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class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eri:Viimased_muudatused" title="Vikis tehtud viimaste muudatuste loend [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Viimased muudatused</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eri:Juhuslik_artikkel" title="Mine juhuslikule leheküljele [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Juhuslik lehekülg</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Juhend:Sisukord" title="Kuidas redigeerida"><span>Juhend</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vikipeedia:Kontakteeru_meiega"><span>Kontakt</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Trüki või ekspordi </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eri:Raamat&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Topon%C3%BC%C3%BCmika"><span>Koosta 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Saadaval 78 keeles" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">78 keelt</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimie" title="Toponimie – afrikaani" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Toponimie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%86" title="علم أسماء الأماكن – araabia" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم أسماء الأماكن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="araabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimia" title="Toponimia – aragoni" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Toponimia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimia" title="Toponimia – frankoprovansi" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Toponimia" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="frankoprovansi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimia" title="Toponimia – astuuria" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Toponimia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="astuuria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimika" title="Toponimika – aserbaidžaani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Toponimika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbaidžaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="توپونیمیکا – lõunaaserbaidžaani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="توپونیمیکا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="lõunaaserbaidžaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimi" title="Toponimi – indoneesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Toponimi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponim" title="Toponim – malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Toponim" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="স্থান-নাম তত্ত্ব – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্থান-নাম তত্ত্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Тапаніміка – valgevene" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тапаніміка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="valgevene" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Тапаніміка – valgevene (taraškievitsa)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тапаніміка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="valgevene (taraškievitsa)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80" title="टोपोनिमी – bihaari" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="टोपोनिमी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="bihaari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lec%27hanvadurezh" title="Lec'hanvadurezh – bretooni" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lec'hanvadurezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretooni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Топонимия – bulgaaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Топонимия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topon%C3%ADmia" title="Toponímia – katalaani" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Toponímia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponomastika" title="Toponomastika – tšehhi" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Toponomastika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tšehhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponymeg" title="Toponymeg – kõmri" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Toponymeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="kõmri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stednavn" title="Stednavn – taani" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stednavn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="taani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponomastik" title="Toponomastik – saksa" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Toponomastik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="saksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy – inglise" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Toponymy" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimia" title="Toponimia – hispaania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Toponimia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hispaania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimia" title="Toponimia – baski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Toponimia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="جای‌نام‌شناسی – pärsia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جای‌نام‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="pärsia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponymie" title="Toponymie – prantsuse" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Toponymie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="prantsuse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimy" title="Toponimy – läänefriisi" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Toponimy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="läänefriisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimia" title="Toponimia – galeegi" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Toponimia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galeegi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EB%AA%85%ED%95%99" title="지명학 – korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지명학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Տեղանվանաբանություն – armeenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տեղանվանաբանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="स्थान नामिकी – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्थान नामिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponomastika" title="Toponomastika – horvaadi" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Toponomastika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="horvaadi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponymia" title="Toponymia – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Toponymia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%C3%A6" title="Топонимикæ – osseedi" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Топонимикæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osseedi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rnefnafr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Örnefnafræði – islandi" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Örnefnafræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponomastica" title="Toponomastica – itaalia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Toponomastica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="itaalia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94" title="טופונימיה – heebrea" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טופונימיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="heebrea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ტოპონიმიკა – gruusia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტოპონიმიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Топонимика – kasahhi" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Топонимика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasahhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Топонимика – kirgiisi" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Топонимика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topon%C4%ABmija" title="Toponīmija – läti" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Toponīmija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="läti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponymie" title="Toponymie – letseburgi" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Toponymie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="letseburgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Топонимика – lesgi" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Топонимика" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lesgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimika" title="Toponimika – leedu" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Toponimika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="leedu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponymie" title="Toponymie – limburgi" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Toponymie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topon%C3%ADmia" title="Toponímia – ungari" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Toponímia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Топоним – makedoonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Топоним" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedoonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A0%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="സ്ഥലനാമപഠനം – malajalami" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്ഥലനാമപഠനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%AA-m%C3%ACng-h%C5%8Fk" title="Dê-mìng-hŏk – idamini" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dê-mìng-hŏk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="idamini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponymie" title="Toponymie – hollandi" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Toponymie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="hollandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%90%8D%E5%AD%A6" title="地名学 – jaapani" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="地名学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="jaapani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponymi" title="Toponymi – norra bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Toponymi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norra bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadnamn" title="Stadnamn – uusnorra" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Stadnamn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="uusnorra" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimia" title="Toponimia – oksitaani" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Toponimia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimika" title="Toponimika – usbeki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Toponimika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbeki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponym" title="Toponym – alamsaksa" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Toponym" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="alamsaksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimia" title="Toponimia – poola" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Toponimia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poola" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topon%C3%ADmia" title="Toponímia – portugali" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Toponímia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimika" title="Toponimika – karakalpaki" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Toponimika" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimie" title="Toponimie – rumeenia" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Toponimie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Топонимика – vene" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Топонимика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="vene" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimia" title="Toponimia – albaania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Toponimia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponomastika" title="Toponomastika – slovaki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Toponomastika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponomastika" title="Toponomastika – sloveeni" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Toponomastika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Топономастика – serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Топономастика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimi" title="Toponimi – sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Toponimi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paikannimitutkimus" title="Paikannimitutkimus – soome" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Paikannimitutkimus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="soome" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortnamnsforskning" title="Ortnamnsforskning – rootsi" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ortnamnsforskning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="rootsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="இடப்பெயர் ஆய்வு – tamili" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இடப்பெயர் ஆய்வு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="ภูมินามวิทยา – tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภูมินามวิทยา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%8Ba_danh_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Địa danh học – vietnami" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Địa danh học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimi" title="Toponimi – türgi" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Toponimi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="türgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimika" title="Toponimika – türkmeeni" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Toponimika" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="türkmeeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Топонимика – tõva" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Топонимика" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tõva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Топоніміка – ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Топоніміка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimeye" title="Toponimeye – vallooni" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Toponimeye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="vallooni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%90%8D%E5%AD%A6" title="地名学 – uu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="地名学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="uu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%90%8D%E5%AD%B8" title="地名學 – kantoni" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="地名學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%90%8D%E5%AD%A6" title="地名学 – hiina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="地名学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="hiina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q485762#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Muuda keelelinke" class="wbc-editpage">Muuda linke</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Nimeruumid"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Topon%C3%BC%C3%BCmika" title="Vaata sisulehekülge [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikkel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arutelu:Topon%C3%BC%C3%BCmika&action=edit&redlink=1" 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data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Ilme</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">vii külgpaanile</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">peida</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Allikas: Vikipeedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="et" dir="ltr"><p><b>Toponüümika</b> ehk <b>toponüümia</b> (ka <i>toponomastika</i>) on <a href="/wiki/Teadusharu" title="Teadusharu">teadusharu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onomastika" title="Onomastika">onomastika</a> osa, mis tegeleb kohanimede ehk <a href="/wiki/Topon%C3%BC%C3%BCmid" class="mw-redirect" title="Toponüümid">toponüümide</a> uurimisega. </p><p>Toponüümika uurib kohanimede struktuuri, päritolu, muutumist ja levikut. Toponüümika püüab ka korrastada tänapäeva kohanimekasutust.<sup id="cite_ref-ENE8_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ENE8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eestis on toponüümika kõigist onomastika osadest kõige väljaarendatum.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eesti kohanimesid kogutakse süstemaatiliselt alates 1922. aastast.<sup id="cite_ref-ENE8_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ENE8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Toponüümikaga tegelevad nii keeleteadlased kui geograafid, see on oluline ka ajaloolastele. </p><p><b>Toponüümika</b> märgib ka mingi keele või piirkonna kohanimede kogumit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viited">Viited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Topon%C3%BC%C3%BCmika&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Muuda alaosa "Viited"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Topon%C3%BC%C3%BCmika&action=edit&section=1" title="Muuda alaosa "Viited" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ENE8-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ENE8_1-0">1,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ENE8_1-1">1,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">"toponüümika" ENE, 8. köide, lk 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eki.ee/books/ekk09/index.php?p=6&p1=5&id=549">"Leksikoloogia. Onomastika. Kohanimed"</a> Eesti keele käsiraamat (vaadatud 26. detsembril 2012)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kirjandus">Kirjandus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Topon%C3%BC%C3%BCmika&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Muuda alaosa "Kirjandus"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Topon%C3%BC%C3%BCmika&action=edit&section=2" title="Muuda alaosa "Kirjandus" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"Eesti murded ja kohanimed" Tallinn, 2002</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Pärit leheküljelt "<a dir="ltr" href="https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toponüümika&oldid=5848324">https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toponüümika&oldid=5848324</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Eri:Kategooriad" title="Eri:Kategooriad">Kategooria</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:Onomastika" title="Kategooria:Onomastika">Onomastika</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Selle lehekülje viimane muutmine: 18:06, 13. märts 2021.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst on kasutatav vastavalt Creative Commonsi litsentsile "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.et">Autorile viitamine + jagamine samadel tingimustel</a>"; sellele võivad lisanduda täiendavad tingimused. 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