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href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="أردشير الثاني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أردشير الثاني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_%C6%8Frd%C9%99%C5%9Fir_(Sasani)" title="II Ərdəşir (Sasani) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="II Ərdəşir (Sasani)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="ایکینجی اردشیر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایکینجی اردشیر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardashir_2-s%C3%A8" title="Ardashir 2-sè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ardashir 2-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%80_II" title="Ардашир II – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ардашир II" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardaixir_II" title="Ardaixir II – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ardaixir II" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arda%C5%A1%C3%ADr_II." title="Ardašír II. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ardašír II." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardaschir_II." title="Ardaschir II. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ardaschir II." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CF%81_%CE%92%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Αρδασίρ Β΄ της Περσίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρδασίρ Β΄ της Περσίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardacher_II" title="Ardacher II – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ardacher II" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85%D8%8C_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="اردشیر دوم، شاهنشاه ساسانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اردشیر دوم، شاهنشاه ساسانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardachir_II" title="Ardachir II – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ardachir II" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A5%B4%EB%8B%A4%EC%8B%9C%EB%A5%B4_2%EC%84%B8" title="아르다시르 2세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아르다시르 2세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AB%D6%80_%D4%B2" title="Արտաշիր Բ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արտաշիր Բ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arda%C5%A1ir_II." title="Ardašir II. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ardašir II." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardashir_II" title="Ardashir II – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ardashir II" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardashir_II" title="Ardashir II – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ardashir II" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0_II" title="არდაშირ II – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არდაშირ II" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Ardas%C3%ADr_sz%C3%A1sz%C3%A1nida_kir%C3%A1ly" title="II. Ardasír szászánida király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="II. Ardasír szászánida király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="اردشير التانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اردشير التانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="اردشیر دوم ساسانی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اردشیر دوم ساسانی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardashir_II" title="Ardashir II – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ardashir II" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%80%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB2%E4%B8%96" title="アルダシール2世 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルダシール2世" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardasjir_II_av_Persia" title="Ardasjir II av Persia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ardasjir II av Persia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Ardasher" title="II. Ardasher – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="II. Ardasher" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="اردشیر دوم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اردشیر دوم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardaszir_II" title="Ardaszir II – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ardaszir II" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaxes_II" title="Artaxes II – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Artaxes II" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%80_II" title="Арташир II – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Арташир II" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arda%C5%A1%C3%ADr_II." title="Ardašír II. – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ardašír II." data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arda%C5%A1ir_II." title="Ardašir II. – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ardašir II." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arda%C5%A1ir_II" title="Ardašir II – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ardašir II" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardashir_II" title="Ardashir II – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ardashir II" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Erde%C5%9F%C3%AEr" title="II. Erdeşîr – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="II. Erdeşîr" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%80_II" title="Ардашир II – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ардашир II" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85_(%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C)" title="اردشیر دوم (ساسانی) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اردشیر دوم (ساسانی)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erde%C5%9Fir_II" title="Erdeşir II – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Erdeşir II" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E8%BE%BE%E5%B8%8C%E5%B0%94%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="阿尔达希尔二世 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿尔达希尔二世" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q310311#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the 13th-century Bavandid ruler in Mazandaran, see <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_II_(Bavandid_ruler)" title="Ardashir II (Bavandid ruler)">Ardashir II (Bavandid ruler)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Ardashir II<br /><span title="Middle Persian-language text"><span lang="pal" dir="rtl">𐭠𐭥𐭲𐭧𐭱𐭲𐭥</span></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings_of_Iran_and_non-Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Kings of Iran and non-Iran">King of Kings of Iran and non-Iran</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Taq-e_Bostan_-_Ardashir_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Taq-e_Bostan_-_Ardashir_II.jpg/220px-Taq-e_Bostan_-_Ardashir_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Taq-e_Bostan_-_Ardashir_II.jpg/330px-Taq-e_Bostan_-_Ardashir_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Taq-e_Bostan_-_Ardashir_II.jpg/440px-Taq-e_Bostan_-_Ardashir_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Relief of Ardashir II in <a href="/wiki/Taq-e_Bostan" title="Taq-e Bostan">Taq-e Bostan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">King of <a href="/wiki/Adiabene" title="Adiabene">Adiabene</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">344 – 376</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data">Unknown</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data">Title abolished; Adiabene transformed into a province</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shahanshahs_of_the_Sasanian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="List of shahanshahs of the Sasanian Empire">Shahanshah</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">379 – 383</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shapur_III" title="Shapur III">Shapur III</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">309/10</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">383</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Sasan" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Sasan">House of Sasan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hormizd_II" title="Hormizd II">Hormizd II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ardashir II</b> (<a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Persian language">Middle Persian</a>: <span lang="pal" dir="rtl">𐭠𐭥𐭲𐭧𐭱𐭲𐭥</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Middle Persian-language romanization"><i lang="pal-Latn">Ardašīr</i></span>), was the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">King of Kings</a> (<span title="Middle Persian-language text"><i lang="pal"><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">shahanshah</a></i></span>) of Iran from 379 to 383. He was the brother of his predecessor, <a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 309–379</span>), under whom he had served as vassal king of <a href="/wiki/Adiabene" title="Adiabene">Adiabene</a>, where he fought alongside his brother against the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a>. Ardashir II was appointed as his brother's successor to rule interimly till the latter's son <a href="/wiki/Shapur_III" title="Shapur III">Shapur III</a> reached adulthood. Ardashir II's short reign was largely uneventful, with the Sasanians unsuccessfully trying to maintain rule over <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Armenia</a>. </p><p>Ardashir II was seemingly a strong-willed character, and is known in some sources by the epithet of <i>nihoukar</i> ("the beneficent"). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardashir_II&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Ardashir</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> form of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> <i>Ṛtaxšira</i> (also spelled <i>Artaxšaçā</i>, meaning "whose reign is through <a href="/wiki/Asha" title="Asha">truth</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1986654–655_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1986654–655-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiesehöfer1986371–376_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiesehöfer1986371–376-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> variant of the name is <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Artaxerxes</i></span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1986654–655_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1986654–655-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three kings of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> were known to have the same name.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1986654–655_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1986654–655-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardashir_II&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ardashir was the son of shah <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_II" title="Hormizd II">Hormizd II</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 302–309</span>), who was killed by the Iranian nobility whilst hunting. He was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Adur_Narseh" title="Adur Narseh">Adur Narseh</a>, who, after a brief reign which only lasted a few months, was also killed by the nobles,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1983477_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1983477-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who then proceeded to blind the second,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth199950_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth199950-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and imprison the third (<a href="/wiki/Hormizd_(Constantinople)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormizd (Constantinople)">Hormizd</a>, who later managed to escape to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahbazi2004461–462_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahbazi2004461–462-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ardashir's infant half-brother <a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a>, who was only slightly older than him, was crowned as king by the nobles so that they could gain greater control of the empire, which they were able to do until Shapur II reached his majority at the age of 16.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaryaee2009_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaryaee2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth199950_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth199950-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ardashir, before becoming king of the Sasanian Empire, was vassal king of <a href="/wiki/Adiabene" title="Adiabene">Adiabene</a> from 344 to 376. It is believed that during his tenure he took part in the defense of the Sasanian Empire with Shapur when it was <a href="/wiki/Julian%27s_Persian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian's Persian War">invaded</a> by the Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 361–363</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahbazi1986380–381_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahbazi1986380–381-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ardashir is the last figure to be recorded as king of Adiabene, which implies that the kingdom was after his tenure transformed into a province (<i>shahr</i>), governed by a non-royal delegate (<i><a href="/wiki/Marzban" title="Marzban">marzban</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">shahrab</a></i>) of the Sasanian shah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarciak2017412_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarciak2017412-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 379, Shapur II designated Ardashir as his successor, and made him vow to abdicate when Shapur's son, <a href="/wiki/Shapur_III" title="Shapur III">Shapur III</a> reached adulthood.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahbazi1986380–381_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahbazi1986380–381-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to some Armenian writers to wrongly state that Ardashir was Shapur's son.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahbazi1986380–381_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahbazi1986380–381-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardashir_II&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian4thcenturies.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Armenian4thcenturies.gif/300px-Armenian4thcenturies.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Armenian4thcenturies.gif/450px-Armenian4thcenturies.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Armenian4thcenturies.gif/600px-Armenian4thcenturies.gif 2x" data-file-width="699" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Armenia</a> and its surroundings</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Armenia</a> had been constantly the source of war between the Roman and Sasanian Empires. In 378/9, Shapur II had achieved Iranian hegemony over the country after its regent <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Mamikonian" title="Manuel Mamikonian">Manuel Mamikonian</a> submitted to him. A force 10,000 of Iranian soldiers led by general <a href="/wiki/Surena_(4th_century)" title="Surena (4th century)">Surena</a> were dispatched to Armenia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaumont1986418–438_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaumont1986418–438-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenski2002185_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski2002185-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surena was given the title of <i><a href="/wiki/Marzban" title="Marzban">marzban</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Margrave" title="Margrave">margrave</a>), which indicates that Armenia was now a Sasanian province.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaumont1986418–438_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaumont1986418–438-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But this did not work for long. During the early reign of Ardashir II,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenski2002185_(see_also_note_172)_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski2002185_(see_also_note_172)-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a nobleman named <a href="/wiki/Meruzhan_Artsruni" title="Meruzhan Artsruni">Meruzhan Artsruni</a> deliberately gave Manuel wrong information, informing him that <a href="/wiki/Commandant" title="Commandant">commandant</a> of the Iranian garrison desired to capture him. Enraged, Manuel fell upon the ten thousand Iranian soldiers stationed in Armenia and murdered them.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ardashir responded by sending an army under Gumand Shapuh to subdue Manuel, but the latter defeated the force and killed Gumand Shapuh. Another Iranian force, led by Varaz, was subsequently dispatched to Armenia, but met the same fate as his predecessor. A third army was sent into Armenia, led by general Mrkhan. Parts of Armenia was captured by the Iranians, but they were soon defeated and massacred by Manuel and his forces. This new victory guaranteed Armenia seven years of peace.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ardashir was soon deposed or killed by the nobility, due to his continuation of Shapur II's policy of restricting the authority of power-hungry nobles. He was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Shapur_III" title="Shapur III">Shapur III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahbazi1986380–381_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahbazi1986380–381-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ardashir II was seemingly a strong-willed character, and is known in some sources by the epithet of <i>nihoukar</i> ("the beneficent").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahbazi1986380–381_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahbazi1986380–381-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coins">Coins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardashir_II&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Coins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_coin_of_Ardashir_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Silver_coin_of_Ardashir_II.jpg/220px-Silver_coin_of_Ardashir_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Silver_coin_of_Ardashir_II.jpg/330px-Silver_coin_of_Ardashir_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Silver_coin_of_Ardashir_II.jpg/440px-Silver_coin_of_Ardashir_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ancient_drachma" title="Ancient drachma">Drachma</a> of Ardashir II.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_coinage" title="Sasanian coinage">coins</a> minted under Ardashir imitates him wearing the same dome-shaped <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_crowns" title="Sasanian crowns">crown</a> worn by the first Sasanian shah, <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 224–242</span>). The reverse shows the traditional <a href="/wiki/Fire_altar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire altar">fire altar</a> flanked by two attendants, but in some cases also shows the shah's head appearing from the fire, which may symbolize the royal <a href="/wiki/Khvarenah" title="Khvarenah">xwarra</a> ("glory").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahbazi1986380–381_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahbazi1986380–381-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inscription of his coins are usually "Ardashir, king of kings of the <a href="/wiki/Iran_(word)" title="Iran (word)">Iranians</a>" whilst rare instances of "and of <a href="/wiki/Aniran" class="mw-redirect" title="Aniran">non-Iranians</a>" also being part of the inscription.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahbazi1986380–381_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahbazi1986380–381-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rock_relief">Rock relief</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardashir_II&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rock relief"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taq-e_Bostan_-_High-relief_of_Ardeshir_II_investiture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Taq-e_Bostan_-_High-relief_of_Ardeshir_II_investiture.jpg/280px-Taq-e_Bostan_-_High-relief_of_Ardeshir_II_investiture.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Taq-e_Bostan_-_High-relief_of_Ardeshir_II_investiture.jpg/420px-Taq-e_Bostan_-_High-relief_of_Ardeshir_II_investiture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Taq-e_Bostan_-_High-relief_of_Ardeshir_II_investiture.jpg/560px-Taq-e_Bostan_-_High-relief_of_Ardeshir_II_investiture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Ardashir_II" title="Coronation of Ardashir II">Rock relief at Taq-e Bostan</a> of the investiture of Ardashir II, flanked by <a href="/wiki/Mithra" title="Mithra">Mithra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ardashir, like his forefathers, also had himself memorialized on reliefs. However, instead of using the sites of <a href="/wiki/Pars_(Sasanian_province)" title="Pars (Sasanian province)">Pars</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Fars_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Fars Province">Fars Province</a>) as a place for his relief, he instead had a relief carved in <a href="/wiki/Taq-e_Bostan" title="Taq-e Bostan">Taq-e Bostan</a> in the province of <a href="/wiki/Media_(region)" title="Media (region)">Media</a> (near present-day <a href="/wiki/Kermanshah" title="Kermanshah">Kermanshah</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahbazi1986380–381_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahbazi1986380–381-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relief shows three standing figures wearing <a href="/wiki/Regalia" title="Regalia">regalia</a>; Ardashir being in the middle, flanked by two male figures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahbazi1986380–381_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahbazi1986380–381-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The figure to the right, who is giving the <a href="/wiki/Diadem" title="Diadem">diadem</a> to Ardashir originally used to recognized as the <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a> supreme god <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a>, but is now agreed to be Shapur II due to the style of his crown, and which also fits well due to Shapur being the one designating Ardashir as shah to begin with.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahbazi1986380–381_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahbazi1986380–381-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two shahs are standing on the body of a fallen enemy, unmistakably a Roman, whose crown indicates that he is an emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahbazi1986380–381_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahbazi1986380–381-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fallen figure is most likely supposed to represent the Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a>, who invaded Iran in 363 and was <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samarra" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Samarra">killed</a> west of the Sasanian capital of <a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahbazi1986380–381_8-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahbazi1986380–381-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The figure standing to the far left, perceived by some to be the Zoroastrian prophet <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zoroaster</a>, is most likely the angelic <a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">divinity</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithra" title="Mithra">Mithra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahbazi1986380–381_8-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahbazi1986380–381-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is wearing a crown embellished with twelve rays of the sun, whilst holding a raised <a href="/wiki/Barsom" title="Barsom">barsom</a>, thus sanctifying the investiture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrenet2006_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrenet2006-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahbazi1986380–381_8-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahbazi1986380–381-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardashir_II&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also spelled "King of Kings of Iranians and non-Iranians".</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardashir_II&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1986654–655-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1986654–655_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1986654–655_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1986654–655_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmitt1986">Schmitt 1986</a>, pp. 654–655.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiesehöfer1986371–376-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiesehöfer1986371–376_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiesehöfer1986">Wiesehöfer 1986</a>, pp. 371–376.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1983477-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1983477_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTafazzoli1983">Tafazzoli 1983</a>, p. 477.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth199950-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth199950_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth199950_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth1999">Bosworth 1999</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahbazi2004461–462-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahbazi2004461–462_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShahbazi2004">Shahbazi 2004</a>, pp. 461–462.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaryaee2009-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaryaee2009_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaryaee2009">Daryaee 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahbazi1986380–381-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahbazi1986380–381_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahbazi1986380–381_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahbazi1986380–381_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahbazi1986380–381_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahbazi1986380–381_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahbazi1986380–381_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahbazi1986380–381_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahbazi1986380–381_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahbazi1986380–381_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahbazi1986380–381_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahbazi1986380–381_8-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahbazi1986380–381_8-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahbazi1986380–381_8-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahbazi1986380–381_8-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShahbazi1986">Shahbazi 1986</a>, pp. 380–381.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarciak2017412-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarciak2017412_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarciak2017">Marciak 2017</a>, p. 412.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaumont1986418–438-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaumont1986418–438_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaumont1986418–438_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChaumont1986">Chaumont 1986</a>, pp. 418–438.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski2002185-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenski2002185_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLenski2002">Lenski 2002</a>, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski2002185_(see_also_note_172)-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenski2002185_(see_also_note_172)_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLenski2002">Lenski 2002</a>, p. 185 (see also note 172).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Faustus of Byzantium, History of the Armenians, Book 5, Chapter 38–41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Faustus of Byzantium, History of the Armenians, Book 5, Chapter 38–42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrenet2006-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrenet2006_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrenet2006">Grenet 2006</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardashir_II&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_works">Ancient works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardashir_II&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ancient works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faustus_of_Byzantium" class="mw-redirect" title="Faustus of Byzantium">Faustus of Byzantium</a>, <i>History of the Armenians</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_works">Modern works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardashir_II&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Modern works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a>, ed. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SdrtpZQphYUC"><i>The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume V: The Sāsānids, the Byzantines, the Lakhmids, and Yemen</i></a>. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-4355-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-4355-2"><bdi>978-0-7914-4355-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+al-%E1%B9%ACabar%C4%AB%2C+Volume+V%3A+The+S%C4%81s%C4%81nids%2C+the+Byzantines%2C+the+Lakhmids%2C+and+Yemen&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.series=SUNY+Series+in+Near+Eastern+Studies.&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-4355-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSdrtpZQphYUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArdashir+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanepa2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Canepa, Matthew (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-4595#">"Taq-e Bostan"</a>. In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Dictionary_of_Late_Antiquity" title="The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity">The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity</a></i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866277-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866277-8"><bdi>978-0-19-866277-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Taq-e+Bostan&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Late+Antiquity&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-866277-8&rft.aulast=Canepa&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198662778.001.0001%2Facref-9780198662778-e-4595%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArdashir+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaumont1986" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Chaumont, M. L. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/armenia-ii">"Armenia Iran ii. The pre-Islamic period"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, Vol. II, Fasc. 4</i>. pp. 418–438.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Armenia+Iran+ii.+The+pre-Islamic+period&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+online+edition%2C+Vol.+II%2C+Fasc.+4&rft.pages=418-438&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Chaumont&rft.aufirst=M.+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Farmenia-ii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArdashir+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaryaee2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Daryaee, Touraj (2009). "Šāpur II". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/shapur-ii"><i>Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C5%A0%C4%81pur+II&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+online+edition&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Daryaee&rft.aufirst=Touraj&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fshapur-ii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArdashir+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrenet2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Grenet, Franz (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/mithra-2-iconography-in-iran-and-central-asia">"Mithra ii. iconography in Iran and Central Asia"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mithra+ii.+iconography+in+Iran+and+Central+Asia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+online+edition&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Grenet&rft.aufirst=Franz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fmithra-2-iconography-in-iran-and-central-asia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArdashir+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenski2002" class="citation book cs1">Lenski, Noel Emmanuel (2002). <i>Failure of Empire: Valens and the Roman state in the fourth century A.D</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23332-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23332-4"><bdi>978-0-520-23332-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Failure+of+Empire%3A+Valens+and+the+Roman+state+in+the+fourth+century+A.D.&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-520-23332-4&rft.aulast=Lenski&rft.aufirst=Noel+Emmanuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArdashir+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarciak2017" class="citation book cs1">Marciak, Michał (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hwEtDwAAQBAJ"><i>Sophene, Gordyene, and Adiabene: Three Regna Minora of Northern Mesopotamia Between East and West</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">BRILL</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004350724" title="Special:BookSources/9789004350724"><bdi>9789004350724</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sophene%2C+Gordyene%2C+and+Adiabene%3A+Three+Regna+Minora+of+Northern+Mesopotamia+Between+East+and+West&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9789004350724&rft.aulast=Marciak&rft.aufirst=Micha%C5%82&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhwEtDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArdashir+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPourshariati2008" class="citation book cs1">Pourshariati, Parvaneh (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I-xtAAAAMAAJ"><i>Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran</i></a>. London and New York: I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-645-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-645-3"><bdi>978-1-84511-645-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decline+and+Fall+of+the+Sasanian+Empire%3A+The+Sasanian-Parthian+Confederacy+and+the+Arab+Conquest+of+Iran&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-645-3&rft.aulast=Pourshariati&rft.aufirst=Parvaneh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI-xtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArdashir+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt1986" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Schmitt, R. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/artaxerxes-throne-name-of-several-persian-kings-of-the-achaemenid-dynasty">"Artaxerxes"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, Vol. II, Fasc. 6</i>. pp. 654–655.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Artaxerxes&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+online+edition%2C+Vol.+II%2C+Fasc.+6&rft.pages=654-655&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fartaxerxes-throne-name-of-several-persian-kings-of-the-achaemenid-dynasty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArdashir+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahbazi1986" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Shahbazi, A. Shapur (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ardasir-ii-sasanian-king-of-kings-a">"Ardašīr II"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, Vol. II, Fasc. 4</i>. pp. 380–381.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arda%C5%A1%C4%ABr+II&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+online+edition%2C+Vol.+II%2C+Fasc.+4&rft.pages=380-381&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Shahbazi&rft.aufirst=A.+Shapur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fardasir-ii-sasanian-king-of-kings-a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArdashir+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShayegan2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Shayegan, M. Rahim (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hormozd-i">"Hormozd I"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, Vol. XII, Fasc. 5</i>. pp. 462–464.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hormozd+I&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+online+edition%2C+Vol.+XII%2C+Fasc.+5&rft.pages=462-464&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Shayegan&rft.aufirst=M.+Rahim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fhormozd-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArdashir+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahbazi2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shapur_Shahbazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shapur Shahbazi">Shahbazi, A. Shapur</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hormozd-ormisdas">"Hormozd (2)"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, Vol. XII, Fasc. 5</i>. pp. 461–462.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hormozd+%282%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+online+edition%2C+Vol.+XII%2C+Fasc.+5&rft.pages=461-462&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Shahbazi&rft.aufirst=A.+Shapur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fhormozd-ormisdas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArdashir+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTafazzoli1983" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Tafazzoli, Ahmad (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/adur-narseh-son-of-the-sasanian-king-hormizd-ii-a">"Ādur Narseh"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, Vol. I, Fasc. 5</i>. p. 477.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C4%80dur+Narseh&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+online+edition%2C+Vol.+I%2C+Fasc.+5&rft.pages=477&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Tafazzoli&rft.aufirst=Ahmad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fadur-narseh-son-of-the-sasanian-king-hormizd-ii-a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArdashir+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiesehöfer1986" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wiesehöfer, Joseph (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ardasir-i">"Ardašīr I i. History"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, Vol. II, Fasc. 4</i>. pp. 371–376.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arda%C5%A1%C4%ABr+I+i.+History&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+online+edition%2C+Vol.+II%2C+Fasc.+4&rft.pages=371-376&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Wieseh%C3%B6fer&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fardasir-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArdashir+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiesehöfer2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wiesehöfer, Josef (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-401?rskey=9TAfnp&result=1">"Ardashir II"</a>. In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Dictionary_of_Late_Antiquity" title="The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity">The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity</a></i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866277-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866277-8"><bdi>978-0-19-866277-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ardashir+II&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Late+Antiquity&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-866277-8&rft.aulast=Wieseh%C3%B6fer&rft.aufirst=Josef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198662778.001.0001%2Facref-9780198662778-e-401%3Frskey%3D9TAfnp%26result%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArdashir+II" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardashir_II&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahbazi2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Shahbazi, A. Shapur (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sasanian-dynasty">"Sasanian dynasty"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i> (online ed.)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sasanian+dynasty&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.edition=online&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Shahbazi&rft.aufirst=A.+Shapur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fsasanian-dynasty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArdashir+II" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Ardashir II </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian dynasty</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 310</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 383</span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings_of_Iran_and_non-Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Kings of Iran and non-Iran">King of Kings of Iran and non-Iran</a> </b><br />379–383 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Shapur_III" title="Shapur III">Shapur III</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rulers_of_the_Sasanian_Empire_(224–651)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Sasanian_Rulers" title="Template:Sasanian Rulers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sasanian_Rulers" title="Template talk:Sasanian Rulers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sasanian_Rulers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sasanian Rulers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rulers_of_the_Sasanian_Empire_(224–651)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_the_Sasanian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of the Sasanian Empire">Rulers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> <small>(224–651)</small></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a> <small>(224–242)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a> <small>(240–270)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hormizd_I" title="Hormizd I">Hormizd I</a> <small>(270–271)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bahram_I" title="Bahram I">Bahram I</a> <small>(271–274)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bahram_II" title="Bahram II">Bahram II</a> <small>(274–293)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bahram_III" title="Bahram III">Bahram III</a> <small>(293)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Narseh" title="Narseh">Narseh</a> <small>(293–303)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hormizd_II" title="Hormizd II">Hormizd II</a> <small>(303–309)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adur_Narseh" title="Adur Narseh">Adur Narseh</a> <small>(309)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a> <small>(309–379)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ardashir II</a> <small>(379–383)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shapur_III" title="Shapur III">Shapur III</a> <small>(383–388)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bahram_IV" title="Bahram IV">Bahram IV</a> <small>(388–399)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_I" title="Yazdegerd I">Yazdegerd I</a> <small>(399–420)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shapur_IV" title="Shapur IV">Shapur IV</a> <small>(420)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khosrow_(son_of_Bahram_IV)" title="Khosrow (son of Bahram IV)">Khosrow</a> <small>(420)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bahram_V" title="Bahram V">Bahram V</a> <small>(420–438)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_II" title="Yazdegerd II">Yazdegerd II</a> <small>(438–457)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hormizd_III" title="Hormizd III">Hormizd III</a> <small>(457–459)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peroz_I" title="Peroz I">Peroz I</a> <small>(459–484)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Balash" title="Balash">Balash</a> <small>(484–488)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kavad_I" title="Kavad I">Kavad I</a> <small>(488–496)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jamasp" title="Jamasp">Jamasp</a> <small>(496–498/9)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kavad_I" title="Kavad I">Kavad I</a> <small>(498/9–531)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khosrow_I" title="Khosrow I">Khosrow I</a> <small>(531–579)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hormizd_IV" title="Hormizd IV">Hormizd IV</a> <small>(579–590)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> <small>(590)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bahram_Chobin" title="Bahram Chobin">Bahram VI Chobin</a><sup>§</sup> <small>(590–591)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> <small>(591–628)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vistahm" title="Vistahm">Vistahm</a><sup>§</sup> <small>(591–596)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kavad_II" title="Kavad II">Kavad II</a> <small>(628)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ardashir_III" title="Ardashir III">Ardashir III</a> <small>(628–630)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Shahrbaraz</a><sup>§</sup> <small>(630)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khosrow_III" title="Khosrow III">Khosrow III</a><sup>§</sup> <small>(630)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boran" title="Boran">Boran</a> <small>(630)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shapur-i_Shahrvaraz" title="Shapur-i Shahrvaraz">Shapur-i Shahrvaraz</a> <small>(630)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azarmidokht" title="Azarmidokht">Azarmidokht</a> <small>(630–631)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Farrukh_Hormizd" title="Farrukh Hormizd">Farrukh Hormizd</a><sup>§</sup> <small>(630–631)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hormizd_VI" title="Hormizd VI">Hormizd VI</a><sup>§</sup> <small>(630–632)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khosrow_IV" title="Khosrow IV">Khosrow IV</a><sup>§</sup> <small>(630–636)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boran" title="Boran">Boran</a> <small>(631–632)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_III" title="Yazdegerd III">Yazdegerd III</a> <small>(632–651)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peroz_III" title="Peroz III">Peroz III</a> <small>(pretender)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bahram_VII" title="Bahram VII">Bahram VII</a> <small>(pretender)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Narsieh" title="Narsieh">Narsieh</a> <small>(pretender)</small></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>§</sup> usurpers or rival claimants</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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