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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Eponyms of Buffon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eponyms_of_Buffon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86" title="جورج دي بوفون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جورج دي بوفون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Louis_Leclerc" title="Georges Louis Leclerc – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Georges Louis Leclerc" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorj-Lui_Lekler_de_B%C3%BCffon" title="Jorj-Lui Lekler de Büffon – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Jorj-Lui Lekler de Büffon" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%B1%DA%98-%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B1%DA%A9_%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86" title="ژرژ-لوئی لکرک کنت دو بوفون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ژرژ-لوئی لکرک کنت دو بوفون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0,_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%81" title="জর্জ-লুই ল্যক্লের, কোঁত দ্য বুফোঁ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জর্জ-লুই ল্যক্লের, কোঁত দ্য বুফোঁ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6-%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%96_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D1%8D_%D0%91%D1%8E%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Жорж-Луі Леклерк дэ Бюфон – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жорж-Луі Леклерк дэ Бюфон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%96_%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D1%8D_%D0%91%E2%80%99%D1%8E%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Жорж Люі ле Клерк дэ Б’юфон – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Жорж Люі ле Клерк дэ Б’юфон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6-%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%BE_%D0%91%D1%8E%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Жорж-Луи Леклерк дьо Бюфон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Жорж-Луи Леклерк дьо Бюфон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_comte_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc, comte de Buffon – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Georges-Louis Leclerc, comte de Buffon" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Louis_Leclerc_de_Buffon" title="Georges Louis Leclerc de Buffon – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Georges Louis Leclerc de Buffon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CF%89%CF%81%CE%B6-%CE%9B%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AF_%CE%9B%CE%B5%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%AD%CF%81_%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5_%CE%9C%CF%80%CF%85%CF%86%CF%8C%CE%BD" title="Ζωρζ-Λουί Λεκλέρ ντε Μπυφόν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζωρζ-Λουί Λεκλέρ ντε Μπυφόν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Georges-Louis Leclerc" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%B1%DA%98-%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B1%DA%A9_%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86" title="ژرژ-لوئی لکرک کنت دو بوفون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژرژ-لوئی لکرک کنت دو بوفون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/George-Louis_Leclerc_Buffon" title="George-Louis Leclerc Buffon – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="George-Louis Leclerc Buffon" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Georges-Louis Leclerc" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EB%A5%B4%EC%A3%BC%EB%A3%A8%EC%9D%B4_%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%B4%EB%A0%88%EB%A5%B4_%EB%93%9C_%EB%B7%94%ED%90%81_%EB%B0%B1%EC%9E%91" title="조르주루이 르클레르 드 뷔퐁 백작 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조르주루이 르클레르 드 뷔퐁 백작" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BA%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AA-%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB_%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AF_%D5%A4%D5%A8_%D4%B2%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%86%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Ժորժ-Լուի Լեկլերկ դը Բյուֆոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ժորժ-Լուի Լեկլերկ դը Բյուֆոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%27%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%96%27-%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99_%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%A8_%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F" title="ז'ורז'-לואי לקלר דה בופון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ז'ורז'-לואי לקלר דה בופון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%A1_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8A" title="ಜಾರ್ಜ್ ಲೂಯಿ ಲಕ್ಲರ್ಕ್ ಕಾಮ್ಟಡ ಬ್ಯೂಫೊ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಾರ್ಜ್ ಲೂಯಿ ಲಕ್ಲರ್ಕ್ ಕಾಮ್ಟಡ ಬ್ಯೂಫೊ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9F%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9F_%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჟორჟ ბიუფონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჟორჟ ბიუფონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%91%D1%8E%D1%84%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Жорж Луи Леклерк де Бюффон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жорж Луи Леклерк де Бюффон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgius_Ludovicus_Leclerc_de_Buffon" title="Georgius Ludovicus Leclerc de Buffon – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Georgius Ludovicus Leclerc de Buffon" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDor%C5%BEs_Luijs_Leklerks,_gr%C4%81fs_de_Bifons" title="Žoržs Luijs Leklerks, grāfs de Bifons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Žoržs Luijs Leklerks, grāfs de Bifons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Georges-Louis Leclerc" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86" title="جورج دى بوفون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جورج دى بوفون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86" title="بوفون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بوفون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5%EF%BC%9D%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%93%E3%83%A5%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%B3" title="ジョルジュ＝ルイ・ルクレール・ド・ビュフォン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョルジュ＝ルイ・ルクレール・ド・ビュフォン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_comte_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc, comte de Buffon – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Georges-Louis Leclerc, comte de Buffon" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Georges-Louis Leclerc" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc_%C3%ABd_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc ëd Buffon – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Georges-Louis Leclerc ëd Buffon" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_conde_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc, conde de Buffon – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Georges-Louis Leclerc, conde de Buffon" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8E%D1%84%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6-%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Бюффон, Жорж-Луи Леклерк де – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бюффон, Жорж-Луи Леклерк де" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Louis_Leclerc,_Coont_o_Buffon" title="Georges Louis Leclerc, Coont o Buffon – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Georges Louis Leclerc, Coont o Buffon" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%DB%86%D8%AE%DA%98-%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8E%D8%AE_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%81%DB%86" title="ژۆخژ-لوی لوکلێخ دی بیوفۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ژۆخژ-لوی لوکلێخ دی بیوفۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDor%C5%BE-Luj_Leklerk_de_Bufon" title="Žorž-Luj Leklerk de Bufon – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Žorž-Luj Leklerk de Bufon" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Leclerc_de_Buffon" title="Georges Leclerc de Buffon – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Georges Leclerc de Buffon" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8E%D1%84%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бюффон – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бюффон" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Georges-Louis Leclerc" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6-%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%97_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%91%D1%8E%D1%84%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Жорж-Луї Леклерк де Бюффон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Жорж-Луї Леклерк де Бюффон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Louis_Leclerc,_B%C3%A1_t%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_x%E1%BB%A9_Buffon" title="Georges Louis Leclerc, Bá tước xứ Buffon – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Georges Louis Leclerc, Bá tước xứ Buffon" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB-%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%8B%92%E5%85%8B%E8%8E%B1%E5%B0%94%EF%BC%88%E5%B8%83%E4%B8%B0%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%EF%BC%89" title="乔治-路易·勒克莱尔（布丰伯爵） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="乔治-路易·勒克莱尔（布丰伯爵）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E8%B1%90" title="布豐 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="布豐" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB-%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%8B%92%E5%85%8B%E8%8E%B1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E4%B8%B0" title="乔治-路易·勒克莱尔·德·布丰 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="乔治-路易·勒克莱尔·德·布丰" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q229264#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Buffon, see <a href="/wiki/Buffon_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Buffon (disambiguation)">Buffon (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Buffon_1707-1788.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of a portly gentleman in a powdered grey wig and richly embroidered clothes." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Buffon_1707-1788.jpg/220px-Buffon_1707-1788.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Buffon_1707-1788.jpg/330px-Buffon_1707-1788.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Buffon_1707-1788.jpg/440px-Buffon_1707-1788.jpg 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="1134" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Painting by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Hubert_Drouais" title="François-Hubert Drouais">François-Hubert Drouais</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Georges-Louis Leclerc</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1707-09-07</span>)</span>7 September 1707<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Montbard" title="Montbard">Montbard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burgundy_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgundy (historical region)">Burgundy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">16 April 1788<span style="display:none">(1788-04-16)</span> (aged 80)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Histoire_Naturelle" title="Histoire Naturelle">Histoire Naturelle</a></i> (1749–1804)<br /><a href="/wiki/Buffon%27s_needle_problem" title="Buffon's needle problem">Buffon's needle problem</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Rejection_sampling" title="Rejection sampling">Rejection sampling</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">Natural history</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Académie Française">Académie Française</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Georges-Louis_Leclerc%2C_Comte_de_Buffon_signature.svg/150px-Georges-Louis_Leclerc%2C_Comte_de_Buffon_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Georges-Louis_Leclerc%2C_Comte_de_Buffon_signature.svg/225px-Georges-Louis_Leclerc%2C_Comte_de_Buffon_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Georges-Louis_Leclerc%2C_Comte_de_Buffon_signature.svg/300px-Georges-Louis_Leclerc%2C_Comte_de_Buffon_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="318" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ʒɔʁʒ<span class="wrap"> </span>lwi<span class="wrap"> </span>ləklɛʁ<span class="wrap"> </span>kɔ̃t<span class="wrap"> </span>də<span class="wrap"> </span>byfɔ̃]</a></span>; 7 September 1707 – 16 April 1788) was a French <a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">naturalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmologist</a>. He held the position of <i>intendant</i> (director) at the <i>Jardin du Roi</i>, now called the <a href="/wiki/Jardin_des_plantes" title="Jardin des plantes">Jardin des plantes</a>. </p><p>Buffon's works influenced the next two generations of naturalists, including two prominent French scientists <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck" title="Jean-Baptiste Lamarck">Jean-Baptiste Lamarck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">Georges Cuvier</a>. Buffon published thirty-six <a href="/wiki/Quarto" title="Quarto">quarto</a> volumes of his <i><a href="/wiki/Histoire_Naturelle" title="Histoire Naturelle">Histoire Naturelle</a></i> during his lifetime, with additional volumes based on his notes and further research being published in the two decades following his death.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Mayr" title="Ernst Mayr">Ernst Mayr</a> wrote that "Truly, Buffon was the father of all thought in natural history in the second half of the 18th century".<sup id="cite_ref-Mayrp330_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayrp330-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Credited with being one of the first naturalists to recognize <a href="/wiki/Ecological_succession" title="Ecological succession">ecological succession</a>, he was later forced by the theology committee at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a> to recant his theories about <a href="/wiki/Historical_geology" title="Historical geology">geological history</a> and animal evolution because they contradicted the biblical narrative of Creation.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Georges Louis Leclerc (later Comte de Buffon) was born at <a href="/wiki/Montbard" title="Montbard">Montbard</a>, in the province of <a href="/wiki/Burgundy" title="Burgundy">Burgundy</a> to Benjamin François Leclerc, a minor local official in charge of the <a href="/wiki/Salt_tax" title="Salt tax">salt tax</a> and Anne-Christine Marlin, also from a family of civil servants. Georges was named after his mother's uncle (his <a href="/wiki/Godparent" title="Godparent">godfather</a>) Georges Blaisot, the tax-farmer of the Duke of Savoy for all of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>. In 1714 Blaisot died childless, leaving a considerable fortune to his seven-year-old godson. Benjamin Leclerc then purchased an estate containing the nearby village of <a href="/wiki/Buffon,_C%C3%B4te-d%27Or" title="Buffon, Côte-d'Or">Buffon</a> and moved the family to <a href="/wiki/Dijon" title="Dijon">Dijon</a> acquiring various offices there as well as a seat in the Dijon <a href="/wiki/Parlement" title="Parlement">Parlement</a>. </p><p>Georges attended the Jesuit College of Godrans in Dijon from the age of ten onwards. From 1723 to 1726 he then studied law in Dijon, the prerequisite for continuing the family tradition in civil service. In 1728 Georges left Dijon to study mathematics and medicine at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Angers" title="University of Angers">University of Angers</a> in France. At Angers in 1730 he made the acquaintance of the young English <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Pierrepont,_2nd_Duke_of_Kingston-upon-Hull" title="Evelyn Pierrepont, 2nd Duke of Kingston-upon-Hull">Duke of Kingston</a>, who was on his grand tour of Europe, and traveled with him on a large and expensive entourage for a year and a half through southern France and parts of Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are persistent but completely undocumented rumors from this period about duels, abductions and secret trips to England. In 1732 after the death of his mother and before the impending remarriage of his father, Georges left Kingston and returned to Dijon to secure his inheritance. Having added 'de Buffon' to his name while traveling with the Duke, he repurchased the village of Buffon, which his father had meanwhile sold off. With a fortune of about 80,000 <a href="/wiki/French_livre" title="French livre">livres</a> (at the time, worth nearly 27 kilograms of gold), Buffon set himself up in Paris to pursue science, at first primarily mathematics and mechanics, and the increase of his fortune.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Buffon_-_Microscope_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Buffon_-_Microscope_1.jpg/220px-Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Buffon_-_Microscope_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Buffon_-_Microscope_1.jpg/330px-Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Buffon_-_Microscope_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Buffon_-_Microscope_1.jpg/440px-Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Buffon_-_Microscope_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3436" data-file-height="4185" /></a><figcaption>Buffon's microscope</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1732 he moved to <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, where he made the acquaintance of <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> and other intellectuals. He lived in the <a href="/wiki/Faubourg_Saint-Germain" title="Faubourg Saint-Germain">Faubourg Saint-Germain</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Gilles-Fran%C3%A7ois_Boulduc" title="Gilles-François Boulduc">Gilles-François Boulduc</a>, first apothecary of the King, professor of chemistry at the <a href="/wiki/Jardin_des_plantes" title="Jardin des plantes">Royal Garden of Plants</a>, member of the <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences" title="French Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He first made his mark in the field of mathematics and, in his <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Sur le jeu de franc-carreau</i></span> (<i>On the game of fair-square</i>), introduced differential and integral <a href="/wiki/Calculus" title="Calculus">calculus</a> into <a href="/wiki/Probability_theory" title="Probability theory">probability theory</a>; the problem of <a href="/wiki/Buffon%27s_needle_problem" title="Buffon's needle problem">Buffon's needle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Probability_theory" title="Probability theory">probability theory</a> is named after him. In 1734 he was admitted to the <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences" title="French Academy of Sciences">French Academy of Sciences</a>. During this period he corresponded with the Swiss mathematician <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Cramer" title="Gabriel Cramer">Gabriel Cramer</a>. </p><p>His protector <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Ph%C3%A9lypeaux,_Count_of_Maurepas" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Frédéric Phélypeaux, Count of Maurepas">Maurepas</a> had asked the Academy of Sciences to do research on wood for the construction of ships in 1733. Soon afterward, Buffon began a long-term study, performing some of the most comprehensive tests to date on the mechanical properties of <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a>. Included were a series of tests to compare the properties of small specimens with those of large members. After carefully testing more than a thousand small specimens without knots or other defects, Buffon concluded that it was not possible to extrapolate to the properties of full-size timbers, and he began a series of tests on full-size structural members. </p><p>In 1739 he was appointed head of the Parisian <a href="/wiki/Jardin_des_plantes#The_Buffon_period_(1739-1788)" title="Jardin des plantes">Jardin du Roi</a> with the help of Maurepas; he held this position to the end of his life. Buffon was instrumental in transforming the Jardin du Roi into a major research center and museum. He also enlarged it, arranging the purchase of adjoining plots of land and acquiring new botanical and zoological specimens from all over the world. </p><p>Thanks to his talent as a writer, he was invited to join Paris's second great academy, the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Académie Française">Académie Française</a> in 1753 and then in 1768 he was elected to the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Discours sur le style</i></span> ("Discourse on Style"), pronounced before the Académie française, he said, "Writing well consists of thinking, feeling and expressing well, of clarity of mind, soul and taste ... The style is the man himself" ("<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le style c'est l'homme même</i></span>").<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unfortunately for him, Buffon's reputation as a literary stylist also gave ammunition to his detractors: the mathematician <a href="/wiki/Jean_le_Rond_d%27Alembert" title="Jean le Rond d'Alembert">Jean le Rond d'Alembert</a>, for example, called him "the great phrase-monger". </p><p>In 1752 Buffon married Marie-Françoise de Saint-Belin-Malain, the daughter of an impoverished noble family from Burgundy, who had been enrolled in the convent school run by his sister. Madame de Buffon's second child, a son born in 1764, survived childhood; she herself died in 1769. When in 1772 Buffon became seriously ill and the promise that his son (then only 8) should succeed him as director of the Jardin became clearly impracticable and was withdrawn, the King raised Buffon's estates in Burgundy to the status of a county – and thus Buffon (and his son) became a <a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">count</a>. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 1782.<sup id="cite_ref-AAAS_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAS-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buffon died in Paris in 1788. </p><p>He was buried in a chapel adjacent to the church of Sainte-Urse Montbard; during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, his tomb was broken into and the lead that covered the coffin was ransacked to produce bullets. His son, George-Louie-Marie Buffon (often called Buffonet) was guillotined on July 10, 1794.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buffon's <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a> was initially saved, as it was guarded by <a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Curchod" title="Suzanne Curchod">Suzanne Necker</a> (wife of <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Necker" title="Jacques Necker">Jacques Necker</a>), but was later lost. Today, only Buffon's <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a> remains, as it is kept in the base of the statue by <a href="/wiki/Augustin_Pajou" title="Augustin Pajou">Pajou</a> that <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a> had commissioned in his honor in 1776, located at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History,_France" title="National Museum of Natural History, France">Museum of Natural History</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. </p><p>His <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Histoire naturelle</i></span> was also a source of inspiration for the painters of the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8vres" title="Sèvres">Sèvres</a> factory, giving rise to porcelain services called Buffon. The name of the different species, faithfully reproduced, is inscribed on the back of each piece. Several "Buffon services" were produced during the reign of Louis XVI; the first was intended for the <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Count of Artois</a>, in 1782. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Histoire_Naturelle"><i>Histoire Naturelle</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Histoire Naturelle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GLBuffon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/GLBuffon.jpg/170px-GLBuffon.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/GLBuffon.jpg/255px-GLBuffon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/GLBuffon.jpg/340px-GLBuffon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Buffon in the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Jardin_des_plantes" title="Jardin des plantes">Jardin des plantes</a></i></span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Montbard_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Buffon_-_Preuves_de_la_th%C3%A9orie_de_la_Terre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Montbard_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Buffon_-_Preuves_de_la_th%C3%A9orie_de_la_Terre.jpg/220px-Montbard_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Buffon_-_Preuves_de_la_th%C3%A9orie_de_la_Terre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Montbard_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Buffon_-_Preuves_de_la_th%C3%A9orie_de_la_Terre.jpg/330px-Montbard_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Buffon_-_Preuves_de_la_th%C3%A9orie_de_la_Terre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Montbard_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Buffon_-_Preuves_de_la_th%C3%A9orie_de_la_Terre.jpg/440px-Montbard_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Buffon_-_Preuves_de_la_th%C3%A9orie_de_la_Terre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>"Preuves de la théorie de la Terre", in the Buffon Museum, <a href="/wiki/Montbard" title="Montbard">Montbard</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te-d%27Or" title="Côte-d'Or">Côte-d'Or</a>, France</figcaption></figure> <p>Buffon's <i><a href="/wiki/Histoire_Naturelle" title="Histoire Naturelle">Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière</a></i> (1749–1788: in 36 volumes; an additional volume based on his notes appeared in 1789) was originally intended to cover all three "kingdoms" of nature but the <i>Histoire naturelle</i> ended up being limited to the animal and mineral kingdoms, and the animals covered were only the birds and quadrupeds. "Written in a brilliant style, this work was read ... by every educated person in Europe".<sup id="cite_ref-Mayrp330_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayrp330-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who assisted him in the production of this great work included <a href="/wiki/Louis_Jean-Marie_Daubenton" title="Louis Jean-Marie Daubenton">Louis Jean-Marie Daubenton</a>, Philibert Guéneau de Montbeillard, and Gabriel-Léopold Bexon, along with numerous artists. Buffon's <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Histoire naturelle</i></span> was translated into many different languages, making him one of the most widely read authors of the day, a rival to <a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the opening volumes of the <i>Histoire naturelle</i> Buffon questioned the usefulness of mathematics, criticized <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a>'s taxonomical approach to natural history, outlined a history of the Earth with little relation to the Biblical account, and proposed a theory of reproduction that ran counter to the prevailing theory of <a href="/wiki/Preformationism" title="Preformationism">pre-existence</a>. The early volumes were condemned by the Faculty of Theology at the Sorbonne. Buffon published a retraction, but he continued publishing the offending volumes without any change. </p><p>In the course of his examination of the animal world, Buffon noted that different regions have distinct plants and animals despite similar environments, a concept later known as Buffon's Law. This is considered to be the first principle of <a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">biogeography</a>. He made the suggestion that species may have both "improved" and "degenerated" after dispersing from a center of creation. In volume 14 he argued that all the world's <a href="/wiki/Quadrupedalism" title="Quadrupedalism">quadrupeds</a> had developed from an original set of just thirty-eight quadrupeds.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On this basis, he is sometimes considered a "<a href="/wiki/Transmutation_of_species" title="Transmutation of species">transformist</a>" and a precursor of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin</a>. He also asserted that <a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">climate change</a> may have facilitated the worldwide spread of species from their centers of origin. Still, interpreting his ideas on the subject is not simple, for he returned to topics many times in the course of his work. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buffon-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Buffon-1.jpg/220px-Buffon-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Buffon-1.jpg/330px-Buffon-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Buffon-1.jpg/440px-Buffon-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Volumes 1–12 of a 1774 edition of <i>Supplement to Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Buffon originally held that “the animals common both to the old and new world are smaller in the latter,”<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ascribing this to environmental conditions. Upon meeting Buffon, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> attempted “to convince him of his error,” noting that “the reindeer could walk under the belly of our moose.” Buffon, who was “absolutely unacquainted” with the moose, asked for a specimen.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jefferson dispatched twenty soldiers to the <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> woods to find a bull <a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">moose</a> for Buffon as proof of the "stature and majesty of American quadrupeds".<sup id="cite_ref-bullmoose_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bullmoose-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Jefferson, the specimen “convinced Mr. Buffon. He promised in his next volume to set these things right."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>Les époques de la nature</i> (1778) Buffon discussed the origins of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>, speculating that the planets had been created by a <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comet</a>'s collision with the Sun.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also suggested that the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Earth" title="Age of Earth">Earth originated</a> much earlier than 4004 BC, the date determined by Archbishop <a href="/wiki/James_Ussher" title="James Ussher">James Ussher</a>. Basing his figures on the cooling rate of <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> tested at his Laboratory the <a href="/wiki/File:Petit_Fontenet.JPG" title="File:Petit Fontenet.JPG">Petit Fontenet</a> at <a href="/wiki/Montbard" title="Montbard">Montbard</a>, he calculated that the Earth was at least 75,000 years old. Once again, his ideas were condemned by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">Sorbonne</a>, and once again he issued a retraction to avoid further problems.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Buffon knew of the existence of extinct species as <a href="/wiki/Mammoth" title="Mammoth">mammoths</a> or European <a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros" title="Rhinoceros">rhinos</a>. And some of his assumptions have inspired current models, such as <a href="/wiki/Continental_drift" title="Continental drift">continental drift</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publications">Publications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buffon,_Georges_Louis_-_Leclerc,_comte_de_%E2%80%93_Histoire_naturelle,_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_et_particuli%C3%A9re,_1763_%E2%80%93_BEIC_8822844.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Buffon%2C_Georges_Louis_-_Leclerc%2C_comte_de_%E2%80%93_Histoire_naturelle%2C_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_et_particuli%C3%A9re%2C_1763_%E2%80%93_BEIC_8822844.jpg/170px-Buffon%2C_Georges_Louis_-_Leclerc%2C_comte_de_%E2%80%93_Histoire_naturelle%2C_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_et_particuli%C3%A9re%2C_1763_%E2%80%93_BEIC_8822844.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Buffon%2C_Georges_Louis_-_Leclerc%2C_comte_de_%E2%80%93_Histoire_naturelle%2C_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_et_particuli%C3%A9re%2C_1763_%E2%80%93_BEIC_8822844.jpg/255px-Buffon%2C_Georges_Louis_-_Leclerc%2C_comte_de_%E2%80%93_Histoire_naturelle%2C_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_et_particuli%C3%A9re%2C_1763_%E2%80%93_BEIC_8822844.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Buffon%2C_Georges_Louis_-_Leclerc%2C_comte_de_%E2%80%93_Histoire_naturelle%2C_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_et_particuli%C3%A9re%2C_1763_%E2%80%93_BEIC_8822844.jpg/340px-Buffon%2C_Georges_Louis_-_Leclerc%2C_comte_de_%E2%80%93_Histoire_naturelle%2C_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_et_particuli%C3%A9re%2C_1763_%E2%80%93_BEIC_8822844.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="1743" /></a><figcaption><i>Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére</i>. Title page of volume 10 (1763).</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére</i>, 1749–1767. Paris: <a href="/wiki/Imprimerie_Royale" class="mw-redirect" title="Imprimerie Royale">Imprimerie Royale</a>. Volumes <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=8815035">3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=8816784">4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=8818623">5</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=8819928">6</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=8821365">7</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=8822844">10</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=8824341">11</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=8825994">13</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=8827791">14</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=8829318">15</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anthropological_studies">Anthropological studies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Anthropological studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Buffon believed in <a href="/wiki/Monogenism" title="Monogenism">monogenism</a>, the concept that all humanity has a single origin, and that physical differences arose from adaptation to environmental factors, including climate and diet. He speculated on the possibility that the first humans were dark-skinned Africans,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but did not pinpoint the area of human origin beyond delineating it as “the most temperate climate [that] lies between the 40th and 50th degree of latitude.” <sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This geophysical band encompasses portions of Europe, North America, North Africa, Mongolia, and China. </p><p>Controversially for a European of his era, Buffon did not believe that Europe was the cradle of human civilization. Instead he stated that Japanese and Chinese culture were “of a very ancient date,” and that Europe “only much later received the light from the East…it is thus in the northern countries of Asia that the stem of human knowledge grew."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Buffon thought that skin color could change in a single lifetime, depending on the conditions of climate and diet.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clarence Glacken suggests that "The environmental changes through human agency described by Buffon were those which were familiar and traditional in the history of Western civilization".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Buffon also challenged Carl Linnaeus' conceptualization of the fixed division of race. In this sense, Buffon expands his perspective on monogenism that associating these dissimilar traits and features into one larger category rather than in a fixed division. This brought to his conceptualization on distinguishing race in a broad and narrow sense; in a broad sense, race means larger groups of people who inhabit a huge region known as a continent; while in a narrow sense, it denotes equivalently with "nation".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With this, he implies his ambivalence in defining race by looking at specific traits to differenciate them but at the same time he rejects the idea of categorizing race in a specific fixed division. Therefore, because Buffon seems to favor in working on gerealization and marking the similarities rather than the difference in the race categorization. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relevance_to_modern_biology">Relevance to modern biology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Relevance to modern biology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> wrote in his preliminary historical sketch added to the third edition of <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></i>: "Passing over ... Buffon, with whose writings I am not familiar". Then, from the fourth edition onwards, he amended this to say that "the first author who in modern times has treated it [evolution] in a scientific spirit was Buffon. But as his opinions fluctuated greatly at different periods, and as he does not enter on the causes or means of the transformation of species, I need not here enter on details".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buffon's work on degeneration, however, was immensely influential on later scholars but was overshadowed by strong moral overtones.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The paradox of Buffon is that, according to <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Mayr" title="Ernst Mayr">Ernst Mayr</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>He was not an evolutionary biologist, yet he was the father of evolutionism. He was the first person to discuss a large number of evolutionary problems, problems that before Buffon had not been raised by anybody ... he brought them to the attention of the scientific world. </p><p>Except for Aristotle and Darwin, no other student of organisms [whole animals and plants] has had as far-reaching an influence. </p><p> He brought the idea of evolution into the realm of science. He developed a concept of the "unity of type", a precursor of <a href="/wiki/Comparative_anatomy" title="Comparative anatomy">comparative anatomy</a>. More than anyone else, he was responsible for the acceptance of a long-time scale for the history of the earth. He was one of the first to imply that you get inheritance from your parents, in a description based on similarities between elephants and mammoths. And yet, he hindered evolution by his frequent endorsement of the immutability of species. He provided a criterion of species, fertility among members of a species, that was thought impregnable.<sup id="cite_ref-Mayrp330_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayrp330-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Buffon wrote about the concept of <a href="/wiki/Struggle_for_existence" title="Struggle for existence">struggle for existence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He developed a system of <a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">heredity</a> which was similar to Darwin's hypothesis of <a href="/wiki/Pangenesis" title="Pangenesis">pangenesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commenting on Buffon's views, Darwin stated, "If Buffon had assumed that his organic molecules had been formed by each separate unit throughout the body, his view and mine would have been very closely similar."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>“Buffon asked most all of the questions that science has since been striving to answer,” the historian <a href="/wiki/Otis_Fellows" title="Otis Fellows">Otis Fellows</a> wrote in 1970. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> His glory lies in what he prepared for his successors: bold and seminal views on the common characters of life’s origin, laws of geographical distribution, a geological record of the earth’s evolution, extinction of old species, the successive appearance of new species, the unity of the human race.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eponyms_of_Buffon">Eponyms of Buffon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Eponyms of Buffon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffon_(crater)" title="Buffon (crater)">Buffon (crater)</a>, a lunar impact crater located on the southern hemisphere of the far side of the Moon.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Buffon" title="Lycée Buffon">Lycée Buffon</a>, a secondary school in the 15th arrondissement of Paris.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rue_Buffon_(Paris)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rue Buffon (Paris) (page does not exist)">Rue Buffon (Paris)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rue_Buffon_(Paris)" class="extiw" title="fr:Rue Buffon (Paris)">fr</a>]</span>, a street bordering the <a href="/wiki/Jardin_des_plantes" title="Jardin des plantes">Jardin des Plantes</a> in the 5th arrondissement of Paris.</li> <li>Rue Buffon (Dijon)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rue Buffon], a street in <a href="/wiki/Dijon" title="Dijon">Dijon</a>, France.</li> <li>An asteroid was named (7420) Buffon.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Buffon, <i>Œuvres</i>, ed. S. Schmitt and C. Crémière, Paris: Gallimard, 2007. </p><p><b>Complete works</b> </p> <ul><li>Vol 1. <i>Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roy</i>. Tome I (1749). Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière, Paris: Honoré Champion, 2007, 1376 p. (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7453-1601-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7453-1601-1">978-2-7453-1601-1</a>)</li> <li>Vol 2. <i>Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière avec la participation du Cabinet du Roy</i>. Tome II. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt, avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière, Paris: Honoré Champion, 2008, 808 p. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7453-1729-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7453-1729-2">978-2-7453-1729-2</a>)</li> <li>Vol 3. <i>Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roy</i>. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome III (1749), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2009, 776 p. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7453-1730-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7453-1730-8">978-2-7453-1730-8</a>)</li> <li>Vol 4. <i>Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi</i>. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome IV (1753), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2010. 1 vol., 864 p. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7453-1928-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7453-1928-9">978-2-7453-1928-9</a>)</li> <li>Vol 5. <i>Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi</i>. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome V (1755), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2010. 1 vol., 536 p. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7453-2057-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7453-2057-5">978-2-7453-2057-5</a>)</li> <li>Vol 6. <i>Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi</i>. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome VI (1756), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2011. 1 vol., 504 p. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7453-2150-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7453-2150-3">978-2-7453-2150-3</a>)</li> <li>Vol. 7. <i>Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi</i>. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome VII (1758), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2011. 1 vol., 544 p. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7453-2239-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7453-2239-5">978-2-7453-2239-5</a>)</li> <li>Vol. 8. <i>Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi</i>. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome VIII (1760), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2014, 640 p. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7453-2615-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7453-2615-7">978-2-7453-2615-7</a>)</li> <li>Vol. 9. <i>Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi</i>. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome IX (1761), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2016, 720 p. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7453-2994-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7453-2994-3">978-2-7453-2994-3</a>)</li> <li>Vol. 10. <i>Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi</i>. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome X (1763), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2017, 814 p. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7453-3456-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7453-3456-5">978-2-7453-3456-5</a>)</li> <li>Vol. 11. <i>Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi</i>. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome XI (1764), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2018, 724 p. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7453-4730-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7453-4730-5">978-2-7453-4730-5</a>)</li> <li>Vol. 12. <i>Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi</i>. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome XII (1764), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2018, 810 p. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7453-4732-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7453-4732-9">978-2-7453-4732-9</a>)</li> <li>Vol. 13. <i>Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi</i>. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome XIII (1765), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2019, 887 p.</li> <li>Vol. 14. <i>Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi</i>. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome XIV (1768), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2020, 605 p.</li> <li>Vol. 15. <i>Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi</i>. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome XV (1767), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2021, 764 p.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buffon-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1774 edition of Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Buffon-2.jpg/79px-Buffon-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Buffon-2.jpg/118px-Buffon-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Buffon-2.jpg/157px-Buffon-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2443" data-file-height="3721" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1774 edition of <i>Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buffon-1-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frontispiece of a 1774 edition of Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Buffon-1-2.jpg/120px-Buffon-1-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Buffon-1-2.jpg/180px-Buffon-1-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Buffon-1-2.jpg/240px-Buffon-1-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3529" data-file-height="3287" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Frontispiece of a 1774 edition of <i>Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buffon-1-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Table of contents of a 1774 edition of Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Buffon-1-3.jpg/65px-Buffon-1-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="65" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Buffon-1-3.jpg/98px-Buffon-1-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Buffon-1-3.jpg/131px-Buffon-1-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1679" data-file-height="3075" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Table of contents of a 1774 edition of <i>Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buffon-2-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1792 English translation of Buffon's Natural History"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Buffon-2-1.jpg/93px-Buffon-2-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Buffon-2-1.jpg/139px-Buffon-2-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Buffon-2-1.jpg/186px-Buffon-2-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3525" data-file-height="4546" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1792 English translation of <i>Buffon's Natural History</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buffon-2-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Title page of a 1792 English translation of Buffon's Natural History"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Buffon-2-2.jpg/77px-Buffon-2-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Buffon-2-2.jpg/116px-Buffon-2-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Buffon-2-2.jpg/155px-Buffon-2-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3716" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Title page of a 1792 English translation of <i>Buffon's Natural History</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buffon-2-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Table of contents page of a 1792 English translation of Buffon's Natural History"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Buffon-2-3.jpg/83px-Buffon-2-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Buffon-2-3.jpg/124px-Buffon-2-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Buffon-2-3.jpg/166px-Buffon-2-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2265" data-file-height="3276" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Table of contents page of a 1792 English translation of <i>Buffon's Natural History</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buffon-2-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Preface for a 1792 English translation of Buffon's Natural History"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Buffon-2-4.jpg/67px-Buffon-2-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="67" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Buffon-2-4.jpg/100px-Buffon-2-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Buffon-2-4.jpg/133px-Buffon-2-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2019" data-file-height="3626" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Preface for a 1792 English translation of <i>Buffon's Natural History</i></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffon%27s_needle_problem" title="Buffon's needle problem">Buffon's needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_sampling" title="Rejection sampling">Rejection sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suites_%C3%A0_Buffon" title="Suites à Buffon">Suites à Buffon</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarber2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lawrence_Farber" title="Paul Lawrence Farber">Farber, Paul</a> (2000). <i>Finding Order in Nature</i>. Baltimore: <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. p. 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finding+Order+in+Nature&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Farber&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges-Louis+Leclerc%2C+Comte+de+Buffon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mayrp330-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mayrp330_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mayrp330_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mayrp330_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mayr, Ernst 1981. <i>The Growth of Biological Thought</i>. Cambridge: Harvard. p 330</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrody2013" class="citation book cs1">Brody, David Eliot (6 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8kiLDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA186"><i>The Science Class You Wish You Had</i></a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780399160325" title="Special:BookSources/9780399160325"><bdi>9780399160325</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Science+Class+You+Wish+You+Had&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2013-08-06&rft.isbn=9780399160325&rft.aulast=Brody&rft.aufirst=David+Eliot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8kiLDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges-Louis+Leclerc%2C+Comte+de+Buffon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarsen2013" class="citation book cs1">Larsen, James A. (22 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uvggBQAAQBAJ"><i>Ecology of the Northern Lowland Bogs and Conifer Forests</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781483269863" title="Special:BookSources/9781483269863"><bdi>9781483269863</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecology+of+the+Northern+Lowland+Bogs+and+Conifer+Forests&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2013-10-22&rft.isbn=9781483269863&rft.aulast=Larsen&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuvggBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges-Louis+Leclerc%2C+Comte+de+Buffon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Otis E. Fellows and Stephen F. Milliken, Buffon, Twayne's World Authors Series; TWAS 243 (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1972), 41-43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Otis E. Fellows and Stephen F. Milliken, Buffon, Twayne's World Authors Series; TWAS 243 (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1972), 40-50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger1997" class="citation book cs1">Roger, Jacques (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h-f1bQzRt8UC&dq=%2522Gilles-Fran%25C3%25A7ois%2520Boulduc%2522&pg=PR11"><i>Buffon: A Life in Natural History</i></a>. Cornell University Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-2918-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-2918-7"><bdi>978-0-8014-2918-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buffon%3A+A+Life+in+Natural+History&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-2918-7&rft.aulast=Roger&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh-f1bQzRt8UC%26dq%3D%252522Gilles-Fran%2525C3%2525A7ois%252520Boulduc%252522%26pg%3DPR11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges-Louis+Leclerc%2C+Comte+de+Buffon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bell, Whitfield J., and Charles Greifenstein, Jr. Patriot-Improvers: Biographical Sketches of Members of the American Philosophical Society. 3 vols. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1997, 3:569–572.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fellows, Otis E. and Stephen F. Milliken 1972. <i>Buffon</i>. New York: Twayne. pp 149–54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAAS-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AAAS_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterB.pdf">"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. American Academy of Arts and Sciences<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Putnam’s Sons, 1899), p. 331</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bullmoose-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bullmoose_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bryson, Bill 2004. <i>A Short History of Nearly Everything</i>. New York: Broadway Books. p 81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dugatkin, Lee Alan, <i>Mr. Jefferson and the Giant Moose: Natural History in Early America</i> (University of Chicago Press, 2019), p. 99 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_naturelle_(Buffon)" class="extiw" title="fr:Histoire naturelle (Buffon)"><i>L'Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean Stengers 1974. "Buffon et la Sorbonne" in <i>Études sur le XVIIIe siecle</i>, ed. Roland Mortier and Hervé Hasquin. Brussels: Université de Bruxelles. pp 113–24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buffon, George-Louis de, <i>Supplemément a l’Histoire Naturelle</i> (Paris, L’Imprimerie Royale, 1775), p 564</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gould, Stephen J, <i>The Mismeasure of Man</i> (New York, W.W. Norton, 1996), p. 71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de, <i>Buffon’s Natural History (Barr’s Buffon)</i>, (London, J.S. Barr, 1792), p. 213</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris, Rise of Anthropological Theory, 2001, p. 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGLACKEN1960" class="citation journal cs1">GLACKEN, CLARENCE J. (March 1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1960.tb00325.x">"Count Buffon on Cultural Changes of the Physical Environment"</a>. <i>Annals of the Association of American Geographers</i>. <b>50</b> (1): 1–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8306.1960.tb00325.x">10.1111/j.1467-8306.1960.tb00325.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-5608">0004-5608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Association+of+American+Geographers&rft.atitle=Count+Buffon+on+Cultural+Changes+of+the+Physical+Environment&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-22&rft.date=1960-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-8306.1960.tb00325.x&rft.issn=0004-5608&rft.aulast=GLACKEN&rft.aufirst=CLARENCE+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-8306.1960.tb00325.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges-Louis+Leclerc%2C+Comte+de+Buffon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudson1996" class="citation journal cs1">Hudson, Nicholas (March 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ecs.1996.0027">"From "Nation"to "Race": The Origin of Racial Classification in Eighteenth- Century Thought"</a>. <i>Eighteenth-Century Studies</i>. <b>29</b> (3): 247–264. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fecs.1996.0027">10.1353/ecs.1996.0027</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1086-315X">1086-315X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eighteenth-Century+Studies&rft.atitle=From+%22Nation%22to+%22Race%22%3A+The+Origin+of+Racial+Classification+in+Eighteenth-+Century+Thought&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=247-264&rft.date=1996-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fecs.1996.0027&rft.issn=1086-315X&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1353%2Fecs.1996.0027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges-Louis+Leclerc%2C+Comte+de+Buffon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Darwin, Charles 1861. <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></i>, An historical sketch: 3rd edition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=side&itemID=F381&pageseq=20">xiii</a>. 4th edition of 1866 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=side&itemID=F385&pageseq=20">xiii</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mason, P.H. (2010) Degeneracy at multiple levels of complexity, Biological Theory: Integrating Development, Evolution and Cognition, 5(3), 277-288.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZirkle1941" class="citation cs2">Zirkle, Conway (25 April 1941), "Natural Selection before the <i>Origin of Species</i>", <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society" title="Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society">Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</a></i>, <b>84</b> (1), Philadelphia: <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>: 71–123, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/984852">984852</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=Natural+Selection+before+the+Origin+of+Species&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=71-123&rft.date=1941-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F984852%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Zirkle&rft.aufirst=Conway&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges-Louis+Leclerc%2C+Comte+de+Buffon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hull, David L. (1988). <i>Science as a Process: An Evolutionary Account of the Social and Conceptual Development of Science</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 86. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-36051-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-36051-2">0-226-36051-2</a> "As Darwin was to discover many years later, Buffon had devised a system of heredity not all that different from his own theory of pangenesis."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZirkle1935" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Conway_Zirkle" title="Conway Zirkle">Zirkle, Conway</a> (1935). "The Inheritance of Acquired Characters and the Provisional Hypothesis of Pangenesis". <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Naturalist" title="The American Naturalist">The American Naturalist</a></i>. <b>69</b> (724): 417–445. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F280617">10.1086/280617</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84729069">84729069</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Naturalist&rft.atitle=The+Inheritance+of+Acquired+Characters+and+the+Provisional+Hypothesis+of+Pangenesis&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=724&rft.pages=417-445&rft.date=1935&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F280617&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A84729069%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Zirkle&rft.aufirst=Conway&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges-Louis+Leclerc%2C+Comte+de+Buffon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fellows, Otis, <i>From Voltaire to la Nouvelle Critique: Problems and Personalities</i> (Geneva, Libraire Droz, 1970), p. 25 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.monnuage.fr/point-d-interet/la-rue-buffon-a104424%20rue%20Buffon,%20Dijon">https://www.monnuage.fr/point-d-interet/la-rue-buffon-a104424%20rue%20Buffon,%20Dijon</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation is required to prevent link rot. 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article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Buffon,_George_Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Buffon, George Louis Leclerc, Comte de">Buffon, George Louis Leclerc, Comte de</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_comte_de_Buffon" class="extiw" 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class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/42924">Works by Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/11522">Works by Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Leclerc%2C%20Georges%20Louis%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Leclerc%2C%20Georges%20L%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Leclerc%2C%20G%2E%20L%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Georges%20Louis%20Leclerc%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Georges%20L%2E%20Leclerc%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22G%2E%20L%2E%20Leclerc%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Leclerc%2C%20Georges%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Georges%20Leclerc%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Georges%20Louis%20Leclerc%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Georges%20L%2E%20Leclerc%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22G%2E%20L%2E%20Leclerc%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22G%2E%20Louis%20Leclerc%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Leclerc%2C%20Georges%20Louis%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Leclerc%2C%20Georges%20L%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Leclerc%2C%20G%2E%20L%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Leclerc%2C%20G%2E%20Louis%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Georges%20Leclerc%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Leclerc%2C%20Georges%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Georges%20Louis%20Leclerc%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Georges%20L%2E%20Leclerc%22%20OR%20title%3A%22G%2E%20L%2E%20Leclerc%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Georges%20Leclerc%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Georges%20Louis%20Leclerc%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Georges%20L%2E%20Leclerc%22%20OR%20description%3A%22G%2E%20L%2E%20Leclerc%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Leclerc%2C%20Georges%20Louis%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Leclerc%2C%20Georges%20L%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Georges%20Leclerc%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Leclerc%2C%20Georges%22%29%20OR%20%28%221707-1788%22%20AND%20Leclerc%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> The Buffon project : <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buffon.cnrs.fr">L'histoire naturelle</a></i></span></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>The same, in English: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171115022149/http://www.buffon.cnrs.fr/?lang=en"><i>L'histoire naturelle</i></a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boringworld.org/2021/03/buffon-hypothesis.html">Buffon's Hypothesis about the Origin of the Earth </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thegreatcat.org/cats-enlightenment-part-6-naturalists-views-domestic-cat/">Buffon's View of Domestic Cats</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edb.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/exhibit/b16/buffon_cont.html">Digital text Kyoto University</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111001051257/http://edb.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/exhibit/b16/buffon_cont.html">Archived</a> 1 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson" class="citation cs2">O'Connor, John J.; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson" title="Edmund F. Robertson">Robertson, Edmund F.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Buffon.html">"Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Georges-Louis+Leclerc%2C+Comte+de+Buffon&rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+Archive&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FBuffon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges-Louis+Leclerc%2C+Comte+de+Buffon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314070300/http://www.ansp.org/museum/jefferson/otherPages/degeneracy-1.php">Buffon's American Degeneracy, from The Academy of Natural Sciences</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.swco.ttu.edu/handle/10605/57">William Smellie's English Translation of Buffon's <i>Natural History, General and Particular</i>, 3rd Edition</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://athena.unige.ch/athena/buffon/buf_disc.html"><i>Discours sur le Style</i> – at athena.unige.ch</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sdei.senckenberg.de/index/index.php?befehl=about">Gaedike, R.; Groll, E. K. & Taeger, A. 2012: Bibliography of the entomological literature from the beginning until 1863 : online database - version 1.0 - Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/search/collection/darwin/searchterm/Buffon!Georges/field/title!title/mode/all!all/conn/and!and/order/nosort">A collection of high-resolution scans of animal illustrations from several books by Buffon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201006202338/http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/search/collection/darwin/searchterm/Buffon!Georges/field/title!title/mode/all!all/conn/and!and/order/nosort">Archived</a> 6 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Linda_Hall_Library" title="Linda Hall Library">Linda Hall Library</a></li> <li>Buffon's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/earththeory/id/32722"><i>Histoire naturelle des époches de la nature</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200821152328/http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/earththeory/id/32722">Archived</a> 21 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, (this ed. published as <i>Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du cabinet du roy, suppl. vol. 5.</i> in 1778) - digital facsimile from the <a href="/wiki/Linda_Hall_Library" title="Linda Hall Library">Linda Hall Library</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorges-Louis_Leclerc_de_Buffon1746" class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150614135146/http://www.academie-sciences.fr/activite/archive/dossiers/Buffon/Buffon_pdf/p147_158_vol3541m.pdf">"Dissertation sur les couleurs accidentelles"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Mémoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences —- Année 1743</i>: 147–158. 1746. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academie-sciences.fr/activite/archive/dossiers/Buffon/Buffon_pdf/p147_158_vol3541m.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=M%C3%A9moire+de+l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+Royale+des+Sciences+%26mdash%3B-+Ann%C3%A9e+1743&rft.atitle=Dissertation+sur+les+couleurs+accidentelles&rft.pages=147-158&rft.date=1746&rft.au=Georges-Louis+Leclerc+de+Buffon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.academie-sciences.fr%2Factivite%2Farchive%2Fdossiers%2FBuffon%2FBuffon_pdf%2Fp147_158_vol3541m.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges-Louis+Leclerc%2C+Comte+de+Buffon" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output 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0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_S%C3%A9guier" title="Pierre Séguier">Pierre Séguier</a> (1635)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Bazin_de_Bezons" title="Claude Bazin de Bezons">Claude Bazin de Bezons</a> (1643)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Boileau-Despr%C3%A9aux" title="Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux">Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux</a> (1684)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_d%27Estr%C3%A9es" title="Jean d'Estrées">Jean d'Estrées</a> (1711)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marc-Ren%C3%A9_de_Voyer_de_Paulmy_d%27Argenson_(1652%E2%80%931721)" title="Marc-René de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson (1652–1721)">Marc-René d'Argenson</a> (1718)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Joseph_Languet_de_Gergy" title="Jean-Joseph Languet de Gergy">Jean-Joseph Languet de Gergy</a> (1721)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George-Louis Leclerc, comte de Buffon</a> (1753)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Vicq-d%27Azyr" title="Félix Vicq-d'Azyr">Félix Vicq-d'Azyr</a> (1788)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Urbain_Domergue" title="François-Urbain Domergue">François-Urbain Domergue</a> (1803)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ange-Fran%C3%A7ois_Fariau" title="Ange-François Fariau">Ange-François Fariau</a> (1810)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Auguste_Parseval-Grandmaison" title="François-Auguste Parseval-Grandmaison">François-Auguste Parseval-Grandmaison</a> (1811)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Narcisse-Achille_de_Salvandy" title="Narcisse-Achille de Salvandy">Narcisse-Achille de Salvandy</a> (1835)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Augier" title="Émile Augier">Émile Augier</a> (1857)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Freycinet" title="Charles de Freycinet">Charles de Freycinet</a> (1890)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Picard" title="Émile Picard">Émile Picard</a> (1924)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">Louis de Broglie</a> (1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Debr%C3%A9" title="Michel Debré">Michel Debré</a> (1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Furet" title="François Furet">François Furet</a> (1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_R%C3%A9mond" title="René Rémond">René Rémond</a> (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Dagens" title="Claude Dagens">Claude Dagens</a> (2008)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Age_of_Enlightenment" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Template:Age of Enlightenment"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Template talk:Age of Enlightenment"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Age of 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Enlightenment">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">Critical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9distes" title="Encyclopédistes">Encyclopédistes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism" title="Enlightened absolutism">Enlightened absolutism</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité">Liberté, égalité, fraternité</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lumi%C3%A8res" title="Lumières">Lumières</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesian_doubt" title="Cartesian doubt">Methodological skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midlands_Enlightenment" title="Midlands Enlightenment">Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">Natural philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationality" title="Rationality">Rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Sapere_aude" title="Sapere aude">Sapere aude</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Science in the Age of Enlightenment">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_Enlightenment" title="Spanish American Enlightenment">Spanish America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universality_(philosophy)" title="Universality (philosophy)">Universality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopianism">Utopianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Thinkers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Thinkers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Addison" title="Joseph Addison">Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury">Ashley-Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Collins_(philosopher)" title="Anthony Collins (philosopher)">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harrington_(author)" title="James Harrington (author)">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Price" title="Richard Price">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds" title="Joshua Reynolds">Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Sidney" title="Algernon Sidney">Sidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Tindal" title="Matthew Tindal">Tindal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_le_Rond_d%27Alembert" title="Jean le Rond d'Alembert">d'Alembert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Louis_de_Voyer_de_Paulmy_d%27Argenson" class="mw-redirect" title="René Louis de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson">d'Argenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bayle" title="Pierre Bayle">Bayle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Chamfort" title="Nicolas Chamfort">Chamfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89milie_du_Ch%C3%A2telet" title="Émilie du Châtelet">Châtelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Bonnot_de_Condillac" title="Étienne Bonnot de Condillac">Condillac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Diderot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Le_Bovier_de_Fontenelle" title="Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle">Fontenelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_de_Gouges" title="Olympe de Gouges">Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">d'Holbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Jaucourt" title="Louis de Jaucourt">Jaucourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julien_Offray_de_La_Mettrie" title="Julien Offray de La Mettrie">La Mettrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Lavoisier</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably" title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably">Mably</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Meslier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Gabriel_Morelly" title="Étienne-Gabriel Morelly">Morelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay" title="François Quesnay">Quesnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Thomas_Fran%C3%A7ois_Raynal" title="Guillaume Thomas François Raynal">Raynal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geneva</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firmin_Abauzit" title="Firmin Abauzit">Abauzit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bonnet" title="Charles Bonnet">Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Burlamaqui" title="Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui">Burlamaqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pr%C3%A9vost_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Prévost (physicist)">Prévost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dict_de_Saussure" title="Horace Bénédict de Saussure">Saussure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Lessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Christoph_Lichtenberg" title="Georg Christoph Lichtenberg">Lichtenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Mendelssohn" title="Moses Mendelssohn">Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Thomasius" title="Christian Thomasius">Thomasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Weishaupt" title="Adam Weishaupt">Weishaupt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Martin_Wieland" title="Christoph Martin Wieland">Wieland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(philosopher)" title="Christian Wolff (philosopher)">Wolff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_Enlightenment" title="Modern Greek Enlightenment">Greece</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theoklitos_Farmakidis" title="Theoklitos Farmakidis">Farmakidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigas_Feraios" title="Rigas Feraios">Feraios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_Kairis" title="Theophilos Kairis">Kairis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Korais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ireland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Toland" title="John Toland">Toland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Enlightenment" title="Italian Enlightenment">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_Galiani" title="Ferdinando Galiani">Galiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Galvani" title="Luigi Galvani">Galvani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Genovesi" title="Antonio Genovesi">Genovesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Mario_Pagano" title="Francesco Mario Pagano">Pagano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Verri" title="Pietro Verri">Verri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Bekker" title="Balthasar Bekker">Bekker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_de_la_Court" title="Pieter de la Court">de la Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Huygens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriaan_Koerbagh" title="Adriaan Koerbagh">Koerbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek">Leeuwenhoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Mandeville" title="Bernard Mandeville">Mandeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodewijk_Meyer" title="Lodewijk Meyer">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Nieuwentyt" title="Bernard Nieuwentyt">Nieuwentyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam">Swammerdam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment in Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Konarski" title="Stanisław Konarski">Konarski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Krasicki" title="Ignacy Krasicki">Krasicki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Ursyn_Niemcewicz" title="Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz">Niemcewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski" title="Stanisław August Poniatowski">Poniatowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99drzej_%C5%9Aniadecki" title="Jędrzej Śniadecki">Śniadecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Staszic" title="Stanisław Staszic">Staszic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Wybicki" title="Józef Wybicki">Wybicki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_de_Carvalho_e_Melo,_1st_Marquis_of_Pombal" title="Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal">Carvalho e Melo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Budai-Deleanu" title="Ion Budai-Deleanu">Budai-Deleanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petru_Maior" title="Petru Maior">Maior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuil_Micu-Klein" title="Samuil Micu-Klein">Micu-Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_%C8%98incai" title="Gheorghe Șincai">Șincai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Enlightenment" title="Russian Enlightenment">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Fonvizin" title="Denis Fonvizin">Fonvizin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_Kantemir" title="Antiochus Kantemir">Kantemir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kheraskov" title="Mikhail Kheraskov">Kheraskov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lomonosov" title="Mikhail Lomonosov">Lomonosov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Novikov" title="Nikolay Novikov">Novikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Radishchev" title="Alexander Radishchev">Radishchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekaterina_Vorontsova-Dashkova" title="Yekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova">Vorontsova-Dashkova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dositej_Obradovi%C4%87" title="Dositej Obradović">Obradović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avram_Mrazovi%C4%87" title="Avram Mrazović">Mrazović</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Cadalso" title="José Cadalso">Cadalso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Jer%C3%B3nimo_Feij%C3%B3o_y_Montenegro" title="Benito Jerónimo Feijóo y Montenegro">Feijóo y Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leandro_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Morat%C3%ADn" title="Leandro Fernández de Moratín">Moratín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Melchor_de_Jovellanos" title="Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos">Jovellanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Torres_Villarroel" title="Diego de Torres Villarroel">Villarroel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Enlightenment" title="Scottish Enlightenment">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Beattie_(poet)" title="James Beattie (poet)">Beattie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Black" title="Joseph Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Blair" title="Hugh Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Boswell" title="James Boswell">Boswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnett,_Lord_Monboddo" title="James Burnett, Lord Monboddo">Burnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen" title="William Cullen">Cullen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Ferguson" title="Adam Ferguson">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Hutcheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hutton" title="James Hutton">Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mill" title="James Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Playfair" title="John Playfair">Playfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reid" title="Thomas Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugald_Stewart" title="Dugald Stewart">Stewart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Mason" title="George Mason">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanticism" title="Template:Romanticism">Romanticism</a> →</b></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Category:Age of Enlightenment">Category</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Natural_history" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Natural_history" title="Template:Natural history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Natural_history" title="Template talk:Natural history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Natural_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Natural history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Natural_history" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">Natural history</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneering<br />naturalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical<br />antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Animals" title="History of Animals">History of Animals</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Plantarum_(Theophrastus_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia Plantarum (Theophrastus book)">Historia Plantarum</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a> (<i>De Natura Animalium</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/De_Materia_Medica" class="mw-redirect" title="De Materia Medica">De Materia Medica</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulisse_Aldrovandi" title="Ulisse Aldrovandi">Ulisse Aldrovandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Bauhin" title="Gaspard Bauhin">Gaspard Bauhin</a> (<i>Pinax theatri botanici</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Brunfels" title="Otto Brunfels">Otto Brunfels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Bock" title="Hieronymus Bock">Hieronymus Bock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Cesalpino" title="Andrea Cesalpino">Andrea Cesalpino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Cordus" title="Valerius Cordus">Valerius Cordus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonhart_Fuchs" title="Leonhart Fuchs">Leonhart Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Gessner" title="Conrad Gessner">Conrad Gessner</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Historia_animalium_(Gessner_book)" title="Historia animalium (Gessner book)">Historia animalium</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederik_Ruysch" title="Frederik Ruysch">Frederik Ruysch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Turner_(naturalist)" title="William Turner (naturalist)">William Turner</a> (<i>Avium Praecipuarum</i>, <i>New Herball</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gerard" title="John Gerard">John Gerard</a> (<i>Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Micrographia" title="Micrographia">Micrographia</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcello_Malpighi" title="Marcello Malpighi">Marcello Malpighi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek">Antonie van Leeuwenhoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Derham" title="William Derham">William Derham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Sloane" title="Hans Sloane">Hans Sloane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam">Jan Swammerdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnier_de_Graaf" title="Regnier de Graaf">Regnier de Graaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Steller" title="Georg Wilhelm Steller">Georg Steller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks" title="Joseph Banks">Joseph Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Christian_Fabricius" title="Johan Christian Fabricius">Johan Christian Fabricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hutton" title="James Hutton">James Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ray" title="John Ray">John Ray</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Plantarum_(Ray_book)" title="Historia Plantarum (Ray book)">Historia Plantarum</a></i>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Comte de Buffon</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Histoire_Naturelle" title="Histoire Naturelle">Histoire Naturelle</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Germain_de_Lac%C3%A9p%C3%A8de" title="Bernard Germain de Lacépède">Bernard Germain de Lacépède</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_White" title="Gilbert White">Gilbert White</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Natural_History_and_Antiquities_of_Selborne" title="The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne">The Natural History of Selborne</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bewick" title="Thomas Bewick">Thomas Bewick</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_British_Birds" title="A History of British Birds">A History of British Birds</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck" title="Jean-Baptiste Lamarck">Jean-Baptiste Lamarck</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Philosophie_zoologique" title="Philosophie zoologique">Philosophie zoologique</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Montagu_(naturalist)" title="George Montagu (naturalist)">George Montagu</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ornithological_Dictionary" title="Ornithological Dictionary">Ornithological Dictionary</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">Georges Cuvier</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Le_R%C3%A8gne_Animal" title="Le Règne Animal">Le Règne Animal</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(geologist)" title="William Smith (geologist)">William Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Malay_Archipelago" title="The Malay Archipelago">The Malay Archipelago</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Walter_Bates" title="Henry Walter Bates">Henry Walter Bates</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons" title="The Naturalist on the River Amazons">The Naturalist on the River Amazons</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_James_Audubon" title="John James Audubon">John James Audubon</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Birds_of_America" title="The Birds of America">The Birds of America</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Buckland" title="William Buckland">William Buckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Anning" title="Mary Anning">Mary Anning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_Fabre" title="Jean-Henri Fabre">Jean-Henri Fabre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Henry_Gosse" title="Philip Henry Gosse">Philip Henry Gosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_Gray" title="Asa Gray">Asa Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jackson_Hooker" title="William Jackson Hooker">William Jackson Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Joseph Dalton Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Jardine,_7th_Baronet" title="Sir William Jardine, 7th Baronet">William Jardine</a> (<i>The Naturalist's Library</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Kunstformen_der_Natur" title="Kunstformen der Natur">Kunstformen der Natur</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lydekker" title="Richard Lydekker">Richard Lydekker</a> (<i>The Royal Natural History</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martinus_Beijerinck" title="Martinus Beijerinck">Martinus Beijerinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbott_Handerson_Thayer" title="Abbott Handerson Thayer">Abbott Thayer</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom" title="Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom">Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_B._Cott" title="Hugh B. Cott">Hugh B. Cott</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Coloration_in_Animals" title="Adaptive Coloration in Animals">Adaptive Coloration in Animals</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Niko Tinbergen</a> (<i>The Study of Instinct</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/On_Aggression" title="On Aggression">On Aggression</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">Karl von Frisch</a> (<i>The Dancing Bees</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Lockley" title="Ronald Lockley">Ronald Lockley</a> (<i>Shearwaters</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Sceliphron wasp building nest"><img alt="Sceliphron wasp building nest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png/85px-Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png/128px-Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png/170px-Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png 2x" data-file-width="887" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_history_museum" title="Natural history museum">Natural history museums</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_history_museums" title="List of natural history museums">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parson-naturalist" title="Parson-naturalist">Parson-naturalists</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_parson-naturalists" title="List of parson-naturalists">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_history_societies" title="Category:Natural history societies">Natural History Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_history_dealers" title="List of natural history dealers">List of natural history dealers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Obsolete_definitions_of_race" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_definitions_of_race" title="Template:Historical definitions of race"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_definitions_of_race" title="Template talk:Historical definitions of race"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_definitions_of_race" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical definitions of race"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Obsolete_definitions_of_race" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Historical_race_concepts" title="Historical race concepts">Obsolete definitions of race</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_terminology_for_race" title="Color terminology for race">Color terminology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_(racial_classification)" title="Bronze (racial classification)">Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_(racial_classification)" title="Brown (racial classification)">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_skin" title="Olive skin">Olive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redskin" title="Redskin">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historical_race_concepts" title="Historical race concepts">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australo-Melanesian" title="Australo-Melanesian">Australoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Capoid">Capoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_race" title="Caucasian race">Caucasoid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_race" title="Alpine race">Alpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabid_race" title="Arabid race">Arabid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenoid_race" title="Armenoid race">Armenoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantid_race" title="Atlantid race">Atlantid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_race" title="Caspian race">Caspian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinaric_race" title="Dinaric race">Dinaric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Baltic_race" title="East Baltic race">East Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopid_race" title="Ethiopid race">Ethiopid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamites" title="Hamites">Hamites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indid_race" title="Indid race">Indid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irano-Afghan_race" title="Irano-Afghan race">Iranid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_race" title="Mediterranean race">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_race" title="Nordic race">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semites" class="mw-redirect" title="Semites">Semites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turanid_race" title="Turanid race">Turanid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_race" title="Malay race">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongoloid" title="Mongoloid">Mongoloid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Mongoloid" title="Proto-Mongoloid">Proto-Mongoloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinodonty_and_Sundadonty" title="Sinodonty and Sundadonty">Sinodonty and Sundadonty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negroid" title="Negroid">Negroid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negrito" title="Negrito">Negrito</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relations" title="Sociology of race and ethnic relations">Sociological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_definitions_of_races_in_India" title="Historical definitions of races in India">in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">Passing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_discrimination" title="Racial discrimination">Racial discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_stereotype" title="Ethnic stereotype">Racial stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorism">Colorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_race" title="Master race">Master race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazism and race">Nazism and race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_hygiene" title="Racial hygiene">Racial hygiene</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteness_studies" title="Whiteness studies">Whiteness studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9gritude" title="Négritude">Négritude</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baker_(biologist)" title="John Baker (biologist)">John Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Baur" title="Erwin Baur">Erwin Baur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Beddoe" title="John Beddoe">John Beddoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bennett_Bean" title="Robert Bennett Bean">Robert Bennett Bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bernier" title="François Bernier">François Bernier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renato_Biasutti" title="Renato Biasutti">Renato Biasutti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Blumenbach" title="Johann Friedrich Blumenbach">Johann Friedrich Blumenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Boas" title="Franz Boas">Franz Boas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Garrison_Brinton" title="Daniel Garrison Brinton">Daniel Garrison Brinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Broca" title="Paul Broca">Paul Broca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Mossie_Brues" title="Alice Mossie Brues">Alice Mossie Brues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfdan_Bryn" title="Halfdan Bryn">Halfdan Bryn</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Caldwell_(physician)" title="Charles Caldwell (physician)">Charles Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_Camper" title="Petrus Camper">Petrus Camper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_A._Cartwright" title="Samuel A. Cartwright">Samuel A. Cartwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Houston Stewart Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Mary_Cole" title="Sonia Mary Cole">Sonia Mary Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carleton_S._Coon" title="Carleton S. Coon">Carleton S. Coon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">Georges Cuvier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Czekanowski" title="Jan Czekanowski">Jan Czekanowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Davenport" title="Charles Davenport">Charles Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Deniker" title="Joseph Deniker">Joseph Deniker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Freiherr_von_Eickstedt" title="Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt">Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%A9nor_Firmin" title="Anténor Firmin">Anténor Firmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Fischer" title="Eugen Fischer">Eugen Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Marion_Garn" title="Stanley Marion Garn">Stanley Marion Garn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Ruggles_Gates" title="Reginald Ruggles Gates">Reginald Ruggles Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gliddon" title="George Gliddon">George Gliddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">Arthur de Gobineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Grant" title="Madison Grant">Madison Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Grattan_(naturalist)" title="John Grattan (naturalist)">John Grattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_F._K._G%C3%BCnther" title="Hans F. K. Günther">Hans F. K. Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Ludwig_Hoffman" title="Frederick Ludwig Hoffman">Frederick Ludwig Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earnest_Hooton" title="Earnest Hooton">Earnest Hooton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Huxley" title="Julian Huxley">Julian Huxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Thomas Henry Huxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Ira_Kephart" title="Calvin Ira Kephart">Calvin Ira Kephart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Knox_(surgeon)" title="Robert Knox (surgeon)">Robert Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Kuttner" title="Robert E. Kuttner">Robert E. Kuttner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Vacher_de_Lapouge" title="Georges Vacher de Lapouge">Georges Vacher de Lapouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lenz" title="Fritz Lenz">Fritz Lenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Lombroso" title="Cesare Lombroso">Cesare Lombroso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Lundman" title="Bertil Lundman">Bertil Lundman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_von_Luschan" title="Felix von Luschan">Felix von Luschan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominick_McCausland" title="Dominick McCausland">Dominick McCausland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mitchell_(geographer)" title="John Mitchell (geographer)">John Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Montagu" title="Ashley Montagu">Ashley Montagu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_H._Morgan" title="Lewis H. Morgan">Lewis H. Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_George_Morton" title="Samuel George Morton">Samuel George Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_C._Nott" title="Josiah C. Nott">Josiah C. Nott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Pearson" title="Karl Pearson">Karl Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Pearson_(anthropologist)" title="Roger Pearson (anthropologist)">Roger Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Peschel" title="Oscar Peschel">Oscar Peschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_La_Peyr%C3%A8re" title="Isaac La Peyrère">Isaac La Peyrère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pickering_(naturalist)" title="Charles Pickering (naturalist)">Charles Pickering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Hermann_Plate" title="Ludwig Hermann Plate">Ludwig Hermann Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ploetz" title="Alfred Ploetz">Alfred Ploetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cowles_Prichard" title="James Cowles Prichard">James Cowles Prichard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Reche" title="Otto Reche">Otto Reche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Retzius" title="Gustaf Retzius">Gustaf Retzius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Z._Ripley" title="William Z. Ripley">William Z. Ripley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Benjamin Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henric_Sanielevici" title="Henric Sanielevici">Henric Sanielevici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schmidt_(philosopher)" title="Heinrich Schmidt (philosopher)">Heinrich Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilse_Schwidetzky" title="Ilse Schwidetzky">Ilse Schwidetzky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gabriel_Seligman" title="Charles Gabriel Seligman">Charles Gabriel Seligman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Sergi" title="Giuseppe Sergi">Giuseppe Sergi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Stanhope_Smith" title="Samuel Stanhope Smith">Samuel Stanhope Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Steggerda" title="Morris Steggerda">Morris Steggerda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothrop_Stoddard" title="Lothrop Stoddard">Lothrop Stoddard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Graham_Sumner" title="William Graham Sumner">William Graham Sumner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Griffith_Taylor" title="Thomas Griffith Taylor">Thomas Griffith Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Topinard" title="Paul Topinard">Paul Topinard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Van_Evrie" title="John H. Van Evrie">John H. Van Evrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otmar_Freiherr_von_Verschuer" title="Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer">Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Winchell" title="Alexander Winchell">Alexander Winchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Woltmann" title="Ludwig Woltmann">Ludwig Woltmann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Mitchell_(geographer)" title="John Mitchell (geographer)"><i>An Essay upon the Causes of the Different Colours of People<wbr /> in Different Climates</i> (1744)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Meiners" title="Christoph Meiners"><i>The Outline of History of Mankind</i> (1785)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occasional_Discourse_on_the_Negro_Question" title="Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question"><i>Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question</i> (1849)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_on_the_Inequality_of_the_Human_Races" title="An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races"><i>An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races</i> (1855)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Races_of_Europe_(Ripley_book)" title="The Races of Europe (Ripley book)"><i>The Races of Europe</i> (Ripley, 1899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Foundations_of_the_Nineteenth_Century" title="The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century"><i>The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century</i> (1899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_Life_of_the_Aryan_Peoples" title="Race Life of the Aryan Peoples"><i>Race Life of the Aryan Peoples</i> (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heredity_in_Relation_to_Eugenics" title="Heredity in Relation to Eugenics"><i>Heredity in Relation to Eugenics</i> (1911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castes_in_India:_Their_Mechanism,_Genesis_and_Development" title="Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis and Development"><i>Castes in India</i> (1916)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Passing_of_the_Great_Race" title="The Passing of the Great Race"><i>The Passing of the Great Race</i> (1916)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rising_Tide_of_Color_Against_White_World-Supremacy" title="The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy"><i>The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy</i> (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Twentieth_Century" title="The Myth of the Twentieth Century"><i>The Myth of the Twentieth Century</i> (1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annihilation_of_Caste" title="Annihilation of Caste"><i>Annihilation of Caste</i> (1936)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Investigation_of_Global_Policy_with_the_Yamato_Race_as_Nucleus" title="An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus"><i>An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus</i> (1943)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Race_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="The Race Question"><i>The Race Question</i> (1950)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">Ethnogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_chain_of_being" title="Great chain of being">Great chain of being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anthropometry" title="History of anthropometry">History of anthropometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">Miscegenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monogenism" title="Monogenism">Monogenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiracial" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiracial">Multiracial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygenism" title="Polygenism">Polygenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Adamite" title="Pre-Adamite">Pre-Adamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-modern_conceptions_of_whiteness" title="Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness">Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229264#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229264#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229264#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121006442">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/36915547">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/14159/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118517252">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50041361">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11894464v">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11894464v">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00463971">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Buffon, Georges Louis : Leclerc"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV023974">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35023492">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990210135&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000038479&CON_LNG=ENG">Russia</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000038478&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1788788">Spain</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5234134">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/28182">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068569734">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90595223">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000316532&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000110829&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000076349">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=210543">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000046894">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/1zcff64k0spvtl9">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810551799305606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/133835">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007313346905171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058512196606706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02520781?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Buffon">International Plant Names Index</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:comte-de-buffon.">zbMATH</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:leclerc-de-buffon.george-louis">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/260991">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/424966">RKD Artists</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/797439">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118517252.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118517252">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02675830X">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w68k7fqm">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon&oldid=1257152614">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon&oldid=1257152614</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1707_births" title="Category:1707 births">1707 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1788_deaths" title="Category:1788 deaths">1788 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Montbard" title="Category:People from Montbard">People from Montbard</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_naturalists" title="Category:French naturalists">French naturalists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_ornithologists" title="Category:French ornithologists">French 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