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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#School_breaks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>School breaks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-School_breaks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_holidays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_holidays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Public holidays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_holidays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Summer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 187 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-187" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">187 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8A%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%84" title="Гъэмаф – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Гъэмаф" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somer" title="Somer – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Somer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sommer" title="Sommer – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Sommer" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9E%E1%89%84_%E1%8B%88%E1%89%85%E1%89%B5" title="ሞቄ ወቅት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሞቄ ወቅት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D4%A5%D1%85%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Аԥхын – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аԥхын" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81" title="صيف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صيف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verano" title="Verano – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Verano" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A9%DC%9D%DC%9B%DC%90" title="ܩܝܛܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܩܝܛܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BC" title="Ամառ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ամառ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vear%C3%A2" title="Vearâ – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Vearâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branu" title="Branu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Branu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arahaku" title="Arahaku – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Arahaku" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panqara_phaxsi" title="Panqara phaxsi – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Panqara phaxsi" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yay" title="Yay – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yay" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="یای – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یای" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE" title="গ্রীষ্ম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গ্রীষ্ম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musim_panas" title="Musim panas – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Musim panas" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joa%CC%8Dh-thi%E2%81%BF" title="Joa̍h-thiⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Joa̍h-thiⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D3%99%D0%B9" title="Йәй – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Йәй" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Лета – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лета" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Лета – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лета" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8)" title="गरमी (सीजन) – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="गरमी (सीजन)" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag-init" title="Tag-init – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tag-init" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Лято – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лято" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summa" title="Summa – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Summa" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BC%8D" title="དབྱར་ཁ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="དབྱར་ཁ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljeto" title="Ljeto – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ljeto" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C3%B1v" title="Hañv – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hañv" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estiu" title="Estiu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estiu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Çулла – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çулла" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9to" title="Léto – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Léto" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhizha" title="Zhizha – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Zhizha" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haf" title="Haf – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Haf" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sommer" title="Sommer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sommer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81" title="صيف – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="صيف" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sommer" title="Sommer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sommer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%9B%C5%9Be" title="Lěśe – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Lěśe" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="गृष्म ऋतु – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="गृष्म ऋतु" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suvi" title="Suvi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Suvi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%AF%CF%81%CE%B9" title="Καλοκαίρι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καλοκαίρι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ist%C3%AA" title="Istê – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Istê" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8D_(%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB)" title="Кизэ (шкань вал) – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Кизэ (шкань вал)" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verano" title="Verano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Verano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somero" title="Somero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Somero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veranu" title="Veranu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Veranu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uda" title="Uda – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Uda" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تابستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تابستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summar" title="Summar – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Summar" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89t%C3%A9" title="Été – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Été" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simmer" title="Simmer – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Simmer" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ist%C3%A2t" title="Istât – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Istât" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samhradh" title="Samhradh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Samhradh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sourey" title="Sourey – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Sourey" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ver%C3%A1n" title="Verán – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Verán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ахка – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Ахка" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%89%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B3%E0%AB%8B" title="ઉનાળો – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઉનાળો" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngie%CC%8Dt-thi%C3%AAn" title="Ngie̍t-thiên – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ngie̍t-thiên" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Зун – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Зун" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%AC%EB%A6%84" title="여름 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="여름" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BC" title="Ամառ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ամառ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="ग्रीष्म ऋतु – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ग्रीष्म ऋतु" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%9B%C4%87o" title="Lěćo – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Lěćo" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljeto" title="Ljeto – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ljeto" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somero" title="Somero – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Somero" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalgaw" title="Kalgaw – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kalgaw" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musim_panas" title="Musim panas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Musim panas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estate" title="Estate – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Estate" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estive" title="Estive – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Estive" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%C3%A6%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Сæрд – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сæрд" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihlobo" title="Ihlobo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ihlobo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumar" title="Sumar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sumar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estate" title="Estate – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Estate" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A5" title="קיץ – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קיץ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangsa_panas" title="Mangsa panas – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mangsa panas" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%86" title="ಬೇಸಿಗೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬೇಸಿಗೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ზაფხული – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ზაფხული" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A0%D8%AA%DB%81%D9%95_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84" title="رؠتہٕ کول – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="رؠتہٕ کول" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lato" title="Lato – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Lato" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Жаз – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жаз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icyi" title="Icyi – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Icyi" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majira_ya_joto" title="Majira ya joto – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Majira ya joto" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B6%D3%A7%D0%BC" title="Гожӧм – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Гожӧм" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lete" title="Lete – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lete" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hav%C3%AEn" title="Havîn – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Havîn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Жай – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жай" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%93%D0%BD%D0%B3%D3%B9%D0%B6" title="Кӓнгӹж – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Кӓнгӹж" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inst%C3%A0" title="Instà – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Instà" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8A%D0%B8" title="Гъи – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Гъи" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B9%E0%BA%AE%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%99" title="ລະດູຮ້ອນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ລະດູຮ້ອນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aestas" title="Aestas – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aestas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasara" title="Vasara – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vasara" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer" title="Summer – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Summer" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Гад – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Гад" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasara" title="Vasara – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vasara" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A6" title="Estæ – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Estæ" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kez%C3%A4" title="Kezä – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kezä" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/crisa" title="crisa – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="crisa" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ist%C3%A0t" title="Istàt – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Istàt" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ny%C3%A1r" title="Nyár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nyár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Лето – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лето" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahavaratra" title="Fahavaratra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fahavaratra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%82" title="ഗ്രീഷ്മം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗ്രീഷ്മം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%BE" title="उन्हाळा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="उन्हाळा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ზარხული – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ზარხული" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81" title="صيف – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="صيف" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="تابستون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تابستون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musim_panas" title="Musim panas – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Musim panas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C4%95k-ti%C4%95ng" title="Iĕk-tiĕng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Iĕk-tiĕng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Кизось – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Кизось" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Зун – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Зун" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE" title="နွေရာသီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နွေရာသီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zomer" title="Zomer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zomer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer" title="Summer – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Summer" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="ग्रीष्म ऋतु – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ग्रीष्म ऋतु" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="ताल्ला – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ताल्ला" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8F" title="夏 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="夏" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staggione" title="Staggione – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Staggione" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8C%D1%85%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Аьхке – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Аьхке" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somer" title="Somer – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Somer" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sommer" title="Sommer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sommer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sommar" title="Sommar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sommar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8At%C3%A9" title="Êté – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Êté" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estiu" title="Estiu – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Estiu" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D2%A5%D0%B5%D0%B6" title="Кеҥеж – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Кеҥеж" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoz" title="Yoz – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yoz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80_(%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4)" title="ਗਰਮੀ (ਰੁੱਤ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗਰਮੀ (ਰੁੱਤ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%A7%DD%AA" title="ہناݪ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہناݪ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="دوبی – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="دوبی" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Гожум – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Гожум" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lato" title="Lato – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lato" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ver%C3%A3o" title="Verão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Verão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaz" title="Jaz – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Jaz" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sommer" title="Sommer – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Sommer" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var%C4%83" title="Vară – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vară" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruphay_mit%27a" title="Ruphay mit'a – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ruphay mit'a" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Літо – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Літо" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Лето – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лето" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Сайын – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сайын" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/lalud" title="lalud – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="lalud" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%9D_%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A9" title="ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istadiai" title="Istadiai – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Istadiai" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simmer" title="Simmer – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Simmer" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selemo" title="Selemo – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Selemo" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_(stin%C3%AB)" title="Vera (stinë) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vera (stinë)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astati" title="Astati – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Astati" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="ගිම්හානය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ගිම්හානය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer" title="Summer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Summer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88" title="اونهارو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اونهارو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leto" title="Leto – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Leto" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poletje" title="Poletje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Poletje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xagaa" title="Xagaa – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Xagaa" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ھاوین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھاوین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Лето – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лето" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljeto" title="Ljeto – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ljeto" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kes%C3%A4" title="Kesä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kesä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sommar" title="Sommar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sommar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag-init" title="Tag-init – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tag-init" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கோடைகாலம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கோடைகாலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anbdu" title="Anbdu – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Anbdu" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anebdu" title="Anebdu – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Anebdu" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%96%D3%99%D0%B9" title="Җәй – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Җәй" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/bagan" title="bagan – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="bagan" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%82" title="వేసవి కాలం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వేసవి కాలం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="ฤดูร้อน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฤดูร้อน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Тобистон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Тобистон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaz" title="Yaz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yaz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomus" title="Tomus – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Tomus" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Літо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Літо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7" title="موسم گرما – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="موسم گرما" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="ياز – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ياز" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cawzhah" title="Cawzhah – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Cawzhah" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ist%C3%A0" title="Istà – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Istà" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keza" title="Keza – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Keza" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B9a_h%C3%A8" title="Mùa hè – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mùa hè" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit%C3%BCp" title="Hitüp – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Hitüp" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suvi" title="Suvi – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Suvi" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A9" title="Esté – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Esté" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8F" title="夏 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="夏" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zomer" title="Zomer – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Zomer" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katpaso" title="Katpaso – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Katpaso" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%A4%A9" title="夏天 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="夏天" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="זומער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="זומער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%A4%A9" title="夏天 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="夏天" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnan" title="Amnan – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Amnan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasara" title="Vasara – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vasara" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%AD%A3" title="夏季 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="夏季" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B1%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%93" title="ⴰⵏⴱⴷⵓ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵏⴱⴷⵓ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1313#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hottest of the four temperate seasons</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Summers" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Summer_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Summer (disambiguation)">Summer (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Summers_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Summers (disambiguation)">Summers (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Summer" title="Special:EditPage/Summer">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Summer%22">"Summer"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Summer%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Summer%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Summer%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Summer%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Summer%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Summer</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><a href="/wiki/Temperate_season" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate season">Temperate season</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Field_Hamois_Belgium_Luc_Viatour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Field_Hamois_Belgium_Luc_Viatour.jpg/250px-Field_Hamois_Belgium_Luc_Viatour.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Field_Hamois_Belgium_Luc_Viatour.jpg/375px-Field_Hamois_Belgium_Luc_Viatour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Field_Hamois_Belgium_Luc_Viatour.jpg/500px-Field_Hamois_Belgium_Luc_Viatour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2468" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Summer in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Northern_temperate_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern temperate zone">Northern temperate zone</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Astronomical season</th><td class="infobox-data">21 June – 23 September</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Meteorological season</th><td class="infobox-data">1 June – 31 August</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Solar (Celtic) season</th><td class="infobox-data">1 May – 31 July</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Southern_temperate_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern temperate zone">Southern temperate zone</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Astronomical season</th><td class="infobox-data">22 December – 21 March</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Meteorological season</th><td class="infobox-data">1 December – 28/29 February</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Solar (Celtic) season</th><td class="infobox-data">1 November – 31 January</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Summer</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Spring_(season)" title="Spring (season)">Spring</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seasons.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Seasons.svg/50px-Seasons.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="32" 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3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Weather" title="Category:Weather">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">Weather</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Season" title="Season">Temperate and polar seasons</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winter" title="Winter">Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_(season)" title="Spring (season)">Spring</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autumn" title="Autumn">Autumn</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">Tropical seasons</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">Dry season</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harmattan" title="Harmattan">Harmattan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">Wet season</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Storm" title="Storm">Storms</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">Cloud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumulonimbus_cloud" title="Cumulonimbus cloud">Cumulonimbus cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcus_cloud" title="Arcus cloud">Arcus cloud</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downburst" title="Downburst">Downburst</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microburst" class="mw-redirect" title="Microburst">Microburst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_burst" title="Heat burst">Heat burst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derecho" title="Derecho">Derecho</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">Lightning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_lightning" title="Volcanic lightning">Volcanic lightning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">Thunderstorm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air-mass_thunderstorm" title="Air-mass thunderstorm">Air-mass thunderstorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thundersnow" title="Thundersnow">Thundersnow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_thunderstorm" title="Dry thunderstorm">Dry thunderstorm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesocyclone" title="Mesocyclone">Mesocyclone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supercell" title="Supercell">Supercell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">Tornado</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anticyclonic_tornado" title="Anticyclonic tornado">Anticyclonic tornado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landspout" title="Landspout">Landspout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterspout" title="Waterspout">Waterspout</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_devil" title="Dust devil">Dust devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_whirl" title="Fire whirl">Fire whirl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticyclone" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticyclone">Anticyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclone" title="Cyclone">Cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_low" title="Polar low">Polar low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone" title="Extratropical cyclone">Extratropical cyclone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_windstorm" title="European windstorm">European windstorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nor%27easter" title="Nor'easter">Nor'easter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtropical_cyclone" title="Subtropical cyclone">Subtropical cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">Tropical cyclone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_hurricane" title="Atlantic hurricane">Atlantic hurricane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhoon" title="Typhoon">Typhoon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_surge" title="Storm surge">Storm surge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_storm" title="Dust storm">Dust storm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simoom" title="Simoom">Simoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haboob" title="Haboob">Haboob</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">Monsoon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amihan" title="Amihan">Amihan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gale" title="Gale">Gale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirocco" title="Sirocco">Sirocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firestorm" title="Firestorm">Firestorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_storm" title="Winter storm">Winter storm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice_storm" title="Ice storm">Ice storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blizzard" title="Blizzard">Blizzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_blizzard" title="Ground blizzard">Ground blizzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_squall" title="Snow squall">Snow squall</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">Precipitation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drizzle" title="Drizzle">Drizzle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freezing_drizzle" title="Freezing drizzle">Freezing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graupel" title="Graupel">Graupel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">Hail</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megacryometeor" title="Megacryometeor">Megacryometeor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_pellets" title="Ice pellets">Ice pellets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_dust" title="Diamond dust">Diamond dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">Rain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freezing_rain" title="Freezing rain">Freezing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudburst" title="Cloudburst">Cloudburst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">Snow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rain_and_snow_mixed" title="Rain and snow mixed">Rain and snow mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_grains" title="Snow grains">Snow grains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_roller" title="Snow roller">Snow roller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slush" title="Slush">Slush</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_meteorology_articles" title="Index of meteorology articles">Topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">Atmosphere</a></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry" title="Atmospheric chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_convection" title="Atmospheric convection">Convection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_physics" title="Atmospheric physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_river" title="Atmospheric river">River</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">Cloud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_physics" title="Cloud physics">Physics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">Fog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mist" title="Mist">Mist</a></li> <li><a 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States</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasting" title="Weather forecasting">Weather forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_modification" title="Weather modification">Weather modification</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Glossaries</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_meteorology" title="Glossary of meteorology">Meteorology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_climate_change" title="Glossary of climate change">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_tornado_terms" title="Glossary of tornado terms">Tornado terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_tropical_cyclone_terms" title="Glossary of tropical cyclone terms">Tropical cyclone terms</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#ccc 1px solid; border-bottom:#ccc 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/17px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" decoding="async" width="17" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/26px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/34px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Weather" title="Portal:Weather">Weather portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Weather" title="Template:Weather"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Weather" title="Template talk:Weather"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Weather" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Weather"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Summer</b> or <b>summertime</b> is the hottest and brightest of the four <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> <a href="/wiki/Season" title="Season">seasons</a>, occurring after <a href="/wiki/Spring_(season)" title="Spring (season)">spring</a> and before <a href="/wiki/Autumn" title="Autumn">autumn</a>. At or centred on the <a href="/wiki/Summer_solstice" title="Summer solstice">summer solstice</a>, daylight hours are the longest and darkness hours are the shortest, with <a href="/wiki/Day_length" class="mw-redirect" title="Day length">day length</a> decreasing as the season progresses after the solstice. The earliest sunrises and latest sunsets also occur near the date of the solstice. The date of the beginning of summer varies according to definition, <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>, tradition, and culture. When it is summer in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>, it is <a href="/wiki/Winter" title="Winter">winter</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>, and vice versa. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The modern English <i>summer</i> derives from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> <i>somer</i>, via the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <i>sumor</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timing">Timing</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Meteorological_seasons" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteorological seasons">Meteorological seasons</a></div> <p>From an astronomical view, the <a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">equinoxes</a> and solstices would be the middle of the respective seasons,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but sometimes astronomical summer is defined as starting at the solstice, the time of maximal <a href="/wiki/Insolation" class="mw-redirect" title="Insolation">insolation</a>, often identified with 21 June or 21 December. By solar reckoning, summer instead starts on around 5 May, ends around 7 August and the summer solstice is <a href="/wiki/Midsummer" title="Midsummer">Midsummer</a>. A variable <a href="/wiki/Seasonal_lag" title="Seasonal lag">seasonal lag</a> means that the <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorological</a> centre of the season, which is based on average temperature patterns, occurs several weeks after the time of maximal insolation.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The meteorological convention defines summer as comprising the months of June, July, and August in the northern hemisphere and the months of December, January, and February in the southern hemisphere.<sup id="cite_ref-Meteorological_Glossary_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meteorological_Glossary-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under meteorological definitions, all seasons are arbitrarily set to start at the beginning of a calendar month and end at the end of a month.<sup id="cite_ref-Meteorological_Glossary_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meteorological_Glossary-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This meteorological definition of summer also aligns with the commonly viewed notion of summer as the season with the longest (and warmest) days of the year, in which daylight predominates. </p><p>The meteorological reckoning of seasons is used in countries including <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. It is also used by many people in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>, the summer months according to the national meteorological service, <a href="/wiki/Met_%C3%89ireann" title="Met Éireann">Met Éireann</a>, are June, July and August. By the <a href="/wiki/Irish_calendar" title="Irish calendar">Irish calendar</a>, summer begins on 1 May (<a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Beltane</a>) and ends on 31 July (<a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lughnasadh</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inari,_Finland_-_panoramio_(5).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Inari%2C_Finland_-_panoramio_%285%29.jpg/250px-Inari%2C_Finland_-_panoramio_%285%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Inari%2C_Finland_-_panoramio_%285%29.jpg/330px-Inari%2C_Finland_-_panoramio_%285%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Inari%2C_Finland_-_panoramio_%285%29.jpg/500px-Inari%2C_Finland_-_panoramio_%285%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>During summer in the <a href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of Earth">polar regions</a>, the sun can appear even at midnight. Photo of <a href="/wiki/Midnight_sun" title="Midnight sun">midnight sun</a> in <a href="/wiki/Inari,_Finland" title="Inari, Finland">Inari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Days continue to lengthen from equinox to solstice and summer days progressively shorten after the solstice, so meteorological summer encompasses the build-up to the longest day and a diminishing thereafter, with summer having many more hours of daylight than spring. Reckoning by hours of daylight alone, summer <a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">solstice</a> marks the midpoint, not the beginning, of the seasons. <a href="/wiki/Midsummer" title="Midsummer">Midsummer</a> takes place over the shortest night of the year, which is the summer solstice, or on a nearby date that varies with tradition. </p><p>Where a <a href="/wiki/Seasonal_lag" title="Seasonal lag">seasonal lag</a> of half a season or more is common, reckoning based on astronomical markers is shifted half a season.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this method, in North America, summer is the period from the <a href="/wiki/Summer_solstice" title="Summer solstice">summer solstice</a> (usually 20 or 21 June in the Northern Hemisphere) to the <a href="/wiki/Autumn_equinox_(Northern_Hemisphere)" class="mw-redirect" title="Autumn equinox (Northern Hemisphere)">autumn equinox</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reckoning by cultural festivals, the summer season in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> is traditionally regarded as beginning on <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Day_weekend" class="mw-redirect" title="Memorial Day weekend">Memorial Day weekend</a> (the last weekend in May) and ending on <a href="/wiki/Labor_Day" title="Labor Day">Labor Day</a> (the first Monday in September), more closely in line with the meteorological definition for the parts of the country that have four-season weather. The similar <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canadian</a> tradition starts summer on <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Day" title="Victoria Day">Victoria Day</a> one week prior (although summer conditions vary widely across Canada's expansive territory) and ends, as in the United States, on <a href="/wiki/Labour_Day#Canada" title="Labour Day">Labour Day</a>. </p><p>In some Southern Hemisphere countries such as <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, summer is associated with the <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Year" title="New Year">New Year</a> holidays. Many families take extended holidays for two or three weeks or longer during summer. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, summer begins on 1 December and ends on 28 February (29 February in leap years). </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Chinese_astronomy" title="Chinese astronomy">Chinese astronomy</a>, summer starts on or around 5 May, with the <i><a href="/wiki/Jieqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jieqi">jiéqì</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Solar_term" title="Solar term">solar term</a>) known as <i><a href="/wiki/Lixia" title="Lixia">lìxià</a></i> (立夏), i.e. "establishment of summer".<sup id="cite_ref-Stepanchuk_Mooncakes_and_Hungry_Ghosts_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stepanchuk_Mooncakes_and_Hungry_Ghosts-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-菇溪風情_立夏_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-菇溪風情_立夏-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Summer ends around 7 August, with the solar term of <i><a href="/wiki/Liqiu" title="Liqiu">lìqiū</a></i> (立秋, "establishment of autumn"). </p><p>In southern and southeast Asia, where the <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> occurs, summer is more generally defined as lasting from March, April, May and June, the warmest time of the year, ending with the onset of the monsoon <a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">rains</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Because the temperature lag is shorter in the oceanic temperate southern hemisphere,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most countries in this region use the meteorological definition with summer starting on 1 December and ending on the last day of February.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weather">Weather</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">Hail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">Tropical cyclone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">Wet season</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Darwin_thunderstorm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Darwin_thunderstorm.jpg/250px-Darwin_thunderstorm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Darwin_thunderstorm.jpg/330px-Darwin_thunderstorm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Darwin_thunderstorm.jpg/500px-Darwin_thunderstorm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Wet season <a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">thunderstorm</a> at night in <a href="/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory" title="Darwin, Northern Territory">Darwin, Northern Territory</a>, Australia.</figcaption></figure> <p>Summer is traditionally associated with hot or warm weather. In <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climates</a>, it is also associated with dry weather, while in other places (particularly in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Asia">Eastern Asia</a> because of the monsoon) it is associated with rainy weather. The wet season is the main period of vegetation growth within the <a href="/wiki/Savanna_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Savanna climate">savanna climate</a> regime.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where the wet season is associated with a seasonal shift in the <a href="/wiki/Prevailing_winds" title="Prevailing winds">prevailing winds</a>, it is known as a monsoon.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ida_2021-08-29_1321Z.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Ida_2021-08-29_1321Z.jpg/200px-Ida_2021-08-29_1321Z.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Ida_2021-08-29_1321Z.jpg/300px-Ida_2021-08-29_1321Z.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Ida_2021-08-29_1321Z.jpg/400px-Ida_2021-08-29_1321Z.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2900" data-file-height="3500" /></a><figcaption>Image of <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ida" title="Hurricane Ida">Hurricane Ida</a> from late August 2021.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the northern Atlantic Ocean, a distinct tropical cyclone season occurs from 1 June to 30 November.<sup id="cite_ref-AOML_FAQ_G1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AOML_FAQ_G1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The statistical peak of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_hurricane_season" title="Atlantic hurricane season">Atlantic hurricane season</a> is 10 September. The Northeast Pacific Ocean has a broader period of activity, but in a similar timeframe to the Atlantic.<sup id="cite_ref-NH_Atl_climatology_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NH_Atl_climatology-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Northwest Pacific sees tropical cyclones year-round, with a minimum in February and March and a peak in early September. In the North Indian basin, storms are most common from April to December, with peaks in May and November.<sup id="cite_ref-AOML_FAQ_G1_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AOML_FAQ_G1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>, the tropical cyclone season runs from the start of November until the end of April with peaks in mid-February to early March.<sup id="cite_ref-AOML_FAQ_G1_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AOML_FAQ_G1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TCOP_SEIO&SPAC_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TCOP_SEIO&SPAC-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">Thunderstorm</a> season in the United States and Canada runs in the <a href="/wiki/Spring_(season)" title="Spring (season)">spring</a> through summer but sometimes can run as late as October or even November in the <a href="/wiki/Autumn" title="Autumn">fall</a>. These storms can produce <a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">hail</a>, strong winds and <a href="/wiki/Tornadoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tornadoes">tornadoes</a>, usually during the afternoon and evening. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Holidays">Holidays</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="School_breaks">School breaks</h3></div> <p>Schools and universities typically have a summer break to take advantage of the warmer weather and longer days. In almost all countries, children are out of school during this time of year for <a href="/wiki/Summer_vacation" title="Summer vacation">summer break</a>, although dates vary. Many families will take holidays for a week or two over the summer, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a> Western countries with statutory <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Year" title="New Year">New Year</a> holidays. </p><p>In the United States, public schools usually end in late May in <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Day" title="Memorial Day">Memorial Day</a> weekend, while colleges finish in early May. Schools often resume in mid-August. Note that <a href="/w/index.php?title=School_start_and_end_dates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="School start and end dates (page does not exist)">school start and end dates</a> vary significantly across the US. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, school ends in mid-July and resumes again in early September. In <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, the summer holiday begins in late June and ends in mid-to-late August. Similarly, in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> the summer holiday starts on the last or second-last Friday in June and ends in late August or on the first Tuesday of September, with the exception of when that date falls before <a href="/wiki/Labour_Day#Canada" title="Labour Day">Labour Day</a>, in which case, ends on the second Tuesday of the month. In <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, the summer holiday begins at the end of May and ends on 31 August. </p><p>In the Southern Hemisphere, school summer holiday dates include the major holidays of <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a>. School summer holidays in Australia, New Zealand and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> begin in early December and end in early February, with dates varying between states. In South Africa, the new school year usually starts during the second week of January, thus aligning the <a href="/wiki/Academic_year" title="Academic year">academic year</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_year" title="Calendar year">Calendar year</a>. In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, school ends in late April and resumes in early or mid-June. In <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, schools usually start a summer vacation in mid-July and resume in the later weeks of September or the first week of October. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_holidays">Public holidays</h3></div> <p>A wide range of public holidays fall during summer, including: </p> <ul><li>Northern Hemisphere <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_holiday" title="Bank holiday">Bank holidays</a> in the United Kingdom and Ireland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastille_Day" title="Bastille Day">Bastille Day</a>, National Day of France (14 July)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_National_Day" title="Belgian National Day">Belgian National Day</a> (21 July)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_Day" title="Canada Day">Canada Day</a> (1 July)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festa_della_Repubblica" title="Festa della Repubblica">Festa della Repubblica</a>, Italian <a href="/wiki/National_day" title="National day">national day</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic day">republic day</a> (2 June)</li> <li>Independence Day (Jordan) (25 May)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Pakistan)" title="Independence Day (Pakistan)">Independence Day (Pakistan)</a> (14 August)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(India)" title="Independence Day (India)">Independence Day (India)</a> (15 August)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Indonesia)" title="Independence Day (Indonesia)">Independence Day (Indonesia)</a> (17 August)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Malaysia)" title="Independence Day (Malaysia)">Independence Day (Malaysia)</a> (31 August)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)">Independence Day (United States)</a> (4 July)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a> (United States) (19 June)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Official_Birthday" title="King's Official Birthday">King's Official Birthday</a> (United Kingdom and some Commonwealth countries) (third Saturday in June)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Day" title="Memorial Day">Memorial Day</a> (United States) or <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Day" title="Victoria Day">Victoria Day</a> (Canada) through <a href="/wiki/Labor_Day" title="Labor Day">Labor Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_(Singapore)" title="National Day (Singapore)">National Day of Singapore</a> (9 August)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Sweden" title="National Day of Sweden">National Day of Sweden</a> (6 June) and <a href="/wiki/Midsummer" title="Midsummer">Midsummer</a>, sometimes referred to as the "alternative National Day"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93lavs%C3%B8ka" title="Ólavsøka">Ólavsøka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a> (29 July)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_National_Day" title="Swiss National Day">Swiss National Day</a> (1 August)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Day_(Turkey)" title="Victory Day (Turkey)">Victory Day (Turkey)</a> (30 August)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Southern Hemisphere <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia_Day" title="Australia Day">Australia Day</a> (26 January)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas Day">Christmas Day</a> (25 December) and <a href="/wiki/Boxing_Day" title="Boxing Day">Boxing Day</a> (26 December) in many countries</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a> (1 January) and the following day (2 January) in many countries</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waitangi_Day" title="Waitangi Day">Waitangi Day</a> (6 February) In New Zealand</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activities">Activities</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Summer" title="Special:EditPage/Summer">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biok%C3%BApalisko_Sninsk%C3%A9_rybn%C3%ADky_011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Biok%C3%BApalisko_Sninsk%C3%A9_rybn%C3%ADky_011.jpg/220px-Biok%C3%BApalisko_Sninsk%C3%A9_rybn%C3%ADky_011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Biok%C3%BApalisko_Sninsk%C3%A9_rybn%C3%ADky_011.jpg/330px-Biok%C3%BApalisko_Sninsk%C3%A9_rybn%C3%ADky_011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Biok%C3%BApalisko_Sninsk%C3%A9_rybn%C3%ADky_011.jpg/440px-Biok%C3%BApalisko_Sninsk%C3%A9_rybn%C3%ADky_011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Summer is usually the season of travel, swimming, summer vacation for many people, and also the season for fruits and plants to fully develop.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlantic_Ocean_shoreline_in_Myrtle_Beach,_South_Carolina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Atlantic_Ocean_shoreline_in_Myrtle_Beach%2C_South_Carolina.jpg/250px-Atlantic_Ocean_shoreline_in_Myrtle_Beach%2C_South_Carolina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Atlantic_Ocean_shoreline_in_Myrtle_Beach%2C_South_Carolina.jpg/330px-Atlantic_Ocean_shoreline_in_Myrtle_Beach%2C_South_Carolina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Atlantic_Ocean_shoreline_in_Myrtle_Beach%2C_South_Carolina.jpg/500px-Atlantic_Ocean_shoreline_in_Myrtle_Beach%2C_South_Carolina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Hotels and tourists along the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> shoreline in <a href="/wiki/Myrtle_Beach,_South_Carolina" title="Myrtle Beach, South Carolina">Myrtle Beach, South Carolina</a> in summer</figcaption></figure> <p>People generally take advantage of the high temperatures by spending more time outdoors during summer. Activities such as travelling to the <a href="/wiki/Beach" title="Beach">beach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Picnic" title="Picnic">picnics</a> occur during the summer months. Sports including <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a>, <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a> (soccer), <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">horse racing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">volleyball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skateboarding" title="Skateboarding">skateboarding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Softball" title="Softball">softball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golf</a> are played. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Water_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Water sports">Water sports</a> also occur. These include <a href="/wiki/Water_skiing" title="Water skiing">water skiing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wakeboarding" title="Wakeboarding">wakeboarding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_swimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Human swimming">swimming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surfing" title="Surfing">surfing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tubing_(recreation)" title="Tubing (recreation)">tubing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_polo" title="Water polo">water polo</a>. The modern <a href="/wiki/Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympics">Olympics</a> have been held during the summer months every four years since 1896. The <a href="/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics" title="2000 Summer Olympics">2000 Summer Olympics</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, were held in <a href="/wiki/Spring_(season)" title="Spring (season)">spring</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics" title="2016 Summer Olympics">2016 Summer Olympics</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, were held in <a href="/wiki/Winter" title="Winter">winter</a>. </p><p>In the United States, many television shows made for children are released during the summer, as children are off school. </p><p>Conversely, the music and film industries generally experience higher returns during the summer than other times of the year and market their summer hits accordingly. Summer is popular for <a href="/wiki/Animated_movies" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated movies">animated movies</a> to be released theatrically in <a href="/wiki/Movie_theaters" class="mw-redirect" title="Movie theaters">movie theaters</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>With many schools closed, especially in Western countries, travel and vacationing tend to peak during the summer. Teenagers and university students often take <a href="/wiki/Seasonal_industry" title="Seasonal industry">summer jobs</a>, and business activity for the recreation, tourism, restaurant, and retail industries reach their peak. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bike86.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Children cycling during summer"><img alt="Children cycling during summer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Bike86.jpg/250px-Bike86.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Bike86.jpg/362px-Bike86.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Bike86.jpg/483px-Bike86.jpg 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Children cycling during summer</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 116px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 114px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Barefoot_skiing.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Barefoot skiing"><img alt="Barefoot skiing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Barefoot_skiing.jpg/250px-Barefoot_skiing.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Barefoot_skiing.jpg/330px-Barefoot_skiing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Barefoot_skiing.jpg/500px-Barefoot_skiing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1390" data-file-height="1460" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Barefoot_skiing" title="Barefoot skiing">Barefoot skiing</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fig_tree.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fig trees bear fruit when summer is near"><img alt="Fig trees bear fruit when summer is near" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Fig_tree.jpg/250px-Fig_tree.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Fig_tree.jpg/500px-Fig_tree.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ficus" title="Ficus">Fig trees</a> bear fruit when summer is near</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fan_in_the_summer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Using a handheld fan in summer"><img alt="Using a handheld fan in summer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Fan_in_the_summer.jpg/250px-Fan_in_the_summer.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Fan_in_the_summer.jpg/330px-Fan_in_the_summer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Fan_in_the_summer.jpg/500px-Fan_in_the_summer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="2268" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Using a handheld <a href="/wiki/Fan_(machine)" title="Fan (machine)">fan</a> in summer</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games" title="Summer Olympic Games">Summer Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/summer">"Etymology of summer"</a>. <i>etymonline.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=etymonline.com&rft.atitle=Etymology+of+summer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fsummer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBall1900" class="citation book cs1">Ball, Sir Robert S (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sNSHRDu98k0C&pg=PA52"><i>Elements of Astronomy</i></a>. London: The MacMillan Company. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4400-5323-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4400-5323-8"><bdi>978-1-4400-5323-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elements+of+Astronomy&rft.place=London&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=The+MacMillan+Company&rft.date=1900&rft.isbn=978-1-4400-5323-8&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Sir+Robert+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsNSHRDu98k0C%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeck2006" class="citation book cs1">Heck, Andre (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YSsaxkeixH0C&pg=PA14"><i>Organizations and strategies in Astronomy</i></a>. Vol. 7. Springer. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-5300-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-5300-9"><bdi>978-1-4020-5300-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Organizations+and+strategies+in+Astronomy&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-5300-9&rft.aulast=Heck&rft.aufirst=Andre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYSsaxkeixH0C%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCecil_Adams1983" class="citation web cs1">Cecil Adams (11 March 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/161/is-it-true-summer-in-ireland-starts-may-1">"Is it true summer in Ireland starts May 1?"</a>. The Straight Dope. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110830161742/http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/161/is-it-true-summer-in-ireland-starts-may-1">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+it+true+summer+in+Ireland+starts+May+1%3F&rft.pub=The+Straight+Dope&rft.date=1983-03-11&rft.au=Cecil+Adams&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.straightdope.com%2Fcolumns%2Fread%2F161%2Fis-it-true-summer-in-ireland-starts-may-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meteorological_Glossary-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meteorological_Glossary_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meteorological_Glossary_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/meteorologicalgl0000grea/page/260/mode/2up?q=260&view=theater"><i>Meteorological Glossary</i></a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rgs.org/OurWork/Schools/School+Members+Area/Ask+the+experts/Meteorological+forecasting.htm">the original</a> on 2 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Geographical+Society&rft.atitle=Professor+Paul+Hardaker+answers+questions+on+meteorological+forecasting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rgs.org%2FOurWork%2FSchools%2FSchool%2BMembers%2BArea%2FAsk%2Bthe%2Bexperts%2FMeteorological%2Bforecasting.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDriscolRiceFong1994" class="citation journal cs1">Driscol, D. M.; Rice, P. B.; Fong, J. M. Y. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1229243">"Spatial variation of climatic aspects of temperature: Interdiurnal variability and lag"</a>. <i>International Journal of Climatology</i>. <b>14</b> (9): 1001. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994IJCli..14.1001D">1994IJCli..14.1001D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjoc.3370140905">10.1002/joc.3370140905</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Climatology&rft.atitle=Spatial+variation+of+climatic+aspects+of+temperature%3A+Interdiurnal+variability+and+lag&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1001&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjoc.3370140905&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994IJCli..14.1001D&rft.aulast=Driscol&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rft.au=Rice%2C+P.+B.&rft.au=Fong%2C+J.+M.+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1229243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jsonline.com/sports/outdoors/48297387.html">"First day of summer worth celebrating"</a>. JSOnline. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110713123543/http://www.jsonline.com/sports/outdoors/48297387.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+day+of+summer+worth+celebrating&rft.pub=JSOnline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jsonline.com%2Fsports%2Foutdoors%2F48297387.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110917013640/http://www.fox11online.com/dpp/weather/gdw_wluk_green_bay_fathers_day_first_day_summer_200906190659_rev1">"Father's Day is first day of summer"</a>. <i>Fox11online.com</i>. 19 June 2009. 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San Francisco: China Books & Periodicals. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8351-2481-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8351-2481-9"><bdi>0-8351-2481-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mooncakes+and+Hungry+Ghosts%3A+Festivals+of+China&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=China+Books+%26+Periodicals&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-8351-2481-9&rft.aulast=Stepanchuk&rft.aufirst=Carol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-菇溪風情_立夏-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-菇溪風情_立夏_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SwhXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9"><i>菇溪風情</i></a> (in Chinese). 寧波出版社. 1 January 2019. pp. 9, 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5526-3347-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-5526-3347-4"><bdi>978-7-5526-3347-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405145403/https://books.google.com/books?id=SwhXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Answers%3A+When+do+the+seasons+begin&rft.pub=Usatoday.Com&rft.date=2005-02-22&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fweather%2Fresources%2Faskjack%2F2003-12-21-answers-seasons_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/">"Bureau of Meteorology"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glossary+of+Meteorology&rft.atitle=Monsoon&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famsglossary.allenpress.com%2Fglossary%2Fsearch%3Fp%3D1%26query%3Dmonsoon%26submit%3DSearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AOML_FAQ_G1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AOML_FAQ_G1_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AOML_FAQ_G1_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AOML_FAQ_G1_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAtlantic_Oceanographic_and_Meteorological_Laboratory,_Hurricane_Research_Division" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Oceanographic_and_Meteorological_Laboratory" title="Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory">Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory</a>, Hurricane Research Division. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/G1.html">"Frequently Asked Questions: When is hurricane season?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060718065833/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/G1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions%3A+When+is+hurricane+season%3F&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft.au=Atlantic+Oceanographic+and+Meteorological+Laboratory%2C+Hurricane+Research+Division&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aoml.noaa.gov%2Fhrd%2Ftcfaq%2FG1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NH_Atl_climatology-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NH_Atl_climatology_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcAdie,_Colin2007" class="citation web cs1">McAdie, Colin (10 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100506010751/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastprofile.shtml">"Tropical Cyclone Climatology"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Hurricane_Center" title="National Hurricane Center">National Hurricane Center</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastprofile.shtml">the original</a> on 6 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tropical+Cyclone+Climatology&rft.pub=National+Hurricane+Center&rft.date=2007-05-10&rft.au=McAdie%2C+Colin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhc.noaa.gov%2Fpastprofile.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TCOP_SEIO&SPAC-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TCOP_SEIO&SPAC_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090325105120/http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/documents/TCP24-English2008.pdf">"Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the Southeastern Indian Ocean and the South Pacific Oceans"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a>. 10 March 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/documents/TCP24-English2008.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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