=Fourcroy%2C+Antoine-Fran%C3%A7ois+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_0MMPAAAAQAAJ_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Award-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Award_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scs.illinois.edu/~mainzv/HIST/awards/CCB-2015_Awardees.php">"2015 Awardees"</a>. <i>American Chemical Society, Division of the History of Chemistry</i>. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign School of Chemical Sciences. 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Chemical+Society%2C+Division+of+the+History+of+Chemistry&rft.atitle=2015+Awardees&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scs.illinois.edu%2F~mainzv%2FHIST%2Fawards%2FCCB-2015_Awardees.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Breakthrough-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Breakthrough_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scs.illinois.edu/~mainzv/HIST/awards/Citations/2015-Guyton%20de%20Morveau%20Lavoisier%20plaque.pdf">"Citation for Chemical Breakthrough Award"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>American Chemical Society, Division of the History of Chemistry</i>. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign School of Chemical Sciences. 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.scs.illinois.edu/~mainzv/HIST/awards/Citations/2015-Guyton%20de%20Morveau%20Lavoisier%20plaque.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Chemical+Society%2C+Division+of+the+History+of+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Citation+for+Chemical+Breakthrough+Award&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scs.illinois.edu%2F~mainzv%2FHIST%2Fawards%2FCitations%2F2015-Guyton%2520de%2520Morveau%2520Lavoisier%2520plaque.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190329025132/http://www.societechimiquedefrance.fr/Medaille-Lavoisier.html?lang=fr">"Société Chimique de France"</a>. <i>www.societechimiquedefrance.fr</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.societechimiquedefrance.fr/Medaille-Lavoisier.html?lang=fr">the original</a> on 29 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.societechimiquedefrance.fr&rft.atitle=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+Chimique+de+France&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.societechimiquedefrance.fr%2FMedaille-Lavoisier.html%3Flang%3Dfr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biocalorimetry.ucoz.org/index/0-23">"International Society for Biological Calorimetry (ISBC) – About ISBC_"</a>. <i>biocalorimetry.ucoz.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biocalorimetry.ucoz.org&rft.atitle=International+Society+for+Biological+Calorimetry+%28ISBC%29+%E2%80%93+About+ISBC_&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiocalorimetry.ucoz.org%2Findex%2F0-23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFworkflow-process-service" class="citation web cs1">workflow-process-service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dupont.com/corporate-functions/our-approach/innovation-excellence/science/scientists-engineers/awards-and-recognition/articles/lavoisier-medalists-OLD.html">"The Lavoisier Medal honors exceptional scientists and engineers | DuPont USA"</a>. <i>www.dupont.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dupont.com&rft.atitle=The+Lavoisier+Medal+honors+exceptional+scientists+and+engineers+%7C+DuPont+USA&rft.au=workflow-process-service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dupont.com%2Fcorporate-functions%2Four-approach%2Finnovation-excellence%2Fscience%2Fscientists-engineers%2Fawards-and-recognition%2Farticles%2Flavoisier-medalists-OLD.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LABORATOIRE-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LABORATOIRE_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gazettelabo.fr/breves/breves.php?id=7667">"Le Prix Franklin–Lavoiser2018 a été décerné au Comité Lavoisier"</a>. <i>La Gazette du Laboratoire</i>. 20 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Gazette+du+Laboratoire&rft.atitle=Le+Prix+Franklin%E2%80%93Lavoiser2018+a+%C3%A9t%C3%A9+d%C3%A9cern%C3%A9+au+Comit%C3%A9+Lavoisier&rft.date=2018-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gazettelabo.fr%2Fbreves%2Fbreves.php%3Fid%3D7667&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200326131521/https://www.sciencehistory.org/franklin-lavoisier-prize">"Franklin-Lavoisier Prize"</a>. <i>Science History Institute</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/franklin-lavoisier-prize">the original</a> on 26 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+History+Institute&rft.atitle=Franklin-Lavoisier+Prize&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencehistory.org%2Ffranklin-lavoisier-prize&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Denis I. Duveen and Herbert S. Klickstein, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/1917020">The "American" Edition of Lavoisier's <i>L'art de fabriquer le salin et la potasse</i></a>," <i>The William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series</i> 13:4 (October 1956), 493–498.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Antoine-Laurent_Lavoisier">"Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antoine-Laurent+Lavoisier&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bailly, J.-S., "Secret Report on Mesmerism or Animal Magnetism", <i>International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis</i>, Vol. 50, No. 4, (October 2002), pp. 364–368. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00207140208410110">10.1080/00207140208410110</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerthelot,_M.1890" class="citation book cs1">Berthelot, M. (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/larvolutionchim00bertgoog"><i>La révolution chimique: Lavoisier</i></a>. Paris: Alcan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+r%C3%A9volution+chimique%3A+Lavoisier&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Alcan&rft.date=1890&rft.au=Berthelot%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flarvolutionchim00bertgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Catalogue of Printed Works by and Memorabilia of Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, 1743–1794... Exhibited at the Grolier Club</i> (New York, 1952).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaumas,_M.1955" class="citation book cs1">Daumas, M. (1955). <i>Lavoisier, théoricien et expérimentateur</i>. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lavoisier%2C+th%C3%A9oricien+et+exp%C3%A9rimentateur&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Presses+Universitaires+de+France&rft.date=1955&rft.au=Daumas%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonovan,_Arthur1993" class="citation book cs1">Donovan, Arthur (1993). <i>Antoine Lavoisier: Science, Administration, and Revolution</i>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antoine+Lavoisier%3A+Science%2C+Administration%2C+and+Revolution&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Donovan%2C+Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Duveen, D.I. and H.S. Klickstein, <i>A Bibliography of the Works of Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, 1743–1794</i> (London, 1954)</li> <li>Franklin, B., Majault, M.J., Le Roy, J.B., Sallin, C.L., Bailly, J.-S., d'Arcet, J., de Bory, G., Guillotin, J.-I. & Lavoisier, A., "Report of The Commissioners charged by the King with the Examination of Animal Magnetism", <i>International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis</i>, Vol.50, No.4, (October 2002), pp. 332–363. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00207140208410109">10.1080/00207140208410109</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrey,_Vivian1982" class="citation book cs1">Grey, Vivian (1982). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chemistwholosthi00grey"><i>The Chemist Who Lost His Head: The Story of Antoine Lavoisier</i></a></span>. Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780698205598" title="Special:BookSources/9780698205598"><bdi>9780698205598</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chemist+Who+Lost+His+Head%3A+The+Story+of+Antoine+Lavoisier&rft.pub=Coward%2C+McCann+%26+Geoghegan%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9780698205598&rft.au=Grey%2C+Vivian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchemistwholosthi00grey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuerlac,_Henry1961" class="citation book cs1">Guerlac, Henry (1961). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lavoisierthecruc00guer"><i>Lavoisier – The Crucial Year</i></a></span>. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lavoisier+%E2%80%93+The+Crucial+Year&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.au=Guerlac%2C+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flavoisierthecruc00guer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes,_Frederic_Lawrence1985" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Frederic Lawrence (1985). <i>Lavoisier and the Chemistry of Life</i>. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lavoisier+and+the+Chemistry+of+Life&rft.place=Madison%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.au=Holmes%2C+Frederic+Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes,_Frederic_Lawrence1998" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Frederic Lawrence (1998). <i>Antoine Lavoisier – The Next Crucial Year, or the Sources of his Quantitative Method in Chemistry</i>. Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antoine+Lavoisier+%E2%80%93+The+Next+Crucial+Year%2C+or+the+Sources+of+his+Quantitative+Method+in+Chemistry&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Holmes%2C+Frederic+Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson,_Joe2005" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Joe (2005). <i>A World on Fire: A Heretic, An Aristocrat And The Race to Discover Oxygen</i>. Viking.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+on+Fire%3A+A+Heretic%2C+An+Aristocrat+And+The+Race+to+Discover+Oxygen&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Jackson%2C+Joe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2008" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, Horton A. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/revolutionary-instruments-lavoisiers-tools-as-objets-dart">"Revolutionary Instruments, Lavoisier's Tools as Objets d'Art"</a>. <i>Chemical Heritage Magazine</i>. <b>26</b> (1): 30–35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Heritage+Magazine&rft.atitle=Revolutionary+Instruments%2C+Lavoisier%27s+Tools+as+Objets+d%27Art&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=30-35&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Horton+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencehistory.org%2Fdistillations%2Fmagazine%2Frevolutionary-instruments-lavoisiers-tools-as-objets-dart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly,_Jack2004" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Jack (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gunpowderalchemy00jack"><i>Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards, & Pyrotechnics</i></a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-03718-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-03718-6"><bdi>978-0-465-03718-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gunpowder%3A+Alchemy%2C+Bombards%2C+%26+Pyrotechnics&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-465-03718-6&rft.au=Kelly%2C+Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgunpowderalchemy00jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKie,_Douglas1935" class="citation book cs1">McKie, Douglas (1935). <i>Antoine Lavoisier: The Father of Modern Chemistry</i>. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antoine+Lavoisier%3A+The+Father+of+Modern+Chemistry&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=J.+B.+Lippincott+%26+Co.&rft.date=1935&rft.au=McKie%2C+Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKie,_Douglas1952" class="citation book cs1">McKie, Douglas (1952). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/antoinelavoisier00mcki"><i>Antoine Lavoisier: Scientist, Economist, Social Reformer</i></a></span>. New York: Henry Schuman.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antoine+Lavoisier%3A+Scientist%2C+Economist%2C+Social+Reformer&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Henry+Schuman&rft.date=1952&rft.au=McKie%2C+Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fantoinelavoisier00mcki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoirier,_Jean-Pierre1996" class="citation book cs1">Poirier, Jean-Pierre (1996). <i>Lavoisier</i> (English ed.). University of Pennsylvania Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lavoisier&rft.edition=English&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Poirier%2C+Jean-Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScerri,_Eric2007" class="citation book cs1">Scerri, Eric (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/periodictableits0000scer"><i>The Periodic Table: Its Story and Its Significance</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530573-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530573-9"><bdi>978-0-19-530573-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Periodic+Table%3A+Its+Story+and+Its+Significance&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530573-9&rft.au=Scerri%2C+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fperiodictableits0000scer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmartt_Bell,_Madison2005" class="citation book cs1">Smartt Bell, Madison (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lavoisierinyearo00madi"><i>Lavoisier in the Year One: The Birth of a New Science in an Age of Revolution</i></a></span>. Atlas Books, W.W. Norton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lavoisier+in+the+Year+One%3A+The+Birth+of+a+New+Science+in+an+Age+of+Revolution&rft.pub=Atlas+Books%2C+W.W.+Norton&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Smartt+Bell%2C+Madison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flavoisierinyearo00madi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Lavoisier" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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Lavoisier</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Antoine_Lavoisier" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Antoine Lavoisier</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=2495579">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=2495579&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><b>By Antoine Lavoisier</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=2495579&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=2495579">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=2495579&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <ul><li>Archives: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academie-sciences.fr/pdf/dossiers/Lavoisier/Lavoisier2/archives_Lavoisier_oeuvre.htm">Fonds Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier</a>, Le Comité Lavoisier, <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie des sciences">Académie des sciences</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://moro.imss.fi.it/lavoisier/">Panopticon Lavoisier</a> a virtual museum of Antoine Lavoisier</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://moro.imss.fi.it/lavoisier/main.asp">Bibliography</a> at Panopticon Lavoisier</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lavoisier.cnrs.fr/">Les Œuvres de Lavoisier</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>About his work</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?hl=en&ie=UTF8&msa=0&msid=103015796427039682952.00046ac5940f4335f749d&ll=48.8528,2.366459&spn=0.007427,0.016372&z=16">Location of Lavoisier's laboratory in Paris</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20071115.shtml">Radio 4 program on the discovery of oxygen</a> by the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/matter/faq/who-defined-compounds.shtml">Who was the first to classify materials as "compounds"?</a> – Fred Senese</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/collections/lavoisier.html">Cornell University's Lavoisier collection</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>His writings</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/34823">Works by Antoine Lavoisier</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Lavoisier%2C%20Antoine-Laurent%20de%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Lavoisier%2C%20Antoine-Laurent%20d%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Lavoisier%2C%20A%2E%20d%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Antoine-Laurent%20de%20Lavoisier%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Antoine-Laurent%20d%2E%20Lavoisier%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22A%2E%20d%2E%20Lavoisier%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Lavoisier%2C%20Antoine-Laurent%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Antoine-Laurent%20Lavoisier%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Antoine-Laurent%20de%20Lavoisier%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Antoine-Laurent%20d%2E%20Lavoisier%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22A%2E%20d%2E%20Lavoisier%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22A%2E%20de%20Lavoisier%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lavoisier%2C%20Antoine-Laurent%20de%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lavoisier%2C%20Antoine-Laurent%20d%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lavoisier%2C%20A%2E%20d%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lavoisier%2C%20A%2E%20de%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Antoine-Laurent%20Lavoisier%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lavoisier%2C%20Antoine-Laurent%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Antoine-Laurent%20de%20Lavoisier%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Antoine-Laurent%20d%2E%20Lavoisier%22%20OR%20title%3A%22A%2E%20d%2E%20Lavoisier%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Antoine-Laurent%20Lavoisier%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Antoine-Laurent%20de%20Lavoisier%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Antoine-Laurent%20d%2E%20Lavoisier%22%20OR%20description%3A%22A%2E%20d%2E%20Lavoisier%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Lavoisier%2C%20Antoine-Laurent%20de%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Lavoisier%2C%20Antoine-Laurent%20d%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Antoine-Laurent%20Lavoisier%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Lavoisier%2C%20Antoine-Laurent%22%29%20OR%20%28%221743-1794%22%20AND%20Lavoisier%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Antoine Lavoisier</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lavoisier.cnrs.fr/">Les Œuvres de Lavoisier</a> (The Complete Works of Lavoisier) edited by Pietro Corsi (Oxford University) and <a href="/wiki/Patrice_Bret_(historian)" title="Patrice Bret (historian)">Patrice Bret</a> (CNRS) <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/Search?ArianeWireIndex=index&q=%22Oeuvres+de+Lavoisier%22&p=1&lang=en">Oeuvres de Lavoisier</a> (Works of Lavoisier) at Gallica BnF in six volumes. <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/wcidentities/lccn-n50-39793">WorldCat author page</a></li> <li>Title page, woodcuts, and copperplate engravings by Madame Lavoisier from a 1789 first edition of <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.sciencehistory.org/works/v979v4270">Traité élémentaire de chimie</a></i> (all images freely available for download in a variety of formats from <a href="/wiki/Science_History_Institute" title="Science History Institute">Science History Institute</a> Digital Collections at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190202042542/https://digital.sciencehistory.org/">digital.sciencehistory.org</a>).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Age of Enlightenment"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Age_of_Enlightenment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheism_during_the_Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Atheism during the Age of Enlightenment">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">Critical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9distes" title="Encyclopédistes">Encyclopédistes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism" title="Enlightened absolutism">Enlightened absolutism</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité">Liberté, égalité, fraternité</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lumi%C3%A8res" title="Lumières">Lumières</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesian_doubt" title="Cartesian doubt">Methodological skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midlands_Enlightenment" title="Midlands Enlightenment">Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">Natural philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationality" title="Rationality">Rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Sapere_aude" title="Sapere aude">Sapere aude</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Science in the Age of Enlightenment">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_Enlightenment" title="Spanish American Enlightenment">Spanish America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universality_(philosophy)" title="Universality (philosophy)">Universality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopianism">Utopianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Thinkers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Thinkers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Addison" title="Joseph Addison">Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury">Ashley-Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Collins_(philosopher)" title="Anthony Collins (philosopher)">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harrington_(author)" title="James Harrington (author)">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Price" title="Richard Price">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds" title="Joshua Reynolds">Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Sidney" title="Algernon Sidney">Sidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Tindal" title="Matthew Tindal">Tindal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_le_Rond_d%27Alembert" title="Jean le Rond d'Alembert">d'Alembert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Louis_de_Voyer_de_Paulmy_d%27Argenson" class="mw-redirect" title="René Louis de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson">d'Argenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bayle" title="Pierre Bayle">Bayle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Chamfort" title="Nicolas Chamfort">Chamfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89milie_du_Ch%C3%A2telet" title="Émilie du Châtelet">Châtelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Bonnot_de_Condillac" title="Étienne Bonnot de Condillac">Condillac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Diderot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Le_Bovier_de_Fontenelle" title="Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle">Fontenelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_de_Gouges" title="Olympe de Gouges">Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">d'Holbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Jaucourt" title="Louis de Jaucourt">Jaucourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julien_Offray_de_La_Mettrie" title="Julien Offray de La Mettrie">La Mettrie</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lavoisier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon">Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably" title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably">Mably</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Meslier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Gabriel_Morelly" title="Étienne-Gabriel Morelly">Morelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay" title="François Quesnay">Quesnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Thomas_Fran%C3%A7ois_Raynal" title="Guillaume Thomas François Raynal">Raynal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geneva</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firmin_Abauzit" title="Firmin Abauzit">Abauzit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bonnet" title="Charles Bonnet">Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Burlamaqui" title="Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui">Burlamaqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pr%C3%A9vost_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Prévost (physicist)">Prévost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dict_de_Saussure" title="Horace Bénédict de Saussure">Saussure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Lessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Christoph_Lichtenberg" title="Georg Christoph Lichtenberg">Lichtenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Mendelssohn" title="Moses Mendelssohn">Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Thomasius" title="Christian Thomasius">Thomasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Weishaupt" title="Adam Weishaupt">Weishaupt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Martin_Wieland" title="Christoph Martin Wieland">Wieland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(philosopher)" title="Christian Wolff (philosopher)">Wolff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_Enlightenment" title="Modern Greek Enlightenment">Greece</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theoklitos_Farmakidis" title="Theoklitos Farmakidis">Farmakidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigas_Feraios" title="Rigas Feraios">Feraios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_Kairis" title="Theophilos Kairis">Kairis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Korais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ireland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Toland" title="John Toland">Toland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Enlightenment" title="Italian Enlightenment">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_Galiani" title="Ferdinando Galiani">Galiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Galvani" title="Luigi Galvani">Galvani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Genovesi" title="Antonio Genovesi">Genovesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Mario_Pagano" title="Francesco Mario Pagano">Pagano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Verri" title="Pietro Verri">Verri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Bekker" title="Balthasar Bekker">Bekker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_de_la_Court" title="Pieter de la Court">de la Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Huygens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriaan_Koerbagh" title="Adriaan Koerbagh">Koerbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek">Leeuwenhoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Mandeville" title="Bernard Mandeville">Mandeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodewijk_Meyer" title="Lodewijk Meyer">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Nieuwentyt" title="Bernard Nieuwentyt">Nieuwentyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam">Swammerdam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment in Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Konarski" title="Stanisław Konarski">Konarski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Krasicki" title="Ignacy Krasicki">Krasicki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Ursyn_Niemcewicz" title="Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz">Niemcewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski" title="Stanisław August Poniatowski">Poniatowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99drzej_%C5%9Aniadecki" title="Jędrzej Śniadecki">Śniadecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Staszic" title="Stanisław Staszic">Staszic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Wybicki" title="Józef Wybicki">Wybicki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_de_Carvalho_e_Melo,_1st_Marquis_of_Pombal" title="Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal">Carvalho e Melo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Budai-Deleanu" title="Ion Budai-Deleanu">Budai-Deleanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petru_Maior" title="Petru Maior">Maior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuil_Micu-Klein" title="Samuil Micu-Klein">Micu-Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_%C8%98incai" title="Gheorghe Șincai">Șincai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Enlightenment" title="Russian Enlightenment">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Fonvizin" title="Denis Fonvizin">Fonvizin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_Kantemir" title="Antiochus Kantemir">Kantemir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kheraskov" title="Mikhail Kheraskov">Kheraskov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lomonosov" title="Mikhail Lomonosov">Lomonosov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Novikov" title="Nikolay Novikov">Novikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Radishchev" title="Alexander Radishchev">Radishchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekaterina_Vorontsova-Dashkova" title="Yekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova">Vorontsova-Dashkova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dositej_Obradovi%C4%87" title="Dositej Obradović">Obradović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avram_Mrazovi%C4%87" title="Avram Mrazović">Mrazović</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Cadalso" title="José Cadalso">Cadalso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Jer%C3%B3nimo_Feij%C3%B3o_y_Montenegro" title="Benito Jerónimo Feijóo y Montenegro">Feijóo y Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leandro_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Morat%C3%ADn" title="Leandro Fernández de Moratín">Moratín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Melchor_de_Jovellanos" title="Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos">Jovellanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Torres_Villarroel" title="Diego de Torres Villarroel">Villarroel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Enlightenment" title="Scottish Enlightenment">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Beattie_(poet)" title="James Beattie (poet)">Beattie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Black" title="Joseph Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Blair" title="Hugh Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Boswell" title="James Boswell">Boswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnett,_Lord_Monboddo" title="James Burnett, Lord Monboddo">Burnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen" title="William Cullen">Cullen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Ferguson" title="Adam Ferguson">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Hutcheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hutton" title="James Hutton">Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mill" title="James Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Playfair" title="John Playfair">Playfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reid" title="Thomas Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugald_Stewart" title="Dugald Stewart">Stewart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Mason" title="George Mason">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanticism" title="Template:Romanticism">Romanticism</a> →</b></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Category:Age of Enlightenment">Category</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="French_Revolution" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_Revolution" title="Template:French Revolution"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_Revolution" title="Template talk:French Revolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_Revolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French Revolution"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="French_Revolution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Causes of the French Revolution">Causes</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Timeline of the French Revolution">Timeline</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">Revolution</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France_(1791%E2%80%9392)" title="Kingdom of France (1791–92)">Constitutional monarchy</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">Republic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">Directory</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">Consulate</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Glossary of the French Revolution">Glossary</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_journals_appearing_under_the_French_Revolution" title="List of journals appearing under the French Revolution">Journals</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Musée de la Révolution française">Museum</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Significant_civil_and_political_events_by_year" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Significant civil and political events by year</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1788</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Tiles" title="Day of the Tiles">Day of the Tiles</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(7 Jun 1788)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Vizille" title="Assembly of Vizille">Assembly of Vizille</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(21 Jul 1788)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1789</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/What_Is_the_Third_Estate%3F" title="What Is the Third Estate?">What Is the Third Estate?</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Jan 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9veillon_riots" title="Réveillon riots">Réveillon riots</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(28 Apr 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estates_General_of_1789" title="Estates General of 1789">Convocation of the Estates General</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 May 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Dauphin_of_France#Illness" title="Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France">Death of the Dauphin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4 June 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(French_Revolution)" title="National Assembly (French Revolution)">National Assembly</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_Court_Oath" title="Tennis Court Oath">Tennis Court Oath</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Jun 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Constituent_Assembly_(France)" title="National Constituent Assembly (France)">National Constituent Assembly</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Jul – 30 Sep 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storming_of_the_Bastille" title="Storming of the Bastille">Storming of the Bastille</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(14 Jul 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Fear" title="Great Fear">Great Fear</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Jul – 5 Aug 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_feudalism_in_France" title="Abolition of feudalism in France">Abolition of Feudalism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4–11 Aug 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26 Aug 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_March_on_Versailles" title="Women's March on Versailles">Women's March on Versailles</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Oct 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biens_nationaux" title="Biens nationaux">Nationalization of the Church properties</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2 Nov 1789)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1790</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parlement#Abolition" title="Parlement">Abolition of the Parlements</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Feb–Jul 1790)</span></li> <li>Abolition of the <a href="/wiki/French_nobility#The_abolition_of_privileges_during_the_French_Revolution" title="French nobility">Nobility</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 Jun 1790)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Constitution_of_the_Clergy" title="Civil Constitution of the Clergy">Civil Constitution of the Clergy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(12 Jul 1790)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte_de_la_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration" title="Fête de la Fédération">Fête de la Fédération</a></i> <small>(14 Jul 1790)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1791</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_to_Varennes" title="Flight to Varennes">Flight to Varennes</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20–21 Jun 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_de_Mars_massacre" title="Champ de Mars massacre">Champ de Mars massacre</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Jul 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Pillnitz" title="Declaration of Pillnitz">Declaration of Pillnitz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27 Aug 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1791" title="French Constitution of 1791">The Constitution of 1791</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3 Sep 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_(France)" title="Legislative Assembly (France)">National Legislative Assembly</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1792</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">France declares war</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Apr 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Manifesto" title="Brunswick Manifesto">Brunswick Manifesto</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Jul 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune_(1789%E2%80%931795)" title="Paris Commune (1789–1795)">Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Jun 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_10_August_1792" title="Insurrection of 10 August 1792">10th of August</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(10 Aug 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_Massacres" title="September Massacres">September Massacres</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Sep 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Convention" title="National Convention">National Convention</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">First republic declared</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Sep 1792)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1793</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Louis_XVI" title="Execution of Louis XVI">Execution of Louis XVI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(21 Jan 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Tribunal" title="Revolutionary Tribunal">Revolutionary Tribunal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Public_Safety" title="Committee of Public Safety">Committee of Public Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_General_Security" title="Committee of General Security">Committee of General Security</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_31_May_%E2%80%93_2_June_1793" title="Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793">Fall of the Girondists</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2 Jun 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Marat#Death" title="Jean-Paul Marat">Assassination of Marat</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(13 Jul 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev%C3%A9e_en_masse" title="Levée en masse">Levée en masse</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 Aug 1793)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Marat" title="The Death of Marat">The Death of Marat</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(painting)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Suspects" title="Law of Suspects">Law of Suspects</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Sep 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette#Trial_and_execution_(14–16_October_1793)" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette is guillotined</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(16 Oct 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution#The_Revolution_and_the_Church" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Anti-clerical laws</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(throughout the year)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1794</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Danton#Life" title="Georges Danton">Danton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camille_Desmoulins#Trial_and_execution" title="Camille Desmoulins">Desmoulins guillotined</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Apr 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_22_Prairial" title="Law of 22 Prairial">Law of 22 Prairial</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(10 Jun 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermidorian_Reaction" title="Thermidorian Reaction">Thermidorian Reaction</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27 Jul 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Robespierre</a> guillotined <span style="font-size:85%;">(28 Jul 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_White_Terror" title="First White Terror">White Terror</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Fall 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobins#Fall_from_power" title="Jacobins">Closing of the Jacobin Club</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(11 Nov 1794)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1795–6</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_12_Germinal_Year_III" title="Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III">Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1 Apr 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_III" title="Constitution of the Year III">Constitution of the Year III</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Aug 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">Directoire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1795–99)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Five_Hundred" title="Council of Five Hundred">Council of Five Hundred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ancients" title="Council of Ancients">Council of Ancients</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13_Vend%C3%A9miaire" title="13 Vendémiaire">13 Vendémiaire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">5 Oct 1795</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_of_the_Equals" title="Conspiracy of the Equals">Conspiracy of the Equals</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(May 1796)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1797</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Fructidor" title="Coup of 18 Fructidor">Coup of 18 Fructidor</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4 Sep 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Congress_of_Rastatt" title="Second Congress of Rastatt">Second Congress of Rastatt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Dec 1797)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1798</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_22_Flor%C3%A9al_Year_VI" title="Law of 22 Floréal Year VI">Law of 22 Floréal Year VI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(11 May 1798)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1799</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_30_Prairial_VII" title="Coup of 30 Prairial VII">Coup of 30 Prairial VII</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Jun 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire" title="Coup of 18 Brumaire">Coup of 18 Brumaire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Nov 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_VIII" title="Constitution of the Year VIII">Constitution of the Year VIII</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(24 Dec 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">Consulate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Revolutionary_campaigns" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Revolutionary campaigns</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1792_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1792 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1792</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun_(1792)" title="Battle of Verdun (1792)">Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Thionville_(1792)" title="Siege of Thionville (1792)">Thionville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valmy" title="Battle of Valmy">Valmy</a></li> <li>Royalist Revolts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chouannerie" title="Chouannerie">Chouannerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">Vendée</a></li> <li>Dauphiné</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_the_Goddess" title="Column of the Goddess">Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mainz_(1792)" title="Siege of Mainz (1792)">Siege of Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jemappes" title="Battle of Jemappes">Jemappes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Namur_(1792)" title="Siege of Namur (1792)">Namur</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Namur_(1792)" class="extiw" title="fr:Siège de Namur (1792)">fr</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1793_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1793 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1793</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">First Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">War in the Vendée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neerwinden_(1793)" title="Battle of Neerwinden (1793)">Battle of Neerwinden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Famars" title="Battle of Famars">Battle of Famars</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 May 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_expedition_to_Sardinia" title="French expedition to Sardinia">Expedition to Sardinia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kaiserslautern" title="Battle of Kaiserslautern">Battle of Kaiserslautern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mainz_(1793)" title="Siege of Mainz (1793)">Siege of Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wattignies" title="Battle of Wattignies">Battle of Wattignies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hondschoote" title="Battle of Hondschoote">Battle of Hondschoote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bellegarde_(1793)" title="Siege of Bellegarde (1793)">Siege of Bellegarde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peyrestortes" title="Battle of Peyrestortes">Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Toulon" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Toulon">Siege of Toulon</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Wissembourg_(1793)" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Wissembourg (1793)">First Battle of Wissembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(13 Oct 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Truillas" title="Battle of Truillas">Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Wissembourg_(1793)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Wissembourg (1793)">Second Battle of Wissembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26–27 Dec 1793)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1794_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1794 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1794</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villers-en-Cauchies" title="Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies">Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(24 Apr 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Boulou" title="Second Battle of Boulou">Second Battle of Boulou</a> (Pyrenees) <span style="font-size:85%;">(30 Apr – 1 May 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tourcoing" title="Battle of Tourcoing">Battle of Tourcoing</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 May 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tournay_(1794)" title="Battle of Tournay (1794)">Battle of Tournay</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 May 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_First_of_June" title="Glorious First of June">Glorious First of June</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1 Jun 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fleurus_(1794)" title="Battle of Fleurus (1794)">Battle of Fleurus</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26 Jun 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chouannerie" title="Chouannerie">Chouannerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aldenhoven_(1794)" title="Battle of Aldenhoven (1794)">Battle of Aldenhoven</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2 Oct 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Luxembourg_(1794-95)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Luxembourg (1794-95)">Siege of Luxembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1795_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1795 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1795</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Luxembourg_(1794-95)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Luxembourg (1794-95)">Siege of Luxembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Basel" title="Peace of Basel">Peace of Basel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1796_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1796 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1796</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_of_1796%E2%80%931797" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign of 1796–1797">Italian campaign</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lonato" title="Battle of Lonato">Battle of Lonato</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3–4 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castiglione" title="Battle of Castiglione">Battle of Castiglione</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Theiningen" title="Battle of Theiningen">Battle of Theiningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neresheim" title="Battle of Neresheim">Battle of Neresheim</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(11 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amberg" title="Battle of Amberg">Battle of Amberg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(24 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Battle of Würzburg">Battle of Würzburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3 Sep 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rovereto" title="Battle of Rovereto">Battle of Rovereto</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4 Sep 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bassano" title="Battle of Bassano">First Battle of Bassano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(8 Sep 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Emmendingen" title="Battle of Emmendingen">Battle of Emmendingen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(19 Oct 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Schliengen" title="Battle of Schliengen">Battle of Schliengen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26 Oct 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bassano" title="Second Battle of Bassano">Second Battle of Bassano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(6 Nov 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Calliano" title="Battle of Calliano">Battle of Calliano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(6–7 Nov 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arcole" title="Battle of Arcole">Battle of Arcole</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(15–17 Nov 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_expedition_to_Ireland_(1796)" title="French expedition to Ireland (1796)">Ireland expedition</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Dec 1796)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1797_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1797 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1797</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_of_1796-1797" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign of 1796-1797">Italian campaign</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_13_January_1797" title="Action of 13 January 1797">Naval Engagement off Brittany</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(13 Jan 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rivoli" title="Battle of Rivoli">Battle of Rivoli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(14–15 Jan 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_25_January_1797" title="Action of 25 January 1797">Battle of the Bay of Cádiz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Jan 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Leoben" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Leoben">Treaty of Leoben</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Apr 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neuwied_(1797)" title="Battle of Neuwied (1797)">Battle of Neuwied</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Apr 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Campo_Formio" title="Treaty of Campo Formio">Treaty of Campo Formio</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Oct 1797)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1798_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1798 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1798</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Switzerland" title="French invasion of Switzerland">French invasion of Switzerland</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(28 January – 17 May 1798)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">French Invasion of Egypt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1798–1801)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798#French_landing" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion of 1798</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 May – 23 Sep 1798)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1798–1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_War_(1798)" title="Peasants' War (1798)">Peasants' War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1799_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1799 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1799</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">Second Coalition</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1798–1802)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1799)" title="Siege of Acre (1799)">Siege of Acre</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Mar – 21 May 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostrach" title="Battle of Ostrach">Battle of Ostrach</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20–21 Mar 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stockach_(1799)" title="Battle of Stockach (1799)">Battle of Stockach</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Mar 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Magnano" title="Battle of Magnano">Battle of Magnano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Apr 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cassano_(1799)" title="Battle of Cassano (1799)">Battle of Cassano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27–28 Apr 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Zurich" title="First Battle of Zurich">First Battle of Zurich</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4–7 Jun 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trebbia_(1799)" title="Battle of Trebbia (1799)">Battle of Trebbia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17–20 Jun 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Novi_(1799)" title="Battle of Novi (1799)">Battle of Novi</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(15 Aug 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Zurich" title="Second Battle of Zurich">Second Battle of Zurich</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25–26 Sep 1799)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1800_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaigns of 1800 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1800</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marengo" title="Battle of Marengo">Battle of Marengo</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(14 Jun 1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Alessandria" title="Convention of Alessandria">Convention of Alessandria</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(15 Jun 1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hohenlinden" title="Battle of Hohenlinden">Battle of Hohenlinden</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3 Dec 1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_League_of_Armed_Neutrality" title="Second League of Armed Neutrality">League of Armed Neutrality</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1800–02)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1801_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaigns of 1801 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1801</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lun%C3%A9ville" title="Treaty of Lunéville">Treaty of Lunéville</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Feb 1801)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Florence" title="Treaty of Florence">Treaty of Florence</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Mar 1801)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeciras_campaign" title="Algeciras campaign">Algeciras campaign</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(8 Jul 1801)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1802</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Treaty of Amiens</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Mar 1802)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1802)" title="Treaty of Paris (1802)">Treaty of Paris</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Jun 1802)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Military_leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military leaders</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic"><img alt="French First Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Army" title="French Revolutionary Army">French Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eustache_Charles_d%27Aoust" title="Eustache Charles d'Aoust">Eustache Charles d'Aoust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Augereau" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Augereau">Pierre Augereau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_de_Beauharnais" title="Alexandre de Beauharnais">Alexandre de Beauharnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John" title="Charles XIV John">Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier" title="Louis-Alexandre Berthier">Louis-Alexandre Berthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Bessi%C3%A8res" title="Jean-Baptiste Bessières">Jean-Baptiste Bessières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoléon Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Brune" title="Guillaume Brune">Guillaume Brune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois_Carteaux" title="Jean François Carteaux">Jean François Carteaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-%C3%89tienne_Championnet" title="Jean-Étienne Championnet">Jean-Étienne Championnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bertin_Gaston_Chapuis_de_Tourville" title="Charles Bertin Gaston Chapuis de Tourville">Chapuis de Tourville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Philippe,_Comte_de_Custine" title="Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine">Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Nicolas_Davout" title="Louis-Nicolas Davout">Louis-Nicolas Davout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Desaix" title="Louis Desaix">Louis Desaix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dugommier" title="Jacques François Dugommier">Jacques François Dugommier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas-Alexandre_Dumas" title="Thomas-Alexandre Dumas">Thomas-Alexandre Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dumouriez" title="Charles François Dumouriez">Charles François Dumouriez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Marie_Barth%C3%A9lemy_Ferino" title="Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino">Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Charles_de_Flers" title="Louis-Charles de Flers">Louis-Charles de Flers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Grenier" title="Paul Grenier">Paul Grenier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_de_Grouchy,_marquis_de_Grouchy" title="Emmanuel de Grouchy, marquis de Grouchy">Emmanuel de Grouchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maurice_Hatry" title="Jacques Maurice Hatry">Jacques Maurice Hatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazare_Hoche" title="Lazare Hoche">Lazare Hoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Jourdan" title="Jean-Baptiste Jourdan">Jean-Baptiste Jourdan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Christophe_de_Kellermann" title="François Christophe de Kellermann">François Christophe de Kellermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Kl%C3%A9ber" title="Jean-Baptiste Kléber">Jean-Baptiste Kléber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Choderlos_de_Laclos" title="Pierre Choderlos de Laclos">Pierre Choderlos de Laclos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lannes" title="Jean Lannes">Jean Lannes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Leclerc_(general,_born_1772)" title="Charles Leclerc (general, born 1772)">Charles Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Lecourbe" title="Claude Lecourbe">Claude Lecourbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Lefebvre" title="François Joseph Lefebvre">François Joseph Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Macdonald" title="Étienne Macdonald">Étienne Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Marbot" title="Jean-Antoine Marbot">Jean-Antoine Marbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellin_Marbot" title="Marcellin Marbot">Marcellin Marbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_S%C3%A9verin_Marceau" title="François Séverin Marceau">François Séverin Marceau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_de_Marmont" title="Auguste de Marmont">Auguste de Marmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Mass%C3%A9na" title="André Masséna">André Masséna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon-Adrien_Jeannot_de_Moncey" title="Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey">Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Victor_Marie_Moreau" title="Jean Victor Marie Moreau">Jean Victor Marie Moreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Mortier,_Duke_of_Tr%C3%A9vise" class="mw-redirect" title="Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise">Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Michel Ney</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Jacques_Osten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre-Jacques Osten (page does not exist)">Pierre-Jacques Osten</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Jacques_Osten" class="extiw" title="fr:Pierre-Jacques Osten">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Oudinot" title="Nicolas Oudinot">Nicolas Oudinot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine-Dominique_de_P%C3%A9rignon" title="Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon">Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_Pichegru" title="Jean-Charles Pichegru">Jean-Charles Pichegru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Poniatowski" title="Józef Poniatowski">Józef Poniatowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_de_Gouvion_Saint-Cyr" title="Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr">Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy_Louis_Joseph_Sch%C3%A9rer" title="Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer">Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Mathieu-Philibert_S%C3%A9rurier" title="Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier">Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Souham" title="Joseph Souham">Joseph Souham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Jean-de-Dieu Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Gabriel_Suchet" title="Louis-Gabriel Suchet">Louis-Gabriel Suchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude-Henri_Belgrand_de_Vaubois" title="Claude-Henri Belgrand de Vaubois">Belgrand de Vaubois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude-Victor_Perrin" title="Claude-Victor Perrin">Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/French_Navy#18th_century" title="French Navy">French Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Alexandre_L%C3%A9on_Durand_Linois" title="Charles-Alexandre Léon Durand Linois">Charles-Alexandre Linois</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition Wars">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire"><img alt="Austrian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Alvinczi" title="József Alvinczi">József Alvinczi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen">Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_S%C3%A9bastien_Charles_Joseph_de_Croix,_Count_of_Clerfayt" title="François Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt">Count of Clerfayt <span style="font-size:85%;">(Walloon)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Aloys_zu_F%C3%BCrstenberg" title="Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg">Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Freiherr_von_Hotze" title="Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze">Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze <span style="font-size:85%;">(Swiss)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Adolf,_Count_von_Kalckreuth" title="Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth">Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kray" title="Paul Kray">Pál Kray <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hungarian)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Eugene,_Prince_of_Lambesc" title="Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc">Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc <span style="font-size:85%;">(French)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Anton_Karl,_Count_Baillet_de_Latour" title="Maximilian Anton Karl, Count Baillet de Latour">Maximilian Baillet de Latour <span style="font-size:85%;">(Walloon)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Mack_von_Leiberich" title="Karl Mack von Leiberich">Karl Mack von Leiberich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Ritter_von_Otto" title="Rudolf Ritter von Otto">Rudolf Ritter von Otto <span style="font-size:85%;">(Saxon)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Josias_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Vitus_von_Quosdanovich" title="Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich">Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Heinrich_XV_of_Reuss-Plauen" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen">Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_M%C3%A9sz%C3%A1ros_von_Szoboszl%C3%B3" title="Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló">Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hungarian)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Philipp_Sebottendorf" title="Karl Philipp Sebottendorf">Karl Philipp Sebottendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagobert_Sigmund_von_Wurmser" title="Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser">Dagobert von Wurmser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain"><img alt="Kingdom of Great Britain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abercromby" title="Ralph Abercromby">Ralph Abercromby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Saumarez,_1st_Baron_de_Saumarez" title="James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez">James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Pellew,_1st_Viscount_Exmouth" title="Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth">Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic"><img alt="Dutch Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/23px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/35px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/45px-Statenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Netherlands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_V,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William V, Prince of Orange">William V, Prince of Orange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia"><img alt="Kingdom of Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick">Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Louis,_Prince_of_Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen">Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Korsakov" title="Alexander Korsakov">Alexander Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Suvorov" title="Alexander Suvorov">Alexander Suvorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Rosenberg" title="Andrei Rosenberg">Andrei Rosenberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931810)#Charles_IV,_decline_and_fall_(1788–1808)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spain (1700–1810)">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Firm%C3%ADn_de_Carvajal,_Conde_de_la_Uni%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Firmín de Carvajal, Conde de la Unión">Luis Firmin de Carvajal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Ricardos" title="Antonio Ricardos">Antonio Ricardos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Other_significant_figures_and_factions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other significant figures and factions</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Society_of_1789" title="Patriotic Society of 1789">Patriotic Society of 1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sylvain_Bailly" title="Jean Sylvain Bailly">Jean Sylvain Bailly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Alexandre_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric,_duc_de_la_Rochefoucauld-Liancourt" class="mw-redirect" title="François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt">François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Ren%C3%A9_Guy_le_Chapelier" title="Isaac René Guy le Chapelier">Isaac René Guy le Chapelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau">Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Nicolas de Condorcet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Feuillant_(political_group)" title="Feuillant (political group)">Feuillants</a><br />and <i><a href="/wiki/Club_de_Clichy" title="Club de Clichy">monarchiens</a></i></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Elliott" title="Grace Elliott">Grace Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaud_II_de_La_Porte" title="Arnaud II de La Porte">Arnaud de La Porte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Sifrein_Maury" title="Jean-Sifrein Maury">Jean-Sifrein Maury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Marie,_marquis_de_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy">François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Mathieu_Dumas" title="Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas">Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Barnave" title="Antoine Barnave">Antoine Barnave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre-Th%C3%A9odore-Victor,_comte_de_Lameth" title="Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth">Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Malo_Fran%C3%A7ois_Lameth" title="Charles Malo François Lameth">Charles Malo François Lameth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ch%C3%A9nier" title="André Chénier">André Chénier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Rewbell" title="Jean-François Rewbell">Jean-François Rewbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Jordan_(politician)" title="Camille Jordan (politician)">Camille Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Madame de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Antoine_de_Boissy_d%27Anglas" title="François Antoine de Boissy d'Anglas">Boissy d'Anglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_Pichegru" title="Jean-Charles Pichegru">Jean-Charles Pichegru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Paul_Royer-Collard" title="Pierre Paul Royer-Collard">Pierre Paul Royer-Collard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Bar%C3%A8re" title="Bertrand Barère">Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Girondins" title="Girondins">Girondins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Pierre_Brissot" title="Jacques Pierre Brissot">Jacques Pierre Brissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Roland_de_la_Plati%C3%A8re" title="Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière">Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_Roland" title="Madame Roland">Madame Roland</a></li> <li>Father <a href="/wiki/Henri_Gr%C3%A9goire" title="Henri Grégoire">Henri Grégoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Clavi%C3%A8re" title="Étienne Clavière">Étienne Clavière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Marquis de Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Corday" title="Charlotte Corday">Charlotte Corday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Jean_H%C3%A9rault_de_S%C3%A9chelles" title="Marie-Jean Hérault de Séchelles">Marie Jean Hérault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Treilhard" title="Jean Baptiste Treilhard">Jean Baptiste Treilhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Victurnien_Vergniaud" title="Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud">Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_P%C3%A9tion_de_Villeneuve" title="Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve">Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Debry" title="Jean Debry">Jean Debry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_de_Gouges" title="Olympe de Gouges">Olympe de Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Robert_Lindet" title="Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet">Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Marie_de_La_R%C3%A9velli%C3%A8re-L%C3%A9peaux" title="Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux">Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plain" title="The Plain">The Plain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Abbé Sieyès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Jacques_R%C3%A9gis_de_Cambac%C3%A9r%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès">de Cambacérès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lebrun" title="Charles-François Lebrun">Charles-François Lebrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Cambon" title="Pierre-Joseph Cambon">Pierre-Joseph Cambon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Bar%C3%A8re" title="Bertrand Barère">Bertrand Barère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazare_Carnot" title="Lazare Carnot">Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Philippe Égalité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau">Mirabeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Christophe_Merlin" title="Antoine Christophe Merlin">Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Joseph_Mounier" title="Jean Joseph Mounier">Jean Joseph Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Samuel_du_Pont_de_Nemours" title="Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours">Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Neufch%C3%A2teau" class="mw-redirect" title="François de Neufchâteau">François de Neufchâteau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Mountain" title="The Mountain">Montagnards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Maximilien Robespierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Danton" title="Georges Danton">Georges Danton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Marat" title="Jean-Paul Marat">Jean-Paul Marat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Desmoulins" title="Camille Desmoulins">Camille Desmoulins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine_de_Saint-Just" title="Louis Antoine de Saint-Just">Louis Antoine de Saint-Just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Barras" title="Paul Barras">Paul Barras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Michel_le_Peletier,_marquis_de_Saint-Fargeau" title="Louis-Michel le Peletier, marquis de Saint-Fargeau">Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David" title="Jacques-Louis David">Jacques-Louis David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Marquis de Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Couthon" title="Georges Couthon">Georges Couthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Ducos" title="Roger Ducos">Roger Ducos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Collot_d%27Herbois" title="Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois">Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_Voulland" title="Jean-Henri Voulland">Jean-Henri Voulland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe-Antoine_Merlin_de_Douai" title="Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai">Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Quentin_Fouquier-Tinville" title="Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville">Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe-Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph_Le_Bas" title="Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas">Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc-Guillaume_Alexis_Vadier" title="Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier">Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre-Andr%C3%A9_Amar" title="Jean-Pierre-André Amar">Jean-Pierre-André Amar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Antoine,_comte_Prieur-Duvernois" title="Claude Antoine, comte Prieur-Duvernois">Prieur de la Côte-d'Or</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Prieur" title="Pierre Louis Prieur">Prieur de la Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Romme" title="Gilbert Romme">Gilbert Romme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bon_Saint-Andr%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Bon Saint-André">Jean Bon Saint-André</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Lambert_Tallien" title="Jean-Lambert Tallien">Jean-Lambert Tallien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Prieur" title="Pierre Louis Prieur">Pierre Louis Prieur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Christophe_Saliceti" title="Antoine Christophe Saliceti">Antoine Christophe Saliceti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9bertists" title="Hébertists">Hébertists</a><br />and <i><a href="/wiki/Enrag%C3%A9s" title="Enragés">Enragés</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert" title="Jacques Hébert">Jacques Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Nicolas_Billaud-Varenne" title="Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne">Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gaspard_Chaumette" title="Pierre Gaspard Chaumette">Pierre Gaspard Chaumette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Philippe_Ronsin" title="Charles-Philippe Ronsin">Charles-Philippe Ronsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine-Fran%C3%A7ois_Momoro" title="Antoine-François Momoro">Antoine-François Momoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Nicolas_Vincent" title="François-Nicolas Vincent">François-Nicolas Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Chabot" title="François Chabot">François Chabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_No%C3%ABl_Bouchotte" title="Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte">Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Joseph_Gobel" title="Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel">Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hanriot" title="François Hanriot">François Hanriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Roux" title="Jacques Roux">Jacques Roux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislas-Marie_Maillard" title="Stanislas-Marie Maillard">Stanislas-Marie Maillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Philippe_Ronsin" title="Charles-Philippe Ronsin">Charles-Philippe Ronsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Varlet" title="Jean-François Varlet">Jean-François Varlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Th%C3%A9ophile_Victor_Leclerc" title="Jean Théophile Victor Leclerc">Theophile Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_Lacombe" title="Claire Lacombe">Claire Lacombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_L%C3%A9on" title="Pauline Léon">Pauline Léon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Gracchus Babeuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Sylvain Maréchal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII" title="Louis XVII">Louis XVII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Enghien" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien">Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Henri,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis Henri, Prince of Condé">Louis Henri, Prince of Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé">Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoléon Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bonaparte" title="Lucien Bonaparte">Lucien Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fesch" title="Joseph Fesch">Joseph Fesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais">Joséphine de Beauharnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sylvain_Bailly" title="Jean Sylvain Bailly">Jean Sylvain Bailly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Donatien_Le_Ray_de_Chaumont" title="Jacques-Donatien Le Ray de Chaumont">Jacques-Donatien Le Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Lamoignon_de_Malesherbes" title="Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes">Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Talleyrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A9sa_Tallien" title="Thérésa Tallien">Thérésa Tallien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gui-Jean-Baptiste_Target" title="Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target">Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Th%C3%A9ot" title="Catherine Théot">Catherine Théot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Louise_of_Savoy,_Princesse_de_Lamballe" title="Marie Thérèse Louise of Savoy, Princesse de Lamballe">Madame de Lamballe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_du_Barry" title="Madame du Barry">Madame du Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Le_Tonnelier_de_Breteuil" title="Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier de Breteuil">Louis de Breteuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">de Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chouan" title="Jean Chouan">Jean Chouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Charles_de_Lom%C3%A9nie_de_Brienne" title="Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne">Loménie de Brienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Alexandre_de_Calonne" title="Charles Alexandre de Calonne">Charles Alexandre de Calonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Necker" title="Jacques Necker">Jacques Necker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Duval_d%27Epr%C3%A9mesnil" title="Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil">Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_associated_with_the_French_Revolution" title="List of people associated with the French Revolution">List of people associated with the French Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Factions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobins" title="Jacobins">Jacobins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cordeliers" title="Cordeliers">Cordeliers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on_Club" title="Panthéon Club">Panthéon Club</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Friends_of_Truth" title="Society of the Friends of Truth">Social Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Influential_thinkers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Influential thinkers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Les Lumières</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anacharsis_Cloots" title="Anacharsis Cloots">Anacharsis Cloots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Augustin_de_Coulomb" title="Charles-Augustin de Coulomb">Charles-Augustin de Coulomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Claude_Fran%C3%A7ois_Daunou" title="Pierre Claude François Daunou">Pierre Claude François Daunou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Diderot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antoine Lavoisier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Abbé Sieyès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Cultural_impact" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cultural impact</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/La_Marseillaise" title="La Marseillaise">La Marseillaise</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockade_of_France" title="Cockade of France">Cockade of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">Flag of France</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité">Liberté, égalité, fraternité</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne" title="Marianne">Marianne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscadin" title="Muscadin">Muscadin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastille_Day" title="Bastille Day">Bastille Day</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Republican_calendar" title="French Republican calendar">French Republican calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">Metric system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_the_Supreme_Being" title="Cult of the Supreme Being">Cult of the Supreme Being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_Reason" title="Cult of Reason">Cult of Reason</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Reason" title="Temple of Reason">Temple of Reason</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Sans-culottes" title="Sans-culottes">Sans-culottes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_cap" title="Phrygian cap">Phrygian cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_French_Revolution" title="Women in the French Revolution">Women in the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incroyables_and_merveilleuses" title="Incroyables and merveilleuses">Incroyables and merveilleuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_in_the_French_Revolution" title="Symbolism in the French Revolution">Symbolism in the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Historiography of the French Revolution">Historiography of the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Influence of the French Revolution">Influence of the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_during_the_French_Revolution_and_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="List of films set during the French Revolution and French Revolutionary Wars">Films</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39607#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00753122?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=315972">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:lavoisier.antoine">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/630572">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/900849">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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