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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincas_Borba" title="Quincas Borba – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Quincas Borba" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincas_Borba" title="Quincas Borba – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Quincas Borba" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincas_Borba" title="Quincas Borba – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Quincas Borba" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozof_K%C3%B6pek" title="Filozof Köpek – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Filozof Köpek" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q240087#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Quincas_Borba" title="View the 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Quincas+Borba%22">"Quincas Borba"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Quincas+Borba%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Quincas+Borba%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Quincas+Borba%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Quincas+Borba%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Quincas+Borba%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">Quincas Borba <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quincas+Borba&rft.author=%5B%5BMachado+de+Assis%5D%5D&rft.date=%5B%5B1891+in+literature%7C1891%5D%5D&rft.place=Brazil"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Quincas_Borba.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Quincas_Borba.pdf/page1-220px-Quincas_Borba.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Quincas_Borba.pdf/page1-330px-Quincas_Borba.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Quincas_Borba.pdf/page1-440px-Quincas_Borba.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="1160" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Machado_de_Assis" title="Machado de Assis">Machado de Assis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Original title</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Quincas Borba</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">Portuguese</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/1891_in_literature" title="1891 in literature">1891</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data">Brazil</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Quincas Borba</b></i> is a novel written by the Brazilian writer <a href="/wiki/Machado_de_Assis" title="Machado de Assis">Machado de Assis</a>. It was first published in 1891. It is also known in English as <i><b>Philosopher or Dog?</b></i> The novel was principally written as a serial in the journal <i>A Estação</i> from 1886 to 1891. It was definitively published as a book in 1892 with some small, but significant changes from the serialized version. </p><p>Following <i><a href="/wiki/The_Posthumous_Memoirs_of_Bras_Cubas" class="mw-redirect" title="The Posthumous Memoirs of Bras Cubas">The Posthumous Memoirs of Bras Cubas</a></i> (1881) and preceding <i><a href="/wiki/Dom_Casmurro" title="Dom Casmurro">Dom Casmurro</a></i> (1899), this book is considered by modern critics to be the second of Machado de Assis's realist trilogy, in which the author was concerned with using pessimism and irony to criticize the customs and philosophy of his time, in the process parodying <a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">scientism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_darwinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Social darwinism">Social darwinism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte's</a> <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">positivism</a>, although he did not remove all <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> elements from the plot. </p><p>In contrast to the earlier novel of the trilogy, <i>Quincas Borba</i> was written in third person,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> telling the story of Rubião, a naive young man who becomes a disciple and later the heir of the titular philosopher Quincas Borba, a character in the earlier novel. While living according to the fictional "Humanitist" philosophy of Quincas Borba, Rubião befriends and is fooled by the greedy Christiano and his wife Sofia who manage to take him for his entire inheritance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quincas_Borba&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKinnear1976" class="citation journal cs1">Kinnear, J. C. (1976). "Machado de Assis: To Believe or Not to Believe?". <i>The Modern Language Review</i>. <b>71</b> (1): 55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3724380">10.2307/3724380</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3724380">3724380</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Modern+Language+Review&rft.atitle=Machado+de+Assis%3A+To+Believe+or+Not+to+Believe%3F&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=55&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3724380&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3724380%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kinnear&rft.aufirst=J.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuincas+Borba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> 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href="http://metalibri.wikidot.com/authors:joaquim-maria-machado-de-assis">MetaLibri Digital Library</a></b> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://metalibri.wikidot.com/title:contos-fluminenses">Contos Fluminenses</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://metalibri.wikidot.com/title:dom-casmurro">Dom Casmurro</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://metalibri.wikidot.com/title:memorias-postumas-de-bras-cubas">Memórias Póstumas de Bras Cubas</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://metalibri.wikidot.com/title:quincas-borba">Quincas Borba</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Works_by_Machado_de_Assis" title="Template:Works by Machado de Assis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Works_by_Machado_de_Assis" title="Template talk:Works by Machado de Assis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Works_by_Machado_de_Assis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Works by Machado de Assis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Works_by_Machado_de_Assis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Works_by_Machado_de_Assis" title="Category:Works by Machado de Assis">Works</a> by <a href="/wiki/Machado_de_Assis" title="Machado de Assis">Machado de Assis</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Novels_by_Machado_de_Assis" title="Category:Novels by Machado de Assis">Novels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ressurrei%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Ressurreição">Ressurreição</a></i> (1872)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_M%C3%A3o_e_a_Luva" title="A Mão e a Luva">A Mão e a Luva</a></i> (1874)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Helena_(Machado_de_Assis_novel)" title="Helena (Machado de Assis novel)">Helena</a></i> (1876)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Posthumous_Memoirs_of_Br%C3%A1s_Cubas" title="The Posthumous Memoirs of Brás Cubas">The Posthumous Memoirs of Brás Cubas</a></i> (1881)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Quincas Borba</a></i> (1891)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dom_Casmurro" title="Dom Casmurro">Dom Casmurro</a></i> (1899)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esau_and_Jacob_(novel)" title="Esau and Jacob (novel)">Esau and Jacob</a></i> (1904)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Machado_de_Assis_aos_57_anos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Machado_de_Assis_aos_57_anos.jpg/100px-Machado_de_Assis_aos_57_anos.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Machado_de_Assis_aos_57_anos.jpg/150px-Machado_de_Assis_aos_57_anos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Machado_de_Assis_aos_57_anos.jpg/200px-Machado_de_Assis_aos_57_anos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1263" data-file-height="1852" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novellas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/O_alienista" title="O alienista">The Psychiatrist/The Alienist</a></i> (1881–1882)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short stories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Case_of_the_Stick" title="The Case of the Stick">The Case of the Stick</a>" (1891)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Alienist_(film)" title="The Alienist (film)">The Alienist</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mem%C3%B3rias_P%C3%B3stumas" title="Memórias Póstumas">Memórias Póstumas</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capitu" title="Capitu">Capitu</a></i> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><br /> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1012311289">.mw-parser-output .asbox{position:relative;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .asbox 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