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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the city in Germany. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Munich_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Munich (disambiguation)">Munich (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style>Munich (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈmjuːnɪk/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">MEW-nik</a>; <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: München <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈmʏnçn̩]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/78\/Muenchentitle.ogg\/Muenchentitle.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Muenchentitle.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/78/Muenchentitle.ogg/Muenchentitle.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Muenchentitle.ogg" title="File:Muenchentitle.ogg">ⓘ</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a>: Minga <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈmɪŋ(ː)ɐ]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/61\/Bar-M%C3%BCnchen.ogg\/Bar-M%C3%BCnchen.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Bar-M\u00fcnchen.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/Bar-M%C3%BCnchen.ogg/Bar-M%C3%BCnchen.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Bar-M%C3%BCnchen.ogg" title="File:Bar-München.ogg">ⓘ</a>) is the capital and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Bavaria_by_population" title="List of cities in Bavaria by population">most populous city</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Free State of Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. With a population of 1,594,632 inhabitants as of 31 May 2024,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> it is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">third-largest city by population in Germany</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, and thus the largest which does not constitute its own state, as well as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_European_Union_by_population_within_city_limits" title="List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits">11th-largest city</a> in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. The Munich metropolitan area – including suburbs and satellite towns – has 3 million inhabitants; and the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Metropolitan_Region" title="Munich Metropolitan Region">city's metropolitan region</a> is home to about 6.2 million people and is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_EU_metropolitan_areas_by_GDP" title="List of EU metropolitan areas by GDP">third largest metropolitan region by GDP</a> in the European Union.<a href="#cite_note-mmr_official_site-4">[4]</a> <table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Munich </div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native">München (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>) Minga (<a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div style="height:157px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%BCnchen_Panorama-CN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Marienplatz with Neues Rathaus and Frauenkirche in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/M%C3%BCnchen_Panorama-CN.jpg/238px-M%C3%BCnchen_Panorama-CN.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/M%C3%BCnchen_Panorama-CN.jpg/357px-M%C3%BCnchen_Panorama-CN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/M%C3%BCnchen_Panorama-CN.jpg/476px-M%C3%BCnchen_Panorama-CN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3224" data-file-height="2134"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Marienplatz" title="Marienplatz">Marienplatz</a> with <a href="/wiki/New_Town_Hall_(Munich)" title="New Town Hall (Munich)">Neues Rathaus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Munich_Frauenkirche" class="mw-redirect" title="Munich Frauenkirche">Frauenkirche</a> in the background</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div style="height:77px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Schloss_Nymphenburg_M%C3%BCnich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Nymphenburg Palace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Schloss_Nymphenburg_M%C3%BCnich.jpg/117px-Schloss_Nymphenburg_M%C3%BCnich.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Schloss_Nymphenburg_M%C3%BCnich.jpg/176px-Schloss_Nymphenburg_M%C3%BCnich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Schloss_Nymphenburg_M%C3%BCnich.jpg/234px-Schloss_Nymphenburg_M%C3%BCnich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Nymphenburg_Palace" title="Nymphenburg Palace">Nymphenburg Palace</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div style="height:77px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Englischer_Garten_M%C3%BCnchen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Englischer Garten" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Englischer_Garten_M%C3%BCnchen.jpg/117px-Englischer_Garten_M%C3%BCnchen.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Englischer_Garten_M%C3%BCnchen.jpg/176px-Englischer_Garten_M%C3%BCnchen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Englischer_Garten_M%C3%BCnchen.jpg/234px-Englischer_Garten_M%C3%BCnchen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="1500"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Englischer_Garten" title="Englischer Garten">Englischer Garten</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:151px;max-width:151px"><div style="height:60px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%BCnchner_Residenz_2014-08-02_Pano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Munich Residenz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/M%C3%BCnchner_Residenz_2014-08-02_Pano.jpg/149px-M%C3%BCnchner_Residenz_2014-08-02_Pano.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/M%C3%BCnchner_Residenz_2014-08-02_Pano.jpg/224px-M%C3%BCnchner_Residenz_2014-08-02_Pano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/M%C3%BCnchner_Residenz_2014-08-02_Pano.jpg/298px-M%C3%BCnchner_Residenz_2014-08-02_Pano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6032" data-file-height="2432"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Munich_Residenz" title="Munich Residenz">Munich Residenz</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:87px;max-width:87px"><div style="height:60px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:BMW_Welt_Night_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="BMW Welt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/BMW_Welt_Night_cropped.jpg/85px-BMW_Welt_Night_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/BMW_Welt_Night_cropped.jpg/128px-BMW_Welt_Night_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/BMW_Welt_Night_cropped.jpg/170px-BMW_Welt_Night_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2369" data-file-height="1680"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/BMW_Welt" title="BMW Welt">BMW Welt</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:123px;max-width:123px"><div style="height:80px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ludwigstra%C3%9Fe,_M%C3%BCnchen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ludwigstraße" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ludwigstra%C3%9Fe%2C_M%C3%BCnchen.jpg/121px-Ludwigstra%C3%9Fe%2C_M%C3%BCnchen.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ludwigstra%C3%9Fe%2C_M%C3%BCnchen.jpg/182px-Ludwigstra%C3%9Fe%2C_M%C3%BCnchen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ludwigstra%C3%9Fe%2C_M%C3%BCnchen.jpg/242px-Ludwigstra%C3%9Fe%2C_M%C3%BCnchen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Ludwigstra%C3%9Fe" title="Ludwigstraße">Ludwigstraße</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:115px;max-width:115px"><div style="height:80px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Feldherrnhalle_-_Odeonsplatz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Feldherrnhalle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Feldherrnhalle_-_Odeonsplatz.jpg/113px-Feldherrnhalle_-_Odeonsplatz.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Feldherrnhalle_-_Odeonsplatz.jpg/170px-Feldherrnhalle_-_Odeonsplatz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Feldherrnhalle_-_Odeonsplatz.jpg/226px-Feldherrnhalle_-_Odeonsplatz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5361" data-file-height="3801"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Feldherrnhalle" title="Feldherrnhalle">Feldherrnhalle</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div style="height:79px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Allianz_arena_golden_hour_Richard_Bartz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Allianz Arena" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Allianz_arena_golden_hour_Richard_Bartz.jpg/238px-Allianz_arena_golden_hour_Richard_Bartz.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Allianz_arena_golden_hour_Richard_Bartz.jpg/357px-Allianz_arena_golden_hour_Richard_Bartz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Allianz_arena_golden_hour_Richard_Bartz.jpg/476px-Allianz_arena_golden_hour_Richard_Bartz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="1676"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Allianz_Arena" title="Allianz Arena">Allianz Arena</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Munich_(striped).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Munich"><img alt="Flag of Munich" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_Munich_%28striped%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_Munich_%28striped%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_Munich_%28striped%29.svg/180px-Flag_of_Munich_%28striped%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_Munich_%28striped%29.svg/240px-Flag_of_Munich_%28striped%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Munich_(lozengy).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Munich"><img alt="Flag of Munich" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Munich_%28lozengy%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_Munich_%28lozengy%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Munich_%28lozengy%29.svg/180px-Flag_of_Munich_%28lozengy%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Munich_%28lozengy%29.svg/240px-Flag_of_Munich_%28lozengy%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_M%C3%BCnchen_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Munich"><img alt="Coat of arms of Munich" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/DEU_M%C3%BCnchen_COA.svg/64px-DEU_M%C3%BCnchen_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/DEU_M%C3%BCnchen_COA.svg/96px-DEU_M%C3%BCnchen_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/DEU_M%C3%BCnchen_COA.svg/128px-DEU_M%C3%BCnchen_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="641"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Munich" title="Coat of arms of Munich">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; height:5px;">Location of Munich</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <div class="center" style="margin-top:1em"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="9" data-overlays='["_ab57e3285f19956d852cca3ac05e67c1fe732c1a"]'><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,a,a,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Munich&revid=1259736662&groups=_ab57e3285f19956d852cca3ac05e67c1fe732c1a" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,a,a,270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Munich&revid=1259736662&groups=_ab57e3285f19956d852cca3ac05e67c1fe732c1a 2x" alt="Map"></a></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Germany_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Munich is located in Germany"><img alt="Munich is located in Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/250px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/375px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/500px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1073" data-file-height="1272"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:88.133%;left:60.75%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Munich" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Munich </div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div>Show map of Germany</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Bavaria_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Munich is located in Bavaria"><img alt="Munich is located in Bavaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Bavaria_location_map.svg/250px-Bavaria_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Bavaria_location_map.svg/375px-Bavaria_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Bavaria_location_map.svg/500px-Bavaria_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="867" data-file-height="855"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:74.182%;left:51.841%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Munich" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Munich </div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div>Show map of Bavaria</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Munich&params=48_08_15_N_11_34_30_E_type:city(1510378)_region:DE-BY">48°08′15″N 11°34′30″E / 48.13750°N 11.57500°E / 48.13750; 11.57500</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk" title="Regierungsbezirk">Admin. region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Bavaria_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Bavaria (region)">Upper Bavaria </a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Urban_districts_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban districts of Germany">Urban district</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First mentioned</th><td class="infobox-data">1158</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;"><div><a href="/wiki/Boroughs_of_Munich" title="Boroughs of Munich">25 boroughs</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Altstadt-Lehel" title="Altstadt-Lehel">Altstadt-Lehel</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt" title="Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt">Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Maxvorstadt" title="Maxvorstadt">Maxvorstadt</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Schwabing-West" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwabing-West">Schwabing-West</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Au-Haidhausen" title="Au-Haidhausen">Au-Haidhausen</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Sendling" title="Sendling">Sendling</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Sendling-Westpark" title="Sendling-Westpark">Sendling-Westpark</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Schwanthalerh%C3%B6he" title="Schwanthalerhöhe">Schwanthalerhöhe</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Neuhausen-Nymphenburg" title="Neuhausen-Nymphenburg">Neuhausen-Nymphenburg</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Moosach_(Munich)" title="Moosach (Munich)">Moosach</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Milbertshofen-Am_Hart" title="Milbertshofen-Am Hart">Milbertshofen-Am Hart</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Schwabing-Freimann" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwabing-Freimann">Schwabing-Freimann</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Bogenhausen" title="Bogenhausen">Bogenhausen</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Berg_am_Laim" title="Berg am Laim">Berg am Laim</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Trudering-Riem" title="Trudering-Riem">Trudering-Riem</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ramersdorf-Perlach" title="Ramersdorf-Perlach">Ramersdorf-Perlach</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Obergiesing" title="Obergiesing">Obergiesing</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Untergiesing-Harlaching" title="Untergiesing-Harlaching">Untergiesing-Harlaching</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Thalkirchen-Obersendling-Forstenried-F%C3%BCrstenried-Solln" title="Thalkirchen-Obersendling-Forstenried-Fürstenried-Solln">Thalkirchen-Obersendling-Forstenried-Fürstenried-Solln</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Hadern" title="Hadern">Hadern</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Pasing-Obermenzing" title="Pasing-Obermenzing">Pasing-Obermenzing</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Aubing-Lochhausen-Langwied" title="Aubing-Lochhausen-Langwied">Aubing-Lochhausen-Langwied</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Allach-Untermenzing" title="Allach-Untermenzing">Allach-Untermenzing</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Feldmoching-Hasenbergl" title="Feldmoching-Hasenbergl">Feldmoching-Hasenbergl</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Laim" title="Laim">Laim</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Lord_mayor" title="Lord mayor">Lord mayor</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(2020–26) </th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Reiter" title="Dieter Reiter">Dieter Reiter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Governing parties</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Greens</a> / <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">310.71 km2 (119.97 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">520 m (1,710 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2023-12-31)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,510,378</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">4,900/km2 (13,000/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,606,021</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">5,991,144<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Germany" title="Time in Germany">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B01:00" title="UTC+01:00">UTC+01:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B02:00" title="UTC+02:00">UTC+02:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Germany" title="Postal codes in Germany">Postal codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">80331–81929</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dialling_codes_in_Germany" title="List of dialling codes in Germany">Dialling codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">089</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate" title="Vehicle registration plate">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">M, MUC</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stadt.muenchen.de/en.html">stadt.muenchen.de</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MariensaeuleMuenchen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/MariensaeuleMuenchen.jpg/220px-MariensaeuleMuenchen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/MariensaeuleMuenchen.jpg/330px-MariensaeuleMuenchen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/MariensaeuleMuenchen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="600"></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mariens%C3%A4ule" title="Mariensäule">Mariensäule</a> at <a href="/wiki/Marienplatz" title="Marienplatz">Marienplatz</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Www.gerhard-blank.de_m%C3%BCnchen_ansicht_von_oben.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Www.gerhard-blank.de_m%C3%BCnchen_ansicht_von_oben.jpg/220px-Www.gerhard-blank.de_m%C3%BCnchen_ansicht_von_oben.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Www.gerhard-blank.de_m%C3%BCnchen_ansicht_von_oben.jpg/330px-Www.gerhard-blank.de_m%C3%BCnchen_ansicht_von_oben.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Www.gerhard-blank.de_m%C3%BCnchen_ansicht_von_oben.jpg/440px-Www.gerhard-blank.de_m%C3%BCnchen_ansicht_von_oben.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5906" data-file-height="4134"></a><figcaption>Aerial view of the old town</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lions_at_the_Feldherrnhalle_in_Munich.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Lions_at_the_Feldherrnhalle_in_Munich.JPG/220px-Lions_at_the_Feldherrnhalle_in_Munich.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Lions_at_the_Feldherrnhalle_in_Munich.JPG/330px-Lions_at_the_Feldherrnhalle_in_Munich.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Lions_at_the_Feldherrnhalle_in_Munich.JPG/440px-Lions_at_the_Feldherrnhalle_in_Munich.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"></a><figcaption>Lion sculptures by <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_R%C3%BCmann" title="Wilhelm von Rümann">Wilhelm von Rümann</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Feldherrnhalle" title="Feldherrnhalle">Feldherrnhalle</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vista_panor%C3%A1mica_desde_Olympiapark,_M%C3%BAnich,_Alemania_2012-04-28,_DD_03.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Vista_panor%C3%A1mica_desde_Olympiapark%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania_2012-04-28%2C_DD_03.JPG/220px-Vista_panor%C3%A1mica_desde_Olympiapark%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania_2012-04-28%2C_DD_03.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Vista_panor%C3%A1mica_desde_Olympiapark%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania_2012-04-28%2C_DD_03.JPG/330px-Vista_panor%C3%A1mica_desde_Olympiapark%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania_2012-04-28%2C_DD_03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Vista_panor%C3%A1mica_desde_Olympiapark%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania_2012-04-28%2C_DD_03.JPG/440px-Vista_panor%C3%A1mica_desde_Olympiapark%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania_2012-04-28%2C_DD_03.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4785" data-file-height="2713"></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> behind the skyline</figcaption></figure> Straddling the banks of the river <a href="/wiki/Isar" title="Isar">Isar</a> north of the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>, Munich is the seat of the Bavarian <a href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk" title="Regierungsbezirk">administrative region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Bavaria" title="Upper Bavaria">Upper Bavaria</a>, while being the most densely populated municipality in Germany with 4,500 people per km2. Munich is the second-largest city in the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian dialect area</a>, after the Austrian capital of <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>. The city was first mentioned in 1158. Catholic Munich strongly resisted the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> and was a political point of divergence during the resulting <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>, but remained physically untouched despite an occupation by the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Swedes" title="Swedes">Swedes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Once Bavaria was established as the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Kingdom of Bavaria</a> in 1806, Munich became a major European centre of arts, <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>, culture and science. In 1918, during the <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%9319" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–19">German Revolution of 1918–19</a>, the ruling <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wittelsbach" title="House of Wittelsbach">House of Wittelsbach</a>, which had governed Bavaria since 1180, was forced to abdicate in Munich and a short-lived <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian Soviet Republic</a> was declared. In the 1920s, Munich became home to several political factions, among them the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>. After the Nazis' rise to power, Munich was declared their "Capital of the Movement". The city was heavily bombed during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, but has restored most of its old town and boasts nearly 30.000 buildings from before the war all over the city.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Following the war, there was a great increase in population and economic power during the years of <a href="/wiki/Wirtschaftswunder" title="Wirtschaftswunder">Wirtschaftswunder</a>. The city hosted the <a href="/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics" title="1972 Summer Olympics">1972 Summer Olympics</a>. Today, Munich is a global centre of science, technology, finance, <a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">innovation</a>, business, and tourism. Munich enjoys a very high standard and quality of living, reaching first in Germany and third worldwide according to the 2018 <a href="/wiki/Mercer_(consulting_firm)" title="Mercer (consulting firm)">Mercer</a> survey,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> and being rated the world's most liveable city by the <a href="/wiki/Most_livable_cities_in_the_world#Monocle's_Quality_of_Life_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="Most livable cities in the world">Monocle's Quality of Life Survey 2018</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Munich is consistently ranked as one of the most expensive cities in Germany in terms of real estate prices and rental costs.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In 2023, 30.1 percent of Munich's residents were foreigners, and another 18.5 percent were German citizens with a migration background from a foreign country.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Munich%27s_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Munich's economy">Munich's economy</a> is based on <a href="/wiki/High_tech" title="High tech">high tech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry" title="Automotive industry">automobiles</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Service_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Service sector">service sector</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/IT" class="mw-redirect" title="IT">IT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a>, engineering, and <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a>. It has one of the strongest economies of any German city and the lowest unemployment rate of all cities in Germany with more than one million inhabitants. The city houses many multinational companies, such as <a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allianz_SE" class="mw-redirect" title="Allianz SE">Allianz SE</a> and <a href="/wiki/Munich_Re" title="Munich Re">Munich Re</a>. In addition, Munich is home to two research universities, and a multitude of scientific institutions.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Munich's numerous architectural and cultural attractions, sports events, exhibitions and its annual <a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest">Oktoberfest</a>, the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Volksfest" title="Volksfest">Volksfest</a>, attract considerable tourism.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Etymology">1.1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Prehistory">1.2 Prehistory</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Roman_period">1.3 Roman period</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Post-Roman_settlements">1.4 Post-Roman settlements</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Origin_of_medieval_town">1.5 Origin of medieval town</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Capital_of_reunited_Bavaria">1.6 Capital of reunited Bavaria</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#World_War_I_to_World_War_II">1.7 World War I to World War II</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Postwar">1.8 Postwar</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Geography">2 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Topography">2.1 Topography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Climate">2.2 Climate</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Climate_change">2.2.1 Climate change</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Demographics">3 Demographics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Immigration">3.1 Immigration</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Religion">3.2 Religion</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Government_and_politics">4 Government and politics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Mayor">4.1 Mayor</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#City_council">4.2 City council</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#State_Landtag">4.3 State Landtag</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Federal_parliament">4.4 Federal parliament</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Subdivisions">4.5 Subdivisions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Architecture">5 Architecture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Old_Town">5.1 Old Town</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Palaces_and_castles">5.2 Palaces and castles</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Modernist_architecture">5.3 Modernist architecture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#High_rise_buildings">5.4 High rise buildings</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Long-term_residential_development">5.5 Long-term residential development</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#Parks">6 Parks</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Sports">7 Sports</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Football">7.1 Football</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Basketball">7.2 Basketball</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Ice_hockey">7.3 Ice hockey</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Olympics">7.4 Olympics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Road_running">7.5 Road running</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Swimming">7.6 Swimming</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#River_surfing">7.7 River surfing</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#Culture">8 Culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Language">8.1 Language</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Museums">8.2 Museums</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Music">8.3 Music</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="#Opera">8.4 Opera</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="#Orchestra">8.5 Orchestra</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="#Pop_and_electronica">8.6 Pop and electronica</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="#Theatre">8.7 Theatre</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="#Schwabing">8.8 Schwabing</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-47"><a href="#Biedermeier">8.9 Biedermeier</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-48"><a href="#Prinzregentenzeit">8.10 Prinzregentenzeit</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-49"><a href="#Weimar_Republic">8.11 Weimar Republic</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-50"><a href="#Post-war_literature">8.12 Post-war literature</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-51"><a href="#Fine_arts">8.13 Fine arts</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-52"><a href="#Cinema">8.14 Cinema</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-53"><a href="#Festivals">8.15 Festivals</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-54"><a href="#Coopers'_Dance">8.15.1 Coopers' Dance</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-55"><a href="#Starkbierfest">8.15.2 Starkbierfest</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-56"><a href="#Fr%C3%BChlingsfest">8.15.3 Frühlingsfest</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-57"><a href="#Auer_Dult">8.15.4 Auer Dult</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-58"><a href="#Kocherlball">8.15.5 Kocherlball</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-59"><a href="#Tollwood">8.15.6 Tollwood</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-60"><a href="#Oktoberfest">8.15.7 Oktoberfest</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-61"><a href="#Christkindlmarkt">8.15.8 Christkindlmarkt</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-62"><a href="#Cuisine_and_culinary_specialities">8.16 Cuisine and culinary specialities</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-63"><a href="#Beers_and_breweries">8.17 Beers and breweries</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-64"><a href="#Circus">8.18 Circus</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-65"><a href="#Nightlife">8.19 Nightlife</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-66"><a href="#Education">9 Education</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-67"><a href="#Colleges_and_universities">9.1 Colleges and universities</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-68"><a href="#Primary_and_secondary_schools">9.2 Primary and secondary schools</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-69"><a href="#Scientific_research_institutions">9.3 Scientific research institutions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-70"><a href="#Max_Planck_Society">9.4 Max Planck Society</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-71"><a href="#Fraunhofer_Society">9.5 Fraunhofer Society</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-72"><a href="#Other_research_institutes">9.6 Other research institutes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-73"><a href="#International_relations">10 International relations</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-74"><a href="#Twin_towns_and_sister_cities">10.1 Twin towns and sister cities</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-75"><a href="#Economy">11 Economy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-76"><a href="#Manufacturing">11.1 Manufacturing</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-77"><a href="#Finance">11.2 Finance</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-78"><a href="#Media">11.3 Media</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-79"><a href="#Technology">11.4 Technology</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-80"><a href="#Quality_of_life">12 Quality of life</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-81"><a href="#Transport">13 Transport</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-82"><a href="#Public_transport">13.1 Public transport</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-83"><a href="#Cycling">13.2 Cycling</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-84"><a href="#Cultural_history_trails_and_bicycle_routes">13.3 Cultural history trails and bicycle routes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-85"><a href="#Munich_Central_Train_Station">13.4 Munich Central Train Station</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-86"><a href="#Autobahns">13.5 Autobahns</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-87"><a href="#Air">13.6 Air</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-88"><a href="#Munich_International_Airport">13.6.1 Munich International Airport</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-89"><a href="#Other_airports">13.6.2 Other airports</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-90"><a href="#Around_Munich">14 Around Munich</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-91"><a href="#Nearby_towns">14.1 Nearby towns</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-92"><a href="#Recreation">14.2 Recreation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-93"><a href="#Notable_people">15 Notable people</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-94"><a href="#Born_in_Munich">15.1 Born in Munich</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-95"><a href="#Entertainment">15.1.1 Entertainment</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-96"><a href="#Fashion_designers">15.1.2 Fashion designers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-97"><a href="#Musicians">15.1.3 Musicians</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-98"><a href="#Journalists_and_Writers">15.1.4 Journalists and Writers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-99"><a href="#Nobel_Prize_laureates">15.1.5 Nobel Prize laureates</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-100"><a href="#Nobility">15.1.6 Nobility</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-101"><a href="#Painters">15.1.7 Painters</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-102"><a href="#Photographers">15.1.8 Photographers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-103"><a href="#Politicians">15.1.9 Politicians</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-104"><a href="#Professional_athletes">15.1.10 Professional athletes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-105"><a href="#Others">15.1.11 Others</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-106"><a href="#Notable_residents">15.2 Notable residents</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-107"><a href="#Notes">16 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-108"><a href="#References">17 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-109"><a href="#External_links">18 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Munich" title="History of Munich">History of Munich</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Munich" title="Timeline of Munich">Timeline of Munich</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_M%C3%BCnchen_gross_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/DEU_M%C3%BCnchen_gross_COA.svg/220px-DEU_M%C3%BCnchen_gross_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="574"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 247px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/DEU_M%C3%BCnchen_gross_COA.svg/220px-DEU_M%C3%BCnchen_gross_COA.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="247" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/DEU_M%C3%BCnchen_gross_COA.svg/330px-DEU_M%C3%BCnchen_gross_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/DEU_M%C3%BCnchen_gross_COA.svg/440px-DEU_M%C3%BCnchen_gross_COA.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Munich" title="Coat of arms of Munich">Coat of arms of Munich</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="163" data-mwtitle="Solang_der_alte_Peter_-_Volksweise_-_Tegernseer_Ländler_-_Kapelle_Moar_Jr._(1929).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Solang_der_alte_Peter_-_Volksweise_-_Tegernseer_L%C3%A4ndler_-_Kapelle_Moar_Jr._(1929).ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Solang_der_alte_Peter_-_Volksweise_-_Tegernseer_L%C3%A4ndler_-_Kapelle_Moar_Jr._%281929%29.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a7/Solang_der_alte_Peter_-_Volksweise_-_Tegernseer_L%C3%A4ndler_-_Kapelle_Moar_Jr._%281929%29.ogg/Solang_der_alte_Peter_-_Volksweise_-_Tegernseer_L%C3%A4ndler_-_Kapelle_Moar_Jr._%281929%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio><figcaption>The unofficial city anthem of Munich, recorded in 1929</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Munich was a tiny 8th-century <a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">friar</a> settlement, which was named zu den Munichen ("to the monks"). The Old High German Muniche served as the basis for the modern German city name München.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prehistory" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The river <a href="/wiki/Isar" title="Isar">Isar</a> was a prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">trade route</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> Munich was among the largest <a href="/wiki/Raft" title="Raft">raft ports</a> in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Bernan_Associates_UNESCO-15">[15]</a> Bronze Age settlements up to four millennia old have been discovered.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Evidence of <a href="/wiki/Celt" class="mw-redirect" title="Celt">Celtic</a> settlements from the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> have been discovered in areas around <a href="/wiki/Ramersdorf-Perlach" title="Ramersdorf-Perlach">Ramersdorf-Perlach</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_period">Roman period</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Roman period" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The ancient Roman road Via Julia, which connected <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a>, crossed over the Isar south of Munich, at the towns of <a href="/wiki/Baierbrunn" title="Baierbrunn">Baierbrunn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gauting" title="Gauting">Gauting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> A Roman settlement north-east of Munich was excavated in the neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Denning_(Munich)" title="Denning (Munich)">Denning</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Roman_settlements">Post-Roman settlements</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Post-Roman settlements" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Starting in the 6th century, the <a href="/wiki/Baiuvarii" title="Baiuvarii">Baiuvarii</a> populated the area around what is now modern Munich, such as in Johanneskirchen, Feldmoching, Bogenhausen and Pasing.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The first known Christian church was built ca. 815 in Fröttmanning.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_of_medieval_town">Origin of medieval town</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Origin of medieval town" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stadtansicht_1572.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Stadtansicht_1572.jpg/220px-Stadtansicht_1572.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="92" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2425" data-file-height="1019"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 92px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Stadtansicht_1572.jpg/220px-Stadtansicht_1572.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="92" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Stadtansicht_1572.jpg/330px-Stadtansicht_1572.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Stadtansicht_1572.jpg/440px-Stadtansicht_1572.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Munich in the 16th century</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muenchen_merian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Muenchen_merian.jpg/220px-Muenchen_merian.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="665"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 183px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Muenchen_merian.jpg/220px-Muenchen_merian.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="183" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Muenchen_merian.jpg/330px-Muenchen_merian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Muenchen_merian.jpg/440px-Muenchen_merian.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Plan of Munich in 1642</figcaption></figure> The first medieval bridges across the river Isar were located in current city areas of Munich and <a href="/wiki/Landshut" title="Landshut">Landshut</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bernan_Associates_UNESCO-15">[15]</a> The Duke of Saxony and Bavaria <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Lion" title="Henry the Lion">Henry the Lion</a> founded the town of Munich in his territory to control the <a href="/wiki/Salt_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt trade">salt trade</a>, after having burned down the town of Föhring and its bridges over the Isar.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Historians date this event at about 1158.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The layout of Munich city, with five city gates and market place, resembled that of <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6xter" title="Höxter">Höxter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Henry built a new toll bridge, customs house and a coin market closer to his home somewhat upstream at a settlement around the area of modern old town Munich. This new toll bridge most likely crossed the Isar where the Museuminsel and the modern Ludwigsbrücke is now located.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Otto_of_Freising" title="Otto of Freising">Otto of Freising</a> protested to his nephew, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Frederick Barbarosa</a> (d. 1190). However, on 14 June 1158, in <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a>, the conflict was settled in favor of Duke Henry. The <a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Arbitration" class="mw-redirect" title="Augsburg Arbitration">Augsburg Arbitration</a> mentions the name of the location in dispute as forum apud Munichen. Although Bishop Otto had lost his bridge, the arbiters ordered Duke Henry to pay a third of his income to the Bishop in Freising as compensation.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The 14th June 1158 is considered the official founding day of the city of Munich. Archaeological excavations at Marienhof Square (near <a href="/wiki/Marienplatz" title="Marienplatz">Marienplatz</a>) in advance of the expansion of the S-Bahn (subway) in 2012 discovered shards of vessels from the 11th century, which prove again that the settlement of Munich must be older than the Augsburg Arbitration of 1158.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The old <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Church,_Munich" title="St. Peter's Church, Munich">St. Peter's Church</a> near Marienplatz is also believed to predate the founding date of the town.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> In 1175, Munich received city status and fortification. In 1180, after Henry the Lion's fall from grace with Emperor Frederick Barbarosa, including his trial and exile, <a href="/wiki/Otto_I_of_Wittelsbach,_Duke_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto I of Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria">Otto I Wittelsbach</a> became Duke of Bavaria, and Munich was handed to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Munich_and_Freising" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Munich and Freising">Bishop of Freising</a>. In 1240, Munich was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Otto_II_Wittelsbach,_Duke_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto II Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria">Otto II Wittelsbach</a> and in 1255, when the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bavaria" title="Duchy of Bavaria">Duchy of Bavaria</a> was split in two, Munich became the ducal residence of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Bavaria" title="Upper Bavaria">Upper Bavaria</a>. Duke <a href="/wiki/Louis_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Louis IV</a>, a native of Munich, was elected German king in 1314 and crowned as <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> in 1328. He strengthened the city's position by granting it the salt monopoly, thus assuring it of additional income. On 13 February 1327, a large fire broke out in Munich that lasted two days and destroyed about a third of the town.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> In 1349, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> ravaged Munich and Bavaria.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The growth of Munich was supplemented by its location on top of a gravel bed, where the Isar branched into <a href="/wiki/Munich_City_Streams" title="Munich City Streams">Munich City Streams</a>, which in turn provided power for many mills and industries within Munich. In the 15th century, Munich underwent a revival of <a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic arts</a>: the Old Town Hall was enlarged, and Munich's largest <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> church – the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Frauenkirche" class="mw-redirect" title="Munich Frauenkirche">Frauenkirche</a> – now a cathedral, was constructed in only 20 years, starting in 1468. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capital_of_reunited_Bavaria">Capital of reunited Bavaria</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Capital of reunited Bavaria" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antiquarium,_M%C3%BCnchner_Residenz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Antiquarium%2C_M%C3%BCnchner_Residenz.jpg/280px-Antiquarium%2C_M%C3%BCnchner_Residenz.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="205" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7512" data-file-height="5504"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 280px;height: 205px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Antiquarium%2C_M%C3%BCnchner_Residenz.jpg/280px-Antiquarium%2C_M%C3%BCnchner_Residenz.jpg" data-width="280" data-height="205" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Antiquarium%2C_M%C3%BCnchner_Residenz.jpg/420px-Antiquarium%2C_M%C3%BCnchner_Residenz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Antiquarium%2C_M%C3%BCnchner_Residenz.jpg/560px-Antiquarium%2C_M%C3%BCnchner_Residenz.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Renaissance Antiquarium of the Residenz</figcaption></figure> When Bavaria was reunited in 1506 after a brief <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Succession_of_Landshut" title="War of the Succession of Landshut">war</a> against the Duchy of <a href="/wiki/Bavaria-Landshut" title="Bavaria-Landshut">Landshut</a>, Munich became its capital. The arts and politics became increasingly influenced by the court.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> movement beset Munich and the Bavarian branch of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wittelsbach" title="House of Wittelsbach">House of Wittelsbach</a> under Duke <a href="/wiki/Albert_V,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Albert V, Duke of Bavaria">Albrecht V</a> who bolstered their prestige by conjuring up a lineage that reached back to <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>. In 1568 Albrecht V built the Antiquarium to house the <a href="/wiki/Staatliche_Antikensammlungen" title="Staatliche Antikensammlungen">Wittelsbach collection of Greek and Roman antiquities</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Residenz,_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="Residenz, Munich">Munich Residenz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Albrecht V appointed the composer <a href="/wiki/Orlando_di_Lasso" title="Orlando di Lasso">Orlando di Lasso</a> as director of the court orchestra and tempted numerous Italian musicians to work at the Munich court, establishing Munich as a hub for late <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance music</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> During the rule of <a href="/wiki/William_V,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="William V, Duke of Bavaria">Duke William V</a> Munich began to be called the "German Rome" and William V began presenting Emperor <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> as ancestor of the Wittelsbach dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Duke William V further cemented the Wittelsbach rule by commissioning the <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> <a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Church,_Munich" title="St. Michael's Church, Munich">Michaelskirche</a>. He had the sermons of his Jesuit court preacher <a href="/wiki/Jeremias_Drexel" title="Jeremias Drexel">Jeremias Drexel</a> translated from Latin into German and published them to a greater audience.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> William V was addressed with the epithet "the Pious" and like his contemporary Wittelsbach dukes promoted himself as "father of the land" (Landesvater), encouraged pilgrimages and <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Marian devotions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> William V had the <a href="/wiki/Hofbr%C3%A4uhaus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hofbräuhaus">Hofbräuhaus</a> built in 1589. It would become the prototype for <a href="/wiki/Beer_hall" title="Beer hall">beer halls</a> across Munich. After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> the Residenze, the Hofbräuhaus, the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Frauenkirche" class="mw-redirect" title="Munich Frauenkirche">Frauenkirche</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Church,_Munich" title="St. Peter's Church, Munich">Peterskirche</a> were reconstructed to look exactly as they did before the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> seized power in 1933.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcktzumuenchen.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Marcktzumuenchen.png/220px-Marcktzumuenchen.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="396"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Marcktzumuenchen.png/220px-Marcktzumuenchen.png" data-width="220" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Marcktzumuenchen.png/330px-Marcktzumuenchen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Marcktzumuenchen.png/440px-Marcktzumuenchen.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marienplatz" title="Marienplatz">Marienplatz</a>, Munich, about 1650</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mun_flags_frauenkirche.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Mun_flags_frauenkirche.jpg/170px-Mun_flags_frauenkirche.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="560"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 252px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Mun_flags_frauenkirche.jpg/170px-Mun_flags_frauenkirche.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="252" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Mun_flags_frauenkirche.jpg/255px-Mun_flags_frauenkirche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Mun_flags_frauenkirche.jpg/340px-Mun_flags_frauenkirche.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Banners with the colours of Munich (left) and Bavaria (right) with the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Frauenkirche" class="mw-redirect" title="Munich Frauenkirche">Frauenkirche</a> in the background</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_League_(German)" title="Catholic League (German)">Catholic League</a> was founded in Munich in 1609. In 1623, during the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> (1618–1648), Munich became an electoral residence when Duke <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Elector_of_Bavaria" title="Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria">Maximilian I</a> was invested with the <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">electoral dignity</a>, but in 1632 the city was occupied by King <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden">Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> In 1634 Swedish and Spanish troops advanced on Munich. Maximilian I published a plague ordinance to halt an epidemic escalation.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bubonic_plague" title="Bubonic plague">bubonic plague</a> nevertheless ravaged Munich and the surrounding countryside in 1634 and 1635.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> During the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) troops again converged on Munich in 1647 and precautions were taken, so as to avoid another epidemic.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Under the regency of the Bavarian electors, Munich was an important centre of <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> life, but also had to suffer under <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a> occupations in 1704 and 1742.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] When Elector <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_III_Joseph" title="Maximilian III Joseph">Maximilian III Joseph</a> died in 1745, the succession empowered the <a href="/wiki/Count_palatine" title="Count palatine">Palatinate</a> branch within the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wittelsbach" title="House of Wittelsbach">House of Wittelsbach</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> In 1777 Bavarian lands were inherited by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Theodore,_Elector_of_Bavaria" title="Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria">Karl Theodor</a>. The new duke was disliked by the citizens of Munich for his supposedly enlightened ideas. In 1785 Karl Theodor invited Count Rumford <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Thompson" title="Benjamin Thompson">Benjamin Thompson</a> to take up residency in Munich and implement stringent social reforms. The poor were forced to live in newly built <a href="/wiki/Workhouses" class="mw-redirect" title="Workhouses">workhouses</a>. The Bavarian army was restructured, with common soldiers receiving better food and reassurances that they would be treated humanely by officers.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Munich was the largest German city to lose <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">fortification</a> in the 1790s.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> In 1791 Karl Theodor and Count Rumford started to demolish Munich's fortifications.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> After 1793 Munich's citizens, including house servants, carpenters, butchers, merchants, and court officials, seized the opportunity, building new houses, stalls, and sheds outside the city walls.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> After making an alliance with Napoleonic France, the city became the capital of the new <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Kingdom of Bavaria</a> in 1806 with Elector <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maximillian_IV_Joseph&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maximillian IV Joseph (page does not exist)">Maximillian IV Joseph</a> becoming its first king. The state parliament (the <a href="/wiki/Landtag" title="Landtag">Landtag</a>) and the new <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Munich_and_Freising" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Munich and Freising">archdiocese of Munich and Freising</a> were also located in the city.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The establishment of Bavarian state sovereignty profoundly affected Munich. Munich became the center of a modernizing kingdom, and one of the king's first acts was the <a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">secularization</a> of Bavaria. He had dissolved all <a href="/wiki/Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Monasteries">monasteries</a> in 1802 and once crowned, Maximilian Joseph generated state revenues by selling off church lands. While many monasteries were reestablished, Maximilian Joseph I succeeded in controlling the right to brew beer (Braurecht). The king handed the brewing monopoly to Munich's wealthiest brewers, who in turn paid substantial taxes on their beer production. In 1807 the king abolished all ordinances that limited the number of apprentices and <a href="/wiki/Journeymen" class="mw-redirect" title="Journeymen">journeymen</a> a brewery could employ. Munich's population had swelled and Munich brewers were now free to employ as many workers as they needed to meet the demand.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In October 1810 a beer festival was held on the meadows just outside Munich to commemorate the wedding of the crown prince and princess <a href="/wiki/Therese_of_Saxe-Hildburghausen" title="Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen">Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen</a>. The parades in regional dress (Tracht) represented the diversity of the kingdom. The fields are now part of the <a href="/wiki/Theresienwiese" title="Theresienwiese">Theresienwiese</a> and the celebrations developed into Munich's annual <a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest">Oktoberfest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The Bavarian state proceeded to take control over the beer market, by regulating all taxes on beer in 1806 and 1811. Brewers and the beer taverns (Wirtshäuser) were taxed, and the state also controlled the quality of beer while limiting the <a href="/wiki/Competition_(economics)" title="Competition (economics)">competition</a> among breweries.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> In 1831 the king's government introduced a cost-of-living allowance on beer for lower-ranking civil servants and soldiers. Soldiers stationed in Munich were granted a daily allowance for beer in the early 1840s.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> By the 1850s beer had become essential <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple food</a> for Munich's working and lower classes. Since the Middle Ages beer had been regarded as nutritious liquid bread (fließendes Brot) in Bavaria. But Munich suffered from poor <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">water sanitation</a> and as early as the 1700s beer came to be regarded as the fifth element. Beer was essential in maintaining <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> in Munich and in the mid-1840s Munich police estimated that at least 40,000 residents relied primarily on beer for their nutrition.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Justizpalast_Munich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Justizpalast_Munich.jpg/220px-Justizpalast_Munich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5947" data-file-height="3965"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Justizpalast_Munich.jpg/220px-Justizpalast_Munich.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Justizpalast_Munich.jpg/330px-Justizpalast_Munich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Justizpalast_Munich.jpg/440px-Justizpalast_Munich.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Justizpalast_(Munich)" title="Justizpalast (Munich)">Palace of Justice</a> in Baroque Revival style</figcaption></figure> In 1832 <a href="/wiki/Peter_von_Hess" title="Peter von Hess">Peter von Hess</a> painted the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a> at the order of King <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_I_of_Bavaria" title="Ludwig I of Bavaria">Ludwig I</a>. Ludwig I had the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsplatz,_Munich" title="Königsplatz, Munich">Königsplatz</a> built in neoclassicism as a matter of ideological choice. <a href="/wiki/Leo_von_Klenze" title="Leo von Klenze">Leo von Klenze</a> supervised the construction of a Propylaia between 1854 and 1862.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> During the early to mid-19th century, the old fortified city walls of Munich were largely demolished due to population expansion.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The first Munich railway station was built in 1839, with a line going to <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a> in the west. By 1849 a newer Munich Central Train Station (<a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen_Hauptbahnhof" title="München Hauptbahnhof">München Hauptbahnhof</a>) was completed, with a line going to <a href="/wiki/Landshut" title="Landshut">Landshut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a> in the north.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> In 1825 <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_I_of_Bavaria" title="Ludwig I of Bavaria">Ludwig I</a> had ascended to the throne and commissioned leading architects such as <a href="/wiki/Leo_von_Klenze" title="Leo von Klenze">Leo von Klenze</a> to design a series of public museums in <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">neoclassical</a> style. The grand building projects of Ludwig I gave Munich the endearment "Isar-Athen" and "Monaco di Bavaria".<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Between 1856 and 1861 the court gardener <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Effner" title="Carl von Effner">Carl von Effner</a> landscaped the banks of the river <a href="/wiki/Isar" title="Isar">Isar</a> and established the Maximilian Gardens. From 1848 the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchner_Neueste_Nachrichten" title="Münchner Neueste Nachrichten">Münchner Neueste Nachrichten</a> was published as a regional newspaper in Munich. In 1857 the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Maximilianeum" title="Maximilianeum">Maximilianeum</a> was begun.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> By the time <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_II_of_Bavaria" title="Ludwig II of Bavaria">Ludwig II</a> became king in 1864, he remained mostly aloof from his capital and focused more on his fanciful castles in the Bavarian countryside, which is why he is known the world over as the 'fairytale king'. Ludwig II tried to lure <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a> to Munich, but his plans for an opera house were declined by the city council. Ludwig II nevertheless generated a windfall for Munich's craft and construction industries. In 1876 Munich hosted the first German Art and Industry Exhibition, which showcased the northern <a href="/wiki/Neo-Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Renaissance">Neo-Renaissance</a> fashion that came to be the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>'s predominant style. Munich based artists put on the German National Applied Arts Exhibition in 1888, showcasing <a href="/wiki/Baroque_Revival_architecture" title="Baroque Revival architecture">Baroque Revival architecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rococo_Revival" title="Rococo Revival">Rococo Revival</a> designs.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%BCnchen_Jugendstil_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/M%C3%BCnchen_Jugendstil_1.jpg/220px-M%C3%BCnchen_Jugendstil_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/M%C3%BCnchen_Jugendstil_1.jpg/220px-M%C3%BCnchen_Jugendstil_1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/M%C3%BCnchen_Jugendstil_1.jpg/330px-M%C3%BCnchen_Jugendstil_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/M%C3%BCnchen_Jugendstil_1.jpg/440px-M%C3%BCnchen_Jugendstil_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Jugendstil style house at Leopoldstr. 77, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchner_Freiheit" title="Münchner Freiheit">Münchner Freiheit</a></figcaption></figure> In 1900 <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Wilhelm Röntgen</a> moved to Munich, he was appointed as professor of physics. In 1901 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The Prince Regent <a href="/wiki/Luitpold,_Prince_Regent_of_Bavaria" title="Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria">Luitpold</a>'s reign from 1886 to 1912 was marked by tremendous artistic and cultural activity in Munich.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> At the dawn of the 20th century Munich was an epicenter for the <a href="/wiki/Jugendstil" title="Jugendstil">Jugendstil</a> movement, combining a liberal magazine culture with progressive <a href="/wiki/Industrial_design" title="Industrial design">industrial design</a> and architecture. The German art movement took its name from the Munich magazine Die Jugend (The Youth).<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Prominent Munich Jugendstil artists include <a href="/wiki/Hans_Eduard_von_Berlepsch-Valendas" title="Hans Eduard von Berlepsch-Valendas">Hans Eduard von Berlepsch-Valendas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Eckmann" title="Otto Eckmann">Otto Eckmann</a>,<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Margarethe_von_Brauchitsch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Margarethe von Brauchitsch (page does not exist)">Margarethe von Brauchitsch</a>, <a href="/wiki/August_Endell" title="August Endell">August Endell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Obrist" title="Hermann Obrist">Hermann Obrist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Debschitz" title="Wilhelm von Debschitz">Wilhelm von Debschitz</a>,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Riemerschmid" title="Richard Riemerschmid">Richard Riemerschmid</a>. In 1905 two large department stores opened in Munich, the Kaufhaus Oberpollinger and the <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Tietz" title="Hermann Tietz">Warenhaus Hermann Tietz</a>, both had been designed by the architect <a href="/wiki/Max_Littmann" title="Max Littmann">Max Littmann</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> In 1911 the <a href="/wiki/Expressionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Expressionist">expressionist</a> group <a href="/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter">Der Blaue Reiter</a> was established in Munich. Its founding members include <a href="/wiki/Gabriele_M%C3%BCnter" title="Gabriele Münter">Gabriele Münter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I_to_World_War_II">World War I to World War II</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: World War I to World War II" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Following the outbreak of World War I in 1914, life in Munich became very difficult, as the <a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_(1914%E2%80%931919)" title="Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)">Allied blockade of Germany</a> led to food and fuel shortages. During French air raids in 1916, three bombs fell on Munich.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1916, the 'Bayerische Motoren Werke' (<a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a>) produced its first <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine" title="Aircraft engine">aircraft engine</a> in Munich.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The public limited company BMW AG was founded in 1918, with <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Castiglioni" title="Camillo Castiglioni">Camillo Castiglioni</a> owning one third of the share capital. In 1922 BMW relocated its headquarters to a factory in Munich.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> After World War I, the city was at the centre of substantial political unrest. In November 1918, on the eve of the German revolution, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_III_of_Bavaria" title="Ludwig III of Bavaria">Ludwig III of Bavaria</a> and his family fled the city. After the murder of the first republican <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ministers-President_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ministers-President of Bavaria">premier of Bavaria</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Eisner" title="Kurt Eisner">Kurt Eisner</a> in February 1919 by <a href="/wiki/Anton_Graf_von_Arco_auf_Valley" title="Anton Graf von Arco auf Valley">Anton Graf von Arco auf Valley</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian Soviet Republic</a> was proclaimed.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The November 1918 revolution ended the reign of the Wittelsbach in Bavaria.<a href="#cite_note-City_Halls_and_Civic_Materialism-72">[72]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a> <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> described his political activism in Munich after November 1918 as the "Beginning of My Political Activity". Hitler called the short-lived Bavarian Soviet Republic "the rule of the Jews".<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> In 1919 <a href="/wiki/Bavaria_Film" title="Bavaria Film">Bavaria Film</a> was founded and in the 1920s Munich offered film makers an alternative to Germany's largest film studio, <a href="/wiki/Babelsberg_Studio" title="Babelsberg Studio">Babelsberg Studio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_119-1486,_Hitler-Putsch,_M%C3%BCnchen,_Marienplatz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_119-1486%2C_Hitler-Putsch%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_Marienplatz.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_119-1486%2C_Hitler-Putsch%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_Marienplatz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="467"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 130px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_119-1486%2C_Hitler-Putsch%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_Marienplatz.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_119-1486%2C_Hitler-Putsch%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_Marienplatz.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="130" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_119-1486%2C_Hitler-Putsch%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_Marienplatz.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_119-1486%2C_Hitler-Putsch%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_Marienplatz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_119-1486%2C_Hitler-Putsch%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_Marienplatz.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_119-1486%2C_Hitler-Putsch%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_Marienplatz.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Unrest during the <a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a></figcaption></figure> In 1923 <a href="/wiki/Gustav_von_Kahr" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav von Kahr">Gustav von Kahr</a> was appointed Bavarian prime minister and immediately planned for the expulsion of all Jews who did not hold German citizenship. Chief of Police <a href="/wiki/Ernst_P%C3%B6hner" title="Ernst Pöhner">Ernst Pöhner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Wilhelm Frick</a> openly indulged in antisemitism, while Bavarian judges praised people on the political right as patriotic for their crimes and handed down mild sentences.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> In 1923, Adolf Hitler and his supporters, who were concentrated in Munich, staged the <a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a>, an attempt to overthrow the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> and seize power. The revolt failed, resulting in Hitler's arrest and the temporary crippling of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> (NSDAP).<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Munich was chosen as capital for the <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Free State of Bavaria">Free State of Bavaria</a> and acquired increased responsibility for administering the city itself and the surrounding districts. Offices needed to be built for bureaucracy, so a 12-story office building was erected in the southern part of the historic city centre in the late 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-City_Halls_and_Civic_Materialism-72">[72]</a> Munich again became important to the Nazis when they took power in Germany in 1933. The party created its first <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi concentration camp">concentration camp</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau</a>, 16 km (10 mi) north-west of the city. Because of its importance to the rise of National Socialism, Munich was referred to as the Hauptstadt der Bewegung ("Capital of the Movement").<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> The NSDAP headquarters and the documentation apparatus for controlling all aspects of life were located in Munich. Nazi organizations, such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Women%27s_League" title="National Socialist Women's League">National Socialist Women's League</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a>, had their offices along <a href="/wiki/Brienner_Stra%C3%9Fe_(Munich)" title="Brienner Straße (Munich)">Brienner Straße</a> and around the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsplatz,_Munich" title="Königsplatz, Munich">Königsplatz</a>. The party acquired 68 buildings in the area and many Führerbauten ("Führer buildings") were built to reflect a new aesthetic of power.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Construction work for the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrerbau" title="Führerbau">Führerbau</a> and the party headquarters (known as the <a href="/wiki/Brown_House,_Munich" title="Brown House, Munich">Brown House</a>) started in September 1933.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Haus_der_Kunst" title="Haus der Kunst">Haus der Kunst</a> (House of German Art) was the first building to be commissioned by Hitler. The architect <a href="/wiki/Paul_Troost" title="Paul Troost">Paul Troost</a> was asked to start work shortly after the Nazis had seized power because "the most German of all German cities" was left with no exhibition building when in 1931 the <a href="/wiki/Glaspalast_(Munich)" title="Glaspalast (Munich)">Glass Palace</a> was destroyed in an arson attack.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> The Red Terror that supposedly preceded Nazi control in Munich was detailed in Nazi publications; seminal accounts are that of Rudolf Schricker Rotmord über München published in 1934, and Die Blutchronik des Marxismus in Deutschland by Adolf Ehrt and Hans Roden.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> In 1930 Feinkost Käfer was founded in Munich, the Käfer catering business is now a world leading party service.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The city was the site where the 1938 <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a> signed between the United Kingdom and the <a href="/wiki/Third_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Third French Republic">Third French Republic</a> with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> as part of the Franco-British policy of <a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">appeasement</a>. The British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a> assented to the German annexation of <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a> in the hopes of satisfying Hitler's territorial expansion.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Munich-Riem_Airport" title="Munich-Riem Airport">Munich-Riem Airport</a> was completed in October 1939.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> On 8 November 1939, shortly after the Second World War had begun, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Elser" title="Georg Elser">Georg Elser</a> planted a bomb in the Bürgerbräukeller in Munich in an attempt to assassinate Adolf Hitler, who held a political party speech. Hitler, however, had left the building minutes before the bomb went off.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> By mid 1942 the majority of Jews living in Munich and the suburbs had been deported.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muenchen-Allach_Dachau_sub-camp_1945-04-30_Nr_18145_ushmm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Muenchen-Allach_Dachau_sub-camp_1945-04-30_Nr_18145_ushmm.jpg/220px-Muenchen-Allach_Dachau_sub-camp_1945-04-30_Nr_18145_ushmm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1537" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 172px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Muenchen-Allach_Dachau_sub-camp_1945-04-30_Nr_18145_ushmm.jpg/220px-Muenchen-Allach_Dachau_sub-camp_1945-04-30_Nr_18145_ushmm.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="172" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Muenchen-Allach_Dachau_sub-camp_1945-04-30_Nr_18145_ushmm.jpg/330px-Muenchen-Allach_Dachau_sub-camp_1945-04-30_Nr_18145_ushmm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Muenchen-Allach_Dachau_sub-camp_1945-04-30_Nr_18145_ushmm.jpg/440px-Muenchen-Allach_Dachau_sub-camp_1945-04-30_Nr_18145_ushmm.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Liberated survivors of the <a href="/wiki/Munich-Allach_concentration_camp" title="Munich-Allach concentration camp">Munich-Allach concentration camp</a> greet arriving U.S. troops, 30 April 1945</figcaption></figure> During the war, Munich was the location of multiple <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a> camps, including two Polenlager camps for <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a> youth,<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> and 40 subcamps of the <a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau concentration camp</a>, in which men and women of various nationalities were held.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> With up to 17,000 prisoners in 1945, the largest subcamp of Dachau was the <a href="/wiki/Munich-Allach_concentration_camp" title="Munich-Allach concentration camp">Munich-Allach concentration camp</a>. Munich was the base of the <a href="/wiki/White_Rose" title="White Rose">White Rose</a>, a student <a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">resistance movement</a>. The group had distributed leaflets in several cities and following the 1943 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a> members of the group <a href="/wiki/Stencil" title="Stencil">stenciled</a> slogans such as "Down with Hitler" and "Hitler the Mass Murderer" on public buildings in Munich. The core members were arrested and executed after <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Scholl" title="Sophie Scholl">Sophie Scholl</a> and her brother <a href="/wiki/Hans_Scholl" title="Hans Scholl">Hans Scholl</a> were caught distributing leaflets on <a href="/wiki/Munich_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Munich University">Munich University</a> campus calling upon the youth to rise against Hitler.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> The city was heavily damaged by the <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Munich_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Munich in World War II">bombing of Munich in World War II</a>, with 71 air raids over five years. US troops liberated Munich on 30 April 1945.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postwar">Postwar</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Postwar" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the aftermath of World War II, Germany and Japan were subject to <a href="/wiki/US_Military" class="mw-redirect" title="US Military">US Military</a> occupation.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Due to Polish annexation of the <a href="/wiki/Former_eastern_territories_of_Germany" title="Former eastern territories of Germany">Former eastern territories of Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">expulsion of Germans from all over Eastern Europe</a>, Munich operated over a thousand refugee camps for 151,113 people in October 1946.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> After US occupation Munich was completely rebuilt following a meticulous plan, which preserved its pre-war street grid, bar a few exceptions owing to then-modern traffic concepts. In 1957, Munich's population surpassed one million. The city continued to play a highly significant role in the <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">German</a> economy, politics and culture, giving rise to its nickname Heimliche Hauptstadt ("secret capital") in the decades after World War II.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> In Munich, the <a href="/wiki/Bayerischer_Rundfunk" title="Bayerischer Rundfunk">Bayerischer Rundfunk</a> began its first television broadcast in 1954.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Free State of Bavaria">Free State of Bavaria</a> used the <a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">arms industry</a> as kernel for its <a href="/wiki/High_tech" title="High tech">high tech</a> development policy.<a href="#cite_note-Making_Competitive_Cities-96">[96]</a> Since 1963, Munich has been hosting the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Security_Conference" title="Munich Security Conference">Munich Security Conference</a>, held annually in the <a href="/wiki/Hotel_Bayerischer_Hof,_Munich" title="Hotel Bayerischer Hof, Munich">Hotel Bayerischer Hof</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Munich also became known on the political level due to the strong influence of Bavarian politician <a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strauss" title="Franz Josef Strauss">Franz Josef Strauss</a> from the 1960s to the 1980s. The <a href="/wiki/Munich_Airport" title="Munich Airport">Munich Airport</a>, which commenced operations in 1992, was named in his honor.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> In the early 1960s <a href="/wiki/Dieter_Kunzelmann" title="Dieter Kunzelmann">Dieter Kunzelmann</a> was expelled from the <a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a> and founded an influential group called Subversive Aktion in Munich. Kunzelmann was also active in West Berlin, and became known for using situationist avant-garde as a cover for political violence.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_Ol%C3%ADmpica,_M%C3%BAnich,_Alemania_2012-04-28,_DD_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Villa_Ol%C3%ADmpica%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania_2012-04-28%2C_DD_01.JPG/220px-Villa_Ol%C3%ADmpica%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania_2012-04-28%2C_DD_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5371" data-file-height="3045"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 125px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Villa_Ol%C3%ADmpica%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania_2012-04-28%2C_DD_01.JPG/220px-Villa_Ol%C3%ADmpica%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania_2012-04-28%2C_DD_01.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="125" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Villa_Ol%C3%ADmpica%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania_2012-04-28%2C_DD_01.JPG/330px-Villa_Ol%C3%ADmpica%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania_2012-04-28%2C_DD_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Villa_Ol%C3%ADmpica%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania_2012-04-28%2C_DD_01.JPG/440px-Villa_Ol%C3%ADmpica%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania_2012-04-28%2C_DD_01.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A view from the Olympic Tower (<a href="/wiki/Olympiaturm" title="Olympiaturm">Olympiaturm</a>) of the adjacent <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Village,_Munich" title="Olympic Village, Munich">Olympic Village</a></figcaption></figure> Munich hosted the <a href="/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics" title="1972 Summer Olympics">1972 Summer Olympics</a>. After winning the bid in 1966 the <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Munich">Mayor of Munich</a> <a href="/wiki/Hans-Jochen_Vogel" title="Hans-Jochen Vogel">Hans-Jochen Vogel</a> accelerated the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Munich_U-Bahn" title="Munich U-Bahn">U-Bahn</a> subway and the <a href="/wiki/Munich_S-Bahn" title="Munich S-Bahn">S-Bahn</a> metropolitan commuter railway. In May 1967 the construction work began for a new U-Bahn line connecting the city with the <a href="/wiki/Olympiapark_(Munich)" title="Olympiapark (Munich)">Olympic Park</a>. The Olympic Park subway station was built near the <a href="/wiki/BMW_Headquarters" title="BMW Headquarters">BMW Headquarters</a> and the line was completed in May 1972, three months before the opening of the 1972 Summer Olympics. Shortly before the opening ceremony, Munich also inaugurated a sizable pedestrian priority zone between <a href="/wiki/Karlsplatz_(Stachus)" title="Karlsplatz (Stachus)">Karlsplatz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marienplatz" title="Marienplatz">Marienplatz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> In 1970 the Munich city council released funds so that the iconic <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">gothic</a> facade and <a href="/wiki/Rathaus-Glockenspiel" title="Rathaus-Glockenspiel">Glockenspiel</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Neues_Rathaus_(Munich)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neues Rathaus (Munich)">New City Hall</a> (Neues Rathaus) could be restored.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> During the 1972 Summer Olympics 11 Israeli athletes were murdered by <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian people">Palestinian</a> terrorists in the <a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a>, when gunmen from the Palestinian "<a href="/wiki/Black_September_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black September (group)">Black September</a>" group took hostage members of the Israeli Olympic team.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> The most deadly militant attack the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a> has ever witnessed was the <a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest_bombing" title="Oktoberfest bombing">Oktoberfest bombing</a>. The attack was eventually blamed on militant <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nockherberg_M%C3%BCnchen_Paulaner_Biergarten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Nockherberg_M%C3%BCnchen_Paulaner_Biergarten.jpg/220px-Nockherberg_M%C3%BCnchen_Paulaner_Biergarten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Nockherberg_M%C3%BCnchen_Paulaner_Biergarten.jpg/220px-Nockherberg_M%C3%BCnchen_Paulaner_Biergarten.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Nockherberg_M%C3%BCnchen_Paulaner_Biergarten.jpg/330px-Nockherberg_M%C3%BCnchen_Paulaner_Biergarten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Nockherberg_M%C3%BCnchen_Paulaner_Biergarten.jpg/440px-Nockherberg_M%C3%BCnchen_Paulaner_Biergarten.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Nockherberg" title="Nockherberg">Nockherberg</a> beer garden</figcaption></figure> Munich and its <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a> emerged as the leading German high tech region during the 1980s and 1990s. The urban economy of Munich became characterized by a dynamic <a href="/wiki/Labour_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour market">labour market</a>, low unemployment, a growing <a href="/wiki/Service_economy" title="Service economy">service economy</a> and high per capita income.<a href="#cite_note-Making_Competitive_Cities-96">[96]</a> Munich is home of the famous <a href="/wiki/Nockherberg" title="Nockherberg">Nockherberg</a> Strong Beer Festival during the Lenten fasting period (usually in March). Its origins go back to the 17th/18th century, but has become popular when the festivities were first televised in the 1980s. The fest includes comical speeches and a mini-musical in which numerous German politicians are parodied by look-alike actors.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> In 2007 the <a href="/wiki/Ecological_restoration" title="Ecological restoration">ecological restoration</a> of the river Isar in the urban area of Munich was awarded the Water Development Prize by the German Association for Water, Wastewater and Waste (known as DWA in German). The renaturation of the Isar allows for the near natural development of the <a href="/wiki/River_bed" class="mw-redirect" title="River bed">river bed</a> and is part of Munich's <a href="/wiki/Flood_protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood protection">flood protection</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> About 20 percent of buildings in Munich now have a <a href="/wiki/Green_roof" title="Green roof">green roof</a>. Munich city council has been encouraging better <a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">stormwater</a> management since the 1990s with regulations and subsidies.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> On the fifth anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/2011_Norway_attacks" title="2011 Norway attacks">2011 Norway attacks</a> an <a href="/wiki/Active_shooter" title="Active shooter">active shooter</a> perpetrated a <a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">hate crime</a>. The <a href="/wiki/2016_Munich_shooting" title="2016 Munich shooting">2016 Munich shooting</a> targeted people of Turkish and Arab descent.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Munich was one of the host cities for <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2020" title="UEFA Euro 2020">UEFA Euro 2020</a>, which was delayed for a year due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Germany" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Germany">COVID-19 pandemic in Germany</a>, and is planned to be a host city for <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2024" title="UEFA Euro 2024">UEFA Euro 2024</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Geography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Munich_by_Sentinel-2,_2020-06-12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Munich_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-06-12.jpg/220px-Munich_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-06-12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4284" data-file-height="3408"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 175px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Munich_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-06-12.jpg/220px-Munich_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-06-12.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="175" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Munich_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-06-12.jpg/330px-Munich_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-06-12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Munich_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-06-12.jpg/440px-Munich_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-06-12.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Satellite photo by ESA Sentinel-2</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topography">Topography</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Topography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Munich lies on the elevated plains of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Bavaria" title="Upper Bavaria">Upper Bavaria</a>, about 50 km (31 mi) north of the northern edge of the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>, at an altitude of about 520 m (1,706 ft) <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">ASL</a>. The local rivers are the <a href="/wiki/Isar" title="Isar">Isar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrm" title="Würm">Würm</a>. Munich is situated in the Northern <a href="/wiki/Foothills" title="Foothills">Alpine Foreland</a>. The northern part of this sandy plateau includes a highly fertile <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a> area which is no longer affected by the <a href="/wiki/Fold_(geology)" title="Fold (geology)">folding</a> processes found in the Alps, while the southern part is covered with <a href="/wiki/Moraine" title="Moraine">morainic</a> hills. Between these are fields of <a href="/wiki/Fluvio-glacial" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluvio-glacial">fluvio-glacial</a> out-wash, such as around Munich. Wherever these deposits get thinner, the <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">ground water</a> can permeate the gravel surface and flood the area, leading to <a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">marshes</a> as in the north of Munich. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Climate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> According to the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>, the climate is <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic</a> (Cfb), independent of the isotherm but with some <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental</a> (Dfb) features like warm to hot summers and cold winters, but without permanent snow cover.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> The city centre lies between both climates, while the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Airport" title="Munich Airport">airport of Munich</a> has a <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a>. The warmest month, on average, is July. The coolest is January. The proximity to the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> brings higher volumes of rainfall and consequently greater susceptibility to <a href="/wiki/Urban_flooding" title="Urban flooding">flood problems</a>. Studies of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">adaptation to climate change</a> and extreme events are carried out; one of them is the Isar Plan of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> Adaptation Climate.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Showers and thunderstorms bring the highest average monthly precipitation in late spring and throughout the summer. The most precipitation occurs in July, on average. Winter tends to have less precipitation, the least in February. The higher elevation and proximity to the Alps cause the city to have more rain and snow than many other parts of Germany. The Alps affect the city's climate in other ways too; for example, the warm downhill wind from the Alps (<a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6hn_wind" class="mw-redirect" title="Föhn wind">föhn wind</a>), which can raise temperatures sharply within a few hours even in the winter. Being at the centre of Europe, Munich is subject to many climatic influences, so that weather conditions there are more variable than in other European cities, especially those further west and south of the Alps. Munich is near the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>. It has an <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> (Cfb) in the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>. Annual variation in temperature can be significant, because there are no large bodies of water nearby. The winter in Munich is generally cold and overcast, and some Munich winters have significant snow. January is the coldest month. While winter averages remain only moderately cold, and relatively mild for an elevated inland location of Munich's latitude, <a href="/wiki/Inversion_(meteorology)" title="Inversion (meteorology)">inversion</a> from the nearby Alps causes cold air to sink and result in temperatures below −15 °C (5 °F). In Munich the summer is usually pleasantly warm, with daytime temperatures averaging 25 °C (77 °F) Munich is subject to active <a href="/wiki/Convective" class="mw-redirect" title="Convective">convective</a> seasons and sometimes damaging events. The Alpine <a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">thunderstorm system</a> moves along the mountain range, or detaches, heading east-north-east over the foothills of the Alps.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> At Munich's official <a href="/wiki/Weather_station" title="Weather station">weather stations</a>, the highest and lowest temperatures ever measured are 37.5 °C (100 °F), on 27 July 1983 in Trudering-Riem, and −31.6 °C (−24.9 °F), on 12 February 1929 in the Botanic Garden of the city.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Munich (Dreimühlenviertel) (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1954–present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9 (66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8A16; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.4 (70.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.0 (75.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2 (90.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.8 (89.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF2B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.2 (95.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF1B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.5 (99.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.0 (98.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.8 (89.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.2 (82.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.2 (75.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7 (71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF1B00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">37.5 (99.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFCC9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8 (53.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.7 (56.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9 (66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6 (74.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.5 (81.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.5 (86.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.9 (89.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.5 (88.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.8 (80.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6 (72.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.0 (62.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6 (54.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">33.1 (91.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0 (39.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF7EF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6 (42.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1 (50.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.2 (59.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4 (66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8001; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.9 (73.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.9 (76.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.7 (76.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF962E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.6 (67.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5 (58.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2 (46.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8 (40.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.5 (58.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9 (33.6) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9 (35.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6EE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7 (42.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2 (50.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.3 (57.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8 (64.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF962E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.6 (67.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4 (66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB872; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.7 (58.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1 (50.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9 (40.8) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8 (35.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.1 (50.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.8 (28.8) </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.4 (29.5) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7 (35.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF9F3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3 (41.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3 (48.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.9 (55.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB872; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.7 (58.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5 (58.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4 (50.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5 (43.7) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.1 (35.8) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.8 (30.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.1 (43.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.8 (7.2) </td> <td style="background: #A3A3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.4 (9.7) </td> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.3 (18.9) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.3 (26.1) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5 (34.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF9F3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3 (41.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8 (46.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6 (43.9) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9 (35.4) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.1 (28.2) </td> <td style="background: #C2C2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.8 (19.8) </td> <td style="background: #A4A4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.3 (9.9) </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−16.8 (1.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #6E6EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−22.2 (−8.0) </td> <td style="background: #5D5DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−25.4 (−13.7) </td> <td style="background: #9090FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−16.0 (3.2) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.0 (21.2) </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.3 (27.9) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0 (33.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5 (43.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8 (40.6) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 (33.1) </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.5 (23.9) </td> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.0 (12.2) </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−20.7 (−5.3) </td> <td style="background: #5D5DFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−25.4 (−13.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #B1FFB1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.9 (2.04) </td> <td style="background: #B4FFB4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.5 (1.79) </td> <td style="background: #A3FFA3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.2 (2.41) </td> <td style="background: #A8FFA8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.0 (2.20) </td> <td style="background: #5FFF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">107.0 (4.21) </td> <td style="background: #44FF44; color:#000000;" class="notheme">120.9 (4.76) </td> <td style="background: #4DFF4D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">118.9 (4.68) </td> <td style="background: #51FF51; color:#000000;" class="notheme">116.5 (4.59) </td> <td style="background: #86FF86; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.1 (3.07) </td> <td style="background: #9BFF9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.9 (2.63) </td> <td style="background: #A5FFA5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.4 (2.30) </td> <td style="background: #A7FFA7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.5 (2.30) </td> <td style="background: #88FF88; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">939.7 (37.00) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) </th> <td style="background: #4242FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.3 </td> <td style="background: #4141FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.0 </td> <td style="background: #3E3EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.6 </td> <td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.5 </td> <td style="background: #3838FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.1 </td> <td style="background: #2A2AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.7 </td> <td style="background: #3838FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.1 </td> <td style="background: #4545FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.0 </td> <td style="background: #4949FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.2 </td> <td style="background: #4F4FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.2 </td> <td style="background: #4444FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.6 </td> <td style="background: #2F2FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.8 </td> <td style="background: #4040FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">182.0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days (≥ 1.0 cm) </th> <td style="background: #6E6EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7 </td> <td style="background: #6767FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2 </td> <td style="background: #C7C7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5 </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.3 </td> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0 </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">39.3 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000CA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000EF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.7 </td> <td style="background: #0707FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000FC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000FC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.2 </td> <td style="background: #0202FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000DD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000CC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000BF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000C3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000E5; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">73.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #888888; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74.6 </td> <td style="background: #AFAF8A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">95.2 </td> <td style="background: #C1C11A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">145.3 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">186.0 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">213.0 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">223.7 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">241.4 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">232.1 </td> <td style="background: #CFCF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">169.7 </td> <td style="background: #B7B756; color:#000000;" class="notheme">123.3 </td> <td style="background: #8B8B8B; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74.0 </td> <td style="background: #797979; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66.4 </td> <td style="background: #C6C600; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,841.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a><a href="#cite_note-WMO-115">[115]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst" title="Deutscher Wetterdienst">DWD</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> SKlima.de<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Infoclimat<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Climate change" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In Munich, the general trend of <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> with a rise of medium yearly temperatures of about 1 °C (1.8 °F) in Germany between 1900 and 2020 can be observed as well. In November 2016 the city council concluded officially that a further rise in medium temperature, a higher number of heat extremes, a rise in the number of hot days and nights with temperatures higher than 20 °C (<a href="/wiki/Tropical_night" title="Tropical night">tropical nights</a>), a change in <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation patterns</a>, as well as a rise in the number of local instances of heavy rain, is to be expected as part of the ongoing climate change. The city administration decided to support a joint study from its own Referat für Gesundheit und Umwelt (department for health and environmental issues) and the <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst" title="Deutscher Wetterdienst">German Meteorological Service</a> that will gather data on local weather. The data is supposed to be used to create a plan for action for adapting the city to better deal with climate change as well as an integrated action program for climate protection in Munich. With the help of those programs issues regarding <a href="/wiki/Spatial_planning" title="Spatial planning">spatial planning</a> and settlement density, the development of buildings and green spaces as well as plans for functioning <a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)" title="Ventilation (architecture)">ventilation</a> in a cityscape can be monitored and managed.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Demographics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Munich" title="Demographics of Munich">Demographics of Munich</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1500</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">13,447</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">— </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1600</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">21,943</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+63.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1750</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">32,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+45.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1880</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">230,023</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+618.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1890</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">349,024</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+51.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1900</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">499,932</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+43.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1910</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">596,467</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+19.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1920</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">666,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+11.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1930</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">728,900</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+9.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1940</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">834,500</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+14.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1950</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">823,892</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1960</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,055,457</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+28.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1970</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,311,978</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+24.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1980</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,298,941</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1990</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1,229,026</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−5.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2001</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,227,958</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,348,335</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+9.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2022</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,478,638</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+9.7%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions.</td></tr></tbody></table> From only 24,000 inhabitants in 1700, the city population doubled about every 30 years. It was 100,000 in 1852, 250,000 in 1883 and 500,000 in 1901. Since then, Munich has become Germany's third-largest city. In 1933, 840,901 inhabitants were counted, and in 1957 over 1 million. Munich has reached 1.5 million in 2022. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigration">Immigration</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Immigration" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In December 2023, Munich had 1.58 million inhabitants; 477,855 foreign nationals resided in the city as of 31 December 2023 with 42.88% of these residents being citizens of EU member states, and 29.66% citizens in European states not in the EU (including Russia and Turkey).<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Along with the Turks, the Croats are one of the two largest foreign minorities in the city, which is why some Croats refer to Munich as their "second capital."<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> The largest groups of foreign nationals were <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a> (38,947), <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a> (37,541), <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> (28,142), <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> (24,843), <a href="/wiki/Bosnians" title="Bosnians">Bosnians</a> (24,161) <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> (21,899), and <a href="/wiki/Austrians" title="Austrians">Austrians</a> (21,944). <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Foreign residents by citizenship, 2023<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th>Population </th></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td>38,947 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></td> <td>37,541 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>28,142 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></td> <td>24,843 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></td> <td>24,161 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></td> <td>21,899 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></td> <td>19,261 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></td> <td>16,749 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td>16,729 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></td> <td>14,668 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></td> <td>14,269 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/42px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></td> <td>13,097 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td>12,227 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>11,860 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>11,228 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>9,921 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td>9,633 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></td> <td>9,624 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></td> <td>9,592 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></td> <td>8,769 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>6,608 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></td> <td>5,846 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></td> <td>3,566 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td>3,488 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Religion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> About 45% of Munich's residents are not affiliated with any religious group; this ratio represents the fastest growing segment of the population. As in the rest of Germany, the Catholic and Protestant churches have experienced a continuous decline in membership. As of 31 December 2017, 31.8% of the city's inhabitants were <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a>, 11.4% <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a>, 0.3% Jewish (see: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Munich" title="History of the Jews in Munich">History of the Jews in Munich</a>),<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> and 3.6% were members of an Orthodox Church (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> or <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a>).<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> About 1% adhere to other Christian denominations. There is also a small <a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Catholic">Old Catholic</a> parish and an English-speaking parish of the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church</a> in the city. According to Munich Statistical Office, in 2013 about 6.9% of Munich's population was <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Munich has the largest <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghur</a> population with about 800 (whole Germany about 1,600) people with Uyghur diaspora. Many of them fled to Munich due to the Chinese government and are exiled in Munich. Munich is also home to <a href="/wiki/World_Uyghur_Congress" title="World Uyghur Congress">World Uyghur Congress</a>, which is an <a href="/wiki/International_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="International organisation">international organisation</a> of exiled Uyghurs.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Government and politics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bayerische_Staatskanzlei_Munich_2014_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Bayerische_Staatskanzlei_Munich_2014_02.jpg/220px-Bayerische_Staatskanzlei_Munich_2014_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="2328"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 151px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Bayerische_Staatskanzlei_Munich_2014_02.jpg/220px-Bayerische_Staatskanzlei_Munich_2014_02.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="151" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Bayerische_Staatskanzlei_Munich_2014_02.jpg/330px-Bayerische_Staatskanzlei_Munich_2014_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Bayerische_Staatskanzlei_Munich_2014_02.jpg/440px-Bayerische_Staatskanzlei_Munich_2014_02.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bayerische_Staatskanzlei" title="Bayerische Staatskanzlei">Bavarian State Chancellery</a></figcaption></figure> As the capital of Bavaria, Munich is an important political centre for both the state and country as a whole. It is the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Bavaria" title="Landtag of Bavaria">Landtag of Bavaria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bayerische_Staatskanzlei" title="Bayerische Staatskanzlei">State Chancellery</a>, and all state departments. Several national and international authorities are located in Munich, including the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Finance_Court_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Finance Court of Germany">Federal Finance Court of Germany</a>, the <a href="/wiki/German_Patent_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="German Patent Office">German Patent Office</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Patent_Office" title="European Patent Office">European Patent Office</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mayor">Mayor</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mayor" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The current mayor of Munich is <a href="/wiki/Dieter_Reiter" title="Dieter Reiter">Dieter Reiter</a>, he is <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a> (SPD). He was elected in 2014 and re-elected in 2020. Bavaria has been dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">Christian Social Union in Bavaria</a> (CSU) on a federal, state, and local level since the establishment of the Federal Republic in 1949. The Munich city council is called the Stadtrat. The most recent mayoral election was held on 15 March 2020, with a runoff held on 29 March, and the results were as follows: <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size: 95%;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2">Candidate </th> <th rowspan="2">Party </th> <th colspan="2">First round </th> <th colspan="2">Second round </th></tr> <tr> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E3000F"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Reiter" title="Dieter Reiter">Dieter Reiter</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party</a> </td> <td>259,928 </td> <td>47.9 </td> <td>401,856 </td> <td>71.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#008AC5"> </td> <td align="left">Kristina Frank </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">Christian Social Union</a> </td> <td>115,795 </td> <td>21.3 </td> <td>158,773 </td> <td>28.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#409A3C"> </td> <td align="left">Katrin Habenschaden </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Alliance 90/The Greens</a> </td> <td>112,121 </td> <td>20.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#00A2DE"> </td> <td align="left">Wolfgang Wiehle </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> </td> <td>14,988 </td> <td>2.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FF6400"> </td> <td align="left">Tobias Ruff </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Ecological_Democratic_Party" title="Ecological Democratic Party">Ecological Democratic Party</a> </td> <td>8,464 </td> <td>1.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFED00"> </td> <td align="left">Jörg Hoffmann </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">Free Democratic Party</a> </td> <td>8,201 </td> <td>1.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#BE3075"> </td> <td align="left">Thomas Lechner </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a> </td> <td>7,232 </td> <td>1.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#007E82"> </td> <td align="left">Hans-Peter Mehling </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Free_Voters_of_Bavaria" title="Free Voters of Bavaria">Free Voters of Bavaria</a> </td> <td>5,003 </td> <td>0.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#B5152B"> </td> <td align="left">Moritz Weixler </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Die_PARTEI" title="Die PARTEI">Die PARTEI</a> </td> <td>3,508 </td> <td>0.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="left">Dirk Höpner </td> <td align="left">Munich List </td> <td>1,966 </td> <td>0.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#386ABC"> </td> <td align="left">Richard Progl </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Bavaria_Party" title="Bavaria Party">Bavaria Party</a> </td> <td>1,958 </td> <td>0.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="left">Ender Beyhan-Bilgin </td> <td align="left">FAIR </td> <td>1,483 </td> <td>0.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="left">Stephanie Dilba </td> <td align="left">mut </td> <td>1,267 </td> <td>0.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="left">Cetin Oraner </td> <td align="left">Together Bavaria </td> <td>819 </td> <td>0.2 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Valid votes </th> <th>542,733 </th> <th>99.6 </th> <th>560,629 </th> <th>99.7 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Invalid votes </th> <th>1,997 </th> <th>0.4 </th> <th>1,616 </th> <th>0.3 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Total </th> <th>544,730 </th> <th>100.0 </th> <th>562,245 </th> <th>100.0 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Electorate/voter turnout </th> <th>1,110,571 </th> <th>49.0 </th> <th>1,109,032 </th> <th>50.7 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7">Source: Wahlen München (1st round, 2nd round) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_council">City council</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: City council" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Munich_City_Council_groups_2020.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Munich_City_Council_groups_2020.svg/220px-Munich_City_Council_groups_2020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 113px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Munich_City_Council_groups_2020.svg/220px-Munich_City_Council_groups_2020.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="113" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Munich_City_Council_groups_2020.svg/330px-Munich_City_Council_groups_2020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Munich_City_Council_groups_2020.svg/440px-Munich_City_Council_groups_2020.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Groups in the council: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style> <a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">Left</a>/<a href="/wiki/Die_PARTEI" title="Die PARTEI">PARTEI</a>: 4 seats <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a>/<a href="/wiki/Volt_Europa#Germany" title="Volt Europa">Volt</a>: 19 seats <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Greens</a>/Pink List: 24 seats <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <a href="/wiki/Ecological_Democratic_Party" title="Ecological Democratic Party">ÖDP</a>/<a href="/wiki/Free_Voters_of_Bavaria" title="Free Voters of Bavaria">FW</a>: 6 seats <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">FDP</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bavaria_Party" title="Bavaria Party">BP</a>: 4 seats <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">CSU</a>: 20 seats <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">AfD</a>: 3 seats</figcaption></figure> The Munich city council (Stadtrat) governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 15 March 2020, and the results were as follows: <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size: 95%;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Party </th> <th>Lead candidate </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>+/- </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>+/- </th></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#409A3C"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Alliance 90/The Greens</a> (Grüne) </td> <td align="left">Katrin Habenschaden </td> <td>11,762,516 </td> <td>29.1 </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  12.5 </td> <td>23 </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  10 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#008AC5"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">Christian Social Union</a> (CSU) </td> <td align="left">Kristina Frank </td> <td>9,986,014 </td> <td>24.7 </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  7.8 </td> <td>20 </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  6 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E3000F"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party</a> (SPD) </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Reiter" title="Dieter Reiter">Dieter Reiter</a> </td> <td>8,884,562 </td> <td>22.0 </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  8.8 </td> <td>18 </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  7 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FF6400"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Ecological_Democratic_Party" title="Ecological Democratic Party">Ecological Democratic Party</a> (ÖDP) </td> <td align="left">Tobias Ruff </td> <td>1,598,539 </td> <td>4.0 </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  1.4 </td> <td>3 </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  1 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#00A2DE"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> (AfD) </td> <td align="left">Iris Wassill </td> <td>1,559,476 </td> <td>3.9 </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  1.4 </td> <td>3 </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  1 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFED00"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">Free Democratic Party</a> (FDP) </td> <td align="left">Jörg Hoffmann </td> <td>1,420,194 </td> <td>3.5 </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  0.1 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>±0 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#BE3075"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a> (Die Linke) </td> <td align="left">Stefan Jagel </td> <td>1,319,464 </td> <td>3.3 </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  0.8 </td> <td>3 </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  1 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#007E82"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Free_Voters_of_Bavaria" title="Free Voters of Bavaria">Free Voters of Bavaria</a> (FW) </td> <td align="left">Hans-Peter Mehling </td> <td>1,008,400 </td> <td>2.5 </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  0.2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>±0 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#502379"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Volt_Europa#Germany" title="Volt Europa">Volt Germany</a> (Volt) </td> <td align="left">Felix Sproll </td> <td>732,853 </td> <td>1.8 </td> <td>New </td> <td>1 </td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#B5152B"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Die_PARTEI" title="Die PARTEI">Die PARTEI</a> (PARTEI) </td> <td align="left">Marie Burneleit </td> <td>528,949 </td> <td>1.3 </td> <td>New </td> <td>1 </td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="deeppink"> </td> <td align="left">Pink List (Rosa Liste)<a href="#cite_note-127">[a]</a> </td> <td align="left">Thomas Niederbühl </td> <td>396,324 </td> <td>1.0 </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  0.9 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>±0 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="left">Munich List </td> <td align="left">Dirk Höpner </td> <td>339,705 </td> <td>0.8 </td> <td>New </td> <td>1 </td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#386ABC"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Bavaria_Party" title="Bavaria Party">Bavaria Party</a> (BP) </td> <td align="left">Richard Progl </td> <td>273,737 </td> <td>0.7 </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  0.2 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>±0 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="left">mut </td> <td align="left">Stephanie Dilba </td> <td>247,679 </td> <td>0.6 </td> <td>New </td> <td>0 </td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="left">FAIR </td> <td align="left">Kemal Orak </td> <td>142,455 </td> <td>0.4 </td> <td>New </td> <td>0 </td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="left">Together Bavaria (ZuBa) </td> <td align="left">Cetin Oraner </td> <td>120,975 </td> <td>0.3 </td> <td>New </td> <td>0 </td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="left">BIA </td> <td align="left">Karl Richter </td> <td>86,358 </td> <td>0.2 </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  0.5 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>±0 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Valid votes </th> <th>531,527 </th> <th>97.6 </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Invalid votes </th> <th>12,937 </th> <th>2.4 </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Total </th> <th>544,464 </th> <th>100.0 </th> <th> </th> <th>80 </th> <th>±0 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Electorate/voter turnout </th> <th>1,110,571 </th> <th>49.0 </th> <th><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  7.0 </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8">Source: Wahlen München<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_Landtag">State Landtag</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: State Landtag" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Maximilianeum_Building_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_Maximilianeum_Building_2012.jpg/220px-The_Maximilianeum_Building_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2042" data-file-height="1360"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_Maximilianeum_Building_2012.jpg/220px-The_Maximilianeum_Building_2012.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_Maximilianeum_Building_2012.jpg/330px-The_Maximilianeum_Building_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_Maximilianeum_Building_2012.jpg/440px-The_Maximilianeum_Building_2012.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Bavaria" title="Landtag of Bavaria">Maximilianeum</a></figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Bavaria" title="Landtag of Bavaria">Landtag of Bavaria</a>, Munich is divided between nine constituencies. After the <a href="/wiki/2018_Bavarian_state_election" title="2018 Bavarian state election">2018 Bavarian state election</a>, the composition and representation of each was as follows: <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Constituency </th> <th>Area </th> <th colspan="2">Party </th> <th>Member </th></tr> <tr> <td>101 München-Hadern </td> <td> <ul><li>Sendling-Westpark, Hadern</li> <li>Parts of Thalkirchen-Obersendling-Forstenried-Fürstenried-Solln and Laim</li></ul> </td> <td bgcolor="#008AC5"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">CSU</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georg_Eisenreich" title="Georg Eisenreich">Georg Eisenreich</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>102 München-Bogenhausen </td> <td> <ul><li>Bogenhausen, Berg am Laim</li> <li>Parts of Au-Haidhausen</li></ul> </td> <td bgcolor="#008AC5"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">CSU</a> </td> <td>Robert Brannekämper </td></tr> <tr> <td>103 München-Giesing </td> <td> <ul><li>Sendling, Obergiesing-Fasangarten</li> <li>Parts of Untergiesing-Harlaching and Thalkirchen-Obersendling-Forstenried-Fürstenried-Solln</li></ul> </td> <td bgcolor="#409A3C"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">GRÜNE</a> </td> <td>Gülseren Demirel </td></tr> <tr> <td>104 München-Milbertshofen </td> <td> <ul><li>Milbertshofen-Am Hart, Schwabing-West</li> <li>Parts of Neuhausen-Nymphenburg</li></ul> </td> <td bgcolor="#409A3C"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">GRÜNE</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Katharina_Schulze" title="Katharina Schulze">Katharina Schulze</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>105 München-Moosach </td> <td> <ul><li>Moosach, Feldmoching-Hasenbergl</li> <li>Parts of Neuhausen-Nymphenburg</li></ul> </td> <td bgcolor="#409A3C"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">GRÜNE</a> </td> <td>Benjamin Adjei </td></tr> <tr> <td>106 München-Pasing </td> <td> <ul><li>Pasing-Obermenzing, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Aubing" title="History of Aubing">Aubing</a>-Lochhausen-Langwied, Allach-Untermenzing</li> <li>Parts of Laim</li></ul> </td> <td bgcolor="#008AC5"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">CSU</a> </td> <td>Josef Schmid </td></tr> <tr> <td>107 München-Ramersdorf </td> <td> <ul><li>Ramersdorf-Perlach, Trudering-Riem</li></ul> </td> <td bgcolor="#008AC5"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">CSU</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Markus_Blume" title="Markus Blume">Markus Blume</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>108 München-Schwabing </td> <td> <ul><li>Schwabing-Freimann, Maxvorstadt, Altstadt-Lehe</li></ul> </td> <td bgcolor="#409A3C"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">GRÜNE</a> </td> <td>Christian Hierneis </td></tr> <tr> <td>109 München-Mitte </td> <td> <ul><li>Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt, Schwanthalerhöhe</li> <li>Parts of Au-Haidhausen and Untergiesing-Harlaching</li></ul> </td> <td bgcolor="#409A3C"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">GRÜNE</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Hartmann" title="Ludwig Hartmann">Ludwig Hartmann</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_parliament">Federal parliament</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Federal parliament" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a>, Munich is divided between four constituencies. In the <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_20th_Bundestag" title="List of members of the 20th Bundestag">20th Bundestag</a>, the composition and representation of each was as follows: <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Constituency </th> <th>Area </th> <th colspan="2">Party </th> <th>Member </th></tr> <tr> <td>217 <a href="/wiki/Munich_North_(electoral_district)" title="Munich North (electoral district)">Munich North</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>Maxvorstadt, Schwabing-West, Moosach, Milbertshofen-Am Hart, Schwabing-Freimann, Feldmoching-Hasenbergl</li></ul> </td> <td bgcolor="#008AC5"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">CSU</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Loos" title="Bernhard Loos">Bernhard Loos</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>218 <a href="/wiki/Munich_East_(electoral_district)" title="Munich East (electoral district)">Munich East</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>Altstadt-Lehel, Au-Haidhausen, Bogenhausen, Berg am Laim, Trudering-Riem, Ramersdorf-Perlach</li></ul> </td> <td bgcolor="#008AC5"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">CSU</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Stefinger" title="Wolfgang Stefinger">Wolfgang Stefinger</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>219 <a href="/wiki/Munich_South_(electoral_district)" title="Munich South (electoral district)">Munich South</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>Sendling, Sendling-Westpark, Obergiesing, Untergiesing-Harlaching, Thalkirchen-Obersendling-Forstenried-Fürstenried-Solln, Hadern</li></ul> </td> <td bgcolor="#409A3C"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">GRÜNE</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jamila_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Jamila Schäfer">Jamila Schäfer</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>220 <a href="/wiki/Munich_West/Centre_(electoral_district)" title="Munich West/Centre (electoral district)">Munich West/Centre</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt, Schwanthalerhöhe, Neuhausen-Nymphenburg, Pasing-Obermenzing, Aubing-Lochhausen-Langwied, Allach-Untermenzing, Laim</li></ul> </td> <td bgcolor="#008AC5"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">CSU</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stephan_Pilsinger" title="Stephan Pilsinger">Stephan Pilsinger</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subdivisions">Subdivisions</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Subdivisions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Boroughs_of_Munich" title="Boroughs of Munich">Boroughs of Munich</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stadtbezirke_Lage_in_M%C3%BCnchen.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Stadtbezirke_Lage_in_M%C3%BCnchen.png/220px-Stadtbezirke_Lage_in_M%C3%BCnchen.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="378"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 166px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Stadtbezirke_Lage_in_M%C3%BCnchen.png/220px-Stadtbezirke_Lage_in_M%C3%BCnchen.png" data-width="220" data-height="166" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Stadtbezirke_Lage_in_M%C3%BCnchen.png/330px-Stadtbezirke_Lage_in_M%C3%BCnchen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Stadtbezirke_Lage_in_M%C3%BCnchen.png/440px-Stadtbezirke_Lage_in_M%C3%BCnchen.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Munich's boroughs</figcaption></figure> Since the reform of 1992, Munich is divided into 25 administrative <a href="/wiki/Borough" title="Borough">boroughs</a> (Stadtbezirke). They are subdivided into 105 statistical areas. <a href="/wiki/Allach-Untermenzing" title="Allach-Untermenzing">Allach-Untermenzing</a> (23), <a href="/wiki/Altstadt-Lehel" title="Altstadt-Lehel">Altstadt-Lehel</a> (1), <a href="/wiki/Aubing-Lochhausen-Langwied" title="Aubing-Lochhausen-Langwied">Aubing-Lochhausen-Langwied</a> (22), <a href="/wiki/Au-Haidhausen" title="Au-Haidhausen">Au-Haidhausen</a> (5), <a href="/wiki/Berg_am_Laim" title="Berg am Laim">Berg am Laim</a> (14), <a href="/wiki/Bogenhausen" title="Bogenhausen">Bogenhausen</a> (13), <a href="/wiki/Feldmoching-Hasenbergl" title="Feldmoching-Hasenbergl">Feldmoching-Hasenbergl</a> (24), <a href="/wiki/Hadern" title="Hadern">Hadern</a> (20), <a href="/wiki/Laim" title="Laim">Laim</a> (25), <a href="/wiki/Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt" title="Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt">Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt</a> (2), <a href="/wiki/Maxvorstadt" title="Maxvorstadt">Maxvorstadt</a> (3), <a href="/wiki/Milbertshofen-Am_Hart" title="Milbertshofen-Am Hart">Milbertshofen-Am Hart</a> (11), <a href="/wiki/Moosach_(District_of_Munich)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moosach (District of Munich)">Moosach</a> (10), <a href="/wiki/Neuhausen-Nymphenburg" title="Neuhausen-Nymphenburg">Neuhausen-Nymphenburg</a> (9), <a href="/wiki/Obergiesing" title="Obergiesing">Obergiesing</a> (17), <a href="/wiki/Pasing-Obermenzing" title="Pasing-Obermenzing">Pasing-Obermenzing</a> (21), <a href="/wiki/Ramersdorf-Perlach" title="Ramersdorf-Perlach">Ramersdorf-Perlach</a> (16), <a href="/wiki/Schwabing-Freimann" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwabing-Freimann">Schwabing-Freimann</a> (12), <a href="/wiki/Schwabing-West" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwabing-West">Schwabing-West</a> (4), <a href="/wiki/Schwanthalerh%C3%B6he" title="Schwanthalerhöhe">Schwanthalerhöhe</a> (8), <a href="/wiki/Sendling" title="Sendling">Sendling</a> (6), <a href="/wiki/Sendling-Westpark" title="Sendling-Westpark">Sendling-Westpark</a> (7), <a href="/wiki/Thalkirchen-Obersendling-Forstenried-F%C3%BCrstenried-Solln" title="Thalkirchen-Obersendling-Forstenried-Fürstenried-Solln">Thalkirchen-Obersendling-Forstenried-Fürstenried-Solln</a> (19), <a href="/wiki/Trudering-Riem" title="Trudering-Riem">Trudering-Riem</a> (15), and <a href="/wiki/Untergiesing-Harlaching" title="Untergiesing-Harlaching">Untergiesing-Harlaching</a> (18). There is no official division into districts. The number of districts is about 50, and if smaller units are counted as well, there are about 90 to 100 (see <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_Stadtteile_M%C3%BCnchens#/media/Datei:Karte_der_Ortsbezeichnungen_in_M%C3%BCnchen.png" class="extiw" title="de:Liste der Stadtteile Münchens">map</a>). The three largest districts are <a href="/wiki/Schwabing" title="Schwabing">Schwabing</a> in the north (about 110,000 inhabitants), <a href="/wiki/Sendling" title="Sendling">Sendling</a> in the southwest (about 100,000 inhabitants), and <a href="/wiki/Giesing" title="Giesing">Giesing</a> in the south (about 80,000 inhabitants).<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Architecture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Munich" title="Architecture of Munich">Architecture of Munich</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rathaus_and_Marienplatz_from_Peterskirche_-_August_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Rathaus_and_Marienplatz_from_Peterskirche_-_August_2006.jpg/220px-Rathaus_and_Marienplatz_from_Peterskirche_-_August_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2089" data-file-height="1800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 190px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Rathaus_and_Marienplatz_from_Peterskirche_-_August_2006.jpg/220px-Rathaus_and_Marienplatz_from_Peterskirche_-_August_2006.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="190" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Rathaus_and_Marienplatz_from_Peterskirche_-_August_2006.jpg/330px-Rathaus_and_Marienplatz_from_Peterskirche_-_August_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Rathaus_and_Marienplatz_from_Peterskirche_-_August_2006.jpg/440px-Rathaus_and_Marienplatz_from_Peterskirche_-_August_2006.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/New_Town_Hall_(Munich)" title="New Town Hall (Munich)">New Town Hall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marienplatz" title="Marienplatz">Marienplatz</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frauenkirche_Munich_-_View_from_Peterskirche_Tower2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Frauenkirche_Munich_-_View_from_Peterskirche_Tower2.jpg/220px-Frauenkirche_Munich_-_View_from_Peterskirche_Tower2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3952" data-file-height="2464"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 137px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Frauenkirche_Munich_-_View_from_Peterskirche_Tower2.jpg/220px-Frauenkirche_Munich_-_View_from_Peterskirche_Tower2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="137" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Frauenkirche_Munich_-_View_from_Peterskirche_Tower2.jpg/330px-Frauenkirche_Munich_-_View_from_Peterskirche_Tower2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Frauenkirche_Munich_-_View_from_Peterskirche_Tower2.jpg/440px-Frauenkirche_Munich_-_View_from_Peterskirche_Tower2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Frauenkirche,_Munich" title="Frauenkirche, Munich">Frauenkirche</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GraphyArchy_-_Wikipedia_00383.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/GraphyArchy_-_Wikipedia_00383.jpg/220px-GraphyArchy_-_Wikipedia_00383.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/GraphyArchy_-_Wikipedia_00383.jpg/220px-GraphyArchy_-_Wikipedia_00383.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/GraphyArchy_-_Wikipedia_00383.jpg/330px-GraphyArchy_-_Wikipedia_00383.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/GraphyArchy_-_Wikipedia_00383.jpg/440px-GraphyArchy_-_Wikipedia_00383.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Old_Town_Hall,_Munich" title="Old Town Hall, Munich">Old Town Hall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heilig-Geist-Kirche,_Munich" title="Heilig-Geist-Kirche, Munich">Heiliggeistkirche</a> seen from <a href="/wiki/Viktualienmarkt" title="Viktualienmarkt">Viktualienmarkt</a> </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Town">Old Town</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Old Town" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruffiniblock_PettenbeckstrNordseite_2020_n._Renovierung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ruffiniblock_PettenbeckstrNordseite_2020_n._Renovierung.jpg/220px-Ruffiniblock_PettenbeckstrNordseite_2020_n._Renovierung.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2925" data-file-height="3024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ruffiniblock_PettenbeckstrNordseite_2020_n._Renovierung.jpg/220px-Ruffiniblock_PettenbeckstrNordseite_2020_n._Renovierung.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ruffiniblock_PettenbeckstrNordseite_2020_n._Renovierung.jpg/330px-Ruffiniblock_PettenbeckstrNordseite_2020_n._Renovierung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ruffiniblock_PettenbeckstrNordseite_2020_n._Renovierung.jpg/440px-Ruffiniblock_PettenbeckstrNordseite_2020_n._Renovierung.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ruffinihaus" title="Ruffinihaus">Ruffinihaus</a> at <a href="/wiki/Rindermarkt" title="Rindermarkt">Rindermarkt</a></figcaption></figure> At the centre of the old town is the <a href="/wiki/Marienplatz" title="Marienplatz">Marienplatz</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Old_Town_Hall,_Munich" title="Old Town Hall, Munich">Old Town Hall</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Town_Hall,_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="New Town Hall, Munich">New Town Hall</a>. Its tower contains the <a href="/wiki/Rathaus-Glockenspiel" title="Rathaus-Glockenspiel">Rathaus-Glockenspiel</a>. The <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Church,_Munich" title="St. Peter's Church, Munich">Peterskirche</a> is the oldest church of the inner city. Nearby St. Peter, the Gothic hall-church <a href="/wiki/Heiliggeistkirche_(Munich)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heiliggeistkirche (Munich)">Heiliggeistkirche</a> was converted to baroque style from 1724 onwards and looks down upon the <a href="/wiki/Viktualienmarkt" title="Viktualienmarkt">Viktualienmarkt</a>. Three gates of the demolished medieval fortification survive; these are the <a href="/wiki/Isartor" title="Isartor">Isartor</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sendlinger_Tor" title="Sendlinger Tor">Sendlinger Tor</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Karlstor" title="Karlstor">Karlstor</a>. The Karlstor leads up to the <a href="/wiki/Karlsplatz_(Stachus)" title="Karlsplatz (Stachus)">Stachus</a>, a square dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Justizpalast_(Munich)" title="Justizpalast (Munich)">Justizpalast</a> (Palace of Justice). The <a href="/wiki/Munich_Frauenkirche" class="mw-redirect" title="Munich Frauenkirche">Frauenkirche</a> serves as the cathedral for the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Munich_and_Freising" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Munich and Freising">Catholic Archdiocese of Munich and Freising</a>. The nearby <a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Church,_Munich" title="St. Michael's Church, Munich">Michaelskirche</a> is the largest <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">renaissance</a> church north of the Alps, while the <a href="/wiki/Theatine_Church,_Munich" title="Theatine Church, Munich">Theatinerkirche</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a> in Italianate high baroque, which had a major influence on southern German <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">baroque</a> architecture. Its dome dominates the <a href="/wiki/Odeonsplatz" title="Odeonsplatz">Odeonsplatz</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palaces_and_castles">Palaces and castles</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Palaces and castles" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Schloss Nymphenburg (<a href="/wiki/Nymphenburg_Palace" title="Nymphenburg Palace">Nymphenburg Palace</a>, construction started 1664) is a museum open to the public for tours.<a href="#cite_note-Zen_2020_i476-130">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lonely_Planet_2010_b951-131">[130]</a> The smaller Schloss Fürstenried (<a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrstenried_Palace" title="Fürstenried Palace">Fürstenried Palace</a>, construction 1715–1717) is used by the <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Munich_and_Freising" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Munich and Freising">Archdiocese of Munich and Freising</a> as a conference location.<a href="#cite_note-muenchen.de_2022_v258-132">[131]</a> Schloss Blutenburg (<a href="/wiki/Blutenburg_Castle" title="Blutenburg Castle">Blutenburg Castle</a>) opened as a children's library in 2024,<a href="#cite_note-Hordych_2024_l233-133">[132]</a> but visitors may tour the late-Gothic Blutenburg Castle Church built on the same grounds.<a href="#cite_note-muenchen.de_2022_i705-134">[133]</a> The large <a href="/wiki/Munich_Residenz" title="Munich Residenz">Munich Residenz</a> complex on the edge of Munich's Old Town now ranks among Europe's most significant museums of interior decoration. Within the Residenz is the splendid <a href="/wiki/Cuvilli%C3%A9s_Theatre" title="Cuvilliés Theatre">Cuvilliés Theatre</a> and next door is the <a href="/wiki/National_Theatre_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="National Theatre Munich">National Theatre Munich</a>. Among the mansions that still exist in Munich are the <a href="/wiki/Palais_Porcia" title="Palais Porcia">Palais Porcia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Palais_Preysing" title="Palais Preysing">Palais Preysing</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Palais_Holnstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Palais Holnstein">Palais Holnstein</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Prinz-Carl-Palais" title="Prinz-Carl-Palais">Prinz-Carl-Palais</a>. All mansions are situated close to the Residenz, so is the <a href="/wiki/Alter_Hof" title="Alter Hof">Alter Hof</a>, the first residence of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wittelsbach" title="House of Wittelsbach">House of Wittelsbach</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modernist_architecture">Modernist architecture</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Modernist architecture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Despite Munich being the breeding ground for German <a href="/wiki/Jugendstil" title="Jugendstil">Jugendstil</a>, starting with the architect <a href="/wiki/Martin_D%C3%BClfer" title="Martin Dülfer">Martin Dülfer</a>, Munich Jugendstil style was quickly submerged as historic trash. While the modernist architect <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Fischer" title="Theodor Fischer">Theodor Fischer</a> was based in Munich, his influence on Munich underwhelmed. Prior to 1914 the city of Munich was under-industrialized. During the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>, the Munich establishment was hostile to <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernism</a>. The TUM professor <a href="/wiki/German_Bestelmeyer" title="German Bestelmeyer">German Bestelmeyer</a> favored a conservative style, and <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Oud" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobus Oud">Jacobus Oud</a> was rejected for the post of city building chief. Modernist exceptions include a series of post offices by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Vorhoelzer" title="Robert Vorhoelzer">Robert Vorhoelzer</a> built in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Examples of <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> temporary constructions include the Wohnmaschine (Housing Machine) by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Vorhoelzer" title="Robert Vorhoelzer">Robert Vorhoelzer</a>, as well as the Flachdachhaus (Flat Roof House) by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Norkauer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fritz Norkauer (page does not exist)">Fritz Norkauer</a>. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Schultze-Naumburg" title="Paul Schultze-Naumburg">Paul Schultze-Naumburg</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kampfbund" title="Kampfbund">Kampfbund</a> enjoyed particular popularity.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_rise_buildings">High rise buildings</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: High rise buildings" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%BCnchen_Hypohaus_September_2017_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/M%C3%BCnchen_Hypohaus_September_2017_1.jpg/220px-M%C3%BCnchen_Hypohaus_September_2017_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2961"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 163px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/M%C3%BCnchen_Hypohaus_September_2017_1.jpg/220px-M%C3%BCnchen_Hypohaus_September_2017_1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="163" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/M%C3%BCnchen_Hypohaus_September_2017_1.jpg/330px-M%C3%BCnchen_Hypohaus_September_2017_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/M%C3%BCnchen_Hypohaus_September_2017_1.jpg/440px-M%C3%BCnchen_Hypohaus_September_2017_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hypo-Haus" title="Hypo-Haus">HVB Tower</a> at Arabellapark</figcaption></figure> Several high-rise buildings are clustered at the northern edge of Munich in the skyline, like the <a href="/wiki/Hypo-Haus" title="Hypo-Haus">HVB Tower</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arabella_High-Rise_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabella High-Rise Building">Arabella High-Rise Building</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Highlight_Towers" title="Highlight Towers">Highlight Towers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uptown_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="Uptown Munich">Uptown Munich</a>, Münchner Tor and the <a href="/wiki/BMW_Headquarters" title="BMW Headquarters">BMW Headquarters</a> next to the <a href="/wiki/Olympiapark_(Munich)" title="Olympiapark (Munich)">Olympic Park</a>. Further high-rise buildings are located in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Werksviertel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werksviertel (page does not exist)">Werksviertel</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werksviertel" class="extiw" title="de:Werksviertel">de</a>] in <a href="/wiki/Berg_am_Laim" title="Berg am Laim">Berg am Laim</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Long-term_residential_development">Long-term residential development</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Long-term residential development" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Munich is subject to a long-term residential development plan that is established by the city administration of Munich. The LaSie ("Langfristige Siedlungsentwicklung") was passed in 2011 in response to the acute housing crisis. LaSie is aligned with the strategic development plan passed for Munich in 1998 ("Perspektive München"). LaSie defines three priorities for the construction of residential housing in Munich. Existing <a href="/wiki/Housing_estate" title="Housing estate">housing estates</a>, post-war low-density developments, and the suburban area are subject to <a href="/wiki/Densification" class="mw-redirect" title="Densification">densification</a> ("Nachverdichtung"). Non-residential industrial areas are subject to conservation and will be turned into residential and mixed-use areas. On greenfield sites in the Munich periphery medium and large-scale housing estates are to be built so as to extend Munich's urban center.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Parks">Parks</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Parks" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Munich_Olympiapark_Public_Viewing_SCG-NED_(0-1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Munich_Olympiapark_Public_Viewing_SCG-NED_%280-1%29.jpg/220px-Munich_Olympiapark_Public_Viewing_SCG-NED_%280-1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1240" data-file-height="825"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Munich_Olympiapark_Public_Viewing_SCG-NED_%280-1%29.jpg/220px-Munich_Olympiapark_Public_Viewing_SCG-NED_%280-1%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Munich_Olympiapark_Public_Viewing_SCG-NED_%280-1%29.jpg/330px-Munich_Olympiapark_Public_Viewing_SCG-NED_%280-1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Munich_Olympiapark_Public_Viewing_SCG-NED_%280-1%29.jpg/440px-Munich_Olympiapark_Public_Viewing_SCG-NED_%280-1%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Olympiapark, public viewing during <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup_2006" class="mw-redirect" title="FIFA World Cup 2006">FIFA World Cup 2006</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ludwig_von_Sckell" title="Friedrich Ludwig von Sckell">Friedrich Ludwig von Sckell</a> became famous for designing the <a href="/wiki/Englischer_Garten" title="Englischer Garten">Englischer Garten</a> between 1789 and 1807. Besides planning the first public garden in Europe, Sckell also redesigned Baroque gardens as landscape gardens, including the parks of <a href="/wiki/Nymphenburg_Palace" title="Nymphenburg Palace">Nymphenburg Palace</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Botanischer_Garten_M%C3%BCnchen-Nymphenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Botanischer Garten München-Nymphenburg">Botanischer Garten München-Nymphenburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> Other large green spaces are the <a href="/wiki/Olympiapark,_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympiapark, Munich">Olympiapark</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Westpark_(Munich)" title="Westpark (Munich)">Westpark</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ostpark_(Munich)" title="Ostpark (Munich)">Ostpark</a>. The city's oldest park is the <a href="/wiki/Hofgarten_(Munich)" title="Hofgarten (Munich)">Hofgarten</a>, near the Residenz, dating back to the 16th century. The site of the largest beer garden in town, the former royal Hirschgarten, was founded in 1780.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sports" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Munich" title="Sport in Munich">Sport in Munich</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Football">Football</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Football" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Football_in_Munich" title="Football in Munich">Football in Munich</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allianz_Arena_2008-02-09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Allianz_Arena_2008-02-09.jpg/220px-Allianz_Arena_2008-02-09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Allianz_Arena_2008-02-09.jpg/220px-Allianz_Arena_2008-02-09.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Allianz_Arena_2008-02-09.jpg/330px-Allianz_Arena_2008-02-09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Allianz_Arena_2008-02-09.jpg/440px-Allianz_Arena_2008-02-09.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Allianz_Arena" title="Allianz Arena">Allianz Arena</a>, also the home stadium of <a href="/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich" title="FC Bayern Munich">FC Bayern Munich</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%BCnchen_-_Olympische_Bauten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/M%C3%BCnchen_-_Olympische_Bauten.jpg/220px-M%C3%BCnchen_-_Olympische_Bauten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7296" data-file-height="3782"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 114px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/M%C3%BCnchen_-_Olympische_Bauten.jpg/220px-M%C3%BCnchen_-_Olympische_Bauten.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="114" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/M%C3%BCnchen_-_Olympische_Bauten.jpg/330px-M%C3%BCnchen_-_Olympische_Bauten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/M%C3%BCnchen_-_Olympische_Bauten.jpg/440px-M%C3%BCnchen_-_Olympische_Bauten.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Olympiasee in Olympiapark, Munich</figcaption></figure> Munich is home to several professional Association football teams including the <a href="/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich" title="FC Bayern Munich">FC Bayern Munich</a>. Other notable clubs include <a href="/wiki/TSV_1860_Munich" title="TSV 1860 Munich">1860 Munich</a>, who currently play in the <a href="/wiki/3._Liga" title="3. Liga">3. Liga</a>. Noticeably, <a href="/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich" title="FC Bayern Munich">FC Bayern Munich</a> is the most successful club in Germany and it is also very reputed across Europe and the world. Munich hosted matches in the <a href="/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2006 FIFA World Cup">2006 FIFA World Cup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basketball">Basketball</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Basketball" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich_(basketball)" title="FC Bayern Munich (basketball)">FC Bayern Munich Basketball</a> is currently playing in the Beko Basket Bundesliga. The city hosted the final stages of the FIBA <a href="/wiki/EuroBasket_1993" title="EuroBasket 1993">EuroBasket 1993</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/German_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="German national basketball team">German national basketball team</a> won the gold medal. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ice_hockey">Ice hockey</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Ice hockey" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The city's ice hockey club is <a href="/wiki/EHC_Red_Bull_M%C3%BCnchen" title="EHC Red Bull München">EHC Red Bull München</a> who play in the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Eishockey_Liga" title="Deutsche Eishockey Liga">Deutsche Eishockey Liga</a>. The team has won four DEL Championships, in 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2023. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Olympics">Olympics</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Olympics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Munich hosted the <a href="/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics" title="1972 Summer Olympics">1972 Summer Olympics</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a> took place in the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Village,_Munich" title="Olympic Village, Munich">Olympic village</a>. It was one of the host cities for the <a href="/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2006 FIFA World Cup">2006 Football World Cup</a>, which was not held in Munich's <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Stadium_(Munich)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic Stadium (Munich)">Olympic Stadium</a>, but in a new <a href="/wiki/Soccer-specific_stadium" title="Soccer-specific stadium">football specific stadium</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Allianz_Arena" title="Allianz Arena">Allianz Arena</a>. Munich bid to host the <a href="/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympic_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Winter Olympic Games">2018 Winter Olympic Games</a>, but lost to <a href="/wiki/Pyeongchang_County" title="Pyeongchang County">Pyeongchang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> In September 2011 the <a href="/wiki/DOSB" class="mw-redirect" title="DOSB">DOSB</a> President <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bach" title="Thomas Bach">Thomas Bach</a> confirmed that Munich would bid again for the Winter Olympics in the future.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> These plans were abandoned some time later. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road_running">Road running</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Road running" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Regular annual road running events in Munich are the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Marathon" title="Munich Marathon">Munich Marathon</a> in October, the Stadtlauf end of June, the company run B2Run in July, the New Year's Run on 31 December, the <a href="/wiki/Spartan_Race" title="Spartan Race">Spartan Race</a> Sprint, the Olympia Alm Crosslauf and the Bestzeitenmarathon. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Swimming">Swimming</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Swimming" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muc_OlympiaSchwimmhalle_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bb/Muc_OlympiaSchwimmhalle_2013.jpg/220px-Muc_OlympiaSchwimmhalle_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2101" data-file-height="1309"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 137px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bb/Muc_OlympiaSchwimmhalle_2013.jpg/220px-Muc_OlympiaSchwimmhalle_2013.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="137" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bb/Muc_OlympiaSchwimmhalle_2013.jpg/330px-Muc_OlympiaSchwimmhalle_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bb/Muc_OlympiaSchwimmhalle_2013.jpg/440px-Muc_OlympiaSchwimmhalle_2013.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Olympia Schwimmhalle</figcaption></figure> Public sporting facilities in Munich include ten indoor swimming pools<a href="#cite_note-publicindoorpools-141">[140]</a> and eight outdoor swimming pools,<a href="#cite_note-publicoutdoorpools-142">[141]</a> which are operated by the <a href="/wiki/Stadtwerke_M%C3%BCnchen" title="Stadtwerke München">Munich City Utilities (SWM)</a> communal company.<a href="#cite_note-SWM-143">[142]</a> Popular indoor swimming pools include the <a href="/wiki/Olympia_Schwimmhalle" title="Olympia Schwimmhalle">Olympia Schwimmhalle</a> of the <a href="/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics" title="1972 Summer Olympics">1972 Summer Olympics</a>, the wave pool Cosimawellenbad, as well as the Müllersches Volksbad which was built in 1901. Further, swimming within Munich's city limits is also possible in several artificial lakes such as for example the <a href="/wiki/Riemer_See" title="Riemer See">Riemer See</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Langwieder_lake_district" title="Langwieder lake district">Langwieder lake district</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lakesinmunich-144">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="River_surfing">River surfing</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: River surfing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eisbach_die_Welle_Surfer.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Eisbach_die_Welle_Surfer.JPG/220px-Eisbach_die_Welle_Surfer.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2441" data-file-height="1514"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 136px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Eisbach_die_Welle_Surfer.JPG/220px-Eisbach_die_Welle_Surfer.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="136" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Eisbach_die_Welle_Surfer.JPG/330px-Eisbach_die_Welle_Surfer.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Eisbach_die_Welle_Surfer.JPG/440px-Eisbach_die_Welle_Surfer.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Surfer on the Eisbach river wave</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/River_surfing" title="River surfing">River surfing</a> is a popular sport in Munich. The Flosskanal wave in the south of Munich is less challenging. A well visited surfing spot for experienced surfers is the <a href="/wiki/Eisbach_(Isar)" title="Eisbach (Isar)">Eisbach</a> standing wave, where the annual Munich Surf Open is celebrated on the last Saturday of July.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian language</a></div> German is spoken and understood in and around Munich. While the German language has many dialects, so-called "<a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a>" or "High German" is learned in schools and spoken among <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austrians" title="Austrians">Austrians</a> and in some parts of Switzerland. A speaker of a <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> dialect in Hamburg may find it difficult to understand the dialect of a Bavarian mountaineer.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian dialects</a> are recognized as regional language and continues to be spoken alongside Standard German.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Museums" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutsches_Museum_Portrait_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Deutsches_Museum_Portrait_4.jpg/220px-Deutsches_Museum_Portrait_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5100" data-file-height="2627"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 113px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Deutsches_Museum_Portrait_4.jpg/220px-Deutsches_Museum_Portrait_4.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="113" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Deutsches_Museum_Portrait_4.jpg/330px-Deutsches_Museum_Portrait_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Deutsches_Museum_Portrait_4.jpg/440px-Deutsches_Museum_Portrait_4.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Deutsches Museum</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glyptothek_in_M%C3%BCnchen_in_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Glyptothek_in_M%C3%BCnchen_in_2013.jpg/220px-Glyptothek_in_M%C3%BCnchen_in_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="1900"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 119px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Glyptothek_in_M%C3%BCnchen_in_2013.jpg/220px-Glyptothek_in_M%C3%BCnchen_in_2013.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="119" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Glyptothek_in_M%C3%BCnchen_in_2013.jpg/330px-Glyptothek_in_M%C3%BCnchen_in_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Glyptothek_in_M%C3%BCnchen_in_2013.jpg/440px-Glyptothek_in_M%C3%BCnchen_in_2013.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Glyptothek" title="Glyptothek">Glyptothek</a></figcaption></figure> The gothic <a href="/wiki/Morris_dance" title="Morris dance">Morris dancers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Grasser" title="Erasmus Grasser">Erasmus Grasser</a> are exhibited in the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Stadtmuseum" title="Munich Stadtmuseum">Munich City Museum</a> in the old gothic arsenal building in the inner city. In 1903 <a href="/wiki/Oskar_von_Miller" title="Oskar von Miller">Oskar von Miller</a> assembled a group of engineers and industrialists, who chartered the <a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Museum" title="Deutsches Museum">Deutsches Museum</a>. The Museum was built with the financial support of the German business and imperial nobility community, as well as the blessing of <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Wilhelm II, German Emperor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> The Deutsches Museum had its grand opening in 1925, but has undergone a reinvention recently. The Deutsches Museum now operates three locations. The original site in central Munich continues to expand its exhibits.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bayerisches_Nationalmuseum_-_Muenchen_-_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Bayerisches_Nationalmuseum_-_Muenchen_-_2013.jpg/170px-Bayerisches_Nationalmuseum_-_Muenchen_-_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="2048"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 255px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Bayerisches_Nationalmuseum_-_Muenchen_-_2013.jpg/170px-Bayerisches_Nationalmuseum_-_Muenchen_-_2013.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="255" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Bayerisches_Nationalmuseum_-_Muenchen_-_2013.jpg/255px-Bayerisches_Nationalmuseum_-_Muenchen_-_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Bayerisches_Nationalmuseum_-_Muenchen_-_2013.jpg/340px-Bayerisches_Nationalmuseum_-_Muenchen_-_2013.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_National_Museum" title="Bavarian National Museum">Bavarian National Museum</a></figcaption></figure> The city has several important art galleries, most of which can be found in the <a href="/wiki/Kunstareal" title="Kunstareal">Kunstareal</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Lenbachhaus" title="Lenbachhaus">Lenbachhaus</a> displays works of the movement <a href="/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter">Der Blaue Reiter</a> (The Blue Rider), a Munich-based modernist art.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Starting in 1970s, German municipalities started to respond to cultural tourism and invested in public museums. The <a href="/wiki/Neue_Pinakothek" title="Neue Pinakothek">Neue Pinakothek</a>, like other German museums, was wholly reconstructed from 1974 until 1981.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pinakothek_der_Moderne" title="Pinakothek der Moderne">Pinakothek der Moderne</a> lets the public see an eclectic mix of <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">contemporary art</a> and the principle attention of the permanent collection is Classical Moderns. But the displays are enhanced continuously with spectacular gifts from private collections.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> City guides published in the early 1860s directed tourists to Munich's architecture and art collections, which at the time were unique in Germany and are a legacy mainly of <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_I_of_Bavaria" title="Ludwig I of Bavaria">Ludwig I of Bavaria</a>, with contributions from <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_II_of_Bavaria" title="Maximilian II of Bavaria">Maximilian II of Bavaria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> The Alte Pinakothek contains works of European masters between the 14th and 18th centuries. Major displays include <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Self-Portrait_(D%C3%BCrer,_Munich)" title="Self-Portrait (Dürer, Munich)">Self-Portrait (1500)</a>, his <a href="/wiki/The_Four_Apostles" title="The Four Apostles">Four Apostles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>'s paintings <a href="/wiki/Canigiani_Holy_Family_(Raphael)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canigiani Holy Family (Raphael)">The Canigiani Holy Family</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tempi_Madonna_(Raphael)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tempi Madonna (Raphael)">Madonna Tempi</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a> large Judgment Day. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BMW_Welt,_M%C3%BAnich,_Alemania16.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BMW_Welt%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania16.jpg/220px-BMW_Welt%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania16.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3739" data-file-height="2207"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 130px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BMW_Welt%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania16.jpg/220px-BMW_Welt%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania16.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="130" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BMW_Welt%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania16.jpg/330px-BMW_Welt%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BMW_Welt%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania16.jpg/440px-BMW_Welt%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania16.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/BMW_Welt" title="BMW Welt">BMW Welt</a></figcaption></figure> An extensive collection of Greek and Roman art is held in the <a href="/wiki/Glyptothek" title="Glyptothek">Glyptothek</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Staatliche_Antikensammlungen" title="Staatliche Antikensammlungen">Staatliche Antikensammlungen</a> (the State Antiquities Collections). Works on display include the <a href="/wiki/Medusa_Rondanini" title="Medusa Rondanini">Medusa Rondanini</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Barberini_Faun" title="Barberini Faun">Barberini Faun</a> and figures from the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Aphaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Aphaea">Temple of Aphaea</a> on <a href="/wiki/Aegina" title="Aegina">Aegina</a> for the Glyptothek.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> Another interesting museum is the <a href="/wiki/Staatliche_Sammlung_f%C3%BCr_%C3%84gyptische_Kunst" title="Staatliche Sammlung für Ägyptische Kunst">Staatliche Sammlung für Ägyptische Kunst</a> (the State Collection of Egyptian Art).<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> Several public collections of the <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich</a> are still housed in the <a href="/wiki/Kunstareal" title="Kunstareal">Kunstareal</a>. The expanded state collections are housed in the <a href="/wiki/Pal%C3%A4ontologisches_Museum_M%C3%BCnchen" class="mw-redirect" title="Paläontologisches Museum München">Paläontologisches Museum München</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Zoologische_Staatssammlung_M%C3%BCnchen" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoologische Staatssammlung München">Zoologische Staatssammlung München</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] After the first German art exhibition in the <a href="/wiki/Glaspalast_(Munich)" title="Glaspalast (Munich)">Glaspalast</a> for an international audience in 1869, Munich emerged as a focal point for the arts. Men of distinction from around the world visited the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts,_Munich" title="Academy of Fine Arts, Munich">Academy of Fine Arts</a> under the directorship of <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Piloty" title="Karl von Piloty">Karl von Piloty</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Kaulbach" title="Wilhelm von Kaulbach">Wilhelm von Kaulbach</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Museum_Five_Continents" title="Museum Five Continents">Museum Five Continents</a> is the second largest collection in Germany of artefacts and objects from outside Europe, while the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_National_Museum" title="Bavarian National Museum">Bavarian National Museum</a> and the adjoining <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_State_Archaeological_Collection" title="Bavarian State Archaeological Collection">Bavarian State Archaeological Collection</a> display regional art and cultural history. The <a href="/wiki/Schackgalerie" title="Schackgalerie">Schackgalerie</a> is an important gallery of German 19th-century paintings.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The memorial museum of the former <a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau concentration camp</a> is just outside the city. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Music" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nationaltheater_Munich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nationaltheater_Munich.jpg/220px-Nationaltheater_Munich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1996"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nationaltheater_Munich.jpg/220px-Nationaltheater_Munich.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nationaltheater_Munich.jpg/330px-Nationaltheater_Munich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nationaltheater_Munich.jpg/440px-Nationaltheater_Munich.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>National Theatre</figcaption></figure> Munich is a major international musical centre and has played host to many prominent composers including <a href="/wiki/Orlande_de_Lassus" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlande de Lassus">Orlande de Lassus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Carl Maria von Weber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Reger" title="Max Reger">Max Reger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Orff" title="Carl Orff">Carl Orff</a>. Some of classical music's best-known compositions have been created in and around Munich by composers born in the area, for example, Richard Strauss's tone poem <a href="/wiki/Also_sprach_Zarathustra_(Strauss)" class="mw-redirect" title="Also sprach Zarathustra (Strauss)">Also sprach Zarathustra</a> or Carl Orff's <a href="/wiki/Carmina_Burana" title="Carmina Burana">Carmina Burana</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opera">Opera</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Opera" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gasteig_Philharmonie_14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Gasteig_Philharmonie_14.jpg/220px-Gasteig_Philharmonie_14.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4416" data-file-height="3312"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Gasteig_Philharmonie_14.jpg/220px-Gasteig_Philharmonie_14.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Gasteig_Philharmonie_14.jpg/330px-Gasteig_Philharmonie_14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Gasteig_Philharmonie_14.jpg/440px-Gasteig_Philharmonie_14.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Gasteig</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a> was a supporter of <a href="/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">William I, German Emperor</a>, but Wagner only found a generous patron in <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_II_of_Bavaria" title="Ludwig II of Bavaria">Ludwig II of Bavaria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> 1870 til 1871 Wagner premiered <a href="/wiki/Die_Meistersinger_von_N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg">Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg</a> (The Mastersingers of Nuremberg) in Munich, a popular success for Wagner and King Ludwig II. Wagner premiered at the Hoftheater, now the <a href="/wiki/National_Theatre_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="National Theatre Munich">National Theatre Munich</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Quaglio_the_Younger" title="Angelo Quaglio the Younger">Angelo Quaglio the Younger</a> designing the premiere production.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> The National Theatre Munich is now the home of the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_State_Opera" title="Bavarian State Opera">Bavarian State Opera</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_State_Orchestra" title="Bavarian State Orchestra">Bavarian State Orchestra</a>. Next door, the modern <a href="/wiki/Residenz_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Residenz Theatre">Residenz Theatre</a> was erected in the building that also houses the <a href="/wiki/Cuvilli%C3%A9s_Theatre" title="Cuvilliés Theatre">Cuvilliés Theatre</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Staatstheater_am_G%C3%A4rtnerplatz" title="Staatstheater am Gärtnerplatz">Staatstheater am Gärtnerplatz</a> is a state theater while another opera house, the <a href="/wiki/Prinzregententheater" title="Prinzregententheater">Prinzregententheater</a>, has become the home of the Bavarian Theater Academy and the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Chamber_Orchestra" title="Munich Chamber Orchestra">Munich Chamber Orchestra</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orchestra">Orchestra</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Orchestra" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The modern <a href="/wiki/Gasteig" title="Gasteig">Gasteig</a> centre houses the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Philharmonic" title="Munich Philharmonic">Munich Philharmonic Orchestra</a>. The third orchestra in Munich with international importance is the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Radio_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra">Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra</a>. Its primary concert venue is the Herkulessaal in the former city royal residence, the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Residenz" title="Munich Residenz">Munich Residenz</a>. Many important conductors have been attracted by the city's orchestras, including <a href="/wiki/Felix_Weingartner" title="Felix Weingartner">Felix Weingartner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Pfitzner" title="Hans Pfitzner">Hans Pfitzner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Rosbaud" title="Hans Rosbaud">Hans Rosbaud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Knappertsbusch" title="Hans Knappertsbusch">Hans Knappertsbusch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergiu_Celibidache" title="Sergiu Celibidache">Sergiu Celibidache</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Levine" title="James Levine">James Levine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Thielemann" title="Christian Thielemann">Christian Thielemann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lorin_Maazel" title="Lorin Maazel">Lorin Maazel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Kubel%C3%ADk" title="Rafael Kubelík">Rafael Kubelík</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Jochum" title="Eugen Jochum">Eugen Jochum</a>, Sir <a href="/wiki/Colin_Davis" title="Colin Davis">Colin Davis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mariss_Jansons" title="Mariss Jansons">Mariss Jansons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Walter" title="Bruno Walter">Bruno Walter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Solti" title="Georg Solti">Georg Solti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zubin_Mehta" title="Zubin Mehta">Zubin Mehta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kent_Nagano" title="Kent Nagano">Kent Nagano</a>. A stage for shows, big events and musicals is the <a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Theater_M%C3%BCnchen" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsches Theater München">Deutsche Theater</a>. It is Germany's largest theatre for guest performances.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FriedensengelMunchen.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/FriedensengelMunchen.JPG/220px-FriedensengelMunchen.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/FriedensengelMunchen.JPG/220px-FriedensengelMunchen.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/FriedensengelMunchen.JPG/330px-FriedensengelMunchen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/FriedensengelMunchen.JPG/440px-FriedensengelMunchen.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Golden Friedensengel</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pop_and_electronica">Pop and electronica</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Pop and electronica" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Munich was the centre of <a href="/wiki/Krautrock" title="Krautrock">Krautrock</a> in southern Germany, with many important bands such as <a href="/wiki/Amon_D%C3%BC%C3%BCl_II" title="Amon Düül II">Amon Düül II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Embryo_(band)" title="Embryo (band)">Embryo</a> or <a href="/wiki/Popol_Vuh_(band)" title="Popol Vuh (band)">Popol Vuh</a> hailing from the city. In the 1970s, the <a href="/wiki/Musicland_Studios" title="Musicland Studios">Musicland Studios</a> developed into one of the most prominent recording studios in the world, with bands such as the <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stones" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolling Stones">Rolling Stones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin" title="Led Zeppelin">Led Zeppelin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deep_Purple" title="Deep Purple">Deep Purple</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen_(band)" title="Queen (band)">Queen</a> recording albums there. Munich also played a significant role in the development of electronic music, with genre pioneer <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Moroder" title="Giorgio Moroder">Giorgio Moroder</a>, who invented <a href="/wiki/Synth" class="mw-redirect" title="Synth">synth</a> <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_dance_music" title="Electronic dance music">electronic dance music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Donna_Summer" title="Donna Summer">Donna Summer</a>, one of disco music's most important performers, both living and working in the city. In the late 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Electroclash" title="Electroclash">Electroclash</a> was substantially co-invented if not even invented in Munich, when <a href="/wiki/DJ_Hell" title="DJ Hell">DJ Hell</a> introduced and assembled international pioneers of this musical genre through his <a href="/wiki/International_DeeJay_Gigolo_Records" title="International DeeJay Gigolo Records">International DeeJay Gigolo Records</a> label here.<a href="#cite_note-mjunikdisco-163">[162]</a> Other notable musicians and bands from Munich include <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Wecker" title="Konstantin Wecker">Konstantin Wecker</a>, <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Astor" class="extiw" title="de:Willy Astor">Willy Astor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spider_Murphy_Gang" title="Spider Murphy Gang">Spider Murphy Gang</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchener_Freiheit_(band)" title="Münchener Freiheit (band)">Münchener Freiheit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lou_Bega" title="Lou Bega">Lou Bega</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megaherz" title="Megaherz">Megaherz</a>, <a href="/wiki/FSK_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="FSK (band)">FSK</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colour_Haze" title="Colour Haze">Colour Haze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sportfreunde_Stiller" title="Sportfreunde Stiller">Sportfreunde Stiller</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Munich hosted several Love Parades and Mayday Party <a href="/wiki/Rave" title="Rave">rave</a> events throughout the 1990s. Munich continues to rave, the local youth scenes are active.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Theatre" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Munich_Kammerspiele" title="Munich Kammerspiele">Munich Kammerspiele</a> is one of the most important German-language theaters. Since <a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Gotthold Ephraim Lessing</a>'s premieres in 1775 many important writers have staged their plays in Munich, they include <a href="/wiki/Christian_Friedrich_Hebbel" title="Christian Friedrich Hebbel">Christian Friedrich Hebbel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Henrik Ibsen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hugo_von_Hofmannsthal" title="Hugo von Hofmannsthal">Hugo von Hofmannsthal</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schwabing">Schwabing</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Schwabing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vassily_Kandinsky,_1908_-_Houses_in_Munich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Vassily_Kandinsky%2C_1908_-_Houses_in_Munich.jpg/220px-Vassily_Kandinsky%2C_1908_-_Houses_in_Munich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="473"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 178px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Vassily_Kandinsky%2C_1908_-_Houses_in_Munich.jpg/220px-Vassily_Kandinsky%2C_1908_-_Houses_in_Munich.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="178" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Vassily_Kandinsky%2C_1908_-_Houses_in_Munich.jpg/330px-Vassily_Kandinsky%2C_1908_-_Houses_in_Munich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Vassily_Kandinsky%2C_1908_-_Houses_in_Munich.jpg/440px-Vassily_Kandinsky%2C_1908_-_Houses_in_Munich.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Wassily Kandinsky's Houses in Munich (1908)</figcaption></figure> At the turn of the 20th century <a href="/wiki/Schwabing" title="Schwabing">Schwabing</a> was a preeminent cultural metropolis. Schwabing was an epicenter for both literature and the fine arts, with numerous German and non-German artists living there.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> authored <a href="/wiki/What_Is_to_Be_Done%3F" title="What Is to Be Done?">What Is to Be Done?</a> while living in Schwabing. Central to Schwabing's bohemian scene were Künstlerlokale (Artist's Cafés) like <a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Stefanie" title="Café Stefanie">Café Stefanie</a> or Kabarett <a href="/wiki/Simpl_(Munich)" title="Simpl (Munich)">Simpl</a>, whose liberal ways differed fundamentally from Munich's more traditional localities. The Simpl, which survives to this day, was named after Munich's anti-authoritarian satirical magazine <a href="/wiki/Simplicissimus" title="Simplicissimus">Simplicissimus</a>, founded in 1896 by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Langen" title="Albert Langen">Albert Langen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Theodor_Heine" title="Thomas Theodor Heine">Thomas Theodor Heine</a>, which quickly became an important organ of the Schwabinger Bohème. Its caricatures and biting satirical attacks on <a href="/wiki/Wilhelminism" title="Wilhelminism">Wilhelmine</a> German society were the result of countless of collaborative efforts by many of the best visual artists and writers from Munich and elsewhere.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1971 <a href="/wiki/Eckart_Witzigmann" title="Eckart Witzigmann">Eckart Witzigmann</a> teamed up with a Munich building contractor to finance and open the Tantris restaurant in Schwabing. Witzigmann is credited for starting the German Küchenwunder (kitchen wonder).<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biedermeier">Biedermeier</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Biedermeier" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Biedermeier" title="Biedermeier">Biedermeier</a> era was named after a character that regularly appeared in the satire magazine Münchner Fliegende Blätter (Loose Munich Pages), which was published by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Kussmaul" title="Adolf Kussmaul">Adolf Kussmaul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Eichrodt" title="Ludwig Eichrodt">Ludwig Eichrodt</a> in Munich between 1855 and 1857. Biedermeier was a synonym for arts, furniture, and the lifestyle of the nonheroic middle class. The Biedermeier era painters <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Georg_Waldm%C3%BCller" title="Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller">Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moritz_von_Schwind" title="Moritz von Schwind">Moritz von Schwind</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Spitzweg" title="Carl Spitzweg">Carl Spitzweg</a> are shown in the <a href="/wiki/Neue_Pinakothek" title="Neue Pinakothek">Neue Pinakothek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prinzregentenzeit">Prinzregentenzeit</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Prinzregentenzeit" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Celebrity literary figures worked in Munich especially during the final decades of the Kingdom of Bavaria, the so-called Prinzregentenzeit (literally prince regent's time) under the reign of <a href="/wiki/Luitpold,_Prince_Regent_of_Bavaria" title="Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria">Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria</a>. This includes <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Mann" title="Heinrich Mann">Heinrich Mann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Johann_Ludwig_von_Heyse" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Johann Ludwig von Heyse">Paul Johann Ludwig von Heyse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Maria_Rilke" title="Rainer Maria Rilke">Rainer Maria Rilke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Thoma" title="Ludwig Thoma">Ludwig Thoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fanny_zu_Reventlow" title="Fanny zu Reventlow">Fanny zu Reventlow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Panizza" title="Oskar Panizza">Oskar Panizza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Meyrink" title="Gustav Meyrink">Gustav Meyrink</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Halbe" title="Max Halbe">Max Halbe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erich_M%C3%BChsam" title="Erich Mühsam">Erich Mühsam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wedekind" title="Frank Wedekind">Frank Wedekind</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weimar_Republic">Weimar Republic</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Weimar Republic" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schrimpf_oskar_maria_graf.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Schrimpf_oskar_maria_graf.png/170px-Schrimpf_oskar_maria_graf.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="369" data-file-height="534"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 246px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Schrimpf_oskar_maria_graf.png/170px-Schrimpf_oskar_maria_graf.png" data-width="170" data-height="246" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Schrimpf_oskar_maria_graf.png/255px-Schrimpf_oskar_maria_graf.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Schrimpf_oskar_maria_graf.png/340px-Schrimpf_oskar_maria_graf.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Portrait of Oskar Maria Graf by <a href="/wiki/Georg_Schrimpf" title="Georg Schrimpf">Georg Schrimpf</a> (1927)</figcaption></figure> The period immediately before World War I saw continued economic and cultural prominence for the city. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a> wrote in his novella Gladius Dei about this period: "München leuchtete" (literally "Munich shone"). Munich remained a centre of cultural life during the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>, with figures such as <a href="/wiki/Lion_Feuchtwanger" title="Lion Feuchtwanger">Lion Feuchtwanger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Althaus" title="Peter Paul Althaus">Peter Paul Althaus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stefan_George" title="Stefan George">Stefan George</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ricarda_Huch" title="Ricarda Huch">Ricarda Huch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Ringelnatz" title="Joachim Ringelnatz">Joachim Ringelnatz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Maria_Graf" title="Oskar Maria Graf">Oskar Maria Graf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annette_Kolb" title="Annette Kolb">Annette Kolb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Toller" title="Ernst Toller">Ernst Toller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ball" title="Hugo Ball">Hugo Ball</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Mann" title="Klaus Mann">Klaus Mann</a> adding to the already established big names.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Karl_Valentin" title="Karl Valentin">Karl Valentin</a>, the cabaret performer and comedian, is to this day remembered and beloved as a cultural icon of his hometown. Between 1910 and 1940, he wrote and performed in many absurdist sketches and short films that were highly influential, earning him the nickname of "<a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a> of Germany".<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> <a href="/wiki/Liesl_Karlstadt" title="Liesl Karlstadt">Liesl Karlstadt</a>, before working together with Valentin, cross-dressed and performed cabaret with <a href="/wiki/Yodeling" title="Yodeling">yodeling</a> on stage and in Munich's Cafe-Theatres. The cabaret scene was crushed when the Nazis seized power in 1933 and Karlstadt was saved from Nazi sterilization by a doctor. Contemporary Munich cabaret still reverences 1920s cabaret, the Munich alternative rock band <a href="/wiki/F.S.K._(band)" title="F.S.K. (band)">F.S.K.</a> absorbs yodels.<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_literature">Post-war literature</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Post-war literature" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> After World War II, Munich soon again became a focal point of the German literary scene and remains so to this day, with writers as diverse as <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Koeppen" title="Wolfgang Koeppen">Wolfgang Koeppen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erich_K%C3%A4stner" title="Erich Kästner">Erich Kästner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Roth" title="Eugen Roth">Eugen Roth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Andersch" title="Alfred Andersch">Alfred Andersch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elfriede_Jelinek" title="Elfriede Jelinek">Elfriede Jelinek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Magnus_Enzensberger" title="Hans Magnus Enzensberger">Hans Magnus Enzensberger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ende" title="Michael Ende">Michael Ende</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Xaver_Kroetz" title="Franz Xaver Kroetz">Franz Xaver Kroetz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Polt" title="Gerhard Polt">Gerhard Polt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patrick_S%C3%BCskind" title="Patrick Süskind">Patrick Süskind</a> calling the city their home.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fine_arts">Fine arts</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Fine arts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> From the Gothic to the Baroque era, the fine arts were represented in Munich by artists like <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Grasser" title="Erasmus Grasser">Erasmus Grasser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Polack" title="Jan Polack">Jan Polack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Straub" title="Johann Baptist Straub">Johann Baptist Straub</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ignaz_G%C3%BCnther" title="Ignaz Günther">Ignaz Günther</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Krumpper" title="Hans Krumpper">Hans Krumpper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Michael_Schwanthaler" title="Ludwig Michael Schwanthaler">Ludwig von Schwanthaler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosmas_Damian_Asam" title="Cosmas Damian Asam">Cosmas Damian Asam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egid_Quirin_Asam" title="Egid Quirin Asam">Egid Quirin Asam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Zimmermann" title="Johann Baptist Zimmermann">Johann Baptist Zimmermann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Michael_Fischer" title="Johann Michael Fischer">Johann Michael Fischer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Cuvilli%C3%A9s" title="François de Cuvilliés">François de Cuvilliés</a>. Munich had already become an important place for painters like <a href="/wiki/Carl_Rottmann" title="Carl Rottmann">Carl Rottmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lovis_Corinth" title="Lovis Corinth">Lovis Corinth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Kaulbach" title="Wilhelm von Kaulbach">Wilhelm von Kaulbach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Spitzweg" title="Carl Spitzweg">Carl Spitzweg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Lenbach" title="Franz von Lenbach">Franz von Lenbach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Stuck" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Stuck">Franz Stuck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Piloty" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Piloty">Karl Piloty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Leibl" title="Wilhelm Leibl">Wilhelm Leibl</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Cinema" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Munich was (and in some cases, still is) home to many of the most important authors of the <a href="/wiki/New_German_Cinema" title="New German Cinema">New German Cinema</a> movement, including <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Werner_Fassbinder" title="Rainer Werner Fassbinder">Rainer Werner Fassbinder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Werner_Herzog" title="Werner Herzog">Werner Herzog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Reitz" title="Edgar Reitz">Edgar Reitz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Achternbusch" title="Herbert Achternbusch">Herbert Achternbusch</a>. In 1971, the <a href="/wiki/Filmverlag_der_Autoren" title="Filmverlag der Autoren">Filmverlag der Autoren</a> was founded, cementing the city's role in the movement's history. Munich served as the location for many of Fassbinder's films, among them <a href="/wiki/Ali:_Fear_Eats_the_Soul" title="Ali: Fear Eats the Soul">Ali: Fear Eats the Soul</a>. The Hotel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deutsche_Eiche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deutsche Eiche (page does not exist)">Deutsche Eiche</a> near Gärtnerplatz was somewhat like a centre of operations for Fassbinder and his "clan" of actors. New German Cinema is considered by far the most important artistic movement in German cinema history since the era of <a href="/wiki/German_Expressionism" class="mw-redirect" title="German Expressionism">German Expressionism</a> in the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bavaria_Film-_und_Fernsehstudios_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bavaria_Film-_und_Fernsehstudios_logo.svg/220px-Bavaria_Film-_und_Fernsehstudios_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="50" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="147"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 50px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bavaria_Film-_und_Fernsehstudios_logo.svg/220px-Bavaria_Film-_und_Fernsehstudios_logo.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="50" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bavaria_Film-_und_Fernsehstudios_logo.svg/330px-Bavaria_Film-_und_Fernsehstudios_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bavaria_Film-_und_Fernsehstudios_logo.svg/440px-Bavaria_Film-_und_Fernsehstudios_logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Logo of <a href="/wiki/Bavaria_Film" title="Bavaria Film">Bavaria Film</a></figcaption></figure> In 1919, the <a href="/wiki/Bavaria_Studios" title="Bavaria Studios">Bavaria Film Studios</a> were founded, which developed into one of Europe's largest film studios. Directors like <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Alfred Hitchcock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Billy_Wilder" title="Billy Wilder">Billy Wilder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Huston" title="John Huston">John Huston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman" title="Ingmar Bergman">Ingmar Bergman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Stanley Kubrick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Chabrol" title="Claude Chabrol">Claude Chabrol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Umgelter" title="Fritz Umgelter">Fritz Umgelter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Werner_Fassbinder" title="Rainer Werner Fassbinder">Rainer Werner Fassbinder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Petersen" title="Wolfgang Petersen">Wolfgang Petersen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wim_Wenders" title="Wim Wenders">Wim Wenders</a> made films there. Among the internationally well-known films produced at the studios are <a href="/wiki/The_Pleasure_Garden_(1925_film)" title="The Pleasure Garden (1925 film)">The Pleasure Garden</a> (1925) by Alfred Hitchcock, <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Escape_(film)" title="The Great Escape (film)">The Great Escape</a> (1963) by <a href="/wiki/John_Sturges" title="John Sturges">John Sturges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paths_of_Glory" title="Paths of Glory">Paths of Glory</a> (1957) by Stanley Kubrick, <a href="/wiki/Willy_Wonka_%26_the_Chocolate_Factory" title="Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory">Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory</a> (1971) by <a href="/wiki/Mel_Stuart" title="Mel Stuart">Mel Stuart</a> and both <a href="/wiki/Das_Boot" title="Das Boot">Das Boot</a> (1981) and <a href="/wiki/The_Neverending_Story_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Neverending Story (film)">The Neverending Story</a> (1984) by <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Petersen" title="Wolfgang Petersen">Wolfgang Petersen</a>. Munich remains one of the centres of the German film and entertainment industry.<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Festivals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hippodrom_Zelt_Oktoberfest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Hippodrom_Zelt_Oktoberfest.jpg/220px-Hippodrom_Zelt_Oktoberfest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Hippodrom_Zelt_Oktoberfest.jpg/220px-Hippodrom_Zelt_Oktoberfest.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Hippodrom_Zelt_Oktoberfest.jpg/330px-Hippodrom_Zelt_Oktoberfest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Hippodrom_Zelt_Oktoberfest.jpg/440px-Hippodrom_Zelt_Oktoberfest.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest">Oktoberfest</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coopers'_Dance">Coopers' Dance</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Coopers' Dance" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sch%C3%A4fflertanz_2012-05.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Sch%C3%A4fflertanz_2012-05.JPG/220px-Sch%C3%A4fflertanz_2012-05.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="2326"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 209px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Sch%C3%A4fflertanz_2012-05.JPG/220px-Sch%C3%A4fflertanz_2012-05.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="209" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Sch%C3%A4fflertanz_2012-05.JPG/330px-Sch%C3%A4fflertanz_2012-05.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Sch%C3%A4fflertanz_2012-05.JPG/440px-Sch%C3%A4fflertanz_2012-05.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Schäfflertanz in <a href="/wiki/Neuhausen-Nymphenburg" title="Neuhausen-Nymphenburg">Neuhausen</a>, 2012</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Coopers%27_Dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Coopers' Dance">Coopers' Dance</a> (German: Schäfflertanz) is a <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guild</a> dance of <a href="/wiki/Cooper_(profession)" title="Cooper (profession)">coopers</a> originally started in Munich. Since early 1800s the custom spread via <a href="/wiki/Journeyman" title="Journeyman">journeymen</a> in it is now a common tradition over the <a href="/wiki/Old_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Bavaria">Old Bavaria</a> region. The dance was supposed to be held every seven years.<a href="#cite_note-myth-174">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Starkbierfest">Starkbierfest</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Starkbierfest" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> March and April, for three weeks during <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a>, celebrating Munich's "strong beer". Starkbier was created in 1651 by the local <a href="/wiki/Paulinerkirche,_Leipzig" title="Paulinerkirche, Leipzig">Paulinerkirche, Leipzig</a> <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monks</a> who drank this 'Flüssiges Brot', or 'liquid bread'. It became a public festival in 1751 and is now the second largest beer festival in Munich. A Starkbierfest may be celebrated in <a href="/wiki/Beer_hall" title="Beer hall">beer halls</a> and pubs.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Frühlingsfest">Frühlingsfest</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Frühlingsfest" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Held for two weeks at the <a href="/wiki/Theresienwiese" title="Theresienwiese">Theresienwiese</a> from the end of April to the beginning of May, the new local spring beers are served.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Auer_Dult">Auer Dult</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Auer Dult" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Auer_Dult" title="Auer Dult">Auer Dult</a></div> A regular event combining a <a href="/wiki/Marketplace" title="Marketplace">market</a> and a German style <a href="/wiki/Volksfest" title="Volksfest">folk festival</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Mariahilfplatz" title="Mariahilfplatz">Mariahilfplatz</a>. The Auer Dult can be up to 300 stalls, selling handmade crafts, <a href="/wiki/Household_goods" title="Household goods">household goods</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Local_food" title="Local food">local foods</a>.<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kocherlball">Kocherlball</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Kocherlball" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Munich's Kocherlball (Cooks' Ball) is an annual event, to commemorate all servants, ranging from kitchenhands to cooks. The tradition started in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tollwood">Tollwood</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Tollwood" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tollwood_Winterfestival_Munich_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Tollwood_Winterfestival_Munich_2010.jpg/220px-Tollwood_Winterfestival_Munich_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3056"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Tollwood_Winterfestival_Munich_2010.jpg/220px-Tollwood_Winterfestival_Munich_2010.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Tollwood_Winterfestival_Munich_2010.jpg/330px-Tollwood_Winterfestival_Munich_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Tollwood_Winterfestival_Munich_2010.jpg/440px-Tollwood_Winterfestival_Munich_2010.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Tollwood Winterfestival</figcaption></figure> Usually held annually in July and December, Olympia Park. The <a href="/wiki/Tollwood_Festival" title="Tollwood Festival">Tollwood Festival</a> showcases fine and performing arts with live music, and several lanes of booths selling handmade crafts, as well as <a href="/wiki/Organic_food" title="Organic food">Organic food</a>, mostly <a href="/wiki/Fusion_cuisine" title="Fusion cuisine">Fusion cuisine</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oktoberfest">Oktoberfest</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Oktoberfest" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> At the <a href="/wiki/Theresienwiese" title="Theresienwiese">Theresienwiese</a>, the largest <a href="/wiki/Beer_festival" title="Beer festival">beer festival</a> in the world, Munich's <a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest">Oktoberfest</a> runs for 16–18 days from the end of September through early October. In the last 200 years the festival has grown to span 85 acres and now welcomes over six million visitors every year. Beer is served from the six major Munich <a href="/wiki/Brewery" title="Brewery">breweries</a>. These are <a href="/wiki/Augustiner-Br%C3%A4u" title="Augustiner-Bräu">Augustiner-Bräu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hacker-Pschorr_Brewery" title="Hacker-Pschorr Brewery">Hacker-Pschorr Brewery</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6wenbr%C3%A4u_Brewery" title="Löwenbräu Brewery">Löwenbräu Brewery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paulaner_Brewery" title="Paulaner Brewery">Paulaner Brewery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spaten-Franziskaner-Br%C3%A4u" title="Spaten-Franziskaner-Bräu">Spaten-Franziskaner-Bräu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Staatliches_Hofbr%C3%A4uhaus_in_M%C3%BCnchen" title="Staatliches Hofbräuhaus in München">Staatliches Hofbräuhaus in München</a>. Food must be bought in each tent.<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christkindlmarkt">Christkindlmarkt</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Christkindlmarkt" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Munich <a href="/wiki/Christkindlmarkt" class="mw-redirect" title="Christkindlmarkt">Christkindlmarkt</a> started to evolve in the 14th century. The German Christkindlmarkt reached the desired accomplishment in the 17th century in <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine_and_culinary_specialities">Cuisine and culinary specialities</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Cuisine and culinary specialities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Weisswurst.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Weisswurst.jpg/220px-Weisswurst.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1175" data-file-height="1088"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 204px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Weisswurst.jpg/220px-Weisswurst.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="204" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Weisswurst.jpg/330px-Weisswurst.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Weisswurst.jpg/440px-Weisswurst.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Weisswurst with sweet mustard and a pretzel</figcaption></figure> The Munich cuisine contributes to the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_cuisine" title="Bavarian cuisine">Bavarian cuisine</a>. Munich <a href="/wiki/Weisswurst" title="Weisswurst">Weisswurst</a> ("white sausage", German: Münchner Weißwurst) was invented here in 1857. It is a Munich speciality. Traditionally Weisswurst is served in pubs before noon and is served with <a href="/wiki/Sweet_mustard" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweet mustard">sweet mustard</a> and freshly baked <a href="/wiki/Pretzel" title="Pretzel">pretzels</a>. Munich has 11 restaurants that have been awarded one or more <a href="/wiki/Michelin_Guide" title="Michelin Guide">Michelin Guide</a> stars in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-MichelinGuide-2021-180">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beers_and_breweries">Beers and breweries</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Beers and breweries" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BIER_IM_EG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/BIER_IM_EG.jpg/220px-BIER_IM_EG.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="803"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 173px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/BIER_IM_EG.jpg/220px-BIER_IM_EG.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="173" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/BIER_IM_EG.jpg/330px-BIER_IM_EG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/BIER_IM_EG.jpg/440px-BIER_IM_EG.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Helles beer</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MUC_Westend_AugustinerbrauereiA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/MUC_Westend_AugustinerbrauereiA.jpg/220px-MUC_Westend_AugustinerbrauereiA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="903"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 159px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/MUC_Westend_AugustinerbrauereiA.jpg/220px-MUC_Westend_AugustinerbrauereiA.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="159" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/MUC_Westend_AugustinerbrauereiA.jpg/330px-MUC_Westend_AugustinerbrauereiA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/MUC_Westend_AugustinerbrauereiA.jpg/440px-MUC_Westend_AugustinerbrauereiA.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Augustiner-Br%C3%A4u" title="Augustiner-Bräu">Augustiner brewery</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biergarten_at_Night_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Biergarten_at_Night_2.JPG/220px-Biergarten_at_Night_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="2816"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 129px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Biergarten_at_Night_2.JPG/220px-Biergarten_at_Night_2.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="129" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Biergarten_at_Night_2.JPG/330px-Biergarten_at_Night_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Biergarten_at_Night_2.JPG/440px-Biergarten_at_Night_2.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Beer garden in Munich</figcaption></figure> Munich is known for its breweries and <a href="/wiki/Weissbier" class="mw-redirect" title="Weissbier">Weissbier</a> (wheat beer). <a href="/wiki/Helles" title="Helles">Helles</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Pale_lager" title="Pale lager">pale lager</a> with a translucent gold color, is the most popular contemporary Munich beer. Helles has largely replaced Munich's dark beer, known as <a href="/wiki/Dunkel" title="Dunkel">Dunkel</a>, which gets its color from roasted malt. It was the typical beer in Munich in the 19th century. Starkbier is the strongest Munich beer, with a high alcohol content of 6%–9%. It is dark amber in color and has a heavy malty taste. The beer served at <a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest">Oktoberfest</a> is a special type of beer with a higher alcohol content. Wirtshäuser are traditional Bavarian pubs, many of which also have small outside areas. Biergärten (<a href="/wiki/Beer_garden" title="Beer garden">beer gardens</a>) are a popular fixture in Munich's gastronomic landscape. They are central to the city's culture, and are an overt melting pot for members of all walks of life, regardless of social class. There are many smaller beer gardens, but some beer gardens have thousands of seats. Large beer gardens can be found in the <a href="/wiki/Englischer_Garten" title="Englischer Garten">Englischer Garten</a>, on the Nockherberg, and in the Hirschgarten. There are six main breweries in Munich are <a href="/wiki/Augustiner-Br%C3%A4u" title="Augustiner-Bräu">Augustiner-Bräu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hacker-Pschorr_Brewery" title="Hacker-Pschorr Brewery">Hacker-Pschorr Brewery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hofbr%C3%A4uhaus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hofbräuhaus">Hofbräuhaus</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6wenbr%C3%A4u" class="mw-redirect" title="Löwenbräu">Löwenbräu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paulaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulaner">Paulaner</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spaten-Franziskaner-Br%C3%A4u" title="Spaten-Franziskaner-Bräu">Spaten-Franziskaner-Bräu</a>. Smaller breweries are becoming more prevalent in Munich. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Circus">Circus</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Circus" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Circus_Krone" title="Circus Krone">Circus Krone</a> based in Munich is one of the largest circuses in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> It was the first and still is one of only a few in Western Europe to also occupy a <a href="/wiki/Circus_Krone_Building" title="Circus Krone Building">building</a> of its own. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nightlife">Nightlife</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Nightlife" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alte_Utting_6144.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Alte_Utting_6144.jpg/220px-Alte_Utting_6144.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Alte_Utting_6144.jpg/220px-Alte_Utting_6144.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Alte_Utting_6144.jpg/330px-Alte_Utting_6144.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Alte_Utting_6144.jpg/440px-Alte_Utting_6144.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The party ship <a href="/wiki/Alte_Utting" title="Alte Utting">Alte Utting</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Nightlife" title="Nightlife">Nightlife</a> in Munich is located mostly in the boroughs <a href="/wiki/Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt" title="Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt">Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maxvorstadt" title="Maxvorstadt">Maxvorstadt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Au-Haidhausen" title="Au-Haidhausen">Au-Haidhausen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berg_am_Laim" title="Berg am Laim">Berg am Laim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sendling" title="Sendling">Sendling</a>. Between <a href="/wiki/Sendlinger_Tor" title="Sendlinger Tor">Sendlinger Tor</a> and Maximiliansplatz, on the edge of the central <a href="/wiki/Altstadt-Lehel" title="Altstadt-Lehel">Altstadt-Lehel</a> district, there is also the so-called Feierbanane (party banana), a roughly banana-shaped unofficial party zone spanning 1.3 km (0.8 mi) along Sonnenstraße, characterized by a high concentration of clubs, bars and restaurants, which became the center of Munich's nightlife in the mid-2000s.<a href="#cite_note-sueddeutsche_20130706-182">[181]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bahnw%C3%A4rter_Thiel_Nightclub_Munich_Subway_Floor_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Bahnw%C3%A4rter_Thiel_Nightclub_Munich_Subway_Floor_1.jpg/220px-Bahnw%C3%A4rter_Thiel_Nightclub_Munich_Subway_Floor_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1050"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Bahnw%C3%A4rter_Thiel_Nightclub_Munich_Subway_Floor_1.jpg/220px-Bahnw%C3%A4rter_Thiel_Nightclub_Munich_Subway_Floor_1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Bahnw%C3%A4rter_Thiel_Nightclub_Munich_Subway_Floor_1.jpg/330px-Bahnw%C3%A4rter_Thiel_Nightclub_Munich_Subway_Floor_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Bahnw%C3%A4rter_Thiel_Nightclub_Munich_Subway_Floor_1.jpg/440px-Bahnw%C3%A4rter_Thiel_Nightclub_Munich_Subway_Floor_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bahnw%C3%A4rter_Thiel_(club)" title="Bahnwärter Thiel (club)">Bahnwärter Thiel</a></figcaption></figure> In the 1960s and 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Schwabing" title="Schwabing">Schwabing</a> was considered a center of nightlife in Germany, with internationally known clubs such as <a href="/wiki/Big_Apple_(club)" title="Big Apple (club)">Big Apple</a>, PN hit-house, Domicile, Hot Club, Piper Club, Tiffany, Germany's first large-scale discotheque <a href="/wiki/Blow_Up_(club)" title="Blow Up (club)">Blow Up</a> and the underwater nightclub <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Submarine_(club)" title="Yellow Submarine (club)">Yellow Submarine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-mjunikdisco-163">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-ertl-183">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-mitvergnuegen_schauberger-184">[183]</a> and Munich has been called "New York's big disco sister" in this context.<a href="#cite_note-mjunikdisco-163">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-abendzeitung_20081121-185">[184]</a> Bars in the Schwabing district of this era include, among many others, <a href="/wiki/Schwabinger_7" title="Schwabinger 7">Schwabinger 7</a> and Schwabinger Podium. Since the 1980s, however, Schwabing has lost much of its nightlife activity due to <a href="/wiki/Gentrification" title="Gentrification">gentrification</a> and the resulting high rents, and the formerly wild artists' and students' quarter developed into one of the city's most coveted and expensive residential districts, attracting affluent citizens with little interest in partying.<a href="#cite_note-mitvergnuegen_nisslm%C3%BCller-186">[185]</a> Since the 1960s, the Rosa Viertel (pink quarter) developed in the <a href="/wiki/Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt#Glockenbachviertel" title="Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt">Glockenbachviertel</a> and around Gärtnerplatz, which in the 1980s made Munich "one of the four gayest metropolises in the world" along with San Francisco, New York City and Amsterdam.<a href="#cite_note-stankiewitz-187">[186]</a> In particular, the area around <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCllerstra%C3%9Fe" title="Müllerstraße">Müllerstraße</a> and Hans-Sachs-Straße was characterized by numerous gay bars and nightclubs. One of them was the <a href="/wiki/Travesti_(theatre)" title="Travesti (theatre)">travesty</a> nightclub Old Mrs. Henderson, where <a href="/wiki/Freddie_Mercury" title="Freddie Mercury">Freddie Mercury</a>, who lived in Munich from 1979 to 1985, filmed the music video for the song <a href="/wiki/Living_on_My_Own" title="Living on My Own">Living on My Own</a> at his 39th birthday party.<a href="#cite_note-stankiewitz-187">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-mitvergnuegen_schauberger-184">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-BR_20211004-188">[187]</a> Since the mid-1990s, the Kunstpark Ost and its successor Kultfabrik, a former industrial complex that was converted to a large party area near <a href="/wiki/Munich_East_station" title="Munich East station">München Ostbahnhof</a> in <a href="/wiki/Berg_am_Laim" title="Berg am Laim">Berg am Laim</a>, hosted more than 30 clubs and was especially popular among younger people from the metropolitan area surrounding Munich and tourists.<a href="#cite_note-stankiewitz-187">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-munichfoundcom-189">[188]</a> The Kultfabrik was closed at the end of the year 2015 to convert the area into a residential and office area. Apart from the Kultfarbik and the smaller Optimolwerke, there is a wide variety of establishments in the urban parts of nearby <a href="/wiki/Haidhausen_(Munich)" title="Haidhausen (Munich)">Haidhausen</a>. Before the Kunstpark Ost, there had already been an accumulation of internationally known nightclubs in the remains of the abandoned former <a href="/wiki/Munich-Riem_Airport#Reuse" title="Munich-Riem Airport">Munich-Riem Airport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mjunikdisco-163">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-mitvergnuegen_022017-190">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-ard_072022-191">[190]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blitz_Club_Munich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Blitz_Club_Munich.jpg/220px-Blitz_Club_Munich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1050"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Blitz_Club_Munich.jpg/220px-Blitz_Club_Munich.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Blitz_Club_Munich.jpg/330px-Blitz_Club_Munich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Blitz_Club_Munich.jpg/440px-Blitz_Club_Munich.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Blitz Club on Museumsinsel</figcaption></figure> Munich nightlife tends to change dramatically and quickly. Establishments open and close every year, and due to gentrification and the overheated housing market many survive only a few years, while others last longer. Beyond the already mentioned venues of the 1960s and 1970s, nightclubs with international recognition in recent history included Tanzlokal Größenwahn, <a href="/wiki/The_Atomic_Caf%C3%A9_(club)" title="The Atomic Café (club)">The Atomic Café</a> and the techno clubs <a href="/wiki/Babalu_Club" title="Babalu Club">Babalu Club</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultraschall" title="Ultraschall">Ultraschall</a>, <a href="/wiki/KW_%E2%80%93_Das_Heizkraftwerk" title="KW – Das Heizkraftwerk">KW – Das Heizkraftwerk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natraj_Temple" title="Natraj Temple">Natraj Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/MMA_Club" title="MMA Club">MMA Club (Mixed Munich Arts)</a>, Die Registratur and Bob Beaman.<a href="#cite_note-zeitmagazin-192">[191]</a> From 1995 to 2001, Munich was also home to the <a href="/wiki/Union_Move" title="Union Move">Union Move</a>, one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Technoparade" title="Technoparade">technoparades</a> in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-ertl-183">[182]</a> Munich has the highest density of music venues of any German city, followed by Hamburg, Cologne and Berlin.<a href="#cite_note-fazemag_20210920-193">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-clubstudy_2021-194">[193]</a> Within the city's limits are more than 100 nightclubs and thousands of bars and restaurants.<a href="#cite_note-Munich_bars-195">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-Munich_nightclubs-196">[195]</a> Some notable nightclubs are: popular techno clubs are <a href="/wiki/Blitz_Club" title="Blitz Club">Blitz Club</a>, Harry Klein, Rote Sonne, <a href="/wiki/Bahnw%C3%A4rter_Thiel_(club)" title="Bahnwärter Thiel (club)">Bahnwärter Thiel</a>, Pimpernel, Charlie, Palais and Pathos.<a href="#cite_note-sueddeutsche_20161016-197">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-theclubmap-198">[197]</a> Popular mixed music clubs are Call me Drella, Wannda Circus, Tonhalle, Backstage, Muffathalle, Ampere, Pacha, P1, <a href="/wiki/Zenith_(building)" title="Zenith (building)">Zenith</a>, Minna Thiel and the party ship <a href="/wiki/Alte_Utting" title="Alte Utting">Alte Utting</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colleges_and_universities">Colleges and universities</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Colleges and universities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geschwister-Scholl-Platz-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Geschwister-Scholl-Platz-1.jpg/220px-Geschwister-Scholl-Platz-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1434"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 126px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Geschwister-Scholl-Platz-1.jpg/220px-Geschwister-Scholl-Platz-1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="126" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Geschwister-Scholl-Platz-1.jpg/330px-Geschwister-Scholl-Platz-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Geschwister-Scholl-Platz-1.jpg/440px-Geschwister-Scholl-Platz-1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Main building of the <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">LMU</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TU_M%C3%BCnchen_GO-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/TU_M%C3%BCnchen_GO-1.jpg/220px-TU_M%C3%BCnchen_GO-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/TU_M%C3%BCnchen_GO-1.jpg/220px-TU_M%C3%BCnchen_GO-1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/TU_M%C3%BCnchen_GO-1.jpg/330px-TU_M%C3%BCnchen_GO-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/TU_M%C3%BCnchen_GO-1.jpg/440px-TU_M%C3%BCnchen_GO-1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Main building of the <a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Munich" title="Technical University of Munich">Technical University</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hochschule_Muenchen_Ansicht_Lothstrasse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Hochschule_Muenchen_Ansicht_Lothstrasse.jpg/220px-Hochschule_Muenchen_Ansicht_Lothstrasse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Hochschule_Muenchen_Ansicht_Lothstrasse.jpg/220px-Hochschule_Muenchen_Ansicht_Lothstrasse.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Hochschule_Muenchen_Ansicht_Lothstrasse.jpg/330px-Hochschule_Muenchen_Ansicht_Lothstrasse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Hochschule_Muenchen_Ansicht_Lothstrasse.jpg/440px-Hochschule_Muenchen_Ansicht_Lothstrasse.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Munich_University_of_Applied_Sciences" title="Munich University of Applied Sciences">University of Applied Sciences (HM)</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%BCnchen_Akademie_der_K%C3%BCnste_12.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/M%C3%BCnchen_Akademie_der_K%C3%BCnste_12.JPG/220px-M%C3%BCnchen_Akademie_der_K%C3%BCnste_12.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4416" data-file-height="3089"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 154px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/M%C3%BCnchen_Akademie_der_K%C3%BCnste_12.JPG/220px-M%C3%BCnchen_Akademie_der_K%C3%BCnste_12.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="154" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/M%C3%BCnchen_Akademie_der_K%C3%BCnste_12.JPG/330px-M%C3%BCnchen_Akademie_der_K%C3%BCnste_12.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/M%C3%BCnchen_Akademie_der_K%C3%BCnste_12.JPG/440px-M%C3%BCnchen_Akademie_der_K%C3%BCnste_12.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts,_Munich" title="Academy of Fine Arts, Munich">Academy of Fine Arts Munich</a></figcaption></figure> Munich is a leading location for science and research with a long list of Nobel Prize laureates from <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Wilhelm Röntgen</a> in 1901 to <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor W. Hänsch">Theodor W. Hänsch</a> in 2005. The Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU)<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> and the Technische Universität München (TUM),<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> were two of the first three German universities to be awarded the title elite university by a selection committee composed of academics and members of the Ministries of Education and Research of the Federation and the German states (Länder). <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich</a> (LMU), founded in 1472 in <a href="/wiki/Ingolstadt" title="Ingolstadt">Ingolstadt</a>, moved to Munich in 1826</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Munich" title="Technical University of Munich">Technical University of Munich</a> (TUM), founded in 1868</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts,_Munich" title="Academy of Fine Arts, Munich">Akademie der Bildenden Künste München</a>, founded in 1808</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundeswehr_University_Munich" title="Bundeswehr University Munich">Bundeswehr University Munich</a>, founded in 1973 (located in <a href="/wiki/Neubiberg" title="Neubiberg">Neubiberg</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Journalistenschule" title="Deutsche Journalistenschule">Deutsche Journalistenschule</a>, founded in 1959</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayerische_Akademie_f%C3%BCr_Au%C3%9Fenwirtschaft" title="Bayerische Akademie für Außenwirtschaft">Bayerische Akademie für Außenwirtschaft</a>, founded in 1989</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hochschule_f%C3%BCr_Musik_und_Theater_M%C3%BCnchen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hochschule für Musik und Theater München">Hochschule für Musik und Theater München</a>, founded in 1830</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Max_Planck_Research_School_for_Molecular_and_Cellular_Life_Sciences" title="International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular Life Sciences">International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular Life Sciences</a>, founded in 2005</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_School_of_Management,_Germany" title="International School of Management, Germany">International School of Management, Germany</a>, founded in 1990</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katholische_Stiftungsfachhochschule_M%C3%BCnchen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katholische Stiftungsfachhochschule München (page does not exist)">Katholische Stiftungsfachhochschule München</a>, founded in 1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Business_School" title="Munich Business School">Munich Business School</a> (MBS), founded in 1991</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Intellectual_Property_Law_Center" title="Munich Intellectual Property Law Center">Munich Intellectual Property Law Center</a> (MIPLC), founded in 2003</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_School_of_Philosophy" title="Munich School of Philosophy">Munich School of Philosophy</a>, founded in 1925 in <a href="/wiki/Pullach" title="Pullach">Pullach</a>, moved to Munich in 1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_School_of_Political_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Munich School of Political Science">Munich School of Political Science</a>, founded in 1950</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_University_of_Applied_Sciences" title="Munich University of Applied Sciences">Munich University of Applied Sciences</a> (HM), founded in 1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_European_College" title="New European College">New European College</a>, founded in 2014</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Free_University" title="Ukrainian Free University">Ukrainian Free University</a>, founded in 1921 (from 1945 – in Munich)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Television_and_Film_Munich" title="University of Television and Film Munich">University of Television and Film Munich</a> (Hochschule für Fernsehen und Film), founded in 1966</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_and_secondary_schools">Primary and secondary schools</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Primary and secondary schools" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Notable Gymnasien in Munich include the <a href="/wiki/Maria-Theresia-Gymnasium" title="Maria-Theresia-Gymnasium">Maria-Theresia-Gymnasium</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Luitpold_Gymnasium" title="Luitpold Gymnasium">Luitpold Gymnasium</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmsgymnasium_(Munich)" title="Wilhelmsgymnasium (Munich)">Wilhelmsgymnasium</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Wittelsbacher-Gymnasium_M%C3%BCnchen" title="Wittelsbacher-Gymnasium München">Wittelsbacher Gymnasium</a>. Munich has several notable international schools, including <a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Jean_Renoir_(Munich)" title="Lycée Jean Renoir (Munich)">Lycée Jean Renoir</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Japanische_Internationale_Schule_M%C3%BCnchen" title="Japanische Internationale Schule München">Japanische Internationale Schule München</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_International_School" title="Bavarian International School">Bavarian International School</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Munich_International_School" title="Munich International School">Munich International School</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/European_School,_Munich" title="European School, Munich">European School, Munich</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_research_institutions">Scientific research institutions</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Scientific research institutions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MUC_Westend_FraunhoferHausA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/MUC_Westend_FraunhoferHausA.jpg/170px-MUC_Westend_FraunhoferHausA.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="262" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="939" data-file-height="1449"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 262px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/MUC_Westend_FraunhoferHausA.jpg/170px-MUC_Westend_FraunhoferHausA.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="262" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/MUC_Westend_FraunhoferHausA.jpg/255px-MUC_Westend_FraunhoferHausA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/MUC_Westend_FraunhoferHausA.jpg/340px-MUC_Westend_FraunhoferHausA.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Fraunhofer headquarters in Munich</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Max_Planck_Society">Max Planck Society</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Max Planck Society" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Society" title="Max Planck Society">Max Planck Society</a>, a government funded non-profit research organization, has its administrative headquarters in Munich. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fraunhofer_Society">Fraunhofer Society</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: Fraunhofer Society" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Fraunhofer_Society" title="Fraunhofer Society">Fraunhofer Society</a>, the German government funded research organization for applied research, has its headquarters in Munich. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_research_institutes">Other research institutes</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: Other research institutes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Southern_Observatory%E2%80%99s_Headquarters_in_Garching,_near_Munich,_Germany.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/European_Southern_Observatory%E2%80%99s_Headquarters_in_Garching%2C_near_Munich%2C_Germany.jpg/220px-European_Southern_Observatory%E2%80%99s_Headquarters_in_Garching%2C_near_Munich%2C_Germany.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="68" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20000" data-file-height="6165"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 68px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/European_Southern_Observatory%E2%80%99s_Headquarters_in_Garching%2C_near_Munich%2C_Germany.jpg/220px-European_Southern_Observatory%E2%80%99s_Headquarters_in_Garching%2C_near_Munich%2C_Germany.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="68" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/European_Southern_Observatory%E2%80%99s_Headquarters_in_Garching%2C_near_Munich%2C_Germany.jpg/330px-European_Southern_Observatory%E2%80%99s_Headquarters_in_Garching%2C_near_Munich%2C_Germany.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/European_Southern_Observatory%E2%80%99s_Headquarters_in_Garching%2C_near_Munich%2C_Germany.jpg/440px-European_Southern_Observatory%E2%80%99s_Headquarters_in_Garching%2C_near_Munich%2C_Germany.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/European_Southern_Observatory" title="European Southern Observatory">European Southern Observatory</a>'s headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Garching" title="Garching">Garching</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botanische_Staatssammlung_M%C3%BCnchen" title="Botanische Staatssammlung München">Botanische Staatssammlung München</a>, a notable <a href="/wiki/Herbarium" title="Herbarium">herbarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifo_Institute_for_Economic_Research" title="Ifo Institute for Economic Research">Ifo Institute for Economic Research</a>, theoretical and applied research in economics and finance</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doerner_Institute" title="Doerner Institute">Doerner Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Southern_Observatory" title="European Southern Observatory">European Southern Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmholtz_Zentrum_M%C3%BCnchen" title="Helmholtz Zentrum München">Helmholtz Zentrum München</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoologische_Staatssammlung_M%C3%BCnchen" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoologische Staatssammlung München">Zoologische Staatssammlung München</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Aerospace_Center" title="German Aerospace Center">German Aerospace Center</a> (GSOC), <a href="/wiki/Oberpfaffenhofen" title="Oberpfaffenhofen">Oberpfaffenhofen bei München</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: International relations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_towns_and_sister_cities">Twin towns and sister cities</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: Twin towns and sister cities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Germany" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany">List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%BCnchens_Partnerst%C3%A4dte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/M%C3%BCnchens_Partnerst%C3%A4dte.jpg/220px-M%C3%BCnchens_Partnerst%C3%A4dte.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2414" data-file-height="3091"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 282px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/M%C3%BCnchens_Partnerst%C3%A4dte.jpg/220px-M%C3%BCnchens_Partnerst%C3%A4dte.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="282" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/M%C3%BCnchens_Partnerst%C3%A4dte.jpg/330px-M%C3%BCnchens_Partnerst%C3%A4dte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/M%C3%BCnchens_Partnerst%C3%A4dte.jpg/440px-M%C3%BCnchens_Partnerst%C3%A4dte.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Plaque in the <a href="/wiki/New_Town_Hall,_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="New Town Hall, Munich">Neues Rathaus</a> (New City Hall) showing Munich's twin towns and sister cities</figcaption></figure> Munich is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, Scotland, UK (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a>, Italy (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>, France (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapporo" title="Sapporo">Sapporo</a>, Japan (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>, United States (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, Ukraine (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</a>, Zimbabwe (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beersheba" title="Beersheba">Beersheba</a>, Israel (2021)</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: Economy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4_Cilindros,_M%C3%BAnich,_Alemania,_2013-02-11,_DD_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/4_Cilindros%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania%2C_2013-02-11%2C_DD_02.JPG/220px-4_Cilindros%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania%2C_2013-02-11%2C_DD_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5081" data-file-height="3485"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 151px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/4_Cilindros%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania%2C_2013-02-11%2C_DD_02.JPG/220px-4_Cilindros%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania%2C_2013-02-11%2C_DD_02.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="151" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/4_Cilindros%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania%2C_2013-02-11%2C_DD_02.JPG/330px-4_Cilindros%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania%2C_2013-02-11%2C_DD_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/4_Cilindros%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania%2C_2013-02-11%2C_DD_02.JPG/440px-4_Cilindros%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania%2C_2013-02-11%2C_DD_02.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/BMW_Headquarters" title="BMW Headquarters">BMW Headquarters</a> building (one of the few buildings that has been built from the top to the bottom) and the bowl-shaped <a href="/wiki/BMW_Museum" title="BMW Museum">BMW Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BMW_Museum_Entrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BMW_Museum_Entrance.jpg/220px-BMW_Museum_Entrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BMW_Museum_Entrance.jpg/220px-BMW_Museum_Entrance.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BMW_Museum_Entrance.jpg/330px-BMW_Museum_Entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BMW_Museum_Entrance.jpg/440px-BMW_Museum_Entrance.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>BMW Museum Entrance</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SiemensForum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/SiemensForum.jpg/220px-SiemensForum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1824" data-file-height="1435"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 173px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/SiemensForum.jpg/220px-SiemensForum.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="173" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/SiemensForum.jpg/330px-SiemensForum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/SiemensForum.jpg/440px-SiemensForum.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/SiemensForum_M%C3%BCnchen" title="SiemensForum München">Siemens-Forum</a> in Munich</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hypo-Haus.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Hypo-Haus.JPG/220px-Hypo-Haus.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Hypo-Haus.JPG/220px-Hypo-Haus.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Hypo-Haus.JPG/330px-Hypo-Haus.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Hypo-Haus.JPG/440px-Hypo-Haus.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/HypoVereinsbank" title="HypoVereinsbank">HypoVereinsbank</a> tower</figcaption></figure> Munich has the strongest economy of any German city according to a study<a href="#cite_note-Icm-muenchen.de-202">[201]</a> and the lowest unemployment rate (5.4% in July 2020) of any German city of more than a million people (the others being <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Hamburg and <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>).<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> Munich <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_cities_by_GDP" title="List of German cities by GDP">ranks third</a> on the list of German cities by gross domestic product (GDP). In addition, it is one of the most attractive business locations in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-Icm-muenchen.de-202">[201]</a> The city is also the economic centre of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Germany" title="Southern Germany">southern Germany</a>. Munich topped the ranking of the magazine Capital in February 2005 for the economic prospects between 2002 and 2011 in 60 German cities. Munich is a <a href="/wiki/Financial_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial center">financial center</a> and <a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">global city</a> that holds the headquarters of many companies. This includes more companies listed by the <a href="/wiki/DAX" title="DAX">DAX</a> than any other German city, as well as the German or European headquarters of many foreign companies such as <a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s" title="McDonald's">McDonald's</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. One of the best-known newly established Munich companies is <a href="/wiki/Flixbus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flixbus">Flixbus</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: Manufacturing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Munich holds the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens AG</a> (electronics), <a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a> (car), <a href="/wiki/MAN_SE" title="MAN SE">MAN AG</a> (truck manufacturer, engineering), <a href="/wiki/MTU_Aero_Engines" title="MTU Aero Engines">MTU Aero Engines</a> (aircraft engine manufacturer), <a href="/wiki/The_Linde_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="The Linde Group">Linde</a> (gases) and <a href="/wiki/Rohde_%26_Schwarz" title="Rohde & Schwarz">Rohde & Schwarz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a>). Among German cities with more than 500,000 inhabitants, purchasing power is highest in Munich (€26,648 per inhabitant) as of 2007<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a> In 2006, Munich blue-collar workers enjoyed an average hourly wage of €18.62 (ca. $20).<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> The breakdown by cities proper (not metropolitan areas) of Global 500 cities listed Munich in 8th position in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> Munich is also a centre for <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a>, software and other <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">service industries</a>. Furthermore, Munich is the home of the headquarters of many other large companies such as the <a href="/wiki/Injection_moulding_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Injection moulding machine">injection moulding machine</a> manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Krauss-Maffei" class="mw-redirect" title="Krauss-Maffei">Krauss-Maffei</a>, and its arms manufacturing branch <a href="/wiki/Krauss-Maffei_Wegmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Krauss-Maffei Wegmann">Krauss-Maffei & Wegmann</a>, the camera and lighting manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Arri" title="Arri">Arri</a>, the semiconductor firm <a href="/wiki/Infineon_Technologies" title="Infineon Technologies">Infineon Technologies</a> (headquartered in the suburban town of <a href="/wiki/Neubiberg" title="Neubiberg">Neubiberg</a>), lighting giant <a href="/wiki/Osram" title="Osram">Osram</a>, as well as the German or European headquarters of many foreign companies such as <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finance">Finance</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=77" title="Edit section: Finance" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Munich has significance as a <a href="/wiki/Munich%27s_financial_community" title="Munich's financial community">financial centre</a> (second only to <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt</a>), being home of <a href="/wiki/HypoVereinsbank" title="HypoVereinsbank">HypoVereinsbank</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bayerische_Landesbank" title="Bayerische Landesbank">Bayerische Landesbank</a>. It outranks <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt</a> though as home of insurance companies such as <a href="/wiki/Allianz" title="Allianz">Allianz</a> (insurance) and <a href="/wiki/Munich_Re" title="Munich Re">Munich Re</a> (<a href="/wiki/Reinsurance" title="Reinsurance">re-insurance</a>).<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=78" title="Edit section: Media" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Munich is the largest publishing city in Europe<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> and home to the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCddeutsche_Zeitung" title="Süddeutsche Zeitung">Süddeutsche Zeitung</a>, one of Germany's biggest daily newspapers. The city is also the location of the programming headquarters of Germany's largest public broadcasting network, <a href="/wiki/ARD_(broadcaster)" title="ARD (broadcaster)">ARD</a>, while the largest commercial network, <a href="/wiki/ProSieben" title="ProSieben">Pro7-Sat1 Media AG</a>, is headquartered in the suburb of <a href="/wiki/Unterf%C3%B6hring" title="Unterföhring">Unterföhring</a>. The headquarters of the German branch of <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>, the world's largest publishing house, and of <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Burda_Media" title="Hubert Burda Media">Burda publishing group</a> are also in Munich. The <a href="/wiki/Bavaria_Film_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="Bavaria Film Studios">Bavaria Film Studios</a> are located in the suburb of <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnwald,_Bavaria" title="Grünwald, Bavaria">Grünwald</a>. They are one of Europe's biggest film production studios.<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technology">Technology</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=79" title="Edit section: Technology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (October 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teamwire" title="Teamwire">Teamwire</a>, 2010 technology startup company</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Quality_of_life">Quality of life</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=80" title="Edit section: Quality of life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> Most Munich residents enjoy a high quality of life. <a href="/wiki/Mercer_(consulting_firm)" title="Mercer (consulting firm)">Mercer HR Consulting</a> consistently rates the city among the top 10 cities with the highest quality of life worldwide – a 2011 survey ranked Munich as 4th.<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a> In 2007 the same company also ranked Munich as the 39th most expensive in the world and most expensive major city in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> Munich enjoys a thriving economy, driven by the information technology, biotechnology, and publishing sectors. Environmental pollution is low, although as of 2006<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit">[update]</a> the city council is concerned about levels of <a href="/wiki/Particulate_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Particulate matter">particulate matter</a> (PM), especially along the city's major thoroughfares. Since the enactment of <a href="/wiki/Particulate#EU_legislation" class="mw-redirect" title="Particulate">EU legislation concerning the concentration of particulate</a> in the air, environmental groups such as <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a> have staged large protest rallies to urge the city council and the state government to take a harder stance on pollution.<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a> Due to the high standard of living in and the thriving economy of the city and the region, there was an influx of people and Munich's population surpassed 1.5 million by June 2015, an increase of more than 20% in 10 years.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=81" title="Edit section: Transport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> Munich has an extensive public transport system consisting of an underground metro, trams, buses and high-speed rail. In 2015, the transport <a href="/wiki/Modal_share" title="Modal share">modal share</a> in Munich was 38 percent public transport, 25 percent car, 23 percent walking, and 15 percent bicycle.<a href="#cite_note-www.mvg.de-214">[213]</a> Its public transport system delivered 566 million passenger trips that year.<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> Munich is the hub of a developed regional transportation system, including the second-largest airport in Germany and the <a href="/wiki/Berlin%E2%80%93Munich_high-speed_railway" title="Berlin–Munich high-speed railway">Berlin–Munich high-speed railway</a>, which connects Munich to the German capital city with a journey time of about 4 hours. <a href="/wiki/Flixmobility" class="mw-redirect" title="Flixmobility">Flixmobility</a> which offers intercity coach service is headquartered in Munich. The trade fair <a href="/wiki/Transport_Logistic" title="Transport Logistic">Transport Logistic</a> is held every two years at the Neue Messe München (Messe München International). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_transport">Public transport</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=82" title="Edit section: Public transport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Verkehrsnetz_M%C3%BCnchen.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Verkehrsnetz_M%C3%BCnchen.png/360px-Verkehrsnetz_M%C3%BCnchen.png" decoding="async" width="360" height="268" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3215" data-file-height="2394"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 360px;height: 268px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Verkehrsnetz_M%C3%BCnchen.png/360px-Verkehrsnetz_M%C3%BCnchen.png" data-width="360" data-height="268" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Verkehrsnetz_M%C3%BCnchen.png/540px-Verkehrsnetz_M%C3%BCnchen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Verkehrsnetz_M%C3%BCnchen.png/720px-Verkehrsnetz_M%C3%BCnchen.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Public transport network</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MVG_2168_Munchen_Ost_18-08-2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/MVG_2168_Munchen_Ost_18-08-2007.jpg/220px-MVG_2168_Munchen_Ost_18-08-2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/MVG_2168_Munchen_Ost_18-08-2007.jpg/220px-MVG_2168_Munchen_Ost_18-08-2007.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/MVG_2168_Munchen_Ost_18-08-2007.jpg/330px-MVG_2168_Munchen_Ost_18-08-2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/MVG_2168_Munchen_Ost_18-08-2007.jpg/440px-MVG_2168_Munchen_Ost_18-08-2007.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A class R2 Straßenbahn (Tram) on route 19 at Ostbahnhof</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S-bahn-muenchen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/S-bahn-muenchen.jpg/220px-S-bahn-muenchen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1831" data-file-height="1326"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 159px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/S-bahn-muenchen.jpg/220px-S-bahn-muenchen.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="159" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/S-bahn-muenchen.jpg/330px-S-bahn-muenchen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/S-bahn-muenchen.jpg/440px-S-bahn-muenchen.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Munich_S-Bahn" title="Munich S-Bahn">Munich's S-Bahn</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Marienplatz_station" title="Munich Marienplatz station">Marienplatz station</a></figcaption></figure> For its urban population of 2.6 million people, Munich and its closest suburbs have a comprehensive network of public transport incorporating the <a href="/wiki/Munich_U-Bahn" title="Munich U-Bahn">Munich U-Bahn</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Munich_S-Bahn" title="Munich S-Bahn">Munich S-Bahn</a>, trams and buses. The system is supervised by the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Transport_and_Tariff_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Munich Transport and Tariff Association">Munich Transport and Tariff Association</a> (Münchner Verkehrs- und Tarifverbund). The <a href="/wiki/Munich_tramway" class="mw-redirect" title="Munich tramway">Munich tramway</a> is the oldest existing public transportation system in the city, which has been in operation since 1876. Munich also has an extensive network of bus lines. The average amount of time people spend commuting to and from work with public transit in Munich on a weekday is 56 min.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The extensive network of subway and tram lines assists and complement pedestrian movement in the city centre. The 700m-long Kaufinger Straße, which starts near the Main train station, forms a pedestrian east–west spine that traverses almost the entire centre. Major spines and many smaller streets cover an extensive area of the centre that can be enjoyed on foot and bike. These attributes result from applying the principle of <a href="/wiki/Permeability_(spatial_and_transport_planning)" title="Permeability (spatial and transport planning)">filtered permeability</a>. Pedestrian and bike paths, which permeate the entire Munich city centre, go through public squares and open spaces for enjoyment. Munich city centre was subject to <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban planning</a> and has a comprehensive model for laying out neighborhoods and districts according to <a href="/wiki/Grid_plan" title="Grid plan">grid plan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cycling">Cycling</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=83" title="Edit section: Cycling" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cycling_in_Munich" title="Cycling in Munich">Cycling in Munich</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fahrradschild-bjs210429-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Fahrradschild-bjs210429-02.jpg/220px-Fahrradschild-bjs210429-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1733"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 212px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Fahrradschild-bjs210429-02.jpg/220px-Fahrradschild-bjs210429-02.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="212" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Fahrradschild-bjs210429-02.jpg/330px-Fahrradschild-bjs210429-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Fahrradschild-bjs210429-02.jpg/440px-Fahrradschild-bjs210429-02.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Map of Munich's cycling network</figcaption></figure> Cycling has a strong presence in the city and is recognized as a good alternative. The growing number of <a href="/wiki/Segregated_cycle_facilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Segregated cycle facilities">bicycle lanes</a> are widely used throughout the year. Cycle paths can be found alongside the majority of sidewalks and streets, although the newer or renovated ones are much easier to tell apart from pavements than older ones. A modern <a href="/wiki/Call_a_Bike" title="Call a Bike">bike hire system</a> is available within the area bounded by the Mittlerer Ring. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_history_trails_and_bicycle_routes">Cultural history trails and bicycle routes</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=84" title="Edit section: Cultural history trails and bicycle routes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Since 2001, historically interesting places in Munich can be explored via the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cultural_history_trails_in_Munich" title="List of cultural history trails in Munich">List of cultural history trails in Munich</a> (KulturGeschichtsPfade). Sign-posted cycle routes are the Outer Äußere Radlring (outer cycle route) and the RadlRing München.<a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Munich_Central_Train_Station">Munich Central Train Station</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=85" title="Edit section: Munich Central Train Station" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen_Hauptbahnhof" title="München Hauptbahnhof">München Hauptbahnhof</a></div> München Hauptbahnhof is the central railway station located in the city centre and is the long-distance station in Munich.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Munich Central Train Station serves about 450,000 passengers a day, which puts it on par with other large stations in Germany. Munich Central Train Station alongside <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen_Ost_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="München Ost railway station">München Ost railway station</a> are two of the 21 stations in Germany classified by <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bahn" title="Deutsche Bahn">Deutsche Bahn</a> as a <a href="/wiki/German_railway_station_categories" title="German railway station categories">category 1 station</a>. The central mainline station is a <a href="/wiki/Terminal_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Terminal station">terminal station</a> with 32 platforms. The subterranean <a href="/wiki/Munich_S-Bahn" title="Munich S-Bahn">S-Bahn</a> with 2 platforms and <a href="/wiki/Munich_U-Bahn" title="Munich U-Bahn">U-Bahn</a> stations with 6 platforms are through stations.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Intercity-Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercity-Express">Intercity-Express</a> (ICE) stop at Munich Central Train Station. <a href="/wiki/InterCity" title="InterCity">InterCity</a> and <a href="/wiki/EuroCity" title="EuroCity">EuroCity</a> trains to destinations east of Munich also stop at the München Ost railway station. Munich is connected to <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> via <a href="/wiki/Ingolstadt" title="Ingolstadt">Ingolstadt</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg%E2%80%93Munich_high-speed_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg–Munich high-speed railway">Nuremberg–Munich high-speed railway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berlin%E2%80%93Munich_high-speed_railway" title="Berlin–Munich high-speed railway">Berlin–Munich high-speed railway</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The old air raid shelter next to platform 11 of Munich Central Train Station was an important distribution point for <a href="/wiki/Guest_worker" class="mw-redirect" title="Guest worker">guest workers</a> (Gastarbeiter) between 1960 and 1973. At peak more than 1,000 guest workers arrived per day, in total 1.8 million guest workers passed through Munich Central Train Station.<a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autobahns">Autobahns</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=86" title="Edit section: Autobahns" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karte_Fernstra%C3%9Fen_M%C3%BCnchen.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Karte_Fernstra%C3%9Fen_M%C3%BCnchen.png/220px-Karte_Fernstra%C3%9Fen_M%C3%BCnchen.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2473" data-file-height="2211"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 197px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Karte_Fernstra%C3%9Fen_M%C3%BCnchen.png/220px-Karte_Fernstra%C3%9Fen_M%C3%BCnchen.png" data-width="220" data-height="197" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Karte_Fernstra%C3%9Fen_M%C3%BCnchen.png/330px-Karte_Fernstra%C3%9Fen_M%C3%BCnchen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Karte_Fernstra%C3%9Fen_M%C3%BCnchen.png/440px-Karte_Fernstra%C3%9Fen_M%C3%BCnchen.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Munich <a href="/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">motorway</a> network</figcaption></figure> Munich is an integral part of the <a href="/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">Autobahn</a> network of southern Germany. Motorways from <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a> (W), <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt</a> and Berlin (N), <a href="/wiki/Deggendorf" title="Deggendorf">Deggendorf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Passau" title="Passau">Passau</a> (E), <a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a> (SE), <a href="/wiki/Garmisch-Partenkirchen" title="Garmisch-Partenkirchen">Garmisch Partenkirchen</a> (S) and <a href="/wiki/Lindau" title="Lindau">Lindau</a> (SW) terminate at Munich, allowing direct access to the different parts of Germany, Austria and Italy. Traffic is often very heavy in and around Munich. <a href="/wiki/Traffic_congestion" title="Traffic congestion">Traffic congestion</a> are commonplace at the beginning and end of major Bavarian holidays. There are few "green waves" or <a href="/wiki/Roundabout" title="Roundabout">roundabouts</a>, and an abundance of construction sites.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Munich has introduced an <a href="/wiki/Traffic_and_Environmental_Zone" title="Traffic and Environmental Zone">environmental zone</a> and was among the first German cities to require a <a href="/wiki/Green_sticker" class="mw-redirect" title="Green sticker">green sticker</a> for vehicles, these are an requirement when entering the city or driving in the wider surrounding area.<a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=87" title="Edit section: Air" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Munich_International_Airport">Munich International Airport</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=88" title="Edit section: Munich International Airport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flughafen_turm.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flughafen_turm.png/220px-Flughafen_turm.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="561"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 144px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flughafen_turm.png/220px-Flughafen_turm.png" data-width="220" data-height="144" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flughafen_turm.png/330px-Flughafen_turm.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flughafen_turm.png/440px-Flughafen_turm.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Munich_Airport" title="Munich Airport">Munich International Airport</a> (MUC)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Munich_Airport" title="Munich Airport">Franz Josef Strauss International Airport</a> (<a href="/wiki/International_Air_Transport_Association" title="International Air Transport Association">IATA</a>: MUC, <a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">ICAO</a>: EDDM) is the second-largest airport in Germany and seventh-largest in Europe after <a href="/wiki/London_Heathrow_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="London Heathrow Airport">London Heathrow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle_Airport" title="Charles de Gaulle Airport">Paris Charles de Gaulle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt International Airport">Frankfurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Airport_Schiphol" title="Amsterdam Airport Schiphol">Amsterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barajas_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Barajas Airport">Madrid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Atatürk International Airport">Istanbul Atatürk</a>. It is used by about 46 million passengers a year, and lies some 30 km (19 mi) north east of the city centre. It replaced the smaller <a href="/wiki/Munich-Riem_Airport" title="Munich-Riem Airport">Munich-Riem Airport</a> in 1992. The airport can be reached by suburban train lines from the city. From the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen_Hauptbahnhof" title="München Hauptbahnhof">main railway station</a> the journey takes 40–45 minutes. A <a href="/wiki/Maglev_(transport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maglev (transport)">magnetic levitation train</a> (called <a href="/wiki/Transrapid" title="Transrapid">Transrapid</a>), which was to have run at speeds of up to 400 km/h (249 mph) from the central station to the airport in a travel time of 10 minutes, had been approved,<a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a> but was cancelled in March 2008 because of cost escalation and after heavy protests.<a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lufthansa" title="Lufthansa">Lufthansa</a> opened its second hub at the airport when Terminal 2 was opened in 2003. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_airports">Other airports</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=89" title="Edit section: Other airports" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 2008, the Bavarian state government granted a licence to expand Oberpfaffenhofen Air Station located west of Munich, for commercial use. These plans were opposed by many residents in the Oberpfaffenhofen area as well as other branches of local government, including the city of Munich, which took the case to court.<a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a> However, in October 2009, the permit allowing up to 9725 business flights per year to depart from or land at Oberpfaffenhofen was confirmed by a regional judge.<a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a> Despite being 110 km (68 mi) from Munich, <a href="/wiki/Memmingen_Airport" title="Memmingen Airport">Memmingen Airport</a> has been advertised as Airport Munich West. After 2005, passenger traffic of nearby <a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Airport" title="Augsburg Airport">Augsburg Airport</a> was relocated to Munich Airport, leaving the Augsburg region of Bavaria without an air passenger airport within close reach. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="Around_Munich">Around Munich</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=90" title="Edit section: Around Munich" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nearby_towns">Nearby towns</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=91" title="Edit section: Nearby towns" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Munich agglomeration sprawls across the plain of the <a href="/wiki/Foothills" title="Foothills">Alpine foothills</a> comprising about 2.6 million inhabitants. Several smaller traditional Bavarian towns and cities like <a href="/wiki/Dachau,_Bavaria" title="Dachau, Bavaria">Dachau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freising" title="Freising">Freising</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erding" title="Erding">Erding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Starnberg" title="Starnberg">Starnberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landshut" title="Landshut">Landshut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moosburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Moosburg">Moosburg</a> are today part of the Greater Munich Region, formed by Munich and the surrounding districts, making up the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Metropolitan_Region" title="Munich Metropolitan Region">Munich Metropolitan Region</a>, which has a population of about 6 million people.<a href="#cite_note-mmr_official_site-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recreation">Recreation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=92" title="Edit section: Recreation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> South of Munich, there are numerous nearby freshwater lakes such as <a href="/wiki/Lake_Starnberg" title="Lake Starnberg">Lake Starnberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammersee" title="Ammersee">Ammersee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiemsee" title="Chiemsee">Chiemsee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walchensee" title="Walchensee">Walchensee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kochelsee" title="Kochelsee">Kochelsee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tegernsee_(lake)" title="Tegernsee (lake)">Tegernsee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schliersee_(lake)" title="Schliersee (lake)">Schliersee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simssee" title="Simssee">Simssee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Staffelsee" title="Staffelsee">Staffelsee</a>, <a href="/wiki/W%C3%B6rthsee" title="Wörthsee">Wörthsee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirchsee_(Bavaria)" title="Kirchsee (Bavaria)">Kirchsee</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Osterseen" title="Osterseen">Osterseen</a> (Easter Lakes), which are popular among Munich residents for recreation, swimming and watersports and can be quickly reached by car and a few also by Munich's <a href="/wiki/Munich_S-Bahn" title="Munich S-Bahn">S-Bahn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 168px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Starnberger_See,_HB-03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lake Starnberg"><noscript><img alt="Lake Starnberg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Starnberger_See%2C_HB-03.jpg/252px-Starnberger_See%2C_HB-03.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="1770"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 168px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Starnberger_See%2C_HB-03.jpg/252px-Starnberger_See%2C_HB-03.jpg" data-alt="Lake Starnberg" data-width="168" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Starnberger_See%2C_HB-03.jpg/379px-Starnberger_See%2C_HB-03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Starnberger_See%2C_HB-03.jpg/505px-Starnberger_See%2C_HB-03.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lake_Starnberg" title="Lake Starnberg">Lake Starnberg</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 186px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ammersee.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ammersee"><noscript><img alt="Ammersee" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Ammersee.JPG/276px-Ammersee.JPG" decoding="async" width="184" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3408" data-file-height="2228"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 184px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Ammersee.JPG/276px-Ammersee.JPG" data-alt="Ammersee" data-width="184" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Ammersee.JPG/413px-Ammersee.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Ammersee.JPG/551px-Ammersee.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ammersee" title="Ammersee">Ammersee</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 194px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 192px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chiemsee010.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chiemsee"><noscript><img alt="Chiemsee" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Chiemsee010.jpg/288px-Chiemsee010.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 192px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Chiemsee010.jpg/288px-Chiemsee010.jpg" data-alt="Chiemsee" data-width="192" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Chiemsee010.jpg/432px-Chiemsee010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Chiemsee010.jpg/576px-Chiemsee010.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chiemsee" title="Chiemsee">Chiemsee</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Walchensee-Teilausschnitt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Walchensee"><noscript><img alt="Walchensee" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Walchensee-Teilausschnitt.jpg/240px-Walchensee-Teilausschnitt.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Walchensee-Teilausschnitt.jpg/240px-Walchensee-Teilausschnitt.jpg" data-alt="Walchensee" data-width="160" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Walchensee-Teilausschnitt.jpg/360px-Walchensee-Teilausschnitt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Walchensee-Teilausschnitt.jpg/480px-Walchensee-Teilausschnitt.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Walchensee" title="Walchensee">Walchensee</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 181.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 179.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gmund_Kaltenbrunn_S%C3%BCdausblick.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Tegernsee"><noscript><img alt="Tegernsee" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Gmund_Kaltenbrunn_S%C3%BCdausblick.JPG/269px-Gmund_Kaltenbrunn_S%C3%BCdausblick.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Gmund_Kaltenbrunn_S%C3%BCdausblick.JPG/269px-Gmund_Kaltenbrunn_S%C3%BCdausblick.JPG" data-alt="Tegernsee" data-width="180" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Gmund_Kaltenbrunn_S%C3%BCdausblick.JPG/404px-Gmund_Kaltenbrunn_S%C3%BCdausblick.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Gmund_Kaltenbrunn_S%C3%BCdausblick.JPG/538px-Gmund_Kaltenbrunn_S%C3%BCdausblick.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tegernsee_(lake)" title="Tegernsee (lake)">Tegernsee</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Osterseen_Gewitterabend_Grosser_Ostersee_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Großer Ostersee"><noscript><img alt="Großer Ostersee" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Osterseen_Gewitterabend_Grosser_Ostersee_02.jpg/240px-Osterseen_Gewitterabend_Grosser_Ostersee_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Osterseen_Gewitterabend_Grosser_Ostersee_02.jpg/240px-Osterseen_Gewitterabend_Grosser_Ostersee_02.jpg" data-alt="Großer Ostersee" data-width="160" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Osterseen_Gewitterabend_Grosser_Ostersee_02.jpg/360px-Osterseen_Gewitterabend_Grosser_Ostersee_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Osterseen_Gewitterabend_Grosser_Ostersee_02.jpg/480px-Osterseen_Gewitterabend_Grosser_Ostersee_02.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Osterseen" title="Osterseen">Großer Ostersee</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kirchsee_in_der_Abendsonne.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kirchsee"><noscript><img alt="Kirchsee" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Kirchsee_in_der_Abendsonne.jpg/270px-Kirchsee_in_der_Abendsonne.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4689" data-file-height="3126"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Kirchsee_in_der_Abendsonne.jpg/270px-Kirchsee_in_der_Abendsonne.jpg" data-alt="Kirchsee" data-width="180" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Kirchsee_in_der_Abendsonne.jpg/405px-Kirchsee_in_der_Abendsonne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Kirchsee_in_der_Abendsonne.jpg/540px-Kirchsee_in_der_Abendsonne.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kirchsee_(Bavaria)" title="Kirchsee (Bavaria)">Kirchsee</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 208px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 206px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Simssee_Suedufer_Wendelstein_Beuerberg_Riedering-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Simssee"><noscript><img alt="Simssee" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Simssee_Suedufer_Wendelstein_Beuerberg_Riedering-1.jpg/309px-Simssee_Suedufer_Wendelstein_Beuerberg_Riedering-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="206" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5465" data-file-height="3190"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 206px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Simssee_Suedufer_Wendelstein_Beuerberg_Riedering-1.jpg/309px-Simssee_Suedufer_Wendelstein_Beuerberg_Riedering-1.jpg" data-alt="Simssee" data-width="206" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Simssee_Suedufer_Wendelstein_Beuerberg_Riedering-1.jpg/463px-Simssee_Suedufer_Wendelstein_Beuerberg_Riedering-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Simssee_Suedufer_Wendelstein_Beuerberg_Riedering-1.jpg/617px-Simssee_Suedufer_Wendelstein_Beuerberg_Riedering-1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Simssee" title="Simssee">Simssee</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 168.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:W%C3%B6rthsee_%2B.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wörthsee"><noscript><img alt="Wörthsee" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/W%C3%B6rthsee_%2B.jpg/253px-W%C3%B6rthsee_%2B.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2726" data-file-height="1940"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 169px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/W%C3%B6rthsee_%2B.jpg/253px-W%C3%B6rthsee_%2B.jpg" data-alt="Wörthsee" data-width="169" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/W%C3%B6rthsee_%2B.jpg/380px-W%C3%B6rthsee_%2B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/W%C3%B6rthsee_%2B.jpg/506px-W%C3%B6rthsee_%2B.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/W%C3%B6rthsee" title="Wörthsee">Wörthsee</a></div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=93" title="Edit section: Notable people" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Munich" title="List of honorary citizens of Munich">List of honorary citizens of Munich</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Munich" title="Special:EditPage/Munich">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (November 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Born_in_Munich">Born in Munich</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=94" title="Edit section: Born in Munich" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table width="100%" style="margin:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%; vertical-align:top;"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Entertainment">Entertainment</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=95" title="Edit section: Entertainment" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Achternbusch" title="Herbert Achternbusch">Herbert Achternbusch</a> (1938–2022), film director</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Adlon" title="Percy Adlon">Percy Adlon</a> (born 1935), film director</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briana_Banks" title="Briana Banks">Briana Banks</a>, born in 1978, porn actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Bleibtreu" title="Moritz Bleibtreu">Moritz Bleibtreu</a> (born 1971), actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Buckwitz" title="Harry Buckwitz">Harry Buckwitz</a> (1904–1987), actor, theatre director and theatre manager</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gedeon_Burkhard" title="Gedeon Burkhard">Gedeon Burkhard</a> (born 1969), actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Fetscher" title="Andy Fetscher">Andy Fetscher</a> (born 1980), film director, cinematographer and screenplay writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Furtw%C3%A4ngler" title="Maria Furtwängler">Maria Furtwängler</a> (born 1966), actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therese_Giehse" title="Therese Giehse">Therese Giehse</a> (1898–1975), actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Haneke" title="Michael Haneke">Michael Haneke</a> (born 1942), filmmaker and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Herbig" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Herbig">Michael Herbig</a> (born 1968), comedian, actor and filmmaker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Herzog" title="Werner Herzog">Werner Herzog</a> (born 1942), film director</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curd_J%C3%BCrgens" title="Curd Jürgens">Curd Jürgens</a> (1915–1982), actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Kavanian" title="Rick Kavanian">Rick Kavanian</a> (born 1971), actor and comedian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renate_M%C3%BCller" title="Renate Müller">Renate Müller</a> (1906–1937), actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Neal" title="Max Neal">Max Neal</a> (1865–1941), dramatist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Neubauer" title="Christine Neubauer">Christine Neubauer</a> (born 1962), actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uschi_Obermaier" title="Uschi Obermaier">Uschi Obermaier</a> (born 1946), sex symbol of the late sixties</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lola_Randl" title="Lola Randl">Lola Randl</a> (born 1980), film director and screenwriter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Reitherman" title="Wolfgang Reitherman">Wolfgang Reitherman</a> (1909–1985), animator and director of Disney movies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Ringelmann" title="Helmut Ringelmann">Helmut Ringelmann</a> (1926–2011), film producer and film director</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeri_Ryan" title="Jeri Ryan">Jeri Ryan</a> (born 1968), actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Till_Schmerbeck" title="Till Schmerbeck">Till Schmerbeck</a> (born 1969), film producer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Stegner" title="Julia Stegner">Julia Stegner</a> (born 1984), top model</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Tramitz" title="Christian Tramitz">Christian Tramitz</a> (born 1955), actor and comedian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Valentin" title="Karl Valentin">Karl Valentin</a> (1882–1948), comedian, author and film producer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Wepper" title="Fritz Wepper">Fritz Wepper</a> (born 1941), actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nico_Liersch" title="Nico Liersch">Nico Liersch</a> (born 2000), actor</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fashion_designers">Fashion designers</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=96" title="Edit section: Fashion designers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Bogner,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Willy Bogner, Jr.">Willy Bogner</a> (born 1942), fashion designer and director of photography</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Moshammer" title="Rudolph Moshammer">Rudolph Moshammer</a> (1940–2005), fashion designer</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Musicians">Musicians</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=97" title="Edit section: Musicians" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lou_Bega" title="Lou Bega">Lou Bega</a> (born 1975), singer-songwriter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Faltermeyer" title="Harold Faltermeyer">Harold Faltermeyer</a> (born 1952), composer and record producer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Fischer" title="Julia Fischer">Julia Fischer</a> (born 1983), classical violinist and pianist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Greger" title="Max Greger">Max Greger</a> (1926–2015), musician, saxophonist, big band bandleader and conductor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joey_Heindle" title="Joey Heindle">Joey Heindle</a> (born 1993), <a href="/wiki/Deutschland_sucht_den_Superstar" title="Deutschland sucht den Superstar">DSDS</a> participant in <a href="/wiki/Deutschland_sucht_den_Superstar_(season_9)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutschland sucht den Superstar (season 9)">season 9</a>.<a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franzl_Lang" title="Franzl Lang">Franzl Lang</a> (1930–2015), Bavarian yodeller</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubomyr_Melnyk" title="Lubomyr Melnyk">Lubomyr Melnyk</a> (born 1948), composer and pianist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Menza" title="Nick Menza">Nick Menza</a> (1964–2016), <a href="/wiki/Megadeth" title="Megadeth">Megadeth</a> drummer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Merwald" title="Robert Merwald">Robert Merwald</a> (born 1971), operatic baritone</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brent_Mydland" title="Brent Mydland">Brent Mydland</a> (1952–1990), <a href="/wiki/Grateful_Dead" title="Grateful Dead">Grateful Dead</a> keyboardist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Oberth%C3%BCr_(composer)" title="Charles Oberthür (composer)">Charles Oberthür</a> (1819–1895), composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Orff" title="Carl Orff">Carl Orff</a> (1895–1982), composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Sawallisch" title="Wolfgang Sawallisch">Wolfgang Sawallisch</a> (1923–2013), conductor and pianist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Siegel" title="Ralph Siegel">Ralph Siegel</a> (born 1945), composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a> (1864–1949), composer</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Journalists_and_Writers">Journalists and Writers</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=98" title="Edit section: Journalists and Writers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Feuchtwanger" title="Lion Feuchtwanger">Lion Feuchtwanger</a> (1884–1958), writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettina_Gaus" title="Bettina Gaus">Bettina Gaus</a> (1956–2021), journalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golo_Mann" title="Golo Mann">Golo Mann</a> (1909–1994), writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Mann" title="Klaus Mann">Klaus Mann</a> (1906–1949), writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Roth" title="Eugen Roth">Eugen Roth</a> (1895–1976), writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Kronzucker" title="Dieter Kronzucker">Dieter Kronzucker</a> (born 1936), journalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_von_Welser" title="Maria von Welser">Maria von Welser</a> (born 1946), journalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steffen_Seibert" title="Steffen Seibert">Steffen Seibert</a> (born 1960), journalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Maischberger" title="Sandra Maischberger">Sandra Maischberger</a> (born 1966), journalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angie_Westhoff" title="Angie Westhoff">Angie Westhoff</a> (born 1965), children's author</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Mettelsiefen" title="Marcel Mettelsiefen">Marcel Mettelsiefen</a> (born 1978), journalist</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nobel_Prize_laureates">Nobel Prize laureates</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=99" title="Edit section: Nobel Prize laureates" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Buchner" title="Eduard Buchner">Eduard Buchner</a> (1860–1917), chemist and Nobel Prize winner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Otto_Fischer" title="Ernst Otto Fischer">Ernst Otto Fischer</a> (1918–2007), chemist and Nobel Prize winner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Huber" title="Robert Huber">Robert Huber</a> (born 1937), chemist and Nobel Prize winner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Leontief" title="Wassily Leontief">Wassily Leontief</a> (1905–1999), economist and Nobel Prize winner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_Felix_Konrad_Lynen" class="mw-redirect" title="Feodor Felix Konrad Lynen">Feodor Felix Konrad Lynen</a> (1911–1979), biochemist and Nobel Prize winner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Rudolf Mössbauer</a> (1929–2011), physicist and Nobel Prize winner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Arno Allan Penzias</a> (1933–2024), physicist and Nobel Prize winner</li></ul> </td> <td style="width:50%; vertical-align:top;"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nobility">Nobility</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=100" title="Edit section: Nobility" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>Daniel Kelleher (1990- Current) Will be visiting in June</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisabeth of Bavaria">Elisabeth of Bavaria</a> (1837–1898), Empress "Sisi" of <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabeau_of_Bavaria" title="Isabeau of Bavaria">Isabeau of Bavaria</a> (1371–1435), <a href="/wiki/Queen_consort" title="Queen consort">queen-consort</a> of France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeannette_zu_F%C3%BCrstenberg" title="Jeannette zu Fürstenberg">Jeannette, Hereditary Princess of Fürstenberg</a> (b. 1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Leopold_of_Bavaria" title="Prince Leopold of Bavaria">Prince Leopold of Bavaria</a> (1846–1930), German field marshal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_II_of_Bavaria" title="Ludwig II of Bavaria">Ludwig II</a> the Dream King, at <a href="/wiki/Nymphenburg_Palace" title="Nymphenburg Palace">Nymphenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_III_of_Bavaria" title="Ludwig III of Bavaria">Ludwig III of Bavaria</a> (1845–1921), last king of Bavaria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Elector_of_Bavaria" title="Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria">Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria</a> (1573–1651), Elector of Bavaria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_II_of_Bavaria" title="Maximilian II of Bavaria">Maximilian II of Bavaria</a> (1811–1864), king of Bavaria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_II_Emanuel,_Elector_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria">Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria</a> (1662–1726), Elector of Bavaria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_III_Joseph,_Elector_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria">Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria</a> (1727–1777), Elector of Bavaria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto,_King_of_Bavaria" title="Otto, King of Bavaria">Otto of Bavaria</a> (1848–1916), king of Bavaria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupprecht,_Crown_Prince_of_Bavaria" title="Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria">Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria</a>, (1869–1955) Crown Prince of Bavaria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie,_Hereditary_Princess_of_Liechtenstein" title="Sophie, Hereditary Princess of Liechtenstein">Sophie, Hereditary Princess of Liechtenstein</a> (born 1967)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Painters">Painters</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=101" title="Edit section: Painters" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Haider" title="Hubert Haider">Hubert Haider</a> (1879–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Marc" title="Franz Marc">Franz Marc</a> (1880–1916), painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Spiess" title="Heinrich Spiess">Heinrich Spiess</a> (1832–1875), painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Piloty" title="Karl von Piloty">Karl von Piloty</a> (1826–1886), painter</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Photographers">Photographers</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=102" title="Edit section: Photographers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaakov_Rosner" title="Yaakov Rosner">Yaakov Rosner</a> (1902–1950), photographer</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Politicians">Politicians</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=103" title="Edit section: Politicians" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Amery" title="Carl Amery">Carl Amery</a> (1922–2005), writer, President of the German PEN Center and founding member of the German Green Party</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Feuchtwanger" title="Lion Feuchtwanger">Leon Feuchtwanger</a> (1884–1958), writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl-Theodor_zu_Guttenberg" title="Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg">Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg</a> (born 1971), politician (CSU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a> (1900–1945), leading member of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>, main perpetrator of the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Hoegner" title="Wilhelm Hoegner">Wilhelm Hoegner</a>, (1887–1980), politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlj%C3%B6rg_Lacherbauer" title="Carljörg Lacherbauer">Carljörg Lacherbauer</a> (1902–1967), co-founder of Christian Social Union (CSU), Post-war mayor and secretary of the Department of Justice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_M%C3%BCller_(Gestapo)" title="Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)">Heinrich Müller</a> (1900–1945), chief of the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Sch%C3%A4ffer" title="Fritz Schäffer">Fritz Schäffer</a> (1888–1967), politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Schmid_(SA-Gruppenf%C3%BChrer)" title="Wilhelm Schmid (SA-Gruppenführer)">Wilhelm Schmid</a> (1889–1934), SA-<a href="/wiki/Gruppenf%C3%BChrer" title="Gruppenführer">Gruppenführer</a> and member of the Reichstag</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strauss" title="Franz Josef Strauss">Franz Josef Strauss</a> (1915–1988), Minister-President of the Free State of Bavaria</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Professional_athletes">Professional athletes</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=104" title="Edit section: Professional athletes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Beckenbauer" title="Franz Beckenbauer">Franz Beckenbauer</a> (1945–2024), former footballer and honorary president of <a href="/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich" title="FC Bayern Munich">Bayern Munich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korbinian_Holzer" title="Korbinian Holzer">Korbinian Holzer</a> (born 1988), professional ice hockey defenceman currently playing for Adler Mannheim of the DEL</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_Johnson" title="Fabian Johnson">Fabian Johnson</a> (born 1987), German-born soccer player who plays for Borussia Monchengladbach and the United States National Team</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lahm" title="Philipp Lahm">Philipp Lahm</a> (born 1983), footballer who played for <a href="/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich" title="FC Bayern Munich">Bayern Munich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Nguyen" title="Marcel Nguyen">Marcel Nguyen</a> (born 1987), artistic gymnast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JJ_Peterka" title="JJ Peterka">JJ Peterka</a> (born 2002), ice hockey player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Schubert" title="Christoph Schubert">Christoph Schubert</a> (born 1982), Former ice hockey player who played in the <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">NHL</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg_Jets" title="Winnipeg Jets">Winnipeg Jets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Shorter" title="Frank Shorter">Frank Shorter</a> (born 1947), champion distance runner</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Others">Others</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=105" title="Edit section: Others" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Baader" title="Andreas Baader">Andreas Baader</a> (1943–1977), <a href="/wiki/Red_Army_Faction" title="Red Army Faction">Red Army Faction</a> leader</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Braun" title="Eva Braun">Eva Braun</a>, 1912–1945, Adolf Hitler's mistress and later wife</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Brugger" title="Friedrich Brugger">Friedrich Brugger</a> (1815–1870), sculptor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Fraenkel" title="Abraham Fraenkel">Abraham Fraenkel</a> (1891–1965), mathematician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uta_Fritze-von_Alvensleben" title="Uta Fritze-von Alvensleben">Uta Fritze-von Alvensleben</a> — Astrophysicist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Xaver_Gabelsberger" title="Franz Xaver Gabelsberger">Franz Xaver Gabelsberger</a> (1789–1849), inventor of the Gabelsberger shorthand writing system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Holzmayer" title="Jean Baptiste Holzmayer">Jean Baptiste Holzmayer</a> (1839–1890), teacher, archaeologist and folklorist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traudl_Humps" class="mw-redirect" title="Traudl Humps">Traudl Humps</a> (1920–2002), Adolf Hitler's personal secretary during the Second World War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Franz_von_Kobell" title="Wolfgang Franz von Kobell">Wolfgang Franz von Kobell</a> (1803–1882), mineralogist and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Alexander_von_Martius" title="Carl Alexander von Martius">Carl Alexander von Martius</a> (1838–1920), chemist, company founder and entrepreneur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Lee_Spence" title="E. Lee Spence">E. Lee Spence</a> (born 1947), pioneer underwater archaeologist and shipwreck historian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Wolf" title="Andrea Wolf">Andrea Wolf</a> (1965–1998), activist and militant</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera_F._Birkenbihl" title="Vera F. Birkenbihl">Vera F. Birkenbihl</a> (1946–2011), facilitator and non-fiction writer</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_residents">Notable residents</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=106" title="Edit section: Notable residents" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table width="100%" style="margin:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%; vertical-align:top;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Emanuel_Ainmiller" title="Max Emanuel Ainmiller">Max Emanuel Ainmiller</a>, painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a>, born <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Joseph Ratzinger</a>, former Archbishop of Munich-Freising</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudrun_Burwitz" title="Gudrun Burwitz">Gudrun Burwitz</a>, daughter of Heinrich Himmler</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmela_Corren" title="Carmela Corren">Carmela Corren</a>, (1938–2022), Israeli singer and actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Eicher" title="Manfred Eicher">Manfred Eicher</a>, record producer and founder of <a href="/wiki/ECM_Records" title="ECM Records">ECM Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> (1879–1955), Nobel Prize-winning physicist, grew up in Munich</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Magnus_Enzensberger" title="Hans Magnus Enzensberger">Hans Magnus Enzensberger</a> (1929–2022), author</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Werner_Fassbinder" title="Rainer Werner Fassbinder">Rainer Werner Fassbinder</a> (1945–1982), film director</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_C._Field" title="Roger C. Field">Roger C. Field</a>, inventor, industrial designer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_von_Fraunhofer" title="Joseph von Fraunhofer">Joseph von Fraunhofer</a>, optician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Halicka" title="Alice Halicka">Alice Halicka</a>, painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asger_Hamerik" title="Asger Hamerik">Asger Hamerik</a>, composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a>, Nobel Prize-winning physicist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, German politician and leader of the Nazi Party</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Horney" title="Brigitte Horney">Brigitte Horney</a>, actress (<a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchhausen_am_Christenberg" title="Münchhausen am Christenberg">Münchhausen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a>, Pakistan's poet, who received his PhD from Munich in 1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Wassily Kandinsky</a> (1866–1944), painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_K%C3%A4stner" title="Erich Kästner">Erich Kästner</a>, author</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_K%C3%A4stner_(camera_designer)" title="Erich Kästner (camera designer)">Erich Kästner (camera designer)</a>, movie camera designer, chief designer at ARRI</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blake_R._Van_Leer" title="Blake R. Van Leer">Blake R. Van Leer</a>, United States Army officer, civil rights leader and president of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia Institute of Technology">Georgia Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlande_de_Lassus" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlande de Lassus">Orlande de Lassus</a>, composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Lenbach" title="Franz von Lenbach">Franz von Lenbach</a>, painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, Russian revolutionary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_von_Liebig" title="Justus von Liebig">Justus von Liebig</a>, chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Mach" title="Ernst Mach">Ernst Mach</a>, physicist and philosopher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepp_Maier" title="Sepp Maier">Sepp Maier</a> (born 1944), football goalkeeper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a> (1875–1955), Nobel Prize-winning author</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_M._Matschinsky" title="Franz M. Matschinsky">Franz M. Matschinsky</a> (1931–2022), physician, pharmacologist and biochemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helene_Mayer" title="Helene Mayer">Helene Mayer</a>, fencer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freddie_Mercury" title="Freddie Mercury">Freddie Mercury</a>, lead singer of Queen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Messerschmitt" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Messerschmitt">Wilhelm Emil "Willy" Messerschmitt</a>, German aircraft designer and manufacturer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lola_Montez" title="Lola Montez">Lola Montez</a>, courtesan to King <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_I_of_Bavaria" title="Ludwig I of Bavaria">Ludwig I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Scholl" title="Hans Scholl">Hans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Scholl" title="Sophie Scholl">Sophie Scholl</a>, members & activists of the <a href="/wiki/White_Rose" title="White Rose">White Rose</a> resistance whilst studying at Munich University.</li></ul> </td> <td style="width:50%; vertical-align:top;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Moroder" title="Giorgio Moroder">Giorgio Moroder</a>, composer, songwriter, and record producer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerd_M%C3%BCller" title="Gerd Müller">Gerd Müller</a> (1945–2021), footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalie_Nacken" title="Amalie Nacken">Amalie Nacken</a> (1855–1940), philanthropist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Dalhoff_Neal" title="David Dalhoff Neal">David Dalhoff Neal</a>, painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a>, English medieval philosopher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Ohm" title="Georg Ohm">Georg Ohm</a>, physicist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius of Padua</a>, Italian medieval scholar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a>, Nobel Prize-winning physicist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucia_Popp" title="Lucia Popp">Lucia Popp</a>, Slovak-born opera singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Prandtl" title="Ludwig Prandtl">Ludwig Prandtl</a>, father of modern aerodynamics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hermann_Raudner" title="Robert Hermann Raudner">Robert Hermann Raudner</a> (1854–1915), landscape and genre painter, and etcher, lived and died at <a href="/wiki/Oberschlei%C3%9Fheim" title="Oberschleißheim">Schleißheim</a>, and trained at the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts,_Munich" title="Academy of Fine Arts, Munich">Royal Academy of Fine Arts</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Reger" title="Max Reger">Max Reger</a>, composer, organist, pianist and conductor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Wilhelm Röntgen</a>, Nobel Prize–winning physicist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannes_Rosenow" title="Hannes Rosenow">Hannes Rosenow</a>, painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ross_(sculptor)" title="Christopher Ross (sculptor)">Christopher Ross</a> (1931–2023), sculptor, designer and collector</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willibald_Sauerl%C3%A4nder" title="Willibald Sauerländer">Willibald Sauerländer</a>, art historian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Schreck" title="Max Schreck">Max Schreck</a>, actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger" title="Arnold Schwarzenegger">Arnold Schwarzenegger</a>, former Governor of California, bodybuilder and actor, resided at Christophstr. 1 and worked at Rolf Putziger's gym at Schillerstr. 36 from 1966 to 1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastian_Schweinsteiger" title="Bastian Schweinsteiger">Bastian Schweinsteiger</a>, footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Karl_Stieler" title="Joseph Karl Stieler">Joseph Karl Stieler</a> (1781–1858), royal court painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Str%C3%A4huber" title="Alexander Strähuber">Alexander Strähuber</a> or Straehuber (1814–1882), Austrian-born German history painter and book illustrator.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Stuck" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Stuck">Franz von Stuck</a>, painter and sculptor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Summer" title="Donna Summer">Donna Summer</a> (1948–2012), singer, known as the "Queen of Disco", she was the most successful musical artist of the Disco era in the late 1970s and early 1980s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vardges_Sureniants" title="Vardges Sureniants">Vardges Sureniants</a>, Armenian painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Tyutchev" title="Fyodor Tyutchev">Fyodor Tyutchev</a>, Russian Romantic poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a> (1813–1883), composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Widnmann" title="Franz Widnmann">Franz Widnmann</a> (1846–1910), painter and graphic artist, was a professor at the <a href="/wiki/Kunstgewerbeschule" title="Kunstgewerbeschule">Royal School of Applied Arts</a> in Munich.<a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Otto_Wieland" title="Heinrich Otto Wieland">Heinrich Otto Wieland</a>, Nobel Prize-winning chemist who successfully protected Jewish people</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Bandera" title="Stepan Bandera">Stepan Bandera</a>, Ukrainian nationalist, assassinated in October 1959</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=107" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-16 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-16"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> It ist a local party, founded in 1989 to support the <a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">queer</a> community. It is represented in some Munich borough councils since 1990 (with its stronghold in the borough of <a href="/wiki/Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt" title="Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt">Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt</a>) and in the city council continuously since 1996. </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(17)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=108" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-17 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-17"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190620161149/https://www.metropolregion-muenchen.eu/metropolregion-muenchen/daten-und-fakten-der-metropolregion-muenchen/">"Daten und Fakten aus der Metropolregion München"</a> [Data and facts about the Munich Metropolitan Region]. 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Frederick Warne & Co. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fwu.89097349427?urlappend=%3Bseq=667">2027/wu.89097349427</a> – via HathiTrust.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Munich&rft.btitle=Manual+of+Dates&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Frederick+Warne+%26+Co.&rft.date=1877&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fwu.89097349427%3Furlappend%3D%253Bseq%3D667&rft.au=George+Henry+Townsend&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2027%2Fwu.89097349427%3Furlappend%3D%253Bseq%3D667&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSigrun_Haude2021" class="citation book cs1">Sigrun Haude (2021). Coping with Life During the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648). Brill. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004467385" title="Special:BookSources/9789004467385"><bdi>9789004467385</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coping+with+Life+During+the+Thirty+Years%27+War+%281618%E2%80%931648%29&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9789004467385&rft.au=Sigrun+Haude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSigrun_Haude2021" class="citation book cs1">Sigrun Haude (2021). Coping with Life During the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648). Brill. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004467385" title="Special:BookSources/9789004467385"><bdi>9789004467385</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coping+with+Life+During+the+Thirty+Years%27+War+%281618-1648%29&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9789004467385&rft.au=Sigrun+Haude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSigrun_Haude2021" class="citation book cs1">Sigrun Haude (2021). Coping with Life During the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648). Brill. pp. 108–109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004467385" title="Special:BookSources/9789004467385"><bdi>9789004467385</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coping+with+Life+During+the+Thirty+Years%27+War+%281618-1648%29&rft.pages=108-109&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9789004467385&rft.au=Sigrun+Haude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_A._PavlacElizabeth_S._Lott2019" class="citation book cs1">Brian A. Pavlac; Elizabeth S. Lott (2019). The Holy Roman Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 Volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440848568" title="Special:BookSources/9781440848568"><bdi>9781440848568</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Roman+Empire%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia+%5B2+Volumes%5D&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781440848568&rft.au=Brian+A.+Pavlac&rft.au=Elizabeth+S.+Lott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYair_Mintzker2012" class="citation book cs1">Yair Mintzker (2012). The Defortification of the German City, 1689–1866. Cambridge University Press. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108577755" title="Special:BookSources/9781108577755"><bdi>9781108577755</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Defortification+of+the+German+City%2C+1689%E2%80%931866&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781108577755&rft.au=Yair+Mintzker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYair_Mintzker2012" class="citation book cs1">Yair Mintzker (2012). The Defortification of the German City, 1689–1866. Cambridge University Press. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108577755" title="Special:BookSources/9781108577755"><bdi>9781108577755</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Defortification+of+the+German+City%2C+1689%E2%80%931866&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781108577755&rft.au=Yair+Mintzker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYair_Mintzker2012" class="citation book cs1">Yair Mintzker (2012). The Defortification of the German City, 1689–1866. Cambridge University Press. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108577755" title="Special:BookSources/9781108577755"><bdi>9781108577755</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Defortification+of+the+German+City%2C+1689%E2%80%931866&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781108577755&rft.au=Yair+Mintzker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYair_Mintzker2012" class="citation book cs1">Yair Mintzker (2012). The Defortification of the German City, 1689–1866. Cambridge University Press. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108577755" title="Special:BookSources/9781108577755"><bdi>9781108577755</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Defortification+of+the+German+City%2C+1689%E2%80%931866&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781108577755&rft.au=Yair+Mintzker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_CowanJill_Steward2013" class="citation book cs1">Alexander Cowan; Jill Steward (2013). The City and the Senses: Urban Culture Since 1500. Ashgate Publishing Limited. pp. 136–137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781409479604" title="Special:BookSources/9781409479604"><bdi>9781409479604</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+City+and+the+Senses%3A+Urban+Culture+Since+1500&rft.pages=136-137&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781409479604&rft.au=Alexander+Cowan&rft.au=Jill+Steward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSara_Hume2022" class="citation book cs1">Sara Hume (2022). Regional Dress: Between Tradition and Modernity. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 169–170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781350147997" title="Special:BookSources/9781350147997"><bdi>9781350147997</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regional+Dress%3A+Between+Tradition+and+Modernity&rft.pages=169-170&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781350147997&rft.au=Sara+Hume&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_CowanJill_Steward2013" class="citation book cs1">Alexander Cowan; Jill Steward (2013). The City and the Senses: Urban Culture Since 1500. Ashgate Publishing Limited. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781409479604" title="Special:BookSources/9781409479604"><bdi>9781409479604</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+City+and+the+Senses%3A+Urban+Culture+Since+1500&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781409479604&rft.au=Alexander+Cowan&rft.au=Jill+Steward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_CowanJill_Steward2013" class="citation book cs1">Alexander Cowan; Jill Steward (2013). The City and the Senses: Urban Culture Since 1500. Ashgate Publishing Limited. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781409479604" title="Special:BookSources/9781409479604"><bdi>9781409479604</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+City+and+the+Senses%3A+Urban+Culture+Since+1500&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781409479604&rft.au=Alexander+Cowan&rft.au=Jill+Steward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_CowanJill_Steward2013" class="citation book cs1">Alexander Cowan; Jill Steward (2013). The City and the Senses: Urban Culture Since 1500. Ashgate Publishing Limited. pp. 143–144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781409479604" title="Special:BookSources/9781409479604"><bdi>9781409479604</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+City+and+the+Senses%3A+Urban+Culture+Since+1500&rft.pages=143-144&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781409479604&rft.au=Alexander+Cowan&rft.au=Jill+Steward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristina_Koulouri2022" class="citation book cs1">Christina Koulouri (2022). Historical Memory in Greece, 1821–1930: Performing the Past in the Present. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781000638653" title="Special:BookSources/9781000638653"><bdi>9781000638653</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Memory+in+Greece%2C+1821%E2%80%931930%3A+Performing+the+Past+in+the+Present&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781000638653&rft.au=Christina+Koulouri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Brigitte Huber: Mauern, Tore Bastionen. München und seine Befestigungen. Hrsg.: Historischer Verein von Oberbayern. Volk Verlag, München 2015, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86222-182-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86222-182-0">978-3-86222-182-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Bernhard Ücker: Die bayrische Eisenbahn 1835–1920. Süddeutscher Verlag, München, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7991-6255-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-7991-6255-0">3-7991-6255-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Siegfried Bufe: Hauptbahn München–Regensburg. Bufe Fachbuchverlag, Egglham 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-922138-61-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-922138-61-6">3-922138-61-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabine_Wieber2021" class="citation book cs1">Sabine Wieber (2021). Jugendstil Women and the Making of Modern Design. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 6–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781350088542" title="Special:BookSources/9781350088542"><bdi>9781350088542</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jugendstil+Women+and+the+Making+of+Modern+Design&rft.pages=6-7&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781350088542&rft.au=Sabine+Wieber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristophe_GirotDora_Imhof2016" class="citation book cs1">Christophe Girot; Dora Imhof (2016). Thinking the Contemporary Landscape. Princeton Architectural Press. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781616895594" title="Special:BookSources/9781616895594"><bdi>9781616895594</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thinking+the+Contemporary+Landscape&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Princeton+Architectural+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781616895594&rft.au=Christophe+Girot&rft.au=Dora+Imhof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabine_Wieber2021" class="citation book cs1">Sabine Wieber (2021). Jugendstil Women and the Making of Modern Design. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781350088542" title="Special:BookSources/9781350088542"><bdi>9781350088542</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jugendstil+Women+and+the+Making+of+Modern+Design&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781350088542&rft.au=Sabine+Wieber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerd_RosenbuschAnnemarie_de_Knecht-van_Eekelen2019" class="citation book cs1">Gerd Rosenbusch; Annemarie de Knecht-van Eekelen (2019). Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen: The Birth of Radiology. Springer International Publishing. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319976617" title="Special:BookSources/9783319976617"><bdi>9783319976617</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wilhelm+Conrad+R%C3%B6ntgen%3A+The+Birth+of+Radiology&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9783319976617&rft.au=Gerd+Rosenbusch&rft.au=Annemarie+de+Knecht-van+Eekelen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabine_Wieber2021" class="citation book cs1">Sabine Wieber (2021). Jugendstil Women and the Making of Modern Design. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781350088542" title="Special:BookSources/9781350088542"><bdi>9781350088542</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jugendstil+Women+and+the+Making+of+Modern+Design&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781350088542&rft.au=Sabine+Wieber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabine_Wieber2021" class="citation book cs1">Sabine Wieber (2021). Jugendstil Women and the Making of Modern Design. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781350088542" title="Special:BookSources/9781350088542"><bdi>9781350088542</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jugendstil+Women+and+the+Making+of+Modern+Design&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781350088542&rft.au=Sabine+Wieber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabine_Wieber2021" class="citation book cs1">Sabine Wieber (2021). Jugendstil Women and the Making of Modern Design. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781350088542" title="Special:BookSources/9781350088542"><bdi>9781350088542</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jugendstil+Women+and+the+Making+of+Modern+Design&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781350088542&rft.au=Sabine+Wieber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabine_Wieber2021" class="citation book cs1">Sabine Wieber (2021). Jugendstil Women and the Making of Modern Design. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781350088542" title="Special:BookSources/9781350088542"><bdi>9781350088542</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jugendstil+Women+and+the+Making+of+Modern+Design&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781350088542&rft.au=Sabine+Wieber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabine_Wieber2021" class="citation book cs1">Sabine Wieber (2021). Jugendstil Women and the Making of Modern Design. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781350088542" title="Special:BookSources/9781350088542"><bdi>9781350088542</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jugendstil+Women+and+the+Making+of+Modern+Design&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781350088542&rft.au=Sabine+Wieber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaiken_Umbach2009" class="citation book cs1">Maiken Umbach (2009). German Cities and Bourgeois Modernism, 1890-1924. BOUP Oxford. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199557394" title="Special:BookSources/9780199557394"><bdi>9780199557394</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Cities+and+Bourgeois+Modernism%2C+1890-1924&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=BOUP+Oxford&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780199557394&rft.au=Maiken+Umbach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlain_Verbeke2014" class="citation book cs1">Alain Verbeke (2014). International Business Strategy. Vahlen. p. 02. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783800648702" title="Special:BookSources/9783800648702"><bdi>9783800648702</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Business+Strategy&rft.pages=02&rft.pub=Vahlen&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9783800648702&rft.au=Alain+Verbeke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlain_Verbeke2013" class="citation book cs1">Alain Verbeke (2013). International Business Strategy. Cambridge University Press. p. 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107355279" title="Special:BookSources/9781107355279"><bdi>9781107355279</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Business+Strategy&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781107355279&rft.au=Alain+Verbeke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bavarikon.de/">"From the Murder of Eisner to the "Räterepublik Baiern" (Soviet Republic of Bavaria) | bavarikon"</a>. www.bavarikon.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240408162236/https://www.bavarikon.de/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2024. Retrieved 20 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bavarikon.de&rft.atitle=From+the+Murder+of+Eisner+to+the+%22R%C3%A4terepublik+Baiern%22+%28Soviet+Republic+of+Bavaria%29+%7C+bavarikon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bavarikon.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-City_Halls_and_Civic_Materialism-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-City_Halls_and_Civic_Materialism_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-City_Halls_and_Civic_Materialism_72-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeremy_WhiteSwati_Chattopadhyay2010" class="citation book cs1">Jeremy White; Swati Chattopadhyay (2010). City Halls and Civic Materialism. Taylor & Francis. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317802280" title="Special:BookSources/9781317802280"><bdi>9781317802280</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+Halls+and+Civic+Materialism&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781317802280&rft.au=Jeremy+White&rft.au=Swati+Chattopadhyay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Brenner2022" class="citation book cs1">Michael Brenner (2022). In Hitler's Munich: Jews, the Revolution, and the Rise of Nazism. Princeton University Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691191034" title="Special:BookSources/9780691191034"><bdi>9780691191034</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Hitler%27s+Munich%3A+Jews%2C+the+Revolution%2C+and+the+Rise+of+Nazism&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9780691191034&rft.au=Michael+Brenner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_C._ReimerCarol_J._Reimer2010" class="citation book cs1">Robert C. Reimer; Carol J. Reimer (2010). The A to Z of German Cinema. Scarecrow Press. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781461731863" title="Special:BookSources/9781461731863"><bdi>9781461731863</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+German+Cinema&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781461731863&rft.au=Robert+C.+Reimer&rft.au=Carol+J.+Reimer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Brenner2022" class="citation book cs1">Michael Brenner (2022). In Hitler's Munich: Jews, the Revolution, and the Rise of Nazism. Princeton University Press. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691191034" title="Special:BookSources/9780691191034"><bdi>9780691191034</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Hitler%27s+Munich%3A+Jews%2C+the+Revolution%2C+and+the+Rise+of+Nazism&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9780691191034&rft.au=Michael+Brenner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagazineWexler" class="citation web cs1">Magazine, Smithsonian; Wexler, Ellen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/adolf-hitler-coup-prison-beer-hall-putsch-180983207/">"Before He Rose to Power, Adolf Hitler Staged a Coup and Went to Prison"</a>. Smithsonian Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240120005731/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/adolf-hitler-coup-prison-beer-hall-putsch-180983207/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2024. Retrieved 20 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=Before+He+Rose+to+Power%2C+Adolf+Hitler+Staged+a+Coup+and+Went+to+Prison&rft.aulast=Magazine&rft.aufirst=Smithsonian&rft.au=Wexler%2C+Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fadolf-hitler-coup-prison-beer-hall-putsch-180983207%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.br.de/themen/bayern/inhalt/geschichte/muenchen-stadtportraet-hauptstadt-der-bewegung100.html">"NS-Wiege: "Hauptstadt der Bewegung""</a>. Bayerischer Rundfunk. 26 November 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211123114838/https://www.br.de/themen/bayern/inhalt/geschichte/muenchen-stadtportraet-hauptstadt-der-bewegung100.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2021. Retrieved 23 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NS-Wiege%3A+%22Hauptstadt+der+Bewegung%22&rft.pub=Bayerischer+Rundfunk&rft.date=2007-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.br.de%2Fthemen%2Fbayern%2Finhalt%2Fgeschichte%2Fmuenchen-stadtportraet-hauptstadt-der-bewegung100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Ian_Hall2021" class="citation book cs1">David Ian Hall (2021). Hitler's Munich: The Capital of the Nazi Movement. Pen & Sword Books Limited. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781526704955" title="Special:BookSources/9781526704955"><bdi>9781526704955</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Munich%3A+The+Capital+of+the+Nazi+Movement&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Books+Limited&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781526704955&rft.au=David+Ian+Hall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Ian_Hall2021" class="citation book cs1">David Ian Hall (2021). Hitler's Munich: The Capital of the Nazi Movement. Pen & Sword Books Limited. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781526704955" title="Special:BookSources/9781526704955"><bdi>9781526704955</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Munich%3A+The+Capital+of+the+Nazi+Movement&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Books+Limited&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781526704955&rft.au=David+Ian+Hall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Ian_Hall2021" class="citation book cs1">David Ian Hall (2021). Hitler's Munich: The Capital of the Nazi Movement. Pen & Sword Books Limited. p. 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781526704955" title="Special:BookSources/9781526704955"><bdi>9781526704955</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Munich%3A+The+Capital+of+the+Nazi+Movement&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Books+Limited&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781526704955&rft.au=David+Ian+Hall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Dillon2016" class="citation book cs1">Christopher Dillon (2016). Dachau and the SS: A Schooling in Violence. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192513342" title="Special:BookSources/9780192513342"><bdi>9780192513342</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dachau+and+the+SS%3A+A+Schooling+in+Violence&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780192513342&rft.au=Christopher+Dillon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdrienne_SteffenSusanne_Doppler2020" class="citation book cs1">Adrienne Steffen; Susanne Doppler, eds. (2020). Case Studies on Food Experiences in Marketing, Retail, and Events. Elsevier Science. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780128177938" title="Special:BookSources/9780128177938"><bdi>9780128177938</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Case+Studies+on+Food+Experiences+in+Marketing%2C+Retail%2C+and+Events&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780128177938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Cole, Robert A. "Appeasing Hitler: The Munich Crisis of 1938: A Teaching and Learning Resource," New England Journal of History (2010) 66#2 pp 1–30 </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://flughafen-muenchen-riem.de/en/">"Online archive of the old Munich-Riem Airport"</a>. Flughafen München. 20 December 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240120005732/https://flughafen-muenchen-riem.de/en/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2024. Retrieved 20 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flughafen+M%C3%BCnchen&rft.atitle=Online+archive+of+the+old+Munich-Riem+Airport&rft.date=2018-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fflughafen-muenchen-riem.de%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Moorhouse, Roger, Killing Hitler: The Third Reich and the Plots against the Führer. Jonathan Cape, 2006, pp. 36–58. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-224-07121-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-224-07121-1">0-224-07121-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_E._SteinweisSusanna_Schrafstetter2015" class="citation book cs1">Alan E. Steinweis; Susanna Schrafstetter (2015). The Germans and the Holocaust. Berghahn Books. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781782389538" title="Special:BookSources/9781782389538"><bdi>9781782389538</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Germans+and+the+Holocaust&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781782389538&rft.au=Alan+E.+Steinweis&rft.au=Susanna+Schrafstetter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=100000361">"Außenkommando "Polenlager Ost" des Jugendgefängnisses München-Stadelheim"</a>. Bundesarchiv.de (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230725120523/https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=100000361">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bundesarchiv.de&rft.atitle=Au%C3%9Fenkommando+%22Polenlager+Ost%22+des+Jugendgef%C3%A4ngnisses+M%C3%BCnchen-Stadelheim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundesarchiv.de%2Fzwangsarbeit%2Fhaftstaetten%2Findex.php%3Faction%3D2.2%26tab%3D7%26id%3D100000361&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=100000363">"Außenkommando "Polenlager Süd" des Jugendgefängnisses München-Stadelheim"</a>. Bundesarchiv.de (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328231718/https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=100000363">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 24 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bundesarchiv.de&rft.atitle=Au%C3%9Fenkommando+%22Polenlager+S%C3%BCd%22+des+Jugendgef%C3%A4ngnisses+M%C3%BCnchen-Stadelheim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundesarchiv.de%2Fzwangsarbeit%2Fhaftstaetten%2Findex.php%3Faction%3D2.2%26tab%3D7%26id%3D100000363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090423004151/http://bundesrecht.juris.de/begdv_6/anlage_6.html">"Anlage zu § 1. Verzeichnis der Konzentrationslager und ihrer Außenkommandos gemäß § 42 Abs. 2 BEG"</a> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bundesrecht.juris.de/begdv_6/anlage_6.html">the original</a> on 23 April 2009. Retrieved 24 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anlage+zu+%C2%A7+1.+Verzeichnis+der+Konzentrationslager+und+ihrer+Au%C3%9Fenkommandos+gem%C3%A4%C3%9F+%C2%A7+42+Abs.+2+BEG&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbundesrecht.juris.de%2Fbegdv_6%2Fanlage_6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_McDonough2021" class="citation book cs1">Frank McDonough (2021). The Hitler Years: Disaster, 1940–1945. St. Martin's Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781250275134" title="Special:BookSources/9781250275134"><bdi>9781250275134</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hitler+Years%3A+Disaster%2C+1940%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781250275134&rft.au=Frank+McDonough&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/liberation-of-munich-april-30-1945">Liberation of Munich April 30, 1945 (Video)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasako_Shibata2005" class="citation book cs1">Masako Shibata (2005). Japan and Germany Under the U.S. Occupation. Lexington Books. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780739111499" title="Special:BookSources/9780739111499"><bdi>9780739111499</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan+and+Germany+Under+the+U.S.+Occupation&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780739111499&rft.au=Masako+Shibata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter_Ziegler" class="citation web cs1">Walter Ziegler. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/Lexikon/Fl%C3%BCchtlinge_und_Vertriebene">"Flüchtlinge und Vertriebene"</a>. historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231125122609/https://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/Lexikon/Fl%C3%BCchtlinge_und_Vertriebene">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fl%C3%BCchtlinge+und+Vertriebene&rft.series=historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de&rft.au=Walter+Ziegler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de%2FLexikon%2FFl%25C3%25BCchtlinge_und_Vertriebene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenfeld2000" class="citation book cs1">Rosenfeld, Gavriel D. (2000). Munich and Memory: Architecture, Monuments, and the Legacy of the Third Reich. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520219104" title="Special:BookSources/0520219104"><bdi>0520219104</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Munich+and+Memory%3A+Architecture%2C+Monuments%2C+and+the+Legacy+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0520219104&rft.aulast=Rosenfeld&rft.aufirst=Gavriel+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Das Fernsehen kommt – 1953 bis 1969" (in German). BR. Retrieved 22 July 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-Making_Competitive_Cities-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Making_Competitive_Cities_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Making_Competitive_Cities_96-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_MurieSako_Musterd2011" class="citation book cs1">Alan Murie; Sako Musterd, eds. (2011). Making Competitive Cities. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444390421" title="Special:BookSources/9781444390421"><bdi>9781444390421</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Competitive+Cities&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781444390421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_WarnerJohn_Childress2020" class="citation book cs1">Michael Warner; John Childress (2020). The Use of Force for State Power: History and Future. Springer International Publishing. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783030454104" title="Special:BookSources/9783030454104"><bdi>9783030454104</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Use+of+Force+for+State+Power%3A+History+and+Future&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9783030454104&rft.au=Michael+Warner&rft.au=John+Childress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Peter Siebenmorgen: Franz Josef Strauß, Ein Leben im Übermaß. Siedler, München 2015, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8275-0080-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8275-0080-9">978-3-8275-0080-9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharity_Scribner2014" class="citation book cs1">Charity Scribner (2014). After the Red Army Faction: Gender, Culture, and Militancy. Columbia University Press. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231538299" title="Special:BookSources/9780231538299"><bdi>9780231538299</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+the+Red+Army+Faction%3A+Gender%2C+Culture%2C+and+Militancy&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780231538299&rft.au=Charity+Scribner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Clay_Large2012" class="citation book cs1">David Clay Large (2012). Munich 1972: Tragedy, Terror, and Triumph at the Olympic Games. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 90–91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742567399" title="Special:BookSources/9780742567399"><bdi>9780742567399</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Munich+1972%3A+Tragedy%2C+Terror%2C+and+Triumph+at+the+Olympic+Games&rft.pages=90-91&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780742567399&rft.au=David+Clay+Large&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Clay_Large2012" class="citation book cs1">David Clay Large (2012). Munich 1972: Tragedy, Terror, and Triumph at the Olympic Games. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742567399" title="Special:BookSources/9780742567399"><bdi>9780742567399</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Munich+1972%3A+Tragedy%2C+Terror%2C+and+Triumph+at+the+Olympic+Games&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780742567399&rft.au=David+Clay+Large&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevitt2022" class="citation news cs1">Levitt, Michael (5 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/opinion/contributors/2022/09/05/the-darkest-day-in-olympic-history-half-a-century-later-the-munich-massacre-still-casts-a-long-shadow.html">"'The darkest day in Olympic history': Half a century later, the Munich massacre still casts a long shadow"</a>. Toronto Star. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221027003950/https://www.thestar.com/opinion/contributors/2022/09/05/the-darkest-day-in-olympic-history-half-a-century-later-the-munich-massacre-still-casts-a-long-shadow.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27The+darkest+day+in+Olympic+history%27%3A+Half+a+century+later%2C+the+Munich+massacre+still+casts+a+long+shadow&rft.date=2022-09-05&rft.aulast=Levitt&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fopinion%2Fcontributors%2F2022%2F09%2F05%2Fthe-darkest-day-in-olympic-history-half-a-century-later-the-munich-massacre-still-casts-a-long-shadow.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandall_D._Law2015" class="citation book cs1">Randall D. Law (2015). The Routledge History of Terrorism. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317514862" title="Special:BookSources/9781317514862"><bdi>9781317514862</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+History+of+Terrorism&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781317514862&rft.au=Randall+D.+Law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Hannes Burger: 350 Jahre Paulaner-Salvator-Thomasbräu AG. 1634–1984. Jubiläums-Festschrift. Paulaner-Salvator-Thomasbräu AG, München 1984 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJürgen_Breuste2022" class="citation book cs1">Jürgen Breuste (2022). The Green City. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783662639764" title="Special:BookSources/9783662639764"><bdi>9783662639764</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Green+City&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Springer+Berlin+Heidelberg&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9783662639764&rft.au=J%C3%BCrgen+Breuste&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshok_SharmaDon_BegbieTed_Gardner2018" class="citation book cs1">Ashok Sharma; Don Begbie; Ted Gardner (2018). Approaches to Water Sensitive Urban Design. Elsevier Science. p. 573. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780128128442" title="Special:BookSources/9780128128442"><bdi>9780128128442</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Approaches+to+Water+Sensitive+Urban+Design&rft.pages=573&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780128128442&rft.au=Ashok+Sharma&rft.au=Don+Begbie&rft.au=Ted+Gardner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Maszka2018" class="citation book cs1">John Maszka (2018). Washington's Dark Secret: The Real Truth about Terrorism and Islamic Extremism. Potomac Books. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781640120242" title="Special:BookSources/9781640120242"><bdi>9781640120242</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Washington%27s+Dark+Secret%3A+The+Real+Truth+about+Terrorism+and+Islamic+Extremism&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Potomac+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781640120242&rft.au=John+Maszka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUEFA.com2024" class="citation web cs1">UEFA.com (11 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uefa.com/euro2024/news/0273-14ac084902cc-9ef59ec61319-1000--euro-2024-host-cities-venue-guide/">"EURO 2024 host cities: Venue guide | UEFA EURO 2024"</a>. UEFA.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240120005731/https://www.uefa.com/euro2024/news/0273-14ac084902cc-9ef59ec61319-1000--euro-2024-host-cities-venue-guide/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2024. Retrieved 20 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UEFA.com&rft.atitle=EURO+2024+host+cities%3A+Venue+guide+%7C+UEFA+EURO+2024&rft.date=2024-01-11&rft.au=UEFA.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uefa.com%2Feuro2024%2Fnews%2F0273-14ac084902cc-9ef59ec61319-1000--euro-2024-host-cities-venue-guide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=66801&cityname=Munich,+Bavaria,+Germany&units=metric">"Munich, Germany Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)"</a>. 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Retrieved 12 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Meteorological+Organization+Climatological+Standard+Normals+%281991%E2%80%932020%29&rft.atitle=World+Meteorological+Organization+Climate+Normals+for+1991%E2%80%932020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodc.noaa.gov%2Farchive%2Farc0216%2F0253808%2F1.1%2Fdata%2F0-data%2FRegion-6-WMO-Normals-9120%2FGermany%2FCSV%2FMuenchen-Stadt_10865.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dwd.de/DE/klimaumwelt/cdc/cdc_node.html;jsessionid=AB2FD90DB16A31B55E20AD406ED1D066.live21063">"CDC (Climate Data Center)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst" title="Deutscher Wetterdienst">DWD</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170114025310/http://www.dwd.de/DE/klimaumwelt/cdc/cdc_node.html;jsessionid=AB2FD90DB16A31B55E20AD406ED1D066.live21063">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2017. 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Retrieved 21 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Landeshauptstadt+M%C3%BCnchen%3A+Bev%C3%B6lkerungsbestand+%E2%80%93+Aktuelle+Jahreszahlen%3A+Die+Bev%C3%B6lkerung+in+den+Stadtbezirken+nach+ausgew%C3%A4hlten+Konfessionen+am+31.12.2017&rft.pub=muenchen.de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.muenchen.de%2Frathaus%2Fdam%2Fjcr%3A0f95bf6f-3c4d-46e6-bad2-b435c8ccf7be%2Fjt180120.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130621101339/https://ergebnisse.zensus2011.de/#StaticContent:091620000000,BEG_4_2_6,m,table">"Bevölkerung im regionalen Vergleich nach Religion (ausführlich) in %"</a>. Statistische Ämter des Bundes und der Länder. 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ergebnisse.zensus2011.de/#StaticContent:091620000000,BEG_4_2_6,m,table">the original</a> on 21 June 2013. Retrieved 7 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bev%C3%B6lkerung+im+regionalen+Vergleich+nach+Religion+%28ausf%C3%BChrlich%29+in+%25&rft.pub=Statistische+%C3%84mter+des+Bundes+und+der+L%C3%A4nder&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fergebnisse.zensus2011.de%2F%23StaticContent%3A091620000000%2CBEG_4_2_6%2Cm%2Ctable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/muslime-in-muenchen-extremisten-sind-eine-kleine-minderheit-1.2156016">"Extremisten sind eine kleine Minderheit"</a>. <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCddeutsche_Zeitung" title="Süddeutsche Zeitung">Süddeutsche Zeitung</a>. 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190828094728/https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/muslime-in-muenchen-extremisten-sind-eine-kleine-minderheit-1.2156016">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2019. Retrieved 28 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Extremisten+sind+eine+kleine+Minderheit&rft.pub=S%C3%BCddeutsche+Zeitung&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sueddeutsche.de%2Fmuenchen%2Fmuslime-in-muenchen-extremisten-sind-eine-kleine-minderheit-1.2156016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/muenchen-uiguren-weltkongress-china-cables-1.4696618">"Weltkongress der Uiguren – München"</a>. www.sueddeutsche.de (in German). 25 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230724081340/https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/muenchen-uiguren-weltkongress-china-cables-1.4696618">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sueddeutsche.de&rft.atitle=Weltkongress+der+Uiguren+%E2%80%93+M%C3%BCnchen&rft.date=2019-11-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sueddeutsche.de%2Fmuenchen%2Fmuenchen-uiguren-weltkongress-china-cables-1.4696618&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.wahlen-muenchen.de/ergebnisse/20200315stadtratswahl/index.html#w_8117_18030">https://www.wahlen-muenchen.de/ergebnisse/20200315stadtratswahl/index.html#w_8117_18030</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200521115308/https://www.wahlen-muenchen.de/ergebnisse/20200315stadtratswahl/index.html#w_8117_18030">Archived</a> 21 May 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citypopulation.de/en/germany/munchen/admin/">"Germany: München (Boroughs and Quarters) – Population Statistics, Charts and Map"</a>. citypopulation.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230619133059/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/germany/munchen/admin/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=citypopulation.de&rft.atitle=Germany%3A+M%C3%BCnchen+%28Boroughs+and+Quarters%29+%E2%80%93+Population+Statistics%2C+Charts+and+Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2Fen%2Fgermany%2Fmunchen%2Fadmin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zen_2020_i476-130"><a href="#cite_ref-Zen_2020_i476_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZen2020" class="citation news cs1">Zen, Jessica (19 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://europe.stripes.com/travel/a-quick-guide-to-nymphenburg-palace-in-munich.html">"A quick guide to Nymphenburg Palace in Munich"</a>. Stripes Europe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240319143755/https://europe.stripes.com/travel/a-quick-guide-to-nymphenburg-palace-in-munich.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2024. Retrieved 19 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stripes+Europe&rft.atitle=A+quick+guide+to+Nymphenburg+Palace+in+Munich&rft.date=2020-11-19&rft.aulast=Zen&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feurope.stripes.com%2Ftravel%2Fa-quick-guide-to-nymphenburg-palace-in-munich.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lonely_Planet_2010_b951-131"><a href="#cite_ref-Lonely_Planet_2010_b951_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lonelyplanet.com/germany/munich/nymphenburg-neuhausen-olympiapark/attractions/schloss-nymphenburg/a/poi-sig/1139822/1342299">"Schloss Nymphenburg"</a>. Lonely Planet. 10 January 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240319143755/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/germany/munich/nymphenburg-neuhausen-olympiapark/attractions/schloss-nymphenburg/a/poi-sig/1139822/1342299">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2024. Retrieved 19 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lonely+Planet&rft.atitle=Schloss+Nymphenburg&rft.date=2010-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lonelyplanet.com%2Fgermany%2Fmunich%2Fnymphenburg-neuhausen-olympiapark%2Fattractions%2Fschloss-nymphenburg%2Fa%2Fpoi-sig%2F1139822%2F1342299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-muenchen.de_2022_v258-132"><a href="#cite_ref-muenchen.de_2022_v258_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.muenchen.de/sehenswuerdigkeiten/burgen-und-schloesser/schloss-fuerstenried">"Schloss Fürstenried"</a>. muenchen.de (in German). 28 September 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240319143755/https://www.muenchen.de/sehenswuerdigkeiten/burgen-und-schloesser/schloss-fuerstenried">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2024. Retrieved 19 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=muenchen.de&rft.atitle=Schloss+F%C3%BCrstenried&rft.date=2022-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.muenchen.de%2Fsehenswuerdigkeiten%2Fburgen-und-schloesser%2Fschloss-fuerstenried&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hordych_2024_l233-133"><a href="#cite_ref-Hordych_2024_l233_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHordych2024" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hordych, Barbara (17 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/muenchen-kinderbibliothek-in-der-blutenburg-sanierung-wiedereroeffnung-familienfest-internationale-jugendbibliothek-1.6456698">"Wiedereröffnung der Kinderbibliothek in der Blutenburg"</a>. Süddeutsche.de (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240319144644/https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/muenchen-kinderbibliothek-in-der-blutenburg-sanierung-wiedereroeffnung-familienfest-internationale-jugendbibliothek-1.6456698">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2024. Retrieved 19 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=S%C3%BCddeutsche.de&rft.atitle=Wiederer%C3%B6ffnung+der+Kinderbibliothek+in+der+Blutenburg&rft.date=2024-03-17&rft.aulast=Hordych&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sueddeutsche.de%2Fmuenchen%2Fmuenchen-kinderbibliothek-in-der-blutenburg-sanierung-wiedereroeffnung-familienfest-internationale-jugendbibliothek-1.6456698&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-muenchen.de_2022_i705-134"><a href="#cite_ref-muenchen.de_2022_i705_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.muenchen.de/en/sights/blutenburg-castle-idyllic-castle-munichs-northwest">"Blutenburg Castle: idyllic castle in Munich's Northwest"</a>. muenchen.de. 19 October 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240319144644/https://www.muenchen.de/en/sights/blutenburg-castle-idyllic-castle-munichs-northwest">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2024. Retrieved 19 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=muenchen.de&rft.atitle=Blutenburg+Castle%3A+idyllic+castle+in+Munich%27s+Northwest&rft.date=2022-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.muenchen.de%2Fen%2Fsights%2Fblutenburg-castle-idyllic-castle-munichs-northwest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGavriel_D._Rosenfeld2000" class="citation book cs1">Gavriel D. Rosenfeld (2000). Munich and Memory: Architecture, Monuments, and the Legacy of the Third Reich. University of California Press. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520923027" title="Special:BookSources/9780520923027"><bdi>9780520923027</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Munich+and+Memory%3A+Architecture%2C+Monuments%2C+and+the+Legacy+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780520923027&rft.au=Gavriel+D.+Rosenfeld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorbert_Kling2020" class="citation book cs1">Norbert Kling (2020). The Redundant City: A Multi-Site Enquiry Into Urban Narratives of Conflict and Change. transcript Verlag. p. 245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783839451144" title="Special:BookSources/9783839451144"><bdi>9783839451144</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Redundant+City%3A+A+Multi-Site+Enquiry+Into+Urban+Narratives+of+Conflict+and+Change&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=transcript+Verlag&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9783839451144&rft.au=Norbert+Kling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShmuel_BurmilRuth_Enis2011" class="citation book cs1">Shmuel Burmil; Ruth Enis (2011). The Changing Landscape of a Utopia. Wernersche Verlagsgesellschaft. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783884622841" title="Special:BookSources/9783884622841"><bdi>9783884622841</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Changing+Landscape+of+a+Utopia&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Wernersche+Verlagsgesellschaft&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9783884622841&rft.au=Shmuel+Burmil&rft.au=Ruth+Enis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bundesliga.com/%5bobject%20Object%5d/faq/10-things-on-the-bundesliga/all-clubs-that-have-played-in-germany-s-top-flight-bayern-munich-dortmund-24106">"Bundesliga history: All clubs that have played in Germany's top flight"</a>. bundesliga.com - the official Bundesliga website. Retrieved 30 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bundesliga.com+-+the+official+Bundesliga+website&rft.atitle=Bundesliga+history%3A+All+clubs+that+have+played+in+Germany%27s+top+flight&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundesliga.com%2F%5Bobject%2520Object%5D%2Ffaq%2F10-things-on-the-bundesliga%2Fall-clubs-that-have-played-in-germany-s-top-flight-bayern-munich-dortmund-24106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.welt.de/sport/article13471894/Olympia-2018-in-Suedkorea-Muenchen-chancenlos.html">"Olympia 2018 in Südkorea, München chancenlos"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Die_Welt" title="Die Welt">Die Welt</a> (in German). 6 July 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110709030938/http://www.welt.de/sport/article13471894/Olympia-2018-in-Suedkorea-Muenchen-chancenlos.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2011. Retrieved 6 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Welt&rft.atitle=Olympia+2018+in+S%C3%BCdkorea%2C+M%C3%BCnchen+chancenlos&rft.date=2011-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.welt.de%2Fsport%2Farticle13471894%2FOlympia-2018-in-Suedkorea-Muenchen-chancenlos.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gamesbids.com/eng/winter-olympic-bids/future-winter-bids/munich-to-bid-once-again/">"Munich To Bid Once Again"</a>. Games Bids. 27 September 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161008083258/http://gamesbids.com/eng/winter-olympic-bids/future-winter-bids/munich-to-bid-once-again/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Munich+To+Bid+Once+Again&rft.pub=Games+Bids&rft.date=2011-09-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgamesbids.com%2Feng%2Fwinter-olympic-bids%2Ffuture-winter-bids%2Fmunich-to-bid-once-again%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-publicindoorpools-141"><a href="#cite_ref-publicindoorpools_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muenchen.de/int/en/culture-leisure/sport-fitness/indoorpools.html">"Public Indoor Swimming Pools in Munich"</a>. muenchen.de – The official city portal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160917180333/http://www.muenchen.de/int/en/culture-leisure/sport-fitness/indoorpools.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Public+Indoor+Swimming+Pools+in+Munich&rft.pub=muenchen.de+%E2%80%93+The+official+city+portal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muenchen.de%2Fint%2Fen%2Fculture-leisure%2Fsport-fitness%2Findoorpools.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-publicoutdoorpools-142"><a href="#cite_ref-publicoutdoorpools_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muenchen.de/int/en/culture-leisure/sport-fitness/pools.html">"Public Outdoor Swimming Pools in Munich"</a>. muenchen.de – The official city portal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160917183549/http://www.muenchen.de/int/en/culture-leisure/sport-fitness/pools.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Public+Outdoor+Swimming+Pools+in+Munich&rft.pub=muenchen.de+%E2%80%93+The+official+city+portal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muenchen.de%2Fint%2Fen%2Fculture-leisure%2Fsport-fitness%2Fpools.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SWM-143"><a href="#cite_ref-SWM_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swm.de/english/m-baeder/">"Munich: Swimming pools"</a>. Munich City Utilities Company (SWM). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160918054644/https://www.swm.de/english/m-baeder/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Munich%3A+Swimming+pools&rft.pub=Munich+City+Utilities+Company+%28SWM%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.swm.de%2Fenglish%2Fm-baeder%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lakesinmunich-144"><a href="#cite_ref-lakesinmunich_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muenchen.de/freizeit/seen-uebersicht.html">"Lakes in Munich"</a> (in German). muenchen.de – The official city portal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160917183546/http://www.muenchen.de/freizeit/seen-uebersicht.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lakes+in+Munich&rft.pub=muenchen.de+%E2%80%93+The+official+city+portal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muenchen.de%2Ffreizeit%2Fseen-uebersicht.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGavin_Pretor-Pinney2010" class="citation book cs1">Gavin Pretor-Pinney (2010). The Wavewatcher's Companion. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781408811160" title="Special:BookSources/9781408811160"><bdi>9781408811160</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wavewatcher%27s+Companion&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781408811160&rft.au=Gavin+Pretor-Pinney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChan_Sin-wai2014" class="citation book cs1">Chan Sin-wai (2014). Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Technology. Taylor & Francis. p. 537. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317608158" title="Special:BookSources/9781317608158"><bdi>9781317608158</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Translation+Technology&rft.pages=537&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781317608158&rft.au=Chan+Sin-wai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Moseley2010" class="citation book cs1">Christopher Moseley (2010). Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger. UNESCO Publishing. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789231040962" title="Special:BookSources/9789231040962"><bdi>9789231040962</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+the+World%27s+Languages+in+Danger&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=UNESCO+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9789231040962&rft.au=Christopher+Moseley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP._Morris2016" class="citation book cs1">P. Morris (2016). Science for the Nation: Perspectives on the History of the Science Museum. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 297. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230283145" title="Special:BookSources/9780230283145"><bdi>9780230283145</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+for+the+Nation%3A+Perspectives+on+the+History+of+the+Science+Museum&rft.pages=297&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780230283145&rft.au=P.+Morris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP._Morris2016" class="citation book cs1">P. Morris (2016). Science for the Nation: Perspectives on the History of the Science Museum. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 299. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230283145" title="Special:BookSources/9780230283145"><bdi>9780230283145</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+for+the+Nation%3A+Perspectives+on+the+History+of+the+Science+Museum&rft.pages=299&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780230283145&rft.au=P.+Morris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorgina_S_Walker2019" class="citation book cs1">Georgina S Walker (2019). The Private Collector's Museum: Public Good Versus Private Gain. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351370516" title="Special:BookSources/9781351370516"><bdi>9781351370516</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Private+Collector%27s+Museum%3A+Public+Good+Versus+Private+Gain&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781351370516&rft.au=Georgina+S+Walker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCathrin_Klingsöhr-LeroyJane_Bainbridge2005" class="citation book cs1">Cathrin Klingsöhr-Leroy; Jane Bainbridge (2005). Modern art at the Pinakothek der Moderne Munich. Scala. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783406531880" title="Special:BookSources/9783406531880"><bdi>9783406531880</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+art+at+the+Pinakothek+der+Moderne+Munich&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Scala&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9783406531880&rft.au=Cathrin+Klings%C3%B6hr-Leroy&rft.au=Jane+Bainbridge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Youmans2010" class="citation book cs1">Charles Youmans, ed. (2010). The Cambridge Companion to Richard Strauss. Cambridge University Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139828529" title="Special:BookSources/9781139828529"><bdi>9781139828529</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Richard+Strauss&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781139828529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnellKruft1972" class="citation journal cs1">Knell, Heiner; Kruft, H. W. (June 1972). "Re-opening of the Munich Glyptothek". Burlington Magazine. 114: 431.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Burlington+Magazine&rft.atitle=Re-opening+of+the+Munich+Glyptothek&rft.volume=114&rft.pages=431&rft.date=1972-06&rft.aulast=Knell&rft.aufirst=Heiner&rft.au=Kruft%2C+H.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Aegina, sculptures". Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia (6 ed.): 1. March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Columbia+Electronic+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Aegina%2C+sculptures&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2021-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRankin2014" class="citation journal cs1">Rankin, Elizabeth (July 2014). "Staatliches Museum Ägyptischer Kunst, Glyptothek, and Alte Pinakothek, Munich". Museum Worlds. 2 (1): 207–210. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3167%2Farmw.2014.020113">10.3167/armw.2014.020113</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Museum+Worlds&rft.atitle=Staatliches+Museum+%C3%84gyptischer+Kunst%2C+Glyptothek%2C+and+Alte+Pinakothek%2C+Munich&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=207-210&rft.date=2014-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3167%2Farmw.2014.020113&rft.aulast=Rankin&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReeves2015" class="citation journal cs1">Reeves, Nicholas (January 2015). "A Rare Mechanical Figure from Ancient Egypt". Metropolitan Museum Journal. 50 (1): 42–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F685672">10.1086/685672</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192400311">192400311</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metropolitan+Museum+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Rare+Mechanical+Figure+from+Ancient+Egypt&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=42-61&rft.date=2015-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F685672&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A192400311%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Reeves&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.muenchen.travel/pois/kunst-kultur/aegyptisches-museum">"Staatliches Museum Ägyptischer Kunst | einfach München"</a>. Staatliches Museum Ägyptischer Kunst | einfach München (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230904082404/https://www.muenchen.travel/pois/kunst-kultur/aegyptisches-museum">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2023. Retrieved 4 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Staatliches+Museum+%C3%84gyptischer+Kunst+%7C+einfach+M%C3%BCnchen&rft.atitle=Staatliches+Museum+%C3%84gyptischer+Kunst+%7C+einfach+M%C3%BCnchen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.muenchen.travel%2Fpois%2Fkunst-kultur%2Faegyptisches-museum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandra_L._Singer2003" class="citation book cs1">Sandra L. Singer (2003). Adventures Abroad: North American Women at German-speaking Universities, 1868–1915. Praeger. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313323713" title="Special:BookSources/9780313323713"><bdi>9780313323713</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adventures+Abroad%3A+North+American+Women+at+German-speaking+Universities%2C+1868%E2%80%931915&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780313323713&rft.au=Sandra+L.+Singer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrff1996" class="citation book cs1">Orff, Carl (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SwvPq7h5vN0C&dq=Carl+Orff%27s+%22Carmina+Burana%22+munich&pg=PA6">Carl Orff Carmina Burana: Cantiones Profange</a>. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86516-268-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86516-268-6"><bdi>978-0-86516-268-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928193045/https://books.google.co.kr/books?id=SwvPq7h5vN0C&lpg=PA1&ots=au99EWA0Ru&dq=Carl%20Orff%27s%20%22Carmina%20Burana%22%20munich&lr&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q=Carl%20Orff's%20%22Carmina%20Burana%22%20munich&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carl+Orff+Carmina+Burana%3A+Cantiones+Profange&rft.pub=Bolchazy-Carducci+Publishers&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-86516-268-6&rft.aulast=Orff&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSwvPq7h5vN0C%26dq%3DCarl%2BOrff%2527s%2B%2522Carmina%2BBurana%2522%2Bmunich%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Louis_DiGaetani2013" class="citation book cs1">John Louis DiGaetani (2013). Richard Wagner: New Light on a Musical Life. McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786485024" title="Special:BookSources/9780786485024"><bdi>9780786485024</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+Wagner%3A+New+Light+on+a+Musical+Life&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=McFarland%2C+Incorporated%2C+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780786485024&rft.au=John+Louis+DiGaetani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Louis_DiGaetani2013" class="citation book cs1">John Louis DiGaetani (2013). Richard Wagner: New Light on a Musical Life. McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786485024" title="Special:BookSources/9780786485024"><bdi>9780786485024</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+Wagner%3A+New+Light+on+a+Musical+Life&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=McFarland%2C+Incorporated%2C+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780786485024&rft.au=John+Louis+DiGaetani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsches-theater.de/en/the-theatre/">"Germany's largest Touring Theatre"</a>. deutsches-theater.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240206040612/https://www.deutsches-theater.de/en/the-theatre/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2024. Retrieved 29 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=deutsches-theater.de&rft.atitle=Germany%27s+largest+Touring+Theatre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutsches-theater.de%2Fen%2Fthe-theatre%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mjunikdisco-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mjunikdisco_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mjunikdisco_163-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mjunikdisco_163-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mjunikdisco_163-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHecktorvon_UslarSmithNeumeister2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hecktor, Mirko; von Uslar, Moritz; Smith, Patti; Neumeister, Andreas (1 November 2008). Mjunik Disco – from 1949 to now (in German). Blumenbar. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-936738-47-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-936738-47-6"><bdi>978-3-936738-47-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mjunik+Disco+%E2%80%93+from+1949+to+now&rft.pub=Blumenbar&rft.date=2008-11-01&rft.isbn=978-3-936738-47-6&rft.aulast=Hecktor&rft.aufirst=Mirko&rft.au=von+Uslar%2C+Moritz&rft.au=Smith%2C+Patti&rft.au=Neumeister%2C+Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_W._Rectanus2002" class="citation book cs1">Mark W. Rectanus (2002). Culture Incorporated: Museums, Artists, and Corporate Sponsorships. University of Minnesota Press. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816638529" title="Special:BookSources/9780816638529"><bdi>9780816638529</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+Incorporated%3A+Museums%2C+Artists%2C+and+Corporate+Sponsorships&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780816638529&rft.au=Mark+W.+Rectanus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.munich.travel/en/topics/urban-districts/districts-of-munich/from-artists-and-writers">"Munich Schwabing: the artists' quarter | simply Munich"</a>. Munich Schwabing: the artists' quarter | simply Munich. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231111205854/https://www.munich.travel/en/topics/urban-districts/districts-of-munich/from-artists-and-writers">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Munich+Schwabing%3A+the+artists%27+quarter+%7C+simply+Munich&rft.atitle=Munich+Schwabing%3A+the+artists%27+quarter+%7C+simply+Munich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.munich.travel%2Fen%2Ftopics%2Furban-districts%2Fdistricts-of-munich%2Ffrom-artists-and-writers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristel_Lane2014" class="citation book cs1">Christel Lane (2014). The Cultivation of Taste: Chefs and the Organization of Fine Dining. OUP Oxford. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191631474" title="Special:BookSources/9780191631474"><bdi>9780191631474</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cultivation+of+Taste%3A+Chefs+and+the+Organization+of+Fine+Dining&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780191631474&rft.au=Christel+Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristian_Lenz2007" class="citation book cs1">Christian Lenz, ed. (2007). The Neue Pinakothek, Munich. Beck. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783406512728" title="Special:BookSources/9783406512728"><bdi>9783406512728</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Neue+Pinakothek%2C+Munich&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Beck&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9783406512728&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240101210341/https://as.nyu.edu/departments/german/courses/fall-2023-undergraduate-courses.html">"Fall 2023 Undergraduate Courses"</a>. 1 January 2024. Archived from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fall+2023+Undergraduate+Courses&rft.date=2024-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fas.nyu.edu%2Fdepartments%2Fgerman%2Fcourses%2Ffall-2023-undergraduate-courses.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icm.gov.mo/en/events/detail/7461">"Karl Valentin Kabarett – Cultural Affairs Bureau"</a>. www.icm.gov.mo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240101212233/https://www.icm.gov.mo/en/events/detail/7461">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.icm.gov.mo&rft.atitle=Karl+Valentin+Kabarett+%E2%80%93+Cultural+Affairs+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icm.gov.mo%2Fen%2Fevents%2Fdetail%2F7461&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBart_Plantenga2013" class="citation book cs1">Bart Plantenga (2013). Yodel in Hi-Fi: From Kitsch Folk to Contemporary Electronica. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 173–174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780299290535" title="Special:BookSources/9780299290535"><bdi>9780299290535</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yodel+in+Hi-Fi%3A+From+Kitsch+Folk+to+Contemporary+Electronica&rft.pages=173-174&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780299290535&rft.au=Bart+Plantenga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/history-of-the-motion-picture/Germany">"History of film – German Expressionism, Weimar Republic, Nazi Propaganda | Britannica"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240101212231/https://www.britannica.com/art/history-of-the-motion-picture/Germany">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=History+of+film+%E2%80%93+German+Expressionism%2C+Weimar+Republic%2C+Nazi+Propaganda+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2Fhistory-of-the-motion-picture%2FGermany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelaney2018" class="citation web cs1">Delaney, Darby (29 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://filmschoolrejects.com/beginners-guide-to-new-german-cinema/">"A Beginner's Guide to New German Cinema"</a>. Film School Rejects. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240101212231/https://filmschoolrejects.com/beginners-guide-to-new-german-cinema/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Film+School+Rejects&rft.atitle=A+Beginner%27s+Guide+to+New+German+Cinema&rft.date=2018-06-29&rft.aulast=Delaney&rft.aufirst=Darby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffilmschoolrejects.com%2Fbeginners-guide-to-new-german-cinema%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaiserLiecke2007" class="citation journal cs1">Kaiser, Robert; Liecke, Michael (10 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13662710701524031">"The Munich Feature Film Cluster: The Degree of Global Integration and Explanations for its Relative Success"</a>. Industry & Innovation. 14 (4): 385–399. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13662710701524031">10.1080/13662710701524031</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1366-2716">1366-2716</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153719792">153719792</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Industry+%26+Innovation&rft.atitle=The+Munich+Feature+Film+Cluster%3A+The+Degree+of+Global+Integration+and+Explanations+for+its+Relative+Success&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=385-399&rft.date=2007-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153719792%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1366-2716&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13662710701524031&rft.aulast=Kaiser&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Liecke%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1080%2F13662710701524031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-myth-174"><a href="#cite_ref-myth_174-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/tradition-gruendungsmythos-der-schaeffler-so-wahr-wie-die-offiziellen-abgaswerte-der-autoindustrie-1.3384385">"Gründungsmythos der Schäffler: So wahr wie die offiziellen Abgaswerte der Autoindustrie"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606202228/https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/tradition-gruendungsmythos-der-schaeffler-so-wahr-wie-die-offiziellen-abgaswerte-der-autoindustrie-1.3384385">Archived</a> 6 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sueddeutsche_Zeitung" class="mw-redirect" title="Sueddeutsche Zeitung">Sueddeutsche Zeitung</a> ("Cooper's founding myth: As true as the official emissions values of the automotive industry"), 19 February 2017 </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fruehlingsfest-theresienwiese.de/schmankerl.htm">"Essen und Trinken 2023 – Schmankerl und Spezialitäten auf dem Frühlingsfest – Frühlingswiesn München"</a>. www.fruehlingsfest-theresienwiese.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230522151338/https://www.fruehlingsfest-theresienwiese.de/schmankerl.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2023. Retrieved 22 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fruehlingsfest-theresienwiese.de&rft.atitle=Essen+und+Trinken+2023+%E2%80%93+Schmankerl+und+Spezialit%C3%A4ten+auf+dem+Fr%C3%BChlingsfest+%E2%80%93+Fr%C3%BChlingswiesn+M%C3%BCnchen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fruehlingsfest-theresienwiese.de%2Fschmankerl.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagenlaender2012" class="citation news cs1">Wagenlaender, Michelle (30 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://themunicheye.com/auer-dult-1839">"Auer Dult"</a>. The Munich Eye.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Munich+Eye&rft.atitle=Auer+Dult&rft.date=2012-07-30&rft.aulast=Wagenlaender&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthemunicheye.com%2Fauer-dult-1839&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonika_SchusterAnna_Cavelius2016" class="citation book cs1">Monika Schuster; Anna Cavelius (2016). Taste of Bavaria: Typical Recipes and Impressions. GRÄFE UND UNZER Verlag GmbH. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783833859311" title="Special:BookSources/9783833859311"><bdi>9783833859311</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taste+of+Bavaria%3A+Typical+Recipes+and+Impressions&rft.pub=GR%C3%84FE+UND+UNZER+Verlag+GmbH&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9783833859311&rft.au=Monika+Schuster&rft.au=Anna+Cavelius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oktoberfesttours.travel/oktoberfest-munich/">"Oktoberfest Munich"</a>. Thirsty Swagman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230502074944/https://www.oktoberfesttours.travel/oktoberfest-munich/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thirsty+Swagman&rft.atitle=Oktoberfest+Munich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oktoberfesttours.travel%2Foktoberfest-munich%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_Heinz2010" class="citation book cs1">Donald Heinz (2010). Christmas: Festival of Incarnation. Fortress Press. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780800697334" title="Special:BookSources/9780800697334"><bdi>9780800697334</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christmas%3A+Festival+of+Incarnation&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780800697334&rft.au=Donald+Heinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MichelinGuide-2021-180"><a href="#cite_ref-MichelinGuide-2021_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.viamichelin.com/web/Search-Restaurants?address=80331%20M%C3%BCnchen%20(80331%20Munich)%2C%20Germany">"MICHELIN Guide, Germany, Munich Restaurants"</a>. MICHELIN Guide. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211115162100/https://www.viamichelin.com/web/Search-Restaurants?address=80331%20M%C3%BCnchen%20(80331%20Munich),%20Germany">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MICHELIN+Guide%2C+Germany%2C+Munich+Restaurants&rft.pub=MICHELIN+Guide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.viamichelin.com%2Fweb%2FSearch-Restaurants%3Faddress%3D80331%2520M%25C3%25BCnchen%2520%2880331%2520Munich%29%252C%2520Germany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.munichfound.com/sightseeing/all_landmarks/circuskrone/">"Circus Krone: Europe's largest traditional circus"</a>. Munichfound.com. December 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130531021339/http://www.munichfound.com/sightseeing/all_landmarks/circuskrone/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2013. Retrieved 1 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Circus+Krone%3A+Europe%27s+largest+traditional+circus&rft.pub=Munichfound.com&rft.date=2005-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.munichfound.com%2Fsightseeing%2Fall_landmarks%2Fcircuskrone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sueddeutsche_20130706-182"><a href="#cite_ref-sueddeutsche_20130706_182-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWimmer2013" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wimmer, Susi (6 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/projekt-cool-bleiben-immer-aerger-mit-der-feierbanane-1.1713916">"Immer Ärger mit der Feierbanane"</a> [Always trouble with the party banana] (in German). <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCddeutsche_Zeitung" title="Süddeutsche Zeitung">Süddeutsche Zeitung</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230419214205/https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/projekt-cool-bleiben-immer-aerger-mit-der-feierbanane-1.1713916">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Immer+%C3%84rger+mit+der+Feierbanane&rft.pub=S%C3%BCddeutsche+Zeitung&rft.date=2013-07-06&rft.aulast=Wimmer&rft.aufirst=Susi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sueddeutsche.de%2Fmuenchen%2Fprojekt-cool-bleiben-immer-aerger-mit-der-feierbanane-1.1713916&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ertl-183">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ertl_183-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ertl_183-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErtl2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ertl, Christian (2010). Macht's den Krach leiser! Popkultur in München von 1945 bis heute [Turn down the noise! Pop culture in Munich from 1945 to today] (in German). Allitera Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86906-100-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86906-100-9"><bdi>978-3-86906-100-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macht%27s+den+Krach+leiser%21+Popkultur+in+M%C3%BCnchen+von+1945+bis+heute&rft.pub=Allitera+Verlag&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-86906-100-9&rft.aulast=Ertl&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mitvergnuegen_schauberger-184">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mitvergnuegen_schauberger_184-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mitvergnuegen_schauberger_184-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchauberger" class="citation web cs1">Schauberger, Anja. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muenchen.mitvergnuegen.com/2017/11-verrueckt-vergessen-clubs-muenchen/">"11 verrückte Clubs in München, die Geschichte schrieben"</a> [11 crazy clubs in Munich that made history]. Mit Vergnuegen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191029021657/https://muenchen.mitvergnuegen.com/2017/11-verrueckt-vergessen-clubs-muenchen/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=11+verr%C3%BCckte+Clubs+in+M%C3%BCnchen%2C+die+Geschichte+schrieben&rft.pub=Mit+Vergnuegen&rft.aulast=Schauberger&rft.aufirst=Anja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuenchen.mitvergnuegen.com%2F2017%2F11-verrueckt-vergessen-clubs-muenchen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-abendzeitung_20081121-185"><a href="#cite_ref-abendzeitung_20081121_185-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abendzeitung-muenchen.de/muenchen/muenchen-ist-new-yorks-grosse-discoschwester-art-86432">"München ist "New Yorks große Discoschwester""</a> [Munich is "New York's big disco sister"]. <a href="/wiki/Abendzeitung" title="Abendzeitung">Abendzeitung</a>. 21 November 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221227211940/https://www.abendzeitung-muenchen.de/muenchen/muenchen-ist-new-yorks-grosse-discoschwester-art-86432">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%BCnchen+ist+%22New+Yorks+gro%C3%9Fe+Discoschwester%22&rft.pub=Abendzeitung&rft.date=2008-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abendzeitung-muenchen.de%2Fmuenchen%2Fmuenchen-ist-new-yorks-grosse-discoschwester-art-86432&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mitvergnuegen_nisslmüller-186"><a href="#cite_ref-mitvergnuegen_nisslm%C3%BCller_186-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNisslmüller" class="citation web cs1">Nisslmüller, Sabine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muenchen.mitvergnuegen.com/vergnuegte-viertel/schwabing/">"Vergnügte Viertel: Schwabing damals und heute"</a> [Fun neighborhoods: Schwabing then and now]. Mit Vergnuegen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230419214744/https://muenchen.mitvergnuegen.com/vergnuegte-viertel/schwabing/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vergn%C3%BCgte+Viertel%3A+Schwabing+damals+und+heute&rft.pub=Mit+Vergnuegen&rft.aulast=Nisslm%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Sabine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuenchen.mitvergnuegen.com%2Fvergnuegte-viertel%2Fschwabing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-stankiewitz-187">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stankiewitz_187-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stankiewitz_187-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stankiewitz_187-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStankiewitz2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stankiewitz, Karl (May 2018). Aus is und Gar is (in German). Allitera Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-96233-023-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-96233-023-1"><bdi>978-3-96233-023-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aus+is+und+Gar+is&rft.pub=Allitera+Verlag&rft.date=2018-05&rft.isbn=978-3-96233-023-1&rft.aulast=Stankiewitz&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BR_20211004-188"><a href="#cite_ref-BR_20211004_188-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/YqhkiNg1OPg">Sechs Jahre hat Freddie Mercury in München gelebt – eine Spurensuche</a> [Freddie Mercury lived in Munich for six years – a search for clues] (documentary) (in German). <a href="/wiki/Bayerischer_Rundfunk" title="Bayerischer Rundfunk">Bayerischer Rundfunk</a>. 4 October 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sechs+Jahre+hat+Freddie+Mercury+in+M%C3%BCnchen+gelebt+%E2%80%93+eine+Spurensuche&rft.pub=Bayerischer+Rundfunk&rft.date=2021-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fghostarchive.org%2Fvarchive%2FYqhkiNg1OPg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-munichfoundcom-189"><a href="#cite_ref-munichfoundcom_189-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170206184555/http://www.munichfound.com/archives/id/27/article/496/">"Corpus Techno: The music of the future will soon be history"</a>. MUNICHfound.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.munichfound.com/archives/id/27/article/496/">the original</a> on 6 February 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Corpus+Techno%3A+The+music+of+the+future+will+soon+be+history&rft.pub=MUNICHfound.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.munichfound.com%2Farchives%2Fid%2F27%2Farticle%2F496%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mitvergnuegen_022017-190"><a href="#cite_ref-mitvergnuegen_022017_190-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchauberger2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schauberger, Anja (February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muenchen.mitvergnuegen.com/club-legenden/flughafen-riem/">"Club Legenden #4: Raves und Nirvanas letztes Konzert am Flughafen Riem"</a> [Club Legends #4: Raves and Nirvana's last concert at Riem Airport] (in German). Mit Vergnügen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220806173009/https://muenchen.mitvergnuegen.com/club-legenden/flughafen-riem/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2022. Retrieved 6 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Club+Legenden+%234%3A+Raves+und+Nirvanas+letztes+Konzert+am+Flughafen+Riem&rft.pub=Mit+Vergn%C3%BCgen&rft.date=2017-02&rft.aulast=Schauberger&rft.aufirst=Anja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuenchen.mitvergnuegen.com%2Fclub-legenden%2Fflughafen-riem%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ard_072022-191"><a href="#cite_ref-ard_072022_191-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ardmediathek.de/sendung/techno-house-deutschland/staffel-1/Y3JpZDovL2Rhc2Vyc3RlLmRlL3RlY2huby1ob3VzZS1kZXV0c2NobGFuZA/1">Techno House Deutschland</a> [Techno House Germany] (documentary) (in German). <a href="/wiki/Das_Erste" title="Das Erste">Das Erste</a>. 31 July 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220805202334/https://www.ardmediathek.de/sendung/techno-house-deutschland/staffel-1/Y3JpZDovL2Rhc2Vyc3RlLmRlL3RlY2huby1ob3VzZS1kZXV0c2NobGFuZA/1">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2022. Retrieved 6 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Techno+House+Deutschland&rft.pub=Das+Erste&rft.date=2022-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ardmediathek.de%2Fsendung%2Ftechno-house-deutschland%2Fstaffel-1%2FY3JpZDovL2Rhc2Vyc3RlLmRlL3RlY2huby1ob3VzZS1kZXV0c2NobGFuZA%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zeitmagazin-192"><a href="#cite_ref-zeitmagazin_192-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThillmann2017" class="citation news cs1">Thillmann, Paulina (29 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zeit.de/zeit-magazin/2017/49/technoclubs-schliessung-bundeslaender-deutschlandkarte">"Deutschlandkarte: Legendäre Clubs"</a> [Germany map: legendary clubs]. Die Zeit. <a href="/wiki/Die_Zeit" title="Die Zeit">Zeitmagazin</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180411005217/http://www.zeit.de/zeit-magazin/2017/49/technoclubs-schliessung-bundeslaender-deutschlandkarte">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2018. Retrieved 20 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Zeit&rft.atitle=Deutschlandkarte%3A+Legend%C3%A4re+Clubs&rft.date=2017-11-29&rft.aulast=Thillmann&rft.aufirst=Paulina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeit.de%2Fzeit-magazin%2F2017%2F49%2Ftechnoclubs-schliessung-bundeslaender-deutschlandkarte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fazemag_20210920-193"><a href="#cite_ref-fazemag_20210920_193-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fazemag.de/clubstudie-2021-initiative-musik-legt-einzelauswertungen-der-bundeslaender-vor/">"Clubstudie 2021: Initiative Musik legt Einzelauswertungen der Bundesländer vor"</a> [Club Study 2021: Initiative Musik presents individual evaluations of the German federal states]. Faze Magazin (in German). 20 September 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220103024902/https://www.fazemag.de/clubstudie-2021-initiative-musik-legt-einzelauswertungen-der-bundeslaender-vor/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Faze+Magazin&rft.atitle=Clubstudie+2021%3A+Initiative+Musik+legt+Einzelauswertungen+der+Bundesl%C3%A4nder+vor&rft.date=2021-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fazemag.de%2Fclubstudie-2021-initiative-musik-legt-einzelauswertungen-der-bundeslaender-vor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-clubstudy_2021-194"><a href="#cite_ref-clubstudy_2021_194-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.initiative-musik.de/clubstudie/clubstudie-bundeslaender/">"Clubstudie 2021: Einzelauswertungen der Bundesländer"</a> [Club Study 2021: Individual evaluations of the German federal states]. Initiative Musik (in German). 20 September 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220103211434/https://www.initiative-musik.de/clubstudie/clubstudie-bundeslaender/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2022. 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Retrieved 25 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bavaria+Film+GmbH%3A+Company+Start&rft.pub=Bavaria-film.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bavaria-film.de%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.mercer.com/qualityoflivingpr#city-rankings">[1]</a> Mercer Human Resource Consulting <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140311043219/http://www.mercer.com/qualityoflivingpr#city-rankings">Archived</a> 11 March 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mercerhr.com/costofliving">2007 Cost of Living Report Munich</a> Mercer Human Resource Consulting <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140410072417/http://www.mercerhr.com/costofliving">Archived</a> 10 April 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120724163530/http://www.greenpeace-muenchen.de/index.php/archiv/aktuelle-themen/358-gesunde-luft-fuer-gesunde-buerger-stoppt-dieselruss-greenpeace-misst-feinstaub-und-dieselruss-in-muenchen.html">"Gesunde Luft für Gesunde Bürger – Stoppt Dieselruß! – Greenpeace misst Feinstaub und Dieselruß in München"</a>. Greenpeace-Munich branch. 28 June 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greenpeace-muenchen.de/index.php/archiv/aktuelle-themen/358-gesunde-luft-fuer-gesunde-buerger-stoppt-dieselruss-greenpeace-misst-feinstaub-und-dieselruss-in-muenchen.html">the original</a> on 24 July 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gesunde+Luft+f%C3%BCr+Gesunde+B%C3%BCrger+%E2%80%93+Stoppt+Dieselru%C3%9F%21+%E2%80%93+Greenpeace+misst+Feinstaub+und+Dieselru%C3%9F+in+M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pub=Greenpeace-Munich+branch&rft.date=2005-06-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenpeace-muenchen.de%2Findex.php%2Farchiv%2Faktuelle-themen%2F358-gesunde-luft-fuer-gesunde-buerger-stoppt-dieselruss-greenpeace-misst-feinstaub-und-dieselruss-in-muenchen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-www.mvg.de-214"><a href="#cite_ref-www.mvg.de_214-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mvg.de/dam/mvg/ueber/nachhaltigkeit/mvg-nachhaltigkeitsbericht-eng.pdf">"Munich Transport Corporation (MVG) Sustainability Report 2014/2015"</a> (PDF). www.mvg.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190110183658/https://www.mvg.de/dam/mvg/ueber/nachhaltigkeit/mvg-nachhaltigkeitsbericht-eng.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 January 2019. Retrieved 10 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mvg.de&rft.atitle=Munich+Transport+Corporation+%28MVG%29+Sustainability+Report+2014%2F2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mvg.de%2Fdam%2Fmvg%2Fueber%2Fnachhaltigkeit%2Fmvg-nachhaltigkeitsbericht-eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/industries/automotive%20and%20assembly/our%20insights/urban%20mobility%202030%20berlin/urban%20mobility%202030%20berlin.ashx">"Urban mobility 2030: How cities can realize the economic effects"</a>. McKinsey & Company. 2 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210730185308/https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Industries/Automotive%20and%20Assembly/Our%20Insights/Urban%20mobility%202030%20Berlin/Urban%20mobility%202030%20Berlin.ashx">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 29 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=McKinsey+%26+Company&rft.atitle=Urban+mobility+2030%3A+How+cities+can+realize+the+economic+effects&rft.date=2016-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mckinsey.com%2F~%2Fmedia%2Fmckinsey%2Findustries%2Fautomotive%2520and%2520assembly%2Four%2520insights%2Furban%2520mobility%25202030%2520berlin%2Furban%2520mobility%25202030%2520berlin.ashx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNWC" class="citation web cs1">NWC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://munichmap360.com/munich-transport-map">"Map of Munich transport: transport zones and public transport of Munich"</a>. munichmap360.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231030021317/https://munichmap360.com/munich-transport-map">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=munichmap360.com&rft.atitle=Map+of+Munich+transport%3A+transport+zones+and+public+transport+of+Munich&rft.au=NWC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmunichmap360.com%2Fmunich-transport-map&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/Stadtverwaltung/Kulturreferat/Stadtgeschichte/Kulturgeschichtspfade.html">"Münchens Stadtbezirke entdecken"</a> (in German). Landeshauptstadt München. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201024195101/https://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/Stadtverwaltung/Kulturreferat/Stadtgeschichte/Kulturgeschichtspfade.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 22 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%BCnchens+Stadtbezirke+entdecken&rft.pub=Landeshauptstadt+M%C3%BCnchen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.muenchen.de%2Frathaus%2FStadtverwaltung%2FKulturreferat%2FStadtgeschichte%2FKulturgeschichtspfade.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJan_Plamper2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Plamper" title="Jan Plamper">Jan Plamper</a> (2023). We Are All Migrants: A History of Multicultural Germany. Cambridge University Press. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781009242288" title="Special:BookSources/9781009242288"><bdi>9781009242288</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+Are+All+Migrants%3A+A+History+of+Multicultural+Germany&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781009242288&rft.au=Jan+Plamper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.environmentalbadge.com/environmental-zone-munich/">"Environmental Zone Munich"</a>. environmentalbadge.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200810154808/https://www.environmentalbadge.com/environmental-zone-munich/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=environmentalbadge.com&rft.atitle=Environmental+Zone+Munich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.environmentalbadge.com%2Fenvironmental-zone-munich%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7011932.stm">"Germany to build maglev railway"</a>. BBC News. 25 September 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080216162151/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7011932.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2008. Retrieved 7 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Germany+to+build+maglev+railway&rft.date=2007-09-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F7011932.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,3219174,00.html">"Germany Scraps Transrapid Rail Plans"</a>. Deutsche Welle. 27 March 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080328175125/http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0%2C2144%2C3219174%2C00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2008. Retrieved 27 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Germany+Scraps+Transrapid+Rail+Plans&rft.date=2008-03-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw-world.de%2Fdw%2Farticle%2F0%2C2144%2C3219174%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merkur-online.de/nachrichten/bayern/flughafen-oberpfaffenhofen-rolle-rueckwaerts-mm-390304.html">"Flughafen Oberpfaffenhofen: Rolle rückwärts – Bayern – Aktuelles – merkur-online"</a> (in German). Merkur-online.de. 8 July 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120622185526/http://www.merkur-online.de/nachrichten/bayern/flughafen-oberpfaffenhofen-rolle-rueckwaerts-mm-390304.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flughafen+Oberpfaffenhofen%3A+Rolle+r%C3%BCckw%C3%A4rts+%E2%80%93+Bayern+%E2%80%93+Aktuelles+%E2%80%93+merkur-online&rft.pub=Merkur-online.de&rft.date=2009-07-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merkur-online.de%2Fnachrichten%2Fbayern%2Fflughafen-oberpfaffenhofen-rolle-rueckwaerts-mm-390304.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/flughafen-oberpfaffenhofen-business-jets-willkommen-1.142886">"Flughafen Oberpfaffenhofen – Business-Jets willkommen – München"</a>. sueddeutsche.de. 17 May 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120725102101/http://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/flughafen-oberpfaffenhofen-business-jets-willkommen-1.142886">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flughafen+Oberpfaffenhofen+%E2%80%93+Business-Jets+willkommen+%E2%80%93+M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pub=sueddeutsche.de&rft.date=2010-05-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sueddeutsche.de%2Fmuenchen%2Fflughafen-oberpfaffenhofen-business-jets-willkommen-1.142886&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muenchen.de/freizeit/seen-uebersicht/seen-umland.html">"Lakes in Munich's vicinity"</a> (in German). muenchen.de – The official city portal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160917183544/http://www.muenchen.de/freizeit/seen-uebersicht/seen-umland.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lakes+in+Munich%27s+vicinity&rft.pub=muenchen.de+%E2%80%93+The+official+city+portal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muenchen.de%2Ffreizeit%2Fseen-uebersicht%2Fseen-umland.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rtl.de/cms/sendungen/superstar/dsds-kandidaten/joey-heindle.html">"DSDS 2012: Kandidat Joey Heindle"</a> (in German). RTL. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120702135812/http://www.rtl.de/cms/sendungen/superstar/dsds-kandidaten/joey-heindle.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2012. Retrieved 18 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DSDS+2012%3A+Kandidat+Joey+Heindle&rft.pub=RTL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rtl.de%2Fcms%2Fsendungen%2Fsuperstar%2Fdsds-kandidaten%2Fjoey-heindle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://matrikel.adbk.de//matrikel/mb_1841-1884/jahr_1878/matrikel-03608">"03608 Robert Raudner"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210108094842/https://matrikel.adbk.de//matrikel/mb_1841-1884/jahr_1878/matrikel-03608">Archived</a> 8 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Matrikelbücher, Akademie der Bildenden Künste München. Retrieved 5 January 2020 </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://matrikel.adbk.de/05ordner/mb_1841-1884/jahr_1862/matrikel-01904">"01904 Franz Widnmann"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402115942/http://matrikel.adbk.de/05ordner/mb_1841-1884/jahr_1862/matrikel-01904">Archived</a> 2 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Matrikelbücher, Akademie der Bildenden Künste München. Retrieved 4 January 2020 </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(18)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=edit&section=109" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-18 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-18"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Munich at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" 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title="wikt:Special:Search/Munich">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" class="extiw" title="c:München">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Munich" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Munich">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" 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data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:En-Munich-wikisource-12_2014.ogg" title="File:En-Munich-wikisource-12 2014.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 8 December 2014 (2014-12-08), and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stadt.muenchen.de/en.html">Official website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Munich&oldid=1259736662">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Munich&oldid=1259736662</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Munich&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 26 November 2024, at 19:47 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%99%E1%8A%92%E1%8A%AD" title="ሙኒክ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሙኒክ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mynecen" title="Mynecen – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Mynecen" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AE" title="ميونخ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ميونخ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAnich" title="Múnich – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Múnich" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%AD" title="Միւնիխ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Միւնիխ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich" title="Munich – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Munich" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAnichi" title="Múnichi – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Múnichi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnxen" title="Münxen – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Münxen" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="مونیخ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مونیخ" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%96" title="মিউনিখ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মিউনিখ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8E%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Мюнхен – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мюнхен" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8E%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Мюнхен – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мюнхен" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8E%D0%BD%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Мюнхэн – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мюнхэн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8E%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Мюнхен – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мюнхен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minga" title="Minga – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Minga" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8E%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Мюнхен – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Мюнхен" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAnic" title="Múnic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Múnic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8E%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Мюнхен – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Мюнхен" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen_(munisipyo_sa_Alemanya)" title="München (munisipyo sa Alemanya) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="München (munisipyo sa Alemanya)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnichov" title="Mnichov – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mnichov" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich" title="Munich – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Munich" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monacu_di_Baviera" title="Monacu di Baviera – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Monacu di Baviera" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%96" title="म्युनिख – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="म्युनिख" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%BF" title="Μόναχο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μόναχο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B2nag_%27d_Bav%C3%A9ra" title="Mònag 'd Bavéra – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Mònag 'd Bavéra" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8E%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Мюнхен ош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Мюнхен ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAnich" title="Múnich – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Múnich" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munkeno" title="Munkeno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Munkeno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAnich" title="Múnich – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Múnich" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich" title="Munich – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Munich" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="مونیخ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مونیخ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich" title="Munich – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Munich" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAnic" title="Múnic – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Múnic" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%B7%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BD" title="𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌹𐌷𐌴𐌹𐌽 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌹𐌷𐌴𐌹𐌽" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AE%8C%ED%97%A8" title="뮌헨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="뮌헨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munike" title="Munike – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Munike" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AD%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Մյունխեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մյունխեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%96" title="म्यूनिख – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="म्यूनिख" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnichow" title="Mnichow – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Mnichow" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich" title="Munich – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Munich" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8E%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Мюнхен – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Мюнхен" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco_di_Baviera" title="Monaco di Baviera – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Monaco di Baviera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%9B%D7%9F" title="מינכן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מינכן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D" title="ಮ್ಯೂನಿಕ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮ್ಯೂನಿಕ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich" title="Munich – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Munich" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="მიუნხენი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მიუნხენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8E%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Мюнхен – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мюнхен" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich" title="Munich – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Munich" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich" title="Munich – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Munich" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mun%C3%AEh" title="Munîh – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Munîh" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8E%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Мюнхен – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мюнхен" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%B1%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Мӱнхен – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Мӱнхен" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minca" title="Minca – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Minca" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minhene" title="Minhene – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Minhene" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monacum" title="Monacum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Monacum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minhene" title="Minhene – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Minhene" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8E%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Мюнхен – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Мюнхен" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miunchenas" title="Miunchenas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Miunchenas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monego_de_Bav%C3%AAa" title="Monego de Bavêa – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Monego de Bavêa" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monegh_de_Baviera" title="Monegh de Baviera – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Monegh de Baviera" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Минхен – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Минхен" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="മ്യൂണിക്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മ്യൂണിക്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich" title="Munich – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Munich" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="म्युन्शेन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="म्युन्शेन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="მიუნხენი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მიუნხენი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AE" title="ميونيخ – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ميونيخ" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="مونیخ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مونیخ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich" title="Munich – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Munich" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9B" title="ꯃꯨꯅꯤꯛ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯃꯨꯅꯤꯛ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8E%D0%BD%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Мюнхэн – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Мюнхэн" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8E%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Мюнхен – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мюнхен" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="မြူးနစ်ချ်မြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မြူးနစ်ချ်မြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich" title="Munich – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Munich" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%96" title="म्युनिख – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="म्युनिख" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%96" title="म्युनिख – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="म्युनिख" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%98%E3%83%B3" title="ミュンヘン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミュンヘン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco_%27e_Baviera" title="Monaco 'e Baviera – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Monaco 'e Baviera" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Муьнхен – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Муьнхен" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munic" title="Munic – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Munic" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8E%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Мюнхен – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Мюнхен" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC" title="ਮਿਊਨਿਖ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਿਊਨਿਖ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AE" title="میونخ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="میونخ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B9nich" title="Mùnich – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Mùnich" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monachium" title="Monachium – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Monachium" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munique" title="Munique – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Munique" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myunxen" title="Myunxen – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Myunxen" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnhen" title="Münhen – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Münhen" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menix" title="Menix – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Menix" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minca" title="Minca – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Minca" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Мнихів – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Мнихів" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8E%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Мюнхен – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мюнхен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D2%AF%D0%BD%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Мүнхэн – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Мүнхэн" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B2nacu_de_Baviera" title="Mònacu de Baviera – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Mònacu de Baviera" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich" title="Munich – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Munich" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mynihu" title="Mynihu – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mynihu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B2nacu_di_Baviera" title="Mònacu di Baviera – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mònacu di Baviera" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich" title="Munich – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Munich" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AE" title="ميونخ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ميونخ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mn%C3%ADchov" title="Mníchov – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mníchov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%86" title="میونشن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="میونشن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Минхен – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Минхен" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich" title="Munich – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Munich" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="மியூனிக் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மியூனிக்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myunix" title="Myunix – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Myunix" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myunix" title="Myunix – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Myunix" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D2%AF%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Мүнхен – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мүнхен" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munike" title="Munike – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Munike" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="มิวนิก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มิวนิก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8E%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Мюнхен – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мюнхен" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnih" title="Münih – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Münih" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BDunhen" title="Mýunhen – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Mýunhen" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8E%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Мюнхен – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Мюнхен" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8E%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Мюнхен – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мюнхен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AE" title="میونخ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="میونخ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myunx%C3%A9n" title="Myunxén – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Myunxén" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco_de_Baviera" title="Monaco de Baviera – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Monaco de Baviera" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnhen" title="Münhen – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Münhen" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%85%95%E5%B0%BC%E9%BB%91" title="慕尼黑 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="慕尼黑" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich" title="Munich – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Munich" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%85%95%E5%B0%BC%E9%BB%91" title="慕尼黑 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="慕尼黑" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%9B%D7%A2%D7%9F" title="מינכען – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מינכען" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich" title="Munich – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Munich" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%85%95%E5%B0%BC%E9%BB%91" title="慕尼黑 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="慕尼黑" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munix" title="Munix – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Munix" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mionchens" title="Mionchens – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Mionchens" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%85%95%E5%B0%BC%E9%BB%91" title="慕尼黑 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="慕尼黑" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="München" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munhen" title="Munhen – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Munhen" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" 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